Alpha amino 3 hydroxy 5 methyl 4 isoxazolepropionic acid. Medical search

An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).

Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.

(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.

Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for KAINIC ACID.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.

A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.

The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.

An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.

Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.

Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent.

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.

An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE in a variety of tissues such as ARTERIOLES; VEINS; and the UTERUS. They are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

This integrin alpha subunit combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form a receptor (INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1) that binds FIBRONECTIN and LAMININ. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Estradiol increases spine density and NMDA-dependent Ca2+ transients in spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices. (1/683)

To investigate the physiological consequences of the increase in spine density induced by estradiol in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, we performed simultaneous whole cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging in CA1 neuron spines and dendrites in hippocampal slices. Four- to eight-days in vitro slice cultures were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (EST) for an additional 4- to 8-day period, and spine density was assessed by confocal microscopy of DiI-labeled CA1 pyramidal neurons. Spine density was doubled in both apical and basal dendrites of the CA1 region in EST-treated slices; consistently, a reduction in cell input resistance was observed in EST-treated CA1 neurons. Double immunofluorescence staining of presynaptic (synaptophysin) and postsynaptic (alpha-subunit of CaMKII) proteins showed an increase in synaptic density after EST treatment. The slopes of the input/output curves of both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) postsynaptic currents were steeper in EST-treated CA1 neurons, consistent with the observed increase in synapse density. To characterize NMDA-dependent synaptic currents and dendritic Ca2+ transients during Schaffer collaterals stimulation, neurons were maintained at +40 mV in the presence of nimodipine, picrotoxin, and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). No differences in resting spine or dendritic Ca2+ levels were observed between control and EST-treated CA1 neurons. Intracellular Ca2+ transients during afferent stimulation exhibited a faster slope and reached higher levels in spines than in adjacent dendrites. Peak Ca2+ levels were larger in both spines and dendrites of EST-treated CA1 neurons. Ca2+ gradients between spine heads and dendrites during afferent stimulation were also larger in EST-treated neurons. Both spine and dendritic Ca2+ transients during afferent stimulation were reversibly blocked by D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D,L-APV). The increase in spine density and the enhanced NMDA-dependent Ca2+ signals in spines and dendrites induced by EST may underlie a threshold reduction for induction of NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. (+info)

Recurrent mossy fiber pathway in rat dentate gyrus: synaptic currents evoked in presence and absence of seizure-induced growth. (2/683)

A common feature of temporal lobe epilepsy and of animal models of epilepsy is the growth of hippocampal mossy fibers into the dentate molecular layer, where at least some of them innervate granule cells. Because the mossy fibers are axons of granule cells, the recurrent mossy fiber pathway provides monosynaptic excitatory feedback to these neurons that could facilitate seizure discharge. We used the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy to study the synaptic responses evoked by activating this pathway. Whole cell patch-clamp recording demonstrated that antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in approximately 74% of granule cells from rats that had survived >10 wk after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Recurrent mossy fiber growth was demonstrated with the Timm stain in all instances. In contrast, antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an EPSC in only 5% of granule cells studied 4-6 days after status epilepticus, before recurrent mossy fiber growth became detectable. Notably, antidromic mossy fiber stimulation also evoked an EPSC in many granule cells from control rats. Clusters of mossy fiber-like Timm staining normally were present in the inner third of the dentate molecular layer at the level of the hippocampal formation from which slices were prepared, and several considerations suggested that the recorded EPSCs depended mainly on activation of recurrent mossy fibers rather than associational fibers. In both status epilepticus and control groups, the antidromically evoked EPSC was glutamatergic and involved the activation of both AMPA/kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. EPSCs recorded in granule cells from rats with recurrent mossy fiber growth differed in three respects from those recorded in control granule cells: they were much more frequently evoked, a number of them were unusually large, and the NMDA component of the response was generally much more prominent. In contrast to the antidromically evoked EPSC, the EPSC evoked by stimulation of the perforant path appeared to be unaffected by a prior episode of status epilepticus. These results support the hypothesis that recurrent mossy fiber growth and synapse formation increases the excitatory drive to dentate granule cells and thus facilitates repetitive synchronous discharge. Activation of NMDA receptors in the recurrent pathway may contribute to seizure propagation under depolarizing conditions. Mossy fiber-granule cell synapses also are present in normal rats, where they may contribute to repetitive granule cell discharge in regions of the dentate gyrus where their numbers are significant. (+info)

Differences in the properties of ionotropic glutamate synaptic currents in oxytocin and vasopressin neuroendocrine neurons. (3/683)

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) hormone release from neurohypophysial terminals is controlled by the firing pattern of neurosecretory cells located in the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei. Although glutamate is a key modulator of the electrical activity of both OT and VP neurons, a differential contribution of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) has been proposed to mediate glutamatergic influences on these neurons. In the present study we examined the distribution and functional properties of synaptic currents mediated by AMPARs and NMDARs in immunoidentified SON neurons. Our results suggest that the properties of AMPA-mediated currents in SON neurons are controlled in a cell type-specific manner. OT neurons displayed AMPA-mediated miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) with larger amplitude and faster decay kinetics than VP neurons. Furthermore, a peak-scaled nonstationary noise analysis of mEPSCs revealed a larger estimated single-channel conductance of AMPARs expressed in OT neurons. High-frequency summation of AMPA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials was smaller in OT neurons. In both cell types, AMPA-mediated synaptic currents showed inward rectification, which was more pronounced in OT neurons, and displayed Ca2+ permeability. On the other hand, NMDA-mediated mEPSCs of both cell types had similar amplitude and kinetic properties. The cell type-specific expression of functionally different AMPARs can contribute to the adoption of different firing patterns by these neuroendocrine neurons in response to physiological stimuli. (+info)

Clozapine, but not haloperidol, prevents the functional hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons induced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine. (4/683)

Repeated exposure of rats to the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) markedly increased the response of prefrontal cortical neurons to the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) relative to agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. Moreover, acute challenge by PCP produced a significantly reduced block of NMDA-induced current. In addition, the subchronic administration of PCP reduced significantly the paired-pulse facilitation, accompanied by a significant increase of excitatory postsynaptic current variance. These results suggest that repeated exposure to PCP increased evoked release of excitatory amino acids. The enhanced release of excitatory amino acids evoked by NMDA could explain, at least partly, a hypersensitive response to NMDA and a reduced blockade of the NMDA responses by a PCP challenge in rats exposed repeatedly to PCP. Pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, but not the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol, attenuates the repeated PCP-induced effect. Our results support the hypothesis that clozapine may facilitate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission to improve schizophrenic-negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. This novel approach is useful for evaluating the cellular mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. (+info)

BIIR 561 CL: a novel combined antagonist of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels with anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties. (5/683)

Antagonists of glutamate receptors of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype, as well as of voltage-gated sodium channels, exhibit anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties in vivo. One can postulate that a compound that combines both principles might be useful for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system, like focal or global ischemia. Here, we present data on the effects of dimethyl-(2-[2-(3-phenyl-[1,2, 4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]ethyl)-amine hydrochloride (BIIR 561 CL) on neuronal AMPA receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels. BIIR 561 CL inhibited AMPA receptor-mediated membrane currents in cultured cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 8.5 microM. The inhibition was noncompetitive. In a cortical wedge preparation, BIIR 561 CL reduced AMPA-induced depolarizations with an IC50 value of 10.8 microM. In addition to the effects on the glutamatergic system, BIIR 561 CL inhibited binding of radiolabeled batrachotoxin to rat brain synaptosomal membranes with a Ki value of 1.2 microM. The compound reduced sodium currents in voltage-clamped cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 5.2 microM and inhibited the veratridine-induced release of glutamate from rat brain slices with an IC50 value of 2.3 microM. Thus, BIIR 561 CL inhibited AMPA receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels in a variety of preparations. BIIR 561 CL suppressed tonic seizures in a maximum electroshock model in mice with an ED50 value of 2.8 mg/kg after s.c. administration. In a model of focal ischemia in mice, i.p. administration of 6 or 60 mg/kg BIIR 561 CL reduced the area of the infarcted cortical surface. These data show that BIIR 561 CL is a combined antagonist of AMPA receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels with promising anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties. (+info)

SPD 502: a water-soluble and in vivo long-lasting AMPA antagonist with neuroprotective activity. (6/683)

Accumulating preclinical data suggest that compounds that block the excitatory effect of glutamate on excitatory amino acid receptors may have neuroprotective effects and utility for the treatment of neurodegeneration after brain ischemia. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of the novel glutamate antagonist SPD 502 [8-methyl-5(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-6,7, 8,9,-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]-isoquinoline-2, 3-dione-3-O-(4-hydroxybutyric acid-2-yl)oxime] are described. In binding studies, SPD 502 was shown to display selectivity for the [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-binding site (IC50 = 0.043 microM) compared with the [3H]kainate- (IC50 = 81 microM), [3H]cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid-(CGS 19755), and [3H]glycine-binding sites (IC50 > 30 microM) in rat cortical membranes. In an in vitro functional assay, SPD 502 blocked the AMPA-induced release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid from cultured mouse cortical neurons in a competitive manner with an IC50 value of 0.23 microM. Furthermore, SPD 502 potently and selectively inhibited AMPA-induced currents in cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 0.15 microM. In in vivo electrophysiology, SPD 502 blocked AMPA-evoked spike activity in rat hippocampus after i.v. administration with an ED50 value of 6.1 mg/kg and with a duration of action of more than 1 h. Furthermore, SPD 502 increased the seizure threshold for electroshock-induced tonic seizures in mice at i.v doses of 40 mg/kg and higher. In the two-vessel occlusion model of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils, SPD 502 (10 mg/kg bolus injection followed by a 10 mg/kg/h infusion for 2 h) resulted in a highly significant protection against the ischemia-induced damage in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (+info)

Ethanol inhibition of synaptically evoked kainate responses in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (7/683)

Many studies have demonstrated that intoxicating concentrations of ethanol (10-100 mM) can selectively inhibit the component of glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors while having little or no effect on excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by non-NMDA receptors [i.e., alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and/or kainate (KA) receptors]. However, until the recent development of highly selective AMPA receptor antagonists, it was not possible to assess the relative contribution of AMPA and KA receptors to non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission or to determine whether these glutamate receptor subtypes differed in their sensitivity to ethanol. In the present experiments, we used the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist LY 303070 to pharmacologically isolate KA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and tested their sensitivity to ethanol. Concentrations of ethanol as low as 20 mM significantly and reversibly depressed KA EPSCs. Ethanol also inhibited KA currents evoked by direct pressure application of KA in the presence of LY 303070, suggesting that this inhibition was mediated by a postsynaptic action. In contrast, ethanol had no effect on AMPA EPSCs in these cells, even at the highest concentration tested (80 mM). Ethanol significantly inhibited NMDA EPSCs in these neurons, but these responses were less sensitive to ethanol than KA EPSCs. These results suggest that in addition to its well-described depressant effect on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, ethanol has an even greater inhibitory effect on glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by KA receptors in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (+info)

Differential roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors in canine medullary inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. (8/683)

The relative roles of ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in supplying excitatory drive to inspiratory (I) augmenting pattern neurons of the ventral respiratory group were studied in anesthetized, ventilated, paralyzed, and vagotomized dogs. Multibarrel micropipettes were used to record simultaneously single-unit neuronal activity and pressure microeject the NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5; 2 mM), the non-NMDA antagonist 2, 3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX; 0.25 mM), and an artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle. Ejected volume-rates were measured directly via meniscus level changes. The moving time average of phrenic nerve activity was used to determine respiratory phase durations and to synchronize cycle-triggered histograms of the discharge patterns. Both AP5 and NBQX produced dose-dependent reductions in peak spontaneous I neuronal discharge frequency (Fn). The average (+/- SE) maximum reduction in peak Fn produced by AP5 was 69.1 +/- 4.2% and by NBQX was 47.1 +/- 3.3%. Blockade of both glutamate receptor subtypes nearly silenced these neurons, suggesting that their activity is highly dependent on excitatory synaptic drive mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. Differential effects were found for the two glutamatergic antagonists. AP5 produced downward, parallel shifts in the augmenting pattern of discharge, whereas NBQX reduced the slope of the augmenting discharge pattern. These results suggest that time-varying excitatory input patterns to the canine I bulbospinal neurons are mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors and that constant or tonic input patterns to these neurons are mediated by NMDA receptors. (+info)

... and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring receptors". Mol. Pharmacol. 49 (3): 540-6. PMID 8643094 ... 151-. ISBN 978-3-7643-6011-5. Chas Bountra; Rajesh Munglani; William K. Schmidt (28 May 2013). Pain: Current Understanding, ... Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM ... 249-. ISBN 978-0-306-47694-5. Wilding TJ, Huettner JE (1996). "Antagonist pharmacology of kainate- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licostinel

Pasternack A, Coleman SK, Jouppila A, Mottershead DG, Lindfors M, Pasternack M, Keinänen K (December 2002). "Alpha-amino-3- ... The R/G site is found at amino acid 769 immediately before the 3-amino-acid-long flip and flop modules introduced by ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (January 1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate ... hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIA4

Ahmed AH, Oswald RE (March 2010). "Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (5): 2197-203. doi:10.1021/jm901905j. ... "Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in ... 58 (4): 1199-204. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11329.x. PMID 1372342. Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Veinberg G, Svalbe B, Domracheva ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetam

Ahmed AH, Oswald RE (March 2010). "Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... It is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA and shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid. ... methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (5): 2197-2203. doi:10.1021/jm901905j. ... Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Related drugs include the anticonvulsants levetiracetam and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam

The GRIA1 belongs to a family of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. Each of the members ( ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (July 1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIA1

"Amino acid substitutions in the pore helix of GluR6 control inhibition by membrane fatty acids". J. Gen. Physiol. 132 (1): 85- ... Leuschner WD, Hoch W (1999). "Subtype-specific assembly of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (Jan 1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate ... The pre-mRNA of GLUR6 is edited at amino acid positions 567, 571, and 621. The Q/R position, which gets its name as editing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIK2

August 2003). "LY503430, a novel alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor potentiator with functional ... allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors". The Journal of Pharmacology and ... 8 (5): 603-20. doi:10.2174/138945007780618517. PMID 17504104. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches ... 3 (3): 181-94. doi:10.2174/1568007043337508. PMID 15180479. O'Neill MJ, Witkin JM (May 2007). "AMPA receptor potentiators: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LY-503430

"Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (14): 4667-79. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn435. PMC 2504311. PMID 18628291. Zhang XHD (2009). "A method for ... 4 (9): e6892. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006892. PMC 2731218. PMID 19727391. Malo N, Hanley JA, Carlile G, Liu J, Pelletier J, ... 15 (3): 551-8. doi:10.2307/1266860. JSTOR 1266860. Reiser B, Guttman I (1986). "Statistical inference for of Pr(Y-less-thaqn-X ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_standardized_mean_difference

"Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (14): 4667-79. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn435. PMC 2504311. PMID 18628291. Klinghoffer RA, Frazier J, Annis ... 12 (5): 645-55. doi:10.1177/1087057107300645. PMID 17517904. Zhang XH, Ferrer M, Espeseth AS, Marine SD, Stec EM, Crackower MA ... 12 (4): 645-55. doi:10.1177/1087057107300646. PMID 17435171. S2CID 7542230. Zhang XH, Yang XC, Chung N, Gates A, Stec E, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_selection

This point mutation in the coding sequence, a guanine to adenine switch at position 196, results in an amino acid switch: ... "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic ... subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (1): 693-99. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008085200 ... The proteins resulting from mRNA that does get translated, are not trafficked and secreted normally, as the amino acid change ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor

Stegmüller J, Werner H, Nave KA, Trotter J (February 2003). "The proteoglycan NG2 is complexed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor ... "Phosphorylation of NG2 proteoglycan by protein kinase C-alpha regulates polarized membrane distribution and cell motility". The ... 158 (3): 1324-31. PMID 9013976. Iida J, Meijne AM, Oegema TR, Yednock TA, Kovach NL, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB (March 1998). "A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSPG4

Stegmüller J, Werner H, Nave KA, Trotter J (2003). "The proteoglycan NG2 is complexed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor cells. ... "The carboxyl terminus of the prolactin-releasing peptide receptor interacts with PDZ domain proteins involved in alpha-amino-3- ... hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor clustering". Mol. Pharmacol. 60 (5): 916-23. doi:10.1124/mol.60.5.916. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIP2

Bourasset F, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Genissel P, Scherrmann JM (August 2005). "Neuropharmacokinetics of a new alpha-amino-3-hydroxy ... 16 (4): 624-37. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.188. PMID 19136940. Destot-Wong KD, Liang K, Gupta SK, Favrais G, Schwendimann L, Pansiot ... 202 (1-3): 225-35. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1301-x. PMID 18762915. S2CID 35139538. Gupta SK, Mishra R, Kusum S, Spedding M, Meiri ... 57 (3): 277-86. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.05.010. PMID 19501111. S2CID 1400467. v t e (Articles with short description, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-18986

It also plays a role in clustering of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ... 50 (3): 329-37. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.06.011. PMID 16115696. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status ... 31 (4): 940-3. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.02.016. PMID 17408830. S2CID 23877321. Poulsen TT, Pedersen N, Perin MS, et al. (2006 ... 35 (3): e9-15. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e318153fa42. PMID 17895837. S2CID 31006962. Marui T, Koishi S, Funatogawa I, et al. (2007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPTX2

Stasi K, Mitsacos A, Triarhou LC, Kouvelas ED (1997). "Cerebellar grafts partially reverse amino acid receptor changes observed ... the decline in binding occurred for the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA receptor) receptor at ... "The Purkinje cell degeneration 5J mutation is a single amino acid insertion that destabilizes Nna1 protein". Mamm Genome. 17 (2 ... Increases per protein weight were also discerned in the granule cell layer and deep nuclei for alpha-1-adrenergic receptor and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGTPBP1_(gene)

Gliotransmitters include glutamate, ATP, and, more recently, the amino acid D-serine. Once thought to be glycine itself, D- ... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), respectively, but they both ... A low alpha/beta ratio causes an increased threshold for cellular excitation via calcium influx and thus favors LTP. There are ... Recent research has found that the calcium-dependent enzyme CaMKII, which exists in an alpha and beta isoform, is key in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaplasticity

... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor biophysics and synaptic responses". Molecular ... a benzothiadiazine derivative that enhances cognition by attenuating DL-alpha-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4- ... isoxazolepropanoic acid (AMPA) receptor desensitization". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 272 (1): ... 43 (5): 664-9. doi:10.1002/ana.410430517. PMID 9585363. S2CID 39977647. Nagarajan N, Quast C, Boxall AR, Shahid M, Rosenmund C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDRA-21

... urocanic acid MeSH D03.383.129.385 - isoxazoles MeSH D03.383.129.385.025 - alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... pyridoxic acid MeSH D03.383.725.450 - 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MeSH D03.383.725.463 - metyrapone MeSH ... niflumic acid MeSH D03.066.515.635 - pipemidic acid MeSH D03.066.515.650 - piromidic acid MeSH D03.066.515.950 - xanthinol ... pipemidic acid MeSH D03.383.725.547.650 - piromidic acid MeSH D03.383.725.547.900 - 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D03)

Bredt and Nicoll determined that a then recently discovered protein, stargazin, links PSD-95 to the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- ... glycosylation and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone pathways for Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor oligomerization and membrane ... Bredt as co-author of an anonymous FDA citizen petition to halt phase 3 trials of simufilam, a drug from Cassava Sciences which ... 17 (3): e0266629. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1766629.. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266629. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8967007. PMID 35353864. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Bredt

... kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) channels. In the synapse, these receptors serve very different purposes. AMPA ... ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. Dinh, L; Nguyen T; Salgado H; Atzori M (2009). "Norepinephrine homogeneously inhibits alpha-amino-3- ... α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, better known as AMPA, is a compound that is a specific agonist for the ... AMPA was first synthesized, along with several other ibotenic acid derivatives, by Krogsgaard-Larsen, Honoré, and others toward ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPA

Thermal rearrangements of α-amino methyl ketones". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 30 (9): 2967-72. doi:10.1021/jo01020a019. US ... Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H (August 2009). "Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide ... but a potent alpha-7 nicotinic receptor antagonist may have antidepressive action. It is now argued that NMDA receptor ... In any case, it has been elucidated that acute blockade of NMDA receptors in the brain results in an activation of α-amino-3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine

... aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; D-cycloserine; L-aspartate; quinolinate, etc. Partial agonists : N-methyl-D-aspartic acid ( ... Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical ... harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by ... Domoic acid, Quisqualic acid, etc. Antagonists: CNQX, Kynurenic acid, NBQX, Perampanel, Piracetam, etc. Positive allosteric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel

The Gs alpha subunit of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges GDP for GTP and is released from the complex. In a cAMP- ... Man, Heng-Ye; Sekine-Aizawa, Yoko; Huganir, Richard L. (27 February 2007). "Regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid receptor trafficking through PKA phosphorylation of the Glu receptor 1 subunit". Proceedings of the ... The Gs alpha subunit, in turn, activates adenylyl cyclase, which quickly converts ATP into cAMP. This leads to the activation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway

A 38-amino acid sequence found prior to (i.e., before the N-terminus of) the fourth membranous domain in all four AMPAR ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (July 1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... While the amino acid sequence of the subunit indicated that there seemed to be four transmembrane domains (parts of the protein ... The positively charged amino acid at the critical point makes it energetically unfavourable for calcium to enter the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPA_receptor

In the past, hyperalgesia was thought to be modulated by the release of substance P and excitatory amino acids (EAA), such as ... December 2017). "Human Astrocytes Transfer Aggregated Alpha-Synuclein via Tunneling Nanotubes". The Journal of Neuroscience. 37 ... N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors follows. It is the activation of these receptors ... Thus, an increased uptake and oxidation of fatty acids in glia containing FABP7 is likely to cause the oxidative stress and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte

Perampanel is a highly selective, noncompetitive antagonist for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid. It is ... Table 4. ≥50% Response per 28 Days by Last Actual Dose Outcome Placebo (n = 111) Perampanel 8 mg (n = 91) Perampanel 12 mg (n ... 4 mg (n = 3) 6 mg (n = 17) 8 mg (n = 91) 10 mg (n = 9) 12 mg (n = 64) ... The new agent has already been evaluated in 3 clinical trials (studies 304, 305, and 306), all of which were part of the ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/755404

Three main glutamate receptor subtypes are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), metabotropic, and non-NMDA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... is an amino acid derivative referred to as functionalized amino acid. The (R)-enantiomer lacosamide has about twice the potency ... The major identified metabolites of felbamate are p-hydroxy-felbamate, 2-hydroxy-felbamate, a monocarbonate, and a 3-carbamoyl ... Three main glutamate receptor subtypes are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), metabotropic, and non-NMDA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187334-overview

6-Aminopenicillanic Acid. » (R)-(+)-1-Amino-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine. » (R)-(-)-1-Amino-2-propanol. » (R,S)-alpha-Amino-3- ... 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid. » 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester Hydrochloride. » 1-Aminoguanidinium ... hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid. » (R,S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Hydrobromide. » (S ... amino] Diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate. » (Z)-2-Amino-alpha-(methoxyamino)thiazole-4-acetic Acid. » (±)-2-Aminoheptane. » (±)-Abscisic ...

http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8270#pid93598

Modulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor desensitization by extracellular protons. Mol ... 2021 Jul; 47(3):727-748. Browne DT, Norona J, Busch A, Armstrong K, Crouch S, Ernst T, Darrow S, Smith JA, Ihle EC. PMID: ... 2019 12; 58(4):819-831. Armstrong K, Underhill J, Epstein K, Metzler TJ, Sendowski TD, OConnor A, Norona JC, Ihle EC. PMID: ... View in: PubMed Mentions: 3 Fields: Aer Aerospace MedicineEnv Environmental Health ...

https://profiles.ucsf.edu/eva.ihle

N -methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor blockers: Felbamate. * Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid ( ... Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, ... Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4. 362(9):790-9. [QxMD ... Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-treatment

... a kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist (CNQX, 0.83 microgram/side), or ... Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / pharmacology * Extinction, Psychological / drug effects * Extinction, Psychological / ... Methods: Rats were allowed 2 weeks of 3-h daily sessions of cocaine self-administration along a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule. ... After 1 week of daily 3-h extinction sessions in which no programmed consequences occurred, selective antagonists of glutamate ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11351937/?dopt=Abstract

Changes in the expression of 48 selected genes/mRNAs and in the quantity of IL-1R1 protein during the first 3 days after ... in the dorsal horn of CFA-injected animals 3 days after CFA injection, at the time of the summit of mechanical and thermal ... and vesicular gamma amino butyric acid transporter (VGAT), markers selectively labeling axon terminals that we intended to ... Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces long-term potentiation of C-fiber evoked field potentials in spinal dorsal horn in rats ...

https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-017-0902-x

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and ... keywords = "Excitatory amino acids, Glutamate, N-methyl-d-aspartate, Nociception, Phencyclidine, Quisqualate, Spinal neurons", ... N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and ... N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/excitatory-amino-acid-receptors-and-nociceptive-neurotransmission

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 44% 36 Citations (Scopus) ... Membranes of epitaxial-like packed, super aligned electrospun micron hollow poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) fibers. Ou, K. L., Chen ... Mesoporous properties of bioactive glass synthesized by spray pyrolysis with various polyethylene glycol and acid additions. ... Mechanistic insight into hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma-mediated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in ...

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... modification in primary sensory cortices by visual experience correlated with changes in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation and subunit composition, which could underlie changes in AMPA receptor ...

https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/8136

S 47445 is a novel positive allosteric modulator of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Potentiation did not differ among the different AMPA receptors subtypes (GluA1/2/4 flip and flop variants) (EC50 between 2.5- ...

https://search.datacite.org/works?resource-type-id=dataset&affiliation-id=ror.org%2F057qpr032

propionic acid 92% * alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 86% ... Preparation of methyl ursodeoxycholate via microbial reduction of methyl 7-ketolithocholate in an anaerobic interface ... Identification of important amino acids. Makise, M., Mima, S., Tsuchiya, T. & Mizushima, T., 2001 Mar 9, In: Journal of ... Effect of the molar ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids on growth and albumin mRNA expression of human liver cancer ...

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Ibotenic Acid/analogs & derivatives (1980-1993). Public MeSH Note:. 94; ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ... ACID was indexed under IBOTENIC ACID/analogs & derivatives 1980-93. Online Note:. use ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4- ... ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID (NM) to search ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID 1980-93. ... alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Descriptor Spanish: Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=31662&filter=ths_exact_term&q=AMPA

Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist Active Synonym false false ... Substance with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance). ... Substance with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance). ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=782514006

The amino-acid NAA is found almost exclusively in neurons and axons, and can be used as an indirect measure of neuronal ... In the peripheral and central auditory system, glutamate receptors of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, resulted in significant increase of the N1 peak amplitude without affecting the N1 ... Glx represents the concentrations of the amino-acid glutamate and its precursor glutamine. ...

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7007-4-25

Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist ... Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced. 3 years 3 months ago By sys1 [ ...

https://www.phcogj.com/tags/neuroprotective

Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid * Animals * Avoidance Learning ... Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists * Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists * In Vitro Techniques * Learning ... amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in spinal learning. Intrathecal application of the AMPA receptor ... Experiment 4). Within the dose range tested, intrathecal application of AMPA did not have a long-term effect (Experiment 5). ...

https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n52063SE

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 100% * aspartic acid receptor 97% ... Surratt, H. L., Kurtz, S. P., Weaver, J. C. & Inciardi, J. A., Jun 3 2014, Contemporary Research on Sex Work. p. 23-44 22 p.. ... Mun, E. Y. & Ray, A. E., Jan 18 2018, Alcohol Use Disorders: A Developmental Science Approach to Etiology. p. 351-354 4 p.. ... 267-271 5 p.. Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review ...

https://scholars.uky.edu/en/organisations/substance-use-priority-research-area/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontobookanthology%2Fchapter&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 26% * Neocortex 23% ... gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 40% * In Vitro Techniques 36% * 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 32% ... N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors 84% * Synaptic Transmission 79% * Theoretical Models 68% ...

https://researchportal.tuni.fi/fi/publications/fast-gabaergic-neurotransmission-inhibits-diversely-ampa-and-nmda/fingerprints/

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 22% * Sodium Channels 21% ...

https://scholars.okstate.edu/en/publications/positive-allosteric-modulators-of-%CE%B17-nicotinic-acetylcholine-rece/fingerprints/

The most common neuronal antibody was alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA). Magnetic resonance ... 3. Peritumoral imaging features of thymic epithelial tumors for the prediction of transcapsular invasion: beyond intratumoral ... The optimal cut-off points of mean ADC were 1.62, 1.31, and 1.48 × 10-3 mm2/sec for distinguishing pathological T2-T4 from ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=mh:Neoplasias+do+Timo/diagn%C3%B3stico+por+imagem

AMPA stands for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. ... This has to be paired with a source of choline like 300 mg Alpha-GPC taken once or twice daily. ... Supplementation with a high-quality, bioavailable source like Alpha-GPC or Citicoline yields nootropic effects by ensuring the ... For this stack, use 750 mg of aniracetam paired with 300 mg of Alpha-GPC. ...

https://evidencelive.org/aniracetam/

Glutamic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences ... Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the ... Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the ... Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the ...

https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/effects-of-age-on-l-glutamate-induced-depolarization-in-three-hip

Effects of competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on excitatory amino acid-evoked currents in mouse spinal cord neurones. ... N-Methyl-D-AspartateSpinal Cordalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid ... DrugExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino AcidsGlutamic AcidKainic AcidMembrane ... Excitatory amino acid receptor mediation of sensory inputs to functionally identified dorsal horn neurons in cat spinal cord. ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/10027090/Effects_of_competitive_NMDA_receptor_antagonists_on_excitatory_amino_acid_evoked_currents_in_mouse_spinal_cord_neurones_

Antagonization of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor ... Valproic acid reduces the frequency of migraines. This agent is believed to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ... Dihydroergotamine is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with a direct stimulating effect on smooth muscle of peripheral and ... The drug blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors and depresses the release of hypophyseal and hypothalamic hormones. As a rule, ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1142556-171334/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-calcium-channel-blockers-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-migraine-headache

AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptors play a major role in oligodendrocyte ... Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology ... Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology ... Howard S Kirshner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Neurological Association, ...

https://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/1149070-overview

N2 - Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at ... propionic acid Medicine & Life Sciences 14% * Glutamate Receptors Medicine & Life Sciences 11% ... AB - Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at ... Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ampa-receptors-disease-2

Fycompa (perampanel; Eisai) is a selective, non-competitive, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor ... Biomedtracker performed a 5-question survey of 30 United States primary care physicians who currently treat patients with ... Geodon contains ziprasidone, a dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5-HT2) antagonist developed and marketed by Pfizer. ... Dupilumab (Regeneron/Sanofi) is an injectable monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha ...

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viii] Ahmed A.H., Oswald R.E. "Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl ... xi] Williams J.M., Guévremont D., Kennard J.T., Mason-Parker S.E., Tate W.P., Abraham W.C. "Long-term regulation of N-methyl-D- ... hey david, i am currently taking alpha gpc 250 mg and cdp choline 250mg( alternate days ie 1 day alpha gpc and 1 day cdp ... "Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in ...

https://nootropicsexpert.com/piracetam/comment-page-2/?replytocom=32087

Infusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist (AP-5, 1.97 micrograms/side), a kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist (CNQX, 0.83 microgram/side), or both drugs together had no significant effects on conditioned reward or reinstatement of cocaine self-administration. (nih.gov)
Only 75% of the spinal neurons tested increased their firing rate in response to iontophoretic application of one or more of the EAA receptor agonists, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and kainate (KA). (umn.edu)
Both CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 selectively blocked N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked inward current. (unboundmedicine.com)
This residual current was due to non-NMDA receptor activation since application of 25 microM 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) together with CGP 37849 did not significantly alter the residual current, whereas application of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) with CGP 37849 did significantly inhibit this current. (unboundmedicine.com)
Thus, the potent NMDA antagonists CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 were shown to inhibit excitatory amino acid responses specifically by competitive binding to the neurotransmitter recognition site of the NMDA receptor. (unboundmedicine.com)
If IFA pattern suggests N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antibody and NMDA-receptor CBA is positive, then NMDA-receptor antibody IFA titer is performed at an additional charge. (testcatalog.org)
Agmatine may block NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor found on GABAergic interneurons. (springeropen.com)
Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 11 . (nature.com)

After 1 week of daily 3-h extinction sessions in which no programmed consequences occurred, selective antagonists of glutamate or dopamine (DA) receptors were bilaterally infused at single doses into the BLA prior to testing for a cocaine-conditioned reward (tone + light). (nih.gov)
Serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonists (ie, ditans) do not elicit a vasoconstrictive effect, whereas triptans cause vasoconstriction via agonistic action at 5-HT1B/1D receptors. (medscape.com)
These drugs are selective serotonin agonists, specifically acting at 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D (5-HT 1B/1D ) receptors on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerve endings. (medscape.com)
A selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, naratriptan has higher bioavailability and a longer half-life than sumatriptan, which may contribute to a lower rate of headache recurrences. (medscape.com)
A selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors in cranial arteries, zolmitriptan suppresses the inflammation associated with migraine headaches. (medscape.com)
A selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors in cranial arteries, rizatriptan suppresses the inflammation associated with migraine headaches. (medscape.com)
AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptors play a major role in oligodendrocyte damage. (medscape.com)
Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. (elsevier.com)
AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to one of three glutamate receptors in your brain. (nootropicsexpert.com)
Nucleus Accumbens;Cocaine;Receptors, AMPA;Cocaine-Related Disorders;Dopamine;Glutamic Acid;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Drug-Seeking Behavior;Craving;Microinjections;Dopamine Antagonists;Receptors, Glutamate;Excitatory. (musc.edu)
G93A mice crossed with mice genetically modified to have a decreased calcium permeability of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the spinal motor neurones showed a significant delay in the onset of the ALS phenotype [86]. (bcl2-receptor.com)
Benzodiazepine tolerance is produced by neuroadpative routes including sensitization of glutamatergic receptors and desensitization of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. (springeropen.com)
Cys-loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved, with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. (wikipedia.org)
Variant forms of nuclear hormone receptors mediate processes such as cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid production. (en-academic.com)

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor agonists were tested for their effect on identified rat spinal neurons. (umn.edu)

The reversible homeostatic synaptic modification in primary sensory cortices by visual experience correlated with changes in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation and subunit composition, which could underlie changes in AMPA receptor function. (umd.edu)
The present study examined the role of the ionotropic glutamate receptor -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in spinal learning. (tamu.edu)
Intrathecal application of the agonist AMPA had a non-monotonic effect, producing a slight facilitation of performance at a low dose and disrupting learning at a high concentration (Experiment 4). (tamu.edu)
Within the dose range tested, intrathecal application of AMPA did not have a long-term effect (Experiment 5). (tamu.edu)
AMPA stands for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. (evidencelive.org)
Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the conclusions of other investigators that the depolarization caused by exogenously applied l-glutamate probably exerts its effects through nonsynaptic mechanisms. (arizona.edu)
Current evoked by 5 microM kainate or 5 microM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) was unaffected by 10 microM CGP 39551. (unboundmedicine.com)
At the biochemical level, higher GSK3B activity increased the expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel 4 under basal conditions and in the epileptic mouse brain and decreased phosphorylation of the glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 at Serine 831 under basal conditions. (epistop.eu)
If IFA pattern suggests alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antibody, then AMPA-receptor cell-binding assay (CBA) and AMPA-receptor antibody IFA titer are performed at an additional charge. (testcatalog.org)
AMPA r. a type of glutamate r. that participates in excitatory neurotransmission and also binds α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid and acts as a cation channel . (en-academic.com)

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
If IFA pattern suggests gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA-B)-receptor antibody, then GABA-B-receptor CBA and GABA-B-receptor antibody IFA titer are performed at an additional charge. (testcatalog.org)
[4] [5] A binding site in the extracellular N-terminal ligand-binding domain gives them receptor specificity for (1) acetylcholine (AcCh), (2) serotonin, (3) glycine, (4) glutamate and (5) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Ethanol induces persistent potentiation of 5-HT receptor-stimulated GABA release at synapses on rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. (neurotree.org)

Higher GSK3B activity decreased the progression of kainic acid induced epileptogenesis. (epistop.eu)

Perampanel is a highly selective, noncompetitive antagonist for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid. (medscape.com)
In contrast, infusion of a DA D1 receptor antagonist (SCH-23390, 2 micrograms/side) or a combination of SCH-23390 and a DA D2/D3 receptor antagonist (raclopride, 5 micrograms/side) significantly reduced responding for conditioned reward, but did not affect cocaine self-administration. (nih.gov)
Eisai) is a selective, non-competitive, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist that exhibits antiseizure activity by reducing glutamatergic signaling. (informa.com)

Although most mild and moderate TBI patients recover in a short period, many experiences persistent neurological dysfunction [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) describe fatigue as one of their main persistent symptoms, even after recovery (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)

Rats were allowed 2 weeks of 3-h daily sessions of cocaine self-administration along a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule. (nih.gov)

Serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist indicated to treat acute migraine with or without aura. (medscape.com)

The effects of CGP 37849 [DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoate] and its ethylester CGP 39551 on whole-cell currents evoked by the endogenous excitatory amino acids, L-glutamate and L-aspartate, were studied in cultured mouse spinal cord neurones. (unboundmedicine.com)

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione--pharmacology;Analysis of Variance;Behavior, Addictive--physiopathology;Conditioning, Operant--drug effects;Cues;Dopamine Antagonists--pharmacology;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Excitatory Amino Acid. (musc.edu)

Each test of impaired or obstructed cognitive function and learning ability in some way, and findings showed that memory and learning processes were normalized after all procedures ( 3 ). (evidencelive.org)

When treated with the drug for ten days, aniracetam reversed cognitive impairments and increased the number of mice that enhanced their learning abilities and memory function ( 4 ). (evidencelive.org)
Mice were perfused under deep anaesthesia through the left cardiac ventricle with PBS Protirelin followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. (bcl2-receptor.com)
Lipidomics analysis revealed a region-specific cortical decrease of the saturated FA: palmitate (C16:0) and a concomitant increase of polyunsaturated FA, arachidonic acid (AA, omega 6-C20: 4) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, omega 3-C22: 6), in running mice compared to sedentary controls. (cdc.gov)

Combinatorial therapies using voluntary exercise and diet supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids have synergistic effects benefiting brain function and behavior. (cdc.gov)
In fact, several studies have demonstrated that voluntary exercise has beneficial effects on spatial learning and memory assessed in the Morris water maze, which has inherent stress and anxiety components [5] - [10] . (cdc.gov)

Although the factors that lead to prolonged neurological symptoms after TBI remain unclear, a history of stress is one key factor that can affect the degree of neurological impairments [ 4 ] [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Despite the functional importance of these voltage-sensitive K+ channels and involvement in a number of diseases, little progress has been achieved in deciphering the subunit composition of the (α)4(β)4 oligomers occurring in human CNS. (westminster.ac.uk)
They are usually pentameric with each subunit containing 4 transmembrane helices constituting the transmembrane domain, and a beta sheet sandwich type, extracellular, N terminal, ligand binding domain. (wikipedia.org)
It consists of a pentamer of protein subunits (typically ααβγδ), with two binding sites for acetylcholine (one at the interface of each alpha subunit). (wikipedia.org)

Biomedtracker performed a 5-question survey of 30 United States primary care physicians who currently treat patients with chronic pain and prescribe opioids to at least some of their patients with chronic pain to gauge current and future use of abuse-deterrent opioids to treat chronic pain. (informa.com)
5). As doctors and researchers learn more about other AEs, it can hopefully aid in earlier diagnosis and treatment to prevent chronic (≥6 months) fatigue. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
Another reason why patients experience fatigue is because they may have chronic or relapsing neuroinflammation (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)

2001 Mar;154(3):301-10. (nih.gov)

Of these patients, she also found that over 80% of them reported feeling both physical (feeling weak, the need to rest, etc.) and cognitive fatigue (less alert, cannot think clearly, etc.) (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)

Additionally, recent evidence has shown that a wave of apoptosis further affects the oligodendrocytes up to 4 segments from the trauma site days and weeks after the initial trauma. (medscape.com)

When the acetylcholine binds it alters the receptor's configuration (twists the T2 helices which moves the leucine residues, which block the pore, out of the channel pathway) and causes the constriction in the pore of approximately 3 angstroms to widen to approximately 8 angstroms so that ions can pass through. (wikipedia.org)

The analysis includes 389 patients with uncontrolled epilepsy who continue to take between 1 and 3 other drugs. (medscape.com)
The First Seizure Trial Group randomly selected 397 patients with an unprovoked, generalized tonic-clonic first seizure to either receive prophylaxis with a conventional anticonvulsant (ie, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproic acid) or to receive no treatment and reported that about 18% of treated patients had seizure recurrence within 1 year, compared with 39% of untreated patients. (medscape.com)
Pain relief is experienced by 60-68% of patients within 4 hours of treatment and maintained for up to 24 hours in 49-67% of patients. (medscape.com)
Statistics show the cost of the care of patients with C1-4 tetraplegia at approximately $1,149,629 in the first year and approximately $199,637 for each subsequent year. (medscape.com)
In fact, about 5 to 10% of visits to primary care doctors in the United States are due to patients reporting fatigue (3). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
Dr. Anusha K Yeshokumar, an autoimmune neurologist, conducted two studies to determine the outcomes of survivors of AE in order to find ways to improve patients' quality of life (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
In both studies, she found that over 60% of patients reported experiencing fatigue (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)

December 14, 2011 (Baltimore, Maryland) - New evidence from a phase 3 study of perampanel (E2007, Eisai) demonstrates that the new first-in-class drug reduces seizure frequency in even the most clinically severe cases. (medscape.com)

When I taught this exercise originally, the students had completed the majority of the experiment in person, but to adapt to online learning, changes were made to Lab Sessions 3 and 4. (qubeshub.org)

TC# 9.A.14.15.3) share an ANF receptor family, ligand binding region/domain (M. Saier, unpublished observation). (tcdb.org)

For immunohistochemistry, sections were deparaffinised and intrinsic peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation with 5% H2O2 in PBS for 20 min. (bcl2-receptor.com)
NetCE designates this continuing education activity for 5 ANCC contact hour(s). (netce.com)

Changes in the expression of 48 selected genes/mRNAs and in the quantity of IL-1R1 protein during the first 3 days after CFA injection were measured with the TaqMan low-density array method and Western blot analysis, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
We found a six times and two times increase in IL-1R1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in the dorsal horn of CFA-injected animals 3 days after CFA injection, at the time of the summit of mechanical and thermal allodynia. (biomedcentral.com)
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function in the first few days of life in infants born at or older than 35 weeks of gestation [ 3 ]. (jicna.org)

To clarify, fatigue is the overwhelming feeling of tiredness, weakness, and a complete lack of energy (3). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)

The new agent has already been evaluated in 3 clinical trials (studies 304 , 305 , and 306 ), all of which were part of the Examining Perampanel Observations from Research Experience (EXPLORE) program and previously reported by Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)

We invite you to complete a survey that will take no more than 3 minutes. (bvsalud.org)
and 5, complete hind and complete front leg paralysis. (bcl2-receptor.com)

Upon application of 1 microM CGP 37849 and 10 microM CGP 39551, the L-aspartate concentration--current curve shifted to higher concentrations, and resulted in a 5- and 13-fold increase in the EC50 of L-aspartate, respectively, whereas Imax was not changed by application of the antagonists. (unboundmedicine.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms8

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Estradiol increases spine density and NMDA-dependent Ca2+ transients in spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices. (1/683)

Recurrent mossy fiber pathway in rat dentate gyrus: synaptic currents evoked in presence and absence of seizure-induced growth. (2/683)

Differences in the properties of ionotropic glutamate synaptic currents in oxytocin and vasopressin neuroendocrine neurons. (3/683)

Clozapine, but not haloperidol, prevents the functional hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons induced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine. (4/683)

BIIR 561 CL: a novel combined antagonist of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels with anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties. (5/683)

SPD 502: a water-soluble and in vivo long-lasting AMPA antagonist with neuroprotective activity. (6/683)

Ethanol inhibition of synaptically evoked kainate responses in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (7/683)

Differential roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors in canine medullary inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. (8/683)

alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid

Receptors, AMPA

Benzothiadiazines

Kainic Acid

Receptors, Glutamate

Receptors, Kainic Acid

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Glutamic Acid

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione

Quinoxalines

N-Methylaspartate

Synaptic Transmission

Hippocampus

Synapses

Neurons

Quisqualic Acid

Ibotenic Acid

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Carbocysteine

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Benzodiazepines

Cycloleucine

Excitatory Amino Acid Agents

Electrophysiology

Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate

Receptors, Neurotransmitter

Glutamates

Long-Term Potentiation

Cerebellum

Electric Stimulation

Amino Acids

Cells, Cultured

Glycine

Dizocilpine Maleate

Dendrites

Rats, Wistar

Evoked Potentials

Cerebral Cortex

Calcium

Membrane Potentials

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Dimethyl Adipimidate

Pyramidal Cells

Protein Subunits

Neuronal Plasticity

Brain

Bicuculline

GABA Antagonists

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Kinetics

Organ Culture Techniques

Anticonvulsants

Spinal Cord

Receptors, GABA-A

Time Factors

Protein Binding

Animals, Newborn

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Protein Transport

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Seizures

Tetrodotoxin

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

alpha 1-Antitrypsin

Cell Membrane

Signal Transduction

Phosphorylation

Binding Sites

Mice, Knockout

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha

Cloning, Molecular

Models, Neurological

Action Potentials

Base Sequence

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit

Amino Acid Substitution