alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid
Receptors, AMPA
Benzothiadiazines
Kainic Acid
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Receptors, Kainic Acid
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Glutamic Acid
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
N-Methylaspartate
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Neurons
Quisqualic Acid
Ibotenic Acid
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Carbocysteine
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Benzodiazepines
Cycloleucine
Excitatory Amino Acid Agents
Electrophysiology
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Receptors, Neurotransmitter
Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.
Glutamates
Long-Term Potentiation
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Amino Acids
Cells, Cultured
Glycine
Dizocilpine Maleate
A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.
Dendrites
Rats, Wistar
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Cerebral Cortex
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Dimethyl Adipimidate
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Protein Subunits
Neuronal Plasticity
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Bicuculline
GABA Antagonists
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Organ Culture Techniques
Spinal Cord
Receptors, GABA-A
Protein Binding
Protein Transport
Seizures
Tetrodotoxin
alpha 1-Antitrypsin
Cell Membrane
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Phosphorylation
Binding Sites
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha
One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.
Cloning, Molecular
Models, Neurological
Action Potentials
Base Sequence
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Methyl Parathion
Neurotoxins
Mutation
alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Xenopus laevis
Integrin alpha3beta1
Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.
Integrin alpha4
Structure-Activity Relationship
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Integrin alpha6
An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.
Neuroprotective Agents
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
Amino Acid Sequence
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Integrin alpha5beta1
Models, Molecular
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Methyl Methanesulfonate
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Amino Acids, Essential
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Integrin alpha4beta1
Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Peptide Fragments
Interleukin-1alpha
DNA, Complementary
Amino Acid Motifs
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1
Substrate Specificity
Amygdala
Integrin alpha2beta1
An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.
Immunohistochemistry
Integrin alpha5
Transfection
Calcium Channels
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Integrin alpha1beta1
Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.
Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2
A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.
Amino Acid Transport Systems
Integrin alpha6beta1
A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.
Macromolecular Substances
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Integrin alpha6beta4
This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.
Methyl Chloride
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Integrins
A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.
Cattle
Integrin alpha Chains
The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.
Transcription Factors
Transcription, Genetic
Integrin alpha1
Gene Expression Regulation
DNA Primers
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Gene Expression
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Receptors, Nicotinic
One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.
Alpha Rhythm
Estradiol increases spine density and NMDA-dependent Ca2+ transients in spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices. (1/683)
To investigate the physiological consequences of the increase in spine density induced by estradiol in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, we performed simultaneous whole cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging in CA1 neuron spines and dendrites in hippocampal slices. Four- to eight-days in vitro slice cultures were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (EST) for an additional 4- to 8-day period, and spine density was assessed by confocal microscopy of DiI-labeled CA1 pyramidal neurons. Spine density was doubled in both apical and basal dendrites of the CA1 region in EST-treated slices; consistently, a reduction in cell input resistance was observed in EST-treated CA1 neurons. Double immunofluorescence staining of presynaptic (synaptophysin) and postsynaptic (alpha-subunit of CaMKII) proteins showed an increase in synaptic density after EST treatment. The slopes of the input/output curves of both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) postsynaptic currents were steeper in EST-treated CA1 neurons, consistent with the observed increase in synapse density. To characterize NMDA-dependent synaptic currents and dendritic Ca2+ transients during Schaffer collaterals stimulation, neurons were maintained at +40 mV in the presence of nimodipine, picrotoxin, and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). No differences in resting spine or dendritic Ca2+ levels were observed between control and EST-treated CA1 neurons. Intracellular Ca2+ transients during afferent stimulation exhibited a faster slope and reached higher levels in spines than in adjacent dendrites. Peak Ca2+ levels were larger in both spines and dendrites of EST-treated CA1 neurons. Ca2+ gradients between spine heads and dendrites during afferent stimulation were also larger in EST-treated neurons. Both spine and dendritic Ca2+ transients during afferent stimulation were reversibly blocked by D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D,L-APV). The increase in spine density and the enhanced NMDA-dependent Ca2+ signals in spines and dendrites induced by EST may underlie a threshold reduction for induction of NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. (+info)Recurrent mossy fiber pathway in rat dentate gyrus: synaptic currents evoked in presence and absence of seizure-induced growth. (2/683)
A common feature of temporal lobe epilepsy and of animal models of epilepsy is the growth of hippocampal mossy fibers into the dentate molecular layer, where at least some of them innervate granule cells. Because the mossy fibers are axons of granule cells, the recurrent mossy fiber pathway provides monosynaptic excitatory feedback to these neurons that could facilitate seizure discharge. We used the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy to study the synaptic responses evoked by activating this pathway. Whole cell patch-clamp recording demonstrated that antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in approximately 74% of granule cells from rats that had survived >10 wk after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Recurrent mossy fiber growth was demonstrated with the Timm stain in all instances. In contrast, antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an EPSC in only 5% of granule cells studied 4-6 days after status epilepticus, before recurrent mossy fiber growth became detectable. Notably, antidromic mossy fiber stimulation also evoked an EPSC in many granule cells from control rats. Clusters of mossy fiber-like Timm staining normally were present in the inner third of the dentate molecular layer at the level of the hippocampal formation from which slices were prepared, and several considerations suggested that the recorded EPSCs depended mainly on activation of recurrent mossy fibers rather than associational fibers. In both status epilepticus and control groups, the antidromically evoked EPSC was glutamatergic and involved the activation of both AMPA/kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. EPSCs recorded in granule cells from rats with recurrent mossy fiber growth differed in three respects from those recorded in control granule cells: they were much more frequently evoked, a number of them were unusually large, and the NMDA component of the response was generally much more prominent. In contrast to the antidromically evoked EPSC, the EPSC evoked by stimulation of the perforant path appeared to be unaffected by a prior episode of status epilepticus. These results support the hypothesis that recurrent mossy fiber growth and synapse formation increases the excitatory drive to dentate granule cells and thus facilitates repetitive synchronous discharge. Activation of NMDA receptors in the recurrent pathway may contribute to seizure propagation under depolarizing conditions. Mossy fiber-granule cell synapses also are present in normal rats, where they may contribute to repetitive granule cell discharge in regions of the dentate gyrus where their numbers are significant. (+info)Differences in the properties of ionotropic glutamate synaptic currents in oxytocin and vasopressin neuroendocrine neurons. (3/683)
Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) hormone release from neurohypophysial terminals is controlled by the firing pattern of neurosecretory cells located in the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei. Although glutamate is a key modulator of the electrical activity of both OT and VP neurons, a differential contribution of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) has been proposed to mediate glutamatergic influences on these neurons. In the present study we examined the distribution and functional properties of synaptic currents mediated by AMPARs and NMDARs in immunoidentified SON neurons. Our results suggest that the properties of AMPA-mediated currents in SON neurons are controlled in a cell type-specific manner. OT neurons displayed AMPA-mediated miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) with larger amplitude and faster decay kinetics than VP neurons. Furthermore, a peak-scaled nonstationary noise analysis of mEPSCs revealed a larger estimated single-channel conductance of AMPARs expressed in OT neurons. High-frequency summation of AMPA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials was smaller in OT neurons. In both cell types, AMPA-mediated synaptic currents showed inward rectification, which was more pronounced in OT neurons, and displayed Ca2+ permeability. On the other hand, NMDA-mediated mEPSCs of both cell types had similar amplitude and kinetic properties. The cell type-specific expression of functionally different AMPARs can contribute to the adoption of different firing patterns by these neuroendocrine neurons in response to physiological stimuli. (+info)Clozapine, but not haloperidol, prevents the functional hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons induced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine. (4/683)
Repeated exposure of rats to the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) markedly increased the response of prefrontal cortical neurons to the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) relative to agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. Moreover, acute challenge by PCP produced a significantly reduced block of NMDA-induced current. In addition, the subchronic administration of PCP reduced significantly the paired-pulse facilitation, accompanied by a significant increase of excitatory postsynaptic current variance. These results suggest that repeated exposure to PCP increased evoked release of excitatory amino acids. The enhanced release of excitatory amino acids evoked by NMDA could explain, at least partly, a hypersensitive response to NMDA and a reduced blockade of the NMDA responses by a PCP challenge in rats exposed repeatedly to PCP. Pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, but not the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol, attenuates the repeated PCP-induced effect. Our results support the hypothesis that clozapine may facilitate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission to improve schizophrenic-negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. This novel approach is useful for evaluating the cellular mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. (+info)BIIR 561 CL: a novel combined antagonist of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels with anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties. (5/683)
Antagonists of glutamate receptors of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype, as well as of voltage-gated sodium channels, exhibit anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties in vivo. One can postulate that a compound that combines both principles might be useful for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system, like focal or global ischemia. Here, we present data on the effects of dimethyl-(2-[2-(3-phenyl-[1,2, 4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]ethyl)-amine hydrochloride (BIIR 561 CL) on neuronal AMPA receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels. BIIR 561 CL inhibited AMPA receptor-mediated membrane currents in cultured cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 8.5 microM. The inhibition was noncompetitive. In a cortical wedge preparation, BIIR 561 CL reduced AMPA-induced depolarizations with an IC50 value of 10.8 microM. In addition to the effects on the glutamatergic system, BIIR 561 CL inhibited binding of radiolabeled batrachotoxin to rat brain synaptosomal membranes with a Ki value of 1.2 microM. The compound reduced sodium currents in voltage-clamped cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 5.2 microM and inhibited the veratridine-induced release of glutamate from rat brain slices with an IC50 value of 2.3 microM. Thus, BIIR 561 CL inhibited AMPA receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels in a variety of preparations. BIIR 561 CL suppressed tonic seizures in a maximum electroshock model in mice with an ED50 value of 2.8 mg/kg after s.c. administration. In a model of focal ischemia in mice, i.p. administration of 6 or 60 mg/kg BIIR 561 CL reduced the area of the infarcted cortical surface. These data show that BIIR 561 CL is a combined antagonist of AMPA receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels with promising anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties. (+info)SPD 502: a water-soluble and in vivo long-lasting AMPA antagonist with neuroprotective activity. (6/683)
Accumulating preclinical data suggest that compounds that block the excitatory effect of glutamate on excitatory amino acid receptors may have neuroprotective effects and utility for the treatment of neurodegeneration after brain ischemia. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of the novel glutamate antagonist SPD 502 [8-methyl-5(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-6,7, 8,9,-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]-isoquinoline-2, 3-dione-3-O-(4-hydroxybutyric acid-2-yl)oxime] are described. In binding studies, SPD 502 was shown to display selectivity for the [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-binding site (IC50 = 0.043 microM) compared with the [3H]kainate- (IC50 = 81 microM), [3H]cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid-(CGS 19755), and [3H]glycine-binding sites (IC50 > 30 microM) in rat cortical membranes. In an in vitro functional assay, SPD 502 blocked the AMPA-induced release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid from cultured mouse cortical neurons in a competitive manner with an IC50 value of 0.23 microM. Furthermore, SPD 502 potently and selectively inhibited AMPA-induced currents in cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 0.15 microM. In in vivo electrophysiology, SPD 502 blocked AMPA-evoked spike activity in rat hippocampus after i.v. administration with an ED50 value of 6.1 mg/kg and with a duration of action of more than 1 h. Furthermore, SPD 502 increased the seizure threshold for electroshock-induced tonic seizures in mice at i.v doses of 40 mg/kg and higher. In the two-vessel occlusion model of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils, SPD 502 (10 mg/kg bolus injection followed by a 10 mg/kg/h infusion for 2 h) resulted in a highly significant protection against the ischemia-induced damage in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. (+info)Ethanol inhibition of synaptically evoked kainate responses in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (7/683)
Many studies have demonstrated that intoxicating concentrations of ethanol (10-100 mM) can selectively inhibit the component of glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors while having little or no effect on excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by non-NMDA receptors [i.e., alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and/or kainate (KA) receptors]. However, until the recent development of highly selective AMPA receptor antagonists, it was not possible to assess the relative contribution of AMPA and KA receptors to non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission or to determine whether these glutamate receptor subtypes differed in their sensitivity to ethanol. In the present experiments, we used the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist LY 303070 to pharmacologically isolate KA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and tested their sensitivity to ethanol. Concentrations of ethanol as low as 20 mM significantly and reversibly depressed KA EPSCs. Ethanol also inhibited KA currents evoked by direct pressure application of KA in the presence of LY 303070, suggesting that this inhibition was mediated by a postsynaptic action. In contrast, ethanol had no effect on AMPA EPSCs in these cells, even at the highest concentration tested (80 mM). Ethanol significantly inhibited NMDA EPSCs in these neurons, but these responses were less sensitive to ethanol than KA EPSCs. These results suggest that in addition to its well-described depressant effect on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, ethanol has an even greater inhibitory effect on glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by KA receptors in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (+info)Differential roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors in canine medullary inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. (8/683)
The relative roles of ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in supplying excitatory drive to inspiratory (I) augmenting pattern neurons of the ventral respiratory group were studied in anesthetized, ventilated, paralyzed, and vagotomized dogs. Multibarrel micropipettes were used to record simultaneously single-unit neuronal activity and pressure microeject the NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5; 2 mM), the non-NMDA antagonist 2, 3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX; 0.25 mM), and an artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle. Ejected volume-rates were measured directly via meniscus level changes. The moving time average of phrenic nerve activity was used to determine respiratory phase durations and to synchronize cycle-triggered histograms of the discharge patterns. Both AP5 and NBQX produced dose-dependent reductions in peak spontaneous I neuronal discharge frequency (Fn). The average (+/- SE) maximum reduction in peak Fn produced by AP5 was 69.1 +/- 4.2% and by NBQX was 47.1 +/- 3.3%. Blockade of both glutamate receptor subtypes nearly silenced these neurons, suggesting that their activity is highly dependent on excitatory synaptic drive mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. Differential effects were found for the two glutamatergic antagonists. AP5 produced downward, parallel shifts in the augmenting pattern of discharge, whereas NBQX reduced the slope of the augmenting discharge pattern. These results suggest that time-varying excitatory input patterns to the canine I bulbospinal neurons are mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors and that constant or tonic input patterns to these neurons are mediated by NMDA receptors. (+info)
Clinical Spectrum of Encephalitis Associated With Antibodies Against the α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid...
S)-α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid - CAS 83643-88-3 - Calbiochem CAS 83643-88-3 | 155305
Nerve growth factor rapidly suppresses basal, NMDA-evoked, and AMPA-evoked nitric oxide synthase activity in rat hippocampus in...
Inhibition by adenosine A(2A) receptors of NMDA but not AMPA currents in rat neostriatal neurons<...
Functional reconstitution of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors from rat brain. [Muscimol...
GYKI 53655 | AMPA antagonist | LY 300168 | GYKI53655 | LY300168 | CAS [143692-18-6] | Axon 1374 | Axon Ligand™ with |99% purity...
Distribution of neurones expressing inwardly rectifying and Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in rat hippocampal slices
AMPA Receptors
- AMPA Receptor
Summary Report | CureHunter
ModelDB: Layer 5 Pyramidal Neuron (Shai et al., 2015)
Anti-Glutamate Receptor 1 (AMPA subtype)抗体(ab31232)参考文献
Involvement of calpain in AMPA-induced toxicity to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons<...
Plus it
A developmental switch in neurotransmitter flux enhances synaptic efficacy by affecting AMPA receptor activation
S-18986 - Wikipedia
KAKEN - Research Projects | Non-ionotropic functions of ionotropic glutamate receptor channels. (KAKENHI-PROJECT-21790213)
S)-ATPA | AMPA receptor Agonist | Hello Bio
AMPA Receptors
Collections
Tech-Idea Global Solutions - Your One Stop Shop For IT Solutions
Pages | The Brainwave Centre
Departments - MedicHome
ALISSA EARRINGS - Tessarella House
Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freunds adjuvant-induced...
CP-465,022, a selective noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist, blocks AMPA receptors but is not neuroprotective in vivo. -...
AMPA Antagonist ZK200775 in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke | Stroke
Glutamate and psychiatric disorders | BJPsych Advances
Factors Regulating AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Subunit Changes Induce by Francisco J. Alvarez, Robert E.W. Fyffe et al.
Mutations in ionotropic AMPA receptor 3 alter channel properties and are associated with moderate cognitive impairment in humans
Plus it
FENS Forum 2004 - Abstracts
CP 465022 hydrochloride | AMPA receptor antagonist | Hello Bio
Gerontology sub-cluster 85
5 topics
Publikationen | Max Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung
Sequence Similarity
- 1M5C: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH Br-HIBO AT 1.65...
Handy Project - Spring Health Care
Hydrate With Connor!
- BioSteel US
Comments on Title Test
4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one | C7H8O2 - ChemSynthesis
4-hydroxy-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl-acetic-acid-hydrochloride | VWR
Faqs - Wasilah Connections
Living - The Blade
Natural & Organic
Great for Vagetarians
Culture - The Blade
New Page
Plus it
Prenatal nicotine exposure alters medullary nicotinic and AMPA-mediated control of respiratory frequency in vitro - Fingerprint...
Plus it
Most recent papers with the keyword GABABR | Read by QxMD
3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propionic Acid - NO.146801
557 comments
R)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-propionic acid | CAS No. 83654-13-1 | Sigma-Aldrich
Content Elements
3-Amino-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid - Alfa Chemistry
3-(2-Chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid 97 % | 853331-56-3 | Sigma-Aldrich
Global Propionic Acid Market is Expected to Reach USD 1,540.5 million by 2019
3-[(5-Bromopyridine-3-carbonyl)amino]-propionic acid - Alfa Chemistry
Methyl-3-Oxo-4-(2,4,5-Trifluorophenyl) Butanoate, China Methyl-3-Oxo-4-(2,4,5-Trifluorophenyl) Butanoate, Methyl-3-Oxo-4-(2,4,5...
quis custodiet ipsos custodes: UK practical guides to policing
Media - Enterprise Equipment - Weymouth, MA
Veniam quis - Albirco
3 Days - Freelancing and Job site JobBazar.com
View all posts in Design
ISABELLA
Products | URBNETLAB
Project 10 - Satelite
About 02 - CADD Inodre
og真人视频 雪虐风饕网
amolatina preise - NewellProducts Inc
arrangement
Projects
Sous-bandages climatex grands - Equiness
Español</span>...
antiquarianism
Sexual Performace
- Heilen Biopharm
Soothening
- Heilen Biopharm
Events
Hodan Styrene - SPIRITLAND
Website Terms of Use - Visualized Copy
Piotr Sosnik, Przedsiebiorstwo Farmaceutyczne Jelfa SA: Profile & Biography - Bloomberg
Licostinel
... and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring receptors". Mol. Pharmacol. 49 (3): 540-6. PMID 8643094 ... 151-. ISBN 978-3-7643-6011-5. Chas Bountra; Rajesh Munglani; William K. Schmidt (28 May 2013). Pain: Current Understanding, ... Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM ... 249-. ISBN 978-0-306-47694-5. Wilding TJ, Huettner JE (1996). "Antagonist pharmacology of kainate- ...
GRIA4
Pasternack A, Coleman SK, Jouppila A, Mottershead DG, Lindfors M, Pasternack M, Keinänen K (December 2002). "Alpha-amino-3- ... The R/G site is found at amino acid 769 immediately before the 3-amino-acid-long flip and flop modules introduced by ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (January 1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate ... hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain". The Journal of Biological ...
Racetam
Ahmed AH, Oswald RE (March 2010). "Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (5): 2197-203. doi:10.1021/jm901905j. ... "Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in ... 58 (4): 1199-204. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11329.x. PMID 1372342. Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Veinberg G, Svalbe B, Domracheva ...
Piracetam
Ahmed AH, Oswald RE (March 2010). "Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... It is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA and shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid. ... methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (5): 2197-2203. doi:10.1021/jm901905j. ... Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Related drugs include the anticonvulsants levetiracetam and ...
GRIA1
The GRIA1 belongs to a family of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. Each of the members ( ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (July 1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ...
GRIK2
"Amino acid substitutions in the pore helix of GluR6 control inhibition by membrane fatty acids". J. Gen. Physiol. 132 (1): 85- ... Leuschner WD, Hoch W (1999). "Subtype-specific assembly of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (Jan 1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate ... The pre-mRNA of GLUR6 is edited at amino acid positions 567, 571, and 621. The Q/R position, which gets its name as editing ...
LY-503430
August 2003). "LY503430, a novel alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor potentiator with functional ... allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors". The Journal of Pharmacology and ... 8 (5): 603-20. doi:10.2174/138945007780618517. PMID 17504104. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches ... 3 (3): 181-94. doi:10.2174/1568007043337508. PMID 15180479. O'Neill MJ, Witkin JM (May 2007). "AMPA receptor potentiators: ...
Strictly standardized mean difference
"Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (14): 4667-79. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn435. PMC 2504311. PMID 18628291. Zhang XHD (2009). "A method for ... 4 (9): e6892. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006892. PMC 2731218. PMID 19727391. Malo N, Hanley JA, Carlile G, Liu J, Pelletier J, ... 15 (3): 551-8. doi:10.2307/1266860. JSTOR 1266860. Reiser B, Guttman I (1986). "Statistical inference for of Pr(Y-less-thaqn-X ...
Hit selection
"Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (14): 4667-79. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn435. PMC 2504311. PMID 18628291. Klinghoffer RA, Frazier J, Annis ... 12 (5): 645-55. doi:10.1177/1087057107300645. PMID 17517904. Zhang XH, Ferrer M, Espeseth AS, Marine SD, Stec EM, Crackower MA ... 12 (4): 645-55. doi:10.1177/1087057107300646. PMID 17435171. S2CID 7542230. Zhang XH, Yang XC, Chung N, Gates A, Stec E, ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
This point mutation in the coding sequence, a guanine to adenine switch at position 196, results in an amino acid switch: ... "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic ... subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (1): 693-99. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008085200 ... The proteins resulting from mRNA that does get translated, are not trafficked and secreted normally, as the amino acid change ...
CSPG4
Stegmüller J, Werner H, Nave KA, Trotter J (February 2003). "The proteoglycan NG2 is complexed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor ... "Phosphorylation of NG2 proteoglycan by protein kinase C-alpha regulates polarized membrane distribution and cell motility". The ... 158 (3): 1324-31. PMID 9013976. Iida J, Meijne AM, Oegema TR, Yednock TA, Kovach NL, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB (March 1998). "A ...
GRIP2
Stegmüller J, Werner H, Nave KA, Trotter J (2003). "The proteoglycan NG2 is complexed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor cells. ... "The carboxyl terminus of the prolactin-releasing peptide receptor interacts with PDZ domain proteins involved in alpha-amino-3- ... hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor clustering". Mol. Pharmacol. 60 (5): 916-23. doi:10.1124/mol.60.5.916. PMID ...
S-18986
Bourasset F, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Genissel P, Scherrmann JM (August 2005). "Neuropharmacokinetics of a new alpha-amino-3-hydroxy ... 16 (4): 624-37. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.188. PMID 19136940. Destot-Wong KD, Liang K, Gupta SK, Favrais G, Schwendimann L, Pansiot ... 202 (1-3): 225-35. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1301-x. PMID 18762915. S2CID 35139538. Gupta SK, Mishra R, Kusum S, Spedding M, Meiri ... 57 (3): 277-86. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.05.010. PMID 19501111. S2CID 1400467. v t e (Articles with short description, ...
NPTX2
It also plays a role in clustering of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ... 50 (3): 329-37. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.06.011. PMID 16115696. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status ... 31 (4): 940-3. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.02.016. PMID 17408830. S2CID 23877321. Poulsen TT, Pedersen N, Perin MS, et al. (2006 ... 35 (3): e9-15. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e318153fa42. PMID 17895837. S2CID 31006962. Marui T, Koishi S, Funatogawa I, et al. (2007 ...
AGTPBP1 (gene)
Stasi K, Mitsacos A, Triarhou LC, Kouvelas ED (1997). "Cerebellar grafts partially reverse amino acid receptor changes observed ... the decline in binding occurred for the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA receptor) receptor at ... "The Purkinje cell degeneration 5J mutation is a single amino acid insertion that destabilizes Nna1 protein". Mamm Genome. 17 (2 ... Increases per protein weight were also discerned in the granule cell layer and deep nuclei for alpha-1-adrenergic receptor and ...
Metaplasticity
Gliotransmitters include glutamate, ATP, and, more recently, the amino acid D-serine. Once thought to be glycine itself, D- ... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), respectively, but they both ... A low alpha/beta ratio causes an increased threshold for cellular excitation via calcium influx and thus favors LTP. There are ... Recent research has found that the calcium-dependent enzyme CaMKII, which exists in an alpha and beta isoform, is key in ...
IDRA-21
... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor biophysics and synaptic responses". Molecular ... a benzothiadiazine derivative that enhances cognition by attenuating DL-alpha-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4- ... isoxazolepropanoic acid (AMPA) receptor desensitization". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 272 (1): ... 43 (5): 664-9. doi:10.1002/ana.410430517. PMID 9585363. S2CID 39977647. Nagarajan N, Quast C, Boxall AR, Shahid M, Rosenmund C ...
List of MeSH codes (D03)
... urocanic acid MeSH D03.383.129.385 - isoxazoles MeSH D03.383.129.385.025 - alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... pyridoxic acid MeSH D03.383.725.450 - 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MeSH D03.383.725.463 - metyrapone MeSH ... niflumic acid MeSH D03.066.515.635 - pipemidic acid MeSH D03.066.515.650 - piromidic acid MeSH D03.066.515.950 - xanthinol ... pipemidic acid MeSH D03.383.725.547.650 - piromidic acid MeSH D03.383.725.547.900 - 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6- ...
David S. Bredt
Bredt and Nicoll determined that a then recently discovered protein, stargazin, links PSD-95 to the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- ... glycosylation and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone pathways for Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor oligomerization and membrane ... Bredt as co-author of an anonymous FDA citizen petition to halt phase 3 trials of simufilam, a drug from Cassava Sciences which ... 17 (3): e0266629. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1766629.. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266629. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8967007. PMID 35353864. ...
AMPA
... kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) channels. In the synapse, these receptors serve very different purposes. AMPA ... ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. Dinh, L; Nguyen T; Salgado H; Atzori M (2009). "Norepinephrine homogeneously inhibits alpha-amino-3- ... α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, better known as AMPA, is a compound that is a specific agonist for the ... AMPA was first synthesized, along with several other ibotenic acid derivatives, by Krogsgaard-Larsen, Honoré, and others toward ...
Ketamine
Thermal rearrangements of α-amino methyl ketones". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 30 (9): 2967-72. doi:10.1021/jo01020a019. US ... Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H (August 2009). "Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide ... but a potent alpha-7 nicotinic receptor antagonist may have antidepressive action. It is now argued that NMDA receptor ... In any case, it has been elucidated that acute blockade of NMDA receptors in the brain results in an activation of α-amino-3- ...
Ligand-gated ion channel
... aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; D-cycloserine; L-aspartate; quinolinate, etc. Partial agonists : N-methyl-D-aspartic acid ( ... Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical ... harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by ... Domoic acid, Quisqualic acid, etc. Antagonists: CNQX, Kynurenic acid, NBQX, Perampanel, Piracetam, etc. Positive allosteric ...
CAMP-dependent pathway
The Gs alpha subunit of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges GDP for GTP and is released from the complex. In a cAMP- ... Man, Heng-Ye; Sekine-Aizawa, Yoko; Huganir, Richard L. (27 February 2007). "Regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid receptor trafficking through PKA phosphorylation of the Glu receptor 1 subunit". Proceedings of the ... The Gs alpha subunit, in turn, activates adenylyl cyclase, which quickly converts ATP into cAMP. This leads to the activation ...
AMPA receptor
A 38-amino acid sequence found prior to (i.e., before the N-terminus of) the fourth membranous domain in all four AMPAR ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (July 1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... While the amino acid sequence of the subunit indicated that there seemed to be four transmembrane domains (parts of the protein ... The positively charged amino acid at the critical point makes it energetically unfavourable for calcium to enter the cell ...
Astrocyte
In the past, hyperalgesia was thought to be modulated by the release of substance P and excitatory amino acids (EAA), such as ... December 2017). "Human Astrocytes Transfer Aggregated Alpha-Synuclein via Tunneling Nanotubes". The Journal of Neuroscience. 37 ... N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors follows. It is the activation of these receptors ... Thus, an increased uptake and oxidation of fatty acids in glia containing FABP7 is likely to cause the oxidative stress and ...
Perampanel Showing Benefit in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy
Perampanel is a highly selective, noncompetitive antagonist for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid. It is ... Table 4. ≥50% Response per 28 Days by Last Actual Dose Outcome Placebo (n = 111) Perampanel 8 mg (n = 91) Perampanel 12 mg (n ... 4 mg (n = 3) 6 mg (n = 17) 8 mg (n = 91) 10 mg (n = 9) 12 mg (n = 64) ... The new agent has already been evaluated in 3 clinical trials (studies 304, 305, and 306), all of which were part of the ...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Overview, Mechanism of Action, Sodium Channel Blockers
Three main glutamate receptor subtypes are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), metabotropic, and non-NMDA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... is an amino acid derivative referred to as functionalized amino acid. The (R)-enantiomer lacosamide has about twice the potency ... The major identified metabolites of felbamate are p-hydroxy-felbamate, 2-hydroxy-felbamate, a monocarbonate, and a 3-carbamoyl ... Three main glutamate receptor subtypes are N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), metabotropic, and non-NMDA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ...
Sciencemadness Discussion Board - sciencelab .com - Powered by XMB 1.9.11
6-Aminopenicillanic Acid. » (R)-(+)-1-Amino-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine. » (R)-(-)-1-Amino-2-propanol. » (R,S)-alpha-Amino-3- ... 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid. » 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester Hydrochloride. » 1-Aminoguanidinium ... hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid. » (R,S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Hydrobromide. » (S ... amino] Diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate. » (Z)-2-Amino-alpha-(methoxyamino)thiazole-4-acetic Acid. » (±)-2-Aminoheptane. » (±)-Abscisic ...
Eva Ihle | UCSF Profiles
Modulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor desensitization by extracellular protons. Mol ... 2021 Jul; 47(3):727-748. Browne DT, Norona J, Busch A, Armstrong K, Crouch S, Ernst T, Darrow S, Smith JA, Ihle EC. PMID: ... 2019 12; 58(4):819-831. Armstrong K, Underhill J, Epstein K, Metzler TJ, Sendowski TD, OConnor A, Norona JC, Ihle EC. PMID: ... View in: PubMed Mentions: 3 Fields: Aer Aerospace MedicineEnv Environmental Health ...
Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Anticonvulsants for Specific...
N -methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor blockers: Felbamate. * Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid ( ... Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, ... Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4. 362(9):790-9. [QxMD ... Vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breast-feeding: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and ...
Dopamine, but not glutamate, receptor blockade in the basolateral amygdala attenuates conditioned reward in a rat model of...
... a kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist (CNQX, 0.83 microgram/side), or ... Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / pharmacology * Extinction, Psychological / drug effects * Extinction, Psychological / ... Methods: Rats were allowed 2 weeks of 3-h daily sessions of cocaine self-administration along a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule. ... After 1 week of daily 3-h extinction sessions in which no programmed consequences occurred, selective antagonists of glutamate ...
Interleukin-1 receptor type 1 is overexpressed in neurons but not in glial cells within the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn...
Changes in the expression of 48 selected genes/mRNAs and in the quantity of IL-1R1 protein during the first 3 days after ... in the dorsal horn of CFA-injected animals 3 days after CFA injection, at the time of the summit of mechanical and thermal ... and vesicular gamma amino butyric acid transporter (VGAT), markers selectively labeling axon terminals that we intended to ... Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces long-term potentiation of C-fiber evoked field potentials in spinal dorsal horn in rats ...
Excitatory amino acid receptors and nociceptive neurotransmission in rat spinal cord<...
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and ... keywords = "Excitatory amino acids, Glutamate, N-methyl-d-aspartate, Nociception, Phencyclidine, Quisqualate, Spinal neurons", ... N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and ... N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and ...
College of Oral Medicine - Research output - Taipei Medical University
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 44% 36 Citations (Scopus) ... Membranes of epitaxial-like packed, super aligned electrospun micron hollow poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) fibers. Ou, K. L., Chen ... Mesoporous properties of bioactive glass synthesized by spray pyrolysis with various polyethylene glycol and acid additions. ... Mechanistic insight into hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma-mediated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in ...
Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity
DataCite Search
Faculty of Pharmacy - Research output - Keio University
propionic acid 92% * alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 86% ... Preparation of methyl ursodeoxycholate via microbial reduction of methyl 7-ketolithocholate in an anaerobic interface ... Identification of important amino acids. Makise, M., Mima, S., Tsuchiya, T. & Mizushima, T., 2001 Mar 9, In: Journal of ... Effect of the molar ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids on growth and albumin mRNA expression of human liver cancer ...
DeCS
Ibotenic Acid/analogs & derivatives (1980-1993). Public MeSH Note:. 94; ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ... ACID was indexed under IBOTENIC ACID/analogs & derivatives 1980-93. Online Note:. use ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4- ... ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID (NM) to search ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID 1980-93. ... alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Descriptor Spanish: Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol ...
Code System Concept
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist Active Synonym false false ... Substance with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance). ... Substance with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist mechanism of action (substance). ...
The neurochemical basis of human cortical auditory processing: combining proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and...
The amino-acid NAA is found almost exclusively in neurons and axons, and can be used as an indirect measure of neuronal ... In the peripheral and central auditory system, glutamate receptors of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, resulted in significant increase of the N1 peak amplitude without affecting the N1 ... Glx represents the concentrations of the amino-acid glutamate and its precursor glutamine. ...
Neuroprotective | Pharmacognosy Journal
AMPA receptor mediated behavioral plasticity in the isolated rat spinal cord. - Texas A&M University (TAMU) Scholar
Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid * Animals * Avoidance Learning ... Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists * Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists * In Vitro Techniques * Learning ... amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in spinal learning. Intrathecal application of the AMPA receptor ... Experiment 4). Within the dose range tested, intrathecal application of AMPA did not have a long-term effect (Experiment 5). ...
Substance Use Priority Research Area - Research output - University of Kentucky
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid 100% * aspartic acid receptor 97% ... Surratt, H. L., Kurtz, S. P., Weaver, J. C. & Inciardi, J. A., Jun 3 2014, Contemporary Research on Sex Work. p. 23-44 22 p.. ... Mun, E. Y. & Ray, A. E., Jan 18 2018, Alcohol Use Disorders: A Developmental Science Approach to Etiology. p. 351-354 4 p.. ... 267-271 5 p.. Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter › peer-review ...
Fast gabaergic neurotransmission inhibits diversely AMPA and NMDA receptor mediated network dynamics in cortical cultures: A...
Positive allosteric modulators of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors affect neither the function of other ligand- and voltage...
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
The most common neuronal antibody was alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA). Magnetic resonance ... 3. Peritumoral imaging features of thymic epithelial tumors for the prediction of transcapsular invasion: beyond intratumoral ... The optimal cut-off points of mean ADC were 1.62, 1.31, and 1.48 × 10-3 mm2/sec for distinguishing pathological T2-T4 from ...
Aniracetam Review: Benefits, Dosage, and Side Effects - EvidenceLive
AMPA stands for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. ... This has to be paired with a source of choline like 300 mg Alpha-GPC taken once or twice daily. ... Supplementation with a high-quality, bioavailable source like Alpha-GPC or Citicoline yields nootropic effects by ensuring the ... For this stack, use 750 mg of aniracetam paired with 300 mg of Alpha-GPC. ...
Effects of age on l-Glutamate-induced depolarization in three hippocampal subfields<...
Glutamic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences ... Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the ... Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the ... Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the ...
PRIME PubMed | Effects of competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on excitatory amino acid-evoked currents in mouse spinal cord...
Effects of competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on excitatory amino acid-evoked currents in mouse spinal cord neurones. ... N-Methyl-D-AspartateSpinal Cordalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid ... DrugExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino AcidsGlutamic AcidKainic AcidMembrane ... Excitatory amino acid receptor mediation of sensory inputs to functionally identified dorsal horn neurons in cat spinal cord. ...
Migraine Headache Medication: Serotonin 5-HT1F Agonists (Ditans), Serotonin 5-HT-Receptor Agonists (Triptans), Ergot...
Antagonization of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor ... Valproic acid reduces the frequency of migraines. This agent is believed to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ... Dihydroergotamine is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with a direct stimulating effect on smooth muscle of peripheral and ... The drug blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors and depresses the release of hypophyseal and hypothalamic hormones. As a rule, ...
Spinal Cord Trauma and Related Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptors play a major role in oligodendrocyte ... Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology ... Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology ... Howard S Kirshner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Neurological Association, ...
AMPA Receptors: Disease<...
N2 - Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at ... propionic acid Medicine & Life Sciences 14% * Glutamate Receptors Medicine & Life Sciences 11% ... AB - Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at ... Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at ...
Pharmaceutical Report Library l Report Store l Pharma Intelligence
Fycompa (perampanel; Eisai) is a selective, non-competitive, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor ... Biomedtracker performed a 5-question survey of 30 United States primary care physicians who currently treat patients with ... Geodon contains ziprasidone, a dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5-HT2) antagonist developed and marketed by Pfizer. ... Dupilumab (Regeneron/Sanofi) is an injectable monoclonal antibody directed against the interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha ...
Piracetam - Nootropics Expert
viii] Ahmed A.H., Oswald R.E. "Piracetam defines a new binding site for allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl ... xi] Williams J.M., Guévremont D., Kennard J.T., Mason-Parker S.E., Tate W.P., Abraham W.C. "Long-term regulation of N-methyl-D- ... hey david, i am currently taking alpha gpc 250 mg and cdp choline 250mg( alternate days ie 1 day alpha gpc and 1 day cdp ... "Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in ...
NMDA8
- Infusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist (AP-5, 1.97 micrograms/side), a kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist (CNQX, 0.83 microgram/side), or both drugs together had no significant effects on conditioned reward or reinstatement of cocaine self-administration. (nih.gov)
- Only 75% of the spinal neurons tested increased their firing rate in response to iontophoretic application of one or more of the EAA receptor agonists, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), quisqualate (Quis), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid HBr (AMPA), and kainate (KA). (umn.edu)
- Both CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 selectively blocked N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked inward current. (unboundmedicine.com)
- This residual current was due to non-NMDA receptor activation since application of 25 microM 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) together with CGP 37849 did not significantly alter the residual current, whereas application of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) with CGP 37849 did significantly inhibit this current. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Thus, the potent NMDA antagonists CGP 37849 and CGP 39551 were shown to inhibit excitatory amino acid responses specifically by competitive binding to the neurotransmitter recognition site of the NMDA receptor. (unboundmedicine.com)
- If IFA pattern suggests N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antibody and NMDA-receptor CBA is positive, then NMDA-receptor antibody IFA titer is performed at an additional charge. (testcatalog.org)
- Agmatine may block NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor found on GABAergic interneurons. (springeropen.com)
- Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 11 . (nature.com)
Receptors14
- After 1 week of daily 3-h extinction sessions in which no programmed consequences occurred, selective antagonists of glutamate or dopamine (DA) receptors were bilaterally infused at single doses into the BLA prior to testing for a cocaine-conditioned reward (tone + light). (nih.gov)
- Serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonists (ie, ditans) do not elicit a vasoconstrictive effect, whereas triptans cause vasoconstriction via agonistic action at 5-HT1B/1D receptors. (medscape.com)
- These drugs are selective serotonin agonists, specifically acting at 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D (5-HT 1B/1D ) receptors on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerve endings. (medscape.com)
- A selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors, naratriptan has higher bioavailability and a longer half-life than sumatriptan, which may contribute to a lower rate of headache recurrences. (medscape.com)
- A selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors in cranial arteries, zolmitriptan suppresses the inflammation associated with migraine headaches. (medscape.com)
- A selective agonist for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors in cranial arteries, rizatriptan suppresses the inflammation associated with migraine headaches. (medscape.com)
- AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) glutamate receptors play a major role in oligodendrocyte damage. (medscape.com)
- Alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. (elsevier.com)
- AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to one of three glutamate receptors in your brain. (nootropicsexpert.com)
- Nucleus Accumbens;Cocaine;Receptors, AMPA;Cocaine-Related Disorders;Dopamine;Glutamic Acid;alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid;Drug-Seeking Behavior;Craving;Microinjections;Dopamine Antagonists;Receptors, Glutamate;Excitatory. (musc.edu)
- G93A mice crossed with mice genetically modified to have a decreased calcium permeability of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the spinal motor neurones showed a significant delay in the onset of the ALS phenotype [86]. (bcl2-receptor.com)
- Benzodiazepine tolerance is produced by neuroadpative routes including sensitization of glutamatergic receptors and desensitization of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. (springeropen.com)
- Cys-loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved, with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. (wikipedia.org)
- Variant forms of nuclear hormone receptors mediate processes such as cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid production. (en-academic.com)
Agonists1
- Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor agonists were tested for their effect on identified rat spinal neurons. (umn.edu)
AMPA10
- The reversible homeostatic synaptic modification in primary sensory cortices by visual experience correlated with changes in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation and subunit composition, which could underlie changes in AMPA receptor function. (umd.edu)
- The present study examined the role of the ionotropic glutamate receptor -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) in spinal learning. (tamu.edu)
- Intrathecal application of the agonist AMPA had a non-monotonic effect, producing a slight facilitation of performance at a low dose and disrupting learning at a high concentration (Experiment 4). (tamu.edu)
- Within the dose range tested, intrathecal application of AMPA did not have a long-term effect (Experiment 5). (tamu.edu)
- AMPA stands for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. (evidencelive.org)
- Because there are pronounced, region-specific age effects on AMPA sensitivity (3), these results are in agreement with the conclusions of other investigators that the depolarization caused by exogenously applied l-glutamate probably exerts its effects through nonsynaptic mechanisms. (arizona.edu)
- Current evoked by 5 microM kainate or 5 microM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) was unaffected by 10 microM CGP 39551. (unboundmedicine.com)
- At the biochemical level, higher GSK3B activity increased the expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel 4 under basal conditions and in the epileptic mouse brain and decreased phosphorylation of the glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 at Serine 831 under basal conditions. (epistop.eu)
- If IFA pattern suggests alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antibody, then AMPA-receptor cell-binding assay (CBA) and AMPA-receptor antibody IFA titer are performed at an additional charge. (testcatalog.org)
- AMPA r. a type of glutamate r. that participates in excitatory neurotransmission and also binds α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid and acts as a cation channel . (en-academic.com)
GABA4
- The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- If IFA pattern suggests gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA-B)-receptor antibody, then GABA-B-receptor CBA and GABA-B-receptor antibody IFA titer are performed at an additional charge. (testcatalog.org)
- [4] [5] A binding site in the extracellular N-terminal ligand-binding domain gives them receptor specificity for (1) acetylcholine (AcCh), (2) serotonin, (3) glycine, (4) glutamate and (5) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
- Ethanol induces persistent potentiation of 5-HT receptor-stimulated GABA release at synapses on rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. (neurotree.org)
Kainic Acid1
- Higher GSK3B activity decreased the progression of kainic acid induced epileptogenesis. (epistop.eu)
Antagonist3
- Perampanel is a highly selective, noncompetitive antagonist for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid. (medscape.com)
- In contrast, infusion of a DA D1 receptor antagonist (SCH-23390, 2 micrograms/side) or a combination of SCH-23390 and a DA D2/D3 receptor antagonist (raclopride, 5 micrograms/side) significantly reduced responding for conditioned reward, but did not affect cocaine self-administration. (nih.gov)
- Eisai) is a selective, non-competitive, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist that exhibits antiseizure activity by reducing glutamatergic signaling. (informa.com)
Persistent2
- Although most mild and moderate TBI patients recover in a short period, many experiences persistent neurological dysfunction [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) describe fatigue as one of their main persistent symptoms, even after recovery (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
Cocaine1
- Rats were allowed 2 weeks of 3-h daily sessions of cocaine self-administration along a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule. (nih.gov)
Serotonin1
- Serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist indicated to treat acute migraine with or without aura. (medscape.com)
Spinal cord1
- The effects of CGP 37849 [DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoate] and its ethylester CGP 39551 on whole-cell currents evoked by the endogenous excitatory amino acids, L-glutamate and L-aspartate, were studied in cultured mouse spinal cord neurones. (unboundmedicine.com)
Dose-Response Rel1
- 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione--pharmacology;Analysis of Variance;Behavior, Addictive--physiopathology;Conditioning, Operant--drug effects;Cues;Dopamine Antagonists--pharmacology;Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;Excitatory Amino Acid. (musc.edu)
Findings1
- Each test of impaired or obstructed cognitive function and learning ability in some way, and findings showed that memory and learning processes were normalized after all procedures ( 3 ). (evidencelive.org)
Mice3
- When treated with the drug for ten days, aniracetam reversed cognitive impairments and increased the number of mice that enhanced their learning abilities and memory function ( 4 ). (evidencelive.org)
- Mice were perfused under deep anaesthesia through the left cardiac ventricle with PBS Protirelin followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. (bcl2-receptor.com)
- Lipidomics analysis revealed a region-specific cortical decrease of the saturated FA: palmitate (C16:0) and a concomitant increase of polyunsaturated FA, arachidonic acid (AA, omega 6-C20: 4) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, omega 3-C22: 6), in running mice compared to sedentary controls. (cdc.gov)
Effects2
- Combinatorial therapies using voluntary exercise and diet supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids have synergistic effects benefiting brain function and behavior. (cdc.gov)
- In fact, several studies have demonstrated that voluntary exercise has beneficial effects on spatial learning and memory assessed in the Morris water maze, which has inherent stress and anxiety components [5] - [10] . (cdc.gov)
Symptoms1
- Although the factors that lead to prolonged neurological symptoms after TBI remain unclear, a history of stress is one key factor that can affect the degree of neurological impairments [ 4 ] [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Subunit3
- Despite the functional importance of these voltage-sensitive K+ channels and involvement in a number of diseases, little progress has been achieved in deciphering the subunit composition of the (α)4(β)4 oligomers occurring in human CNS. (westminster.ac.uk)
- They are usually pentameric with each subunit containing 4 transmembrane helices constituting the transmembrane domain, and a beta sheet sandwich type, extracellular, N terminal, ligand binding domain. (wikipedia.org)
- It consists of a pentamer of protein subunits (typically ααβγδ), with two binding sites for acetylcholine (one at the interface of each alpha subunit). (wikipedia.org)
Chronic3
- Biomedtracker performed a 5-question survey of 30 United States primary care physicians who currently treat patients with chronic pain and prescribe opioids to at least some of their patients with chronic pain to gauge current and future use of abuse-deterrent opioids to treat chronic pain. (informa.com)
- 5). As doctors and researchers learn more about other AEs, it can hopefully aid in earlier diagnosis and treatment to prevent chronic (≥6 months) fatigue. (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
- Another reason why patients experience fatigue is because they may have chronic or relapsing neuroinflammation (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
20011
- 2001 Mar;154(3):301-10. (nih.gov)
Cognitive1
- Of these patients, she also found that over 80% of them reported feeling both physical (feeling weak, the need to rest, etc.) and cognitive fatigue (less alert, cannot think clearly, etc.) (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
Apoptosis1
- Additionally, recent evidence has shown that a wave of apoptosis further affects the oligodendrocytes up to 4 segments from the trauma site days and weeks after the initial trauma. (medscape.com)
Acetylcholine1
- When the acetylcholine binds it alters the receptor's configuration (twists the T2 helices which moves the leucine residues, which block the pore, out of the channel pathway) and causes the constriction in the pore of approximately 3 angstroms to widen to approximately 8 angstroms so that ions can pass through. (wikipedia.org)
Patients7
- The analysis includes 389 patients with uncontrolled epilepsy who continue to take between 1 and 3 other drugs. (medscape.com)
- The First Seizure Trial Group randomly selected 397 patients with an unprovoked, generalized tonic-clonic first seizure to either receive prophylaxis with a conventional anticonvulsant (ie, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproic acid) or to receive no treatment and reported that about 18% of treated patients had seizure recurrence within 1 year, compared with 39% of untreated patients. (medscape.com)
- Pain relief is experienced by 60-68% of patients within 4 hours of treatment and maintained for up to 24 hours in 49-67% of patients. (medscape.com)
- Statistics show the cost of the care of patients with C1-4 tetraplegia at approximately $1,149,629 in the first year and approximately $199,637 for each subsequent year. (medscape.com)
- In fact, about 5 to 10% of visits to primary care doctors in the United States are due to patients reporting fatigue (3). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
- Dr. Anusha K Yeshokumar, an autoimmune neurologist, conducted two studies to determine the outcomes of survivors of AE in order to find ways to improve patients' quality of life (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
- In both studies, she found that over 60% of patients reported experiencing fatigue (5). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
Drug1
- December 14, 2011 (Baltimore, Maryland) - New evidence from a phase 3 study of perampanel (E2007, Eisai) demonstrates that the new first-in-class drug reduces seizure frequency in even the most clinically severe cases. (medscape.com)
Sessions1
- When I taught this exercise originally, the students had completed the majority of the experiment in person, but to adapt to online learning, changes were made to Lab Sessions 3 and 4. (qubeshub.org)
Ligand1
- TC# 9.A.14.15.3) share an ANF receptor family, ligand binding region/domain (M. Saier, unpublished observation). (tcdb.org)
Activity2
- For immunohistochemistry, sections were deparaffinised and intrinsic peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation with 5% H2O2 in PBS for 20 min. (bcl2-receptor.com)
- NetCE designates this continuing education activity for 5 ANCC contact hour(s). (netce.com)
Days3
- Changes in the expression of 48 selected genes/mRNAs and in the quantity of IL-1R1 protein during the first 3 days after CFA injection were measured with the TaqMan low-density array method and Western blot analysis, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- We found a six times and two times increase in IL-1R1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in the dorsal horn of CFA-injected animals 3 days after CFA injection, at the time of the summit of mechanical and thermal allodynia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function in the first few days of life in infants born at or older than 35 weeks of gestation [ 3 ]. (jicna.org)
Weakness1
- To clarify, fatigue is the overwhelming feeling of tiredness, weakness, and a complete lack of energy (3). (autoimmune-encephalitis.org)
Studies1
- The new agent has already been evaluated in 3 clinical trials (studies 304 , 305 , and 306 ), all of which were part of the Examining Perampanel Observations from Research Experience (EXPLORE) program and previously reported by Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
Complete2
- We invite you to complete a survey that will take no more than 3 minutes. (bvsalud.org)
- and 5, complete hind and complete front leg paralysis. (bcl2-receptor.com)
Increase1
- Upon application of 1 microM CGP 37849 and 10 microM CGP 39551, the L-aspartate concentration--current curve shifted to higher concentrations, and resulted in a 5- and 13-fold increase in the EC50 of L-aspartate, respectively, whereas Imax was not changed by application of the antagonists. (unboundmedicine.com)