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alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidReceptors, AMPABenzothiadiazinesKainic AcidReceptors, GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateGlutamic Acid6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneQuinoxalinesN-MethylaspartateSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSynapsesNeuronsQuisqualic AcidIbotenic Acid2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateRats, Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsCarbocysteinePatch-Clamp TechniquesBenzodiazepinesCycloleucineExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsElectrophysiologyReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, NeurotransmitterGlutamatesLong-Term PotentiationCerebellumElectric StimulationAmino AcidsCells, CulturedGlycineDizocilpine MaleateDendritesRats, WistarEvoked PotentialsCerebral CortexCalciumMembrane PotentialsDose-Response Relationship, DrugDimethyl AdipimidatePyramidal CellsProtein SubunitsNeuronal PlasticityBrainBicucullineGABA AntagonistsSequence Homology, Amino AcidKineticsOrgan Culture TechniquesAnticonvulsantsSpinal CordReceptors, GABA-ATime FactorsProtein BindingAnimals, NewbornMice, Inbred C57BLProtein TransportNerve Tissue ProteinsSeizuresTetrodotoxingamma-Aminobutyric Acidalpha 1-AntitrypsinCell MembraneSignal TransductionPhosphorylationBinding SitesMice, KnockoutReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaCloning, MolecularModels, NeurologicalAction PotentialsBase SequenceHypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha SubunitAmino Acid SubstitutionMolecular Sequence DataNG-Nitroarginine Methyl EsterMethyl ParathionRecombinant ProteinsCell LineNeurotoxinsMutationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorXenopus laevisIntegrin alpha3beta1Integrin alpha4Structure-Activity RelationshipSequence AlignmentIntegrin alpha6Neuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceEscherichia coliIntegrin alpha5beta1Models, MolecularProtein ConformationMethyl MethanesulfonateProtein Structure, TertiaryAmino Acids, EssentialMutagenesis, Site-DirectedIntegrin alpha4beta1DNAPeptide FragmentsInterleukin-1alphaDNA, ComplementaryAmino Acid MotifsReceptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1Substrate SpecificityAmygdalaIntegrin alpha2beta1ImmunohistochemistryIntegrin alpha5TransfectionCalcium ChannelsIntegrin alpha1beta1Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2Amino Acid Transport SystemsIntegrin alpha6beta1Macromolecular SubstancesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelRecombinant Fusion ProteinsPeptidesMolecular WeightIntegrin alpha6beta4Methyl ChlorideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidIntegrinsCattleIntegrin alpha ChainsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticIntegrin alpha1Gene Expression RegulationDNA PrimersChromatography, High Pressure LiquidGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerReceptors, NicotinicAlpha RhythmMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.Receptors, AMPA: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).Benzothiadiazines: Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.Receptors, Glutamate: Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.Receptors, Kainic Acid: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for KAINIC ACID.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.QuinoxalinesN-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Benzodiazepines: A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.Excitatory Amino Acid Agents: Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.Receptors, Neurotransmitter: Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.Glutamates: Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Dimethyl Adipimidate: Bifunctional cross-linking agent that links covalently free amino groups of proteins or polypeptides, including those in cell membranes. It is used as reagent or fixative in immunohistochemistry and is a proposed antisickling agent.Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Organ Culture Techniques: A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Receptors, GABA-A: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Mice, Inbred C57BLProtein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Nerve Tissue ProteinsSeizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha: One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Integrin alpha3beta1: Cell surface receptor for LAMININ, epiligrin, FIBRONECTINS, entactin, and COLLAGEN. Integrin alpha3beta1 is the major integrin present in EPITHELIAL CELLS, where it plays a role in the assembly of BASEMENT MEMBRANE as well as in cell migration, and may regulate the functions of other integrins. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of the alpha subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA3), are differentially expressed in different cell types.Integrin alpha4: An integrin alpha subunit that is unique in that it does not contain an I domain, and its proteolytic cleavage site is near the middle of the extracellular portion of the polypeptide rather than close to the membrane as in other integrin alpha subunits.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Integrin alpha6: An integrin alpha subunit that primarily associates with INTEGRIN BETA1 or INTEGRIN BETA4 to form laminin-binding heterodimers. Integrin alpha6 has two alternatively spliced isoforms: integrin alpha6A and integrin alpha6B, which differ in their cytoplasmic domains and are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner.Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Integrin alpha5beta1: An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Methyl Methanesulfonate: An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Amino Acids, Essential: Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Integrin alpha4beta1: Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Interleukin-1alpha: An interleukin-1 subtype that occurs as a membrane-bound pro-protein form that is cleaved by proteases to form a secreted mature form. Unlike INTERLEUKIN-1BETA both membrane-bound and secreted forms of interleukin-1alpha are biologically active.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1: A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors that mediate contraction of SMOOTH MUSCLE in a variety of tissues such as ARTERIOLES; VEINS; and the UTERUS. They are usually found on postsynaptic membranes and signal through GQ-G11 G-PROTEINS.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Integrin alpha2beta1: An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Integrin alpha5: This integrin alpha subunit combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form a receptor (INTEGRIN ALPHA5BETA1) that binds FIBRONECTIN and LAMININ. It undergoes posttranslational cleavage into a heavy and a light chain that are connected by disulfide bonds.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.Integrin alpha1beta1: Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2: A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.Amino Acid Transport Systems: Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.Integrin alpha6beta1: A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.Macromolecular Substances: Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Integrin alpha6beta4: This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403)Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Integrin alpha Chains: The alpha subunits of integrin heterodimers (INTEGRINS), which mediate ligand specificity. There are approximately 18 different alpha chains, exhibiting great sequence diversity; several chains are also spliced into alternative isoforms. They possess a long extracellular portion (1200 amino acids) containing a MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif, and seven 60-amino acid tandem repeats, the last 4 of which form EF HAND MOTIFS. The intracellular portion is short with the exception of INTEGRIN ALPHA4.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Integrin alpha1: An integrin alpha subunit that binds COLLAGEN and LAMININ though its I domain. It combines with INTEGRIN BETA1 to form the heterodimer INTEGRIN ALPHA1BETA1.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Receptors, Nicotinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.Alpha Rhythm: Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Estradiol increases spine density and NMDA-dependent Ca2+ transients in spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal slices. (1/683)

To investigate the physiological consequences of the increase in spine density induced by estradiol in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, we performed simultaneous whole cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging in CA1 neuron spines and dendrites in hippocampal slices. Four- to eight-days in vitro slice cultures were exposed to 17beta-estradiol (EST) for an additional 4- to 8-day period, and spine density was assessed by confocal microscopy of DiI-labeled CA1 pyramidal neurons. Spine density was doubled in both apical and basal dendrites of the CA1 region in EST-treated slices; consistently, a reduction in cell input resistance was observed in EST-treated CA1 neurons. Double immunofluorescence staining of presynaptic (synaptophysin) and postsynaptic (alpha-subunit of CaMKII) proteins showed an increase in synaptic density after EST treatment. The slopes of the input/output curves of both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) postsynaptic currents were steeper in EST-treated CA1 neurons, consistent with the observed increase in synapse density. To characterize NMDA-dependent synaptic currents and dendritic Ca2+ transients during Schaffer collaterals stimulation, neurons were maintained at +40 mV in the presence of nimodipine, picrotoxin, and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). No differences in resting spine or dendritic Ca2+ levels were observed between control and EST-treated CA1 neurons. Intracellular Ca2+ transients during afferent stimulation exhibited a faster slope and reached higher levels in spines than in adjacent dendrites. Peak Ca2+ levels were larger in both spines and dendrites of EST-treated CA1 neurons. Ca2+ gradients between spine heads and dendrites during afferent stimulation were also larger in EST-treated neurons. Both spine and dendritic Ca2+ transients during afferent stimulation were reversibly blocked by D, L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D,L-APV). The increase in spine density and the enhanced NMDA-dependent Ca2+ signals in spines and dendrites induced by EST may underlie a threshold reduction for induction of NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.  (+info)

Recurrent mossy fiber pathway in rat dentate gyrus: synaptic currents evoked in presence and absence of seizure-induced growth. (2/683)

A common feature of temporal lobe epilepsy and of animal models of epilepsy is the growth of hippocampal mossy fibers into the dentate molecular layer, where at least some of them innervate granule cells. Because the mossy fibers are axons of granule cells, the recurrent mossy fiber pathway provides monosynaptic excitatory feedback to these neurons that could facilitate seizure discharge. We used the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy to study the synaptic responses evoked by activating this pathway. Whole cell patch-clamp recording demonstrated that antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in approximately 74% of granule cells from rats that had survived >10 wk after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Recurrent mossy fiber growth was demonstrated with the Timm stain in all instances. In contrast, antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers evoked an EPSC in only 5% of granule cells studied 4-6 days after status epilepticus, before recurrent mossy fiber growth became detectable. Notably, antidromic mossy fiber stimulation also evoked an EPSC in many granule cells from control rats. Clusters of mossy fiber-like Timm staining normally were present in the inner third of the dentate molecular layer at the level of the hippocampal formation from which slices were prepared, and several considerations suggested that the recorded EPSCs depended mainly on activation of recurrent mossy fibers rather than associational fibers. In both status epilepticus and control groups, the antidromically evoked EPSC was glutamatergic and involved the activation of both AMPA/kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. EPSCs recorded in granule cells from rats with recurrent mossy fiber growth differed in three respects from those recorded in control granule cells: they were much more frequently evoked, a number of them were unusually large, and the NMDA component of the response was generally much more prominent. In contrast to the antidromically evoked EPSC, the EPSC evoked by stimulation of the perforant path appeared to be unaffected by a prior episode of status epilepticus. These results support the hypothesis that recurrent mossy fiber growth and synapse formation increases the excitatory drive to dentate granule cells and thus facilitates repetitive synchronous discharge. Activation of NMDA receptors in the recurrent pathway may contribute to seizure propagation under depolarizing conditions. Mossy fiber-granule cell synapses also are present in normal rats, where they may contribute to repetitive granule cell discharge in regions of the dentate gyrus where their numbers are significant.  (+info)

Differences in the properties of ionotropic glutamate synaptic currents in oxytocin and vasopressin neuroendocrine neurons. (3/683)

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) hormone release from neurohypophysial terminals is controlled by the firing pattern of neurosecretory cells located in the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei. Although glutamate is a key modulator of the electrical activity of both OT and VP neurons, a differential contribution of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) has been proposed to mediate glutamatergic influences on these neurons. In the present study we examined the distribution and functional properties of synaptic currents mediated by AMPARs and NMDARs in immunoidentified SON neurons. Our results suggest that the properties of AMPA-mediated currents in SON neurons are controlled in a cell type-specific manner. OT neurons displayed AMPA-mediated miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) with larger amplitude and faster decay kinetics than VP neurons. Furthermore, a peak-scaled nonstationary noise analysis of mEPSCs revealed a larger estimated single-channel conductance of AMPARs expressed in OT neurons. High-frequency summation of AMPA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials was smaller in OT neurons. In both cell types, AMPA-mediated synaptic currents showed inward rectification, which was more pronounced in OT neurons, and displayed Ca2+ permeability. On the other hand, NMDA-mediated mEPSCs of both cell types had similar amplitude and kinetic properties. The cell type-specific expression of functionally different AMPARs can contribute to the adoption of different firing patterns by these neuroendocrine neurons in response to physiological stimuli.  (+info)

Clozapine, but not haloperidol, prevents the functional hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons induced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine. (4/683)

Repeated exposure of rats to the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) markedly increased the response of prefrontal cortical neurons to the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) relative to agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid. Moreover, acute challenge by PCP produced a significantly reduced block of NMDA-induced current. In addition, the subchronic administration of PCP reduced significantly the paired-pulse facilitation, accompanied by a significant increase of excitatory postsynaptic current variance. These results suggest that repeated exposure to PCP increased evoked release of excitatory amino acids. The enhanced release of excitatory amino acids evoked by NMDA could explain, at least partly, a hypersensitive response to NMDA and a reduced blockade of the NMDA responses by a PCP challenge in rats exposed repeatedly to PCP. Pretreatment with the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, but not the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol, attenuates the repeated PCP-induced effect. Our results support the hypothesis that clozapine may facilitate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission to improve schizophrenic-negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. This novel approach is useful for evaluating the cellular mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs.  (+info)

BIIR 561 CL: a novel combined antagonist of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels with anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties. (5/683)

Antagonists of glutamate receptors of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subtype, as well as of voltage-gated sodium channels, exhibit anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties in vivo. One can postulate that a compound that combines both principles might be useful for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system, like focal or global ischemia. Here, we present data on the effects of dimethyl-(2-[2-(3-phenyl-[1,2, 4]oxadiazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]ethyl)-amine hydrochloride (BIIR 561 CL) on neuronal AMPA receptors and voltage-dependent sodium channels. BIIR 561 CL inhibited AMPA receptor-mediated membrane currents in cultured cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 8.5 microM. The inhibition was noncompetitive. In a cortical wedge preparation, BIIR 561 CL reduced AMPA-induced depolarizations with an IC50 value of 10.8 microM. In addition to the effects on the glutamatergic system, BIIR 561 CL inhibited binding of radiolabeled batrachotoxin to rat brain synaptosomal membranes with a Ki value of 1.2 microM. The compound reduced sodium currents in voltage-clamped cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 5.2 microM and inhibited the veratridine-induced release of glutamate from rat brain slices with an IC50 value of 2.3 microM. Thus, BIIR 561 CL inhibited AMPA receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels in a variety of preparations. BIIR 561 CL suppressed tonic seizures in a maximum electroshock model in mice with an ED50 value of 2.8 mg/kg after s.c. administration. In a model of focal ischemia in mice, i.p. administration of 6 or 60 mg/kg BIIR 561 CL reduced the area of the infarcted cortical surface. These data show that BIIR 561 CL is a combined antagonist of AMPA receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels with promising anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties.  (+info)

SPD 502: a water-soluble and in vivo long-lasting AMPA antagonist with neuroprotective activity. (6/683)

Accumulating preclinical data suggest that compounds that block the excitatory effect of glutamate on excitatory amino acid receptors may have neuroprotective effects and utility for the treatment of neurodegeneration after brain ischemia. In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of the novel glutamate antagonist SPD 502 [8-methyl-5(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-6,7, 8,9,-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]-isoquinoline-2, 3-dione-3-O-(4-hydroxybutyric acid-2-yl)oxime] are described. In binding studies, SPD 502 was shown to display selectivity for the [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-binding site (IC50 = 0.043 microM) compared with the [3H]kainate- (IC50 = 81 microM), [3H]cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylic acid-(CGS 19755), and [3H]glycine-binding sites (IC50 > 30 microM) in rat cortical membranes. In an in vitro functional assay, SPD 502 blocked the AMPA-induced release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid from cultured mouse cortical neurons in a competitive manner with an IC50 value of 0.23 microM. Furthermore, SPD 502 potently and selectively inhibited AMPA-induced currents in cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 0.15 microM. In in vivo electrophysiology, SPD 502 blocked AMPA-evoked spike activity in rat hippocampus after i.v. administration with an ED50 value of 6.1 mg/kg and with a duration of action of more than 1 h. Furthermore, SPD 502 increased the seizure threshold for electroshock-induced tonic seizures in mice at i.v doses of 40 mg/kg and higher. In the two-vessel occlusion model of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils, SPD 502 (10 mg/kg bolus injection followed by a 10 mg/kg/h infusion for 2 h) resulted in a highly significant protection against the ischemia-induced damage in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.  (+info)

Ethanol inhibition of synaptically evoked kainate responses in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. (7/683)

Many studies have demonstrated that intoxicating concentrations of ethanol (10-100 mM) can selectively inhibit the component of glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors while having little or no effect on excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by non-NMDA receptors [i.e., alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and/or kainate (KA) receptors]. However, until the recent development of highly selective AMPA receptor antagonists, it was not possible to assess the relative contribution of AMPA and KA receptors to non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission or to determine whether these glutamate receptor subtypes differed in their sensitivity to ethanol. In the present experiments, we used the highly selective AMPA receptor antagonist LY 303070 to pharmacologically isolate KA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and tested their sensitivity to ethanol. Concentrations of ethanol as low as 20 mM significantly and reversibly depressed KA EPSCs. Ethanol also inhibited KA currents evoked by direct pressure application of KA in the presence of LY 303070, suggesting that this inhibition was mediated by a postsynaptic action. In contrast, ethanol had no effect on AMPA EPSCs in these cells, even at the highest concentration tested (80 mM). Ethanol significantly inhibited NMDA EPSCs in these neurons, but these responses were less sensitive to ethanol than KA EPSCs. These results suggest that in addition to its well-described depressant effect on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, ethanol has an even greater inhibitory effect on glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by KA receptors in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons.  (+info)

Differential roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors in canine medullary inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group. (8/683)

The relative roles of ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in supplying excitatory drive to inspiratory (I) augmenting pattern neurons of the ventral respiratory group were studied in anesthetized, ventilated, paralyzed, and vagotomized dogs. Multibarrel micropipettes were used to record simultaneously single-unit neuronal activity and pressure microeject the NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (AP5; 2 mM), the non-NMDA antagonist 2, 3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX; 0.25 mM), and an artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle. Ejected volume-rates were measured directly via meniscus level changes. The moving time average of phrenic nerve activity was used to determine respiratory phase durations and to synchronize cycle-triggered histograms of the discharge patterns. Both AP5 and NBQX produced dose-dependent reductions in peak spontaneous I neuronal discharge frequency (Fn). The average (+/- SE) maximum reduction in peak Fn produced by AP5 was 69.1 +/- 4.2% and by NBQX was 47.1 +/- 3.3%. Blockade of both glutamate receptor subtypes nearly silenced these neurons, suggesting that their activity is highly dependent on excitatory synaptic drive mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. Differential effects were found for the two glutamatergic antagonists. AP5 produced downward, parallel shifts in the augmenting pattern of discharge, whereas NBQX reduced the slope of the augmenting discharge pattern. These results suggest that time-varying excitatory input patterns to the canine I bulbospinal neurons are mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors and that constant or tonic input patterns to these neurons are mediated by NMDA receptors.  (+info)

Clinical Spectrum of Encephalitis Associated With Antibodies Against the α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid...Clinical Spectrum of Encephalitis Associated With Antibodies Against the α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid...
This case series describes 7 patients with encephalitis with antibodies against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor and provides a
Nerve growth factor rapidly suppresses basal, NMDA-evoked, and AMPA-evoked nitric oxide synthase activity in rat hippocampus in...Nerve growth factor rapidly suppresses basal, NMDA-evoked, and AMPA-evoked nitric oxide synthase activity in rat hippocampus in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Nerve growth factor rapidly suppresses basal, NMDA-evoked, and AMPA-evoked nitric oxide synthase activity in rat hippocampus in vivo. AU - Lam, H. H.D.. AU - Bhardwaj, A.. AU - OConnell, M. T.. AU - Hanley, D. F.. AU - Traystman, R. J.. AU - Sofroniew, M. V.. PY - 1998/9/1. Y1 - 1998/9/1. N2 - In adult forebrain, nerve growth factor (NGF) influences neuronal maintenance and axon sprouting and is neuroprotective in several injury models through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Most NGF signaling is thought to occur after internalization and retrograde transport of trkA receptor and be mediated through the nucleus. However, NGF expression in hippocampus is rapidly and sensitively regulated by synaptic activity, suggesting that NGF exerts local effects more dynamically than possible through signaling requiring retrograde transport to distant afferent neurons. Interactions have been reported between NGF and nitric oxide (NO). Because NO affects both neural plasticity and ...
Inhibition by adenosine A(2A) receptors of NMDA but not AMPA currents in rat neostriatal neurons<...Inhibition by adenosine A(2A) receptors of NMDA but not AMPA currents in rat neostriatal neurons<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition by adenosine A(2A) receptors of NMDA but not AMPA currents in rat neostriatal neurons. AU - Wirkner, Kerstin. AU - Assmann, Heike. AU - Köles, L.. AU - Gerevich, Zoltan. AU - Franke, Heike. AU - Nörenberg, Wolfgang. AU - Boehm, Rudolf. AU - Illes, Peter. PY - 2000. Y1 - 2000. N2 - 1. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were used to investigate the transduction mechanism of adenosine A(2A) receptors in modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced currents in rat striatal brain slices. The A(2A) receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) inhibited the NMDA, but not the (S)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) current in a subset of striatal neurons. 2. Lucifer yellow-filled pipettes in combination with immunostaining of A(2A) receptors were used to identify CGS 21680-sensitive cells as typical medium spiny striatal neurons. 3. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and the protein kinase A activator Sp-cyclic ...
Functional reconstitution of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors from rat brain. [Muscimol...Functional reconstitution of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors from rat brain. [Muscimol...
Functional reconstitution of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors from rat brain. Article date: 1992/11/1 PubMed ID: 1383430 Journal name: Journal of neurochemistry (ISSN: 0022-3042) ABSTRACT Glutamate receptors belonging to the subclass specifically activated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) were solubilized from rat forebrain membranes with Triton X-100 and partially purified through a series of three chromatograph…
GYKI 53655 | AMPA antagonist | LY 300168 | GYKI53655 | LY300168 | CAS [143692-18-6] | Axon 1374 | Axon Ligand™ with |99% purity...GYKI 53655 | AMPA antagonist | LY 300168 | GYKI53655 | LY300168 | CAS [143692-18-6] | Axon 1374 | Axon Ligand™ with |99% purity...
GYKI 53655 | AMPA antagonist | LY 300168 | GYKI53655 | LY300168 | CAS [143692-18-6] | Axon 1374 | Axon Ligand™ with >99% purity available from supplier Axon Medchem, prime source of life science reagents for your research
AMPA Receptors - AMPA Receptor Summary Report | CureHunterAMPA Receptors - AMPA Receptor Summary Report | CureHunter
AMPA Receptors: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).
Anti-Glutamate Receptor 1 (AMPA subtype)抗体(ab31232)参考文献Anti-Glutamate Receptor 1 (AMPA subtype)抗体(ab31232)参考文献
引用Abcams Anti-Glutamate Receptor 1 (AMPA subtype)抗体(ab31232)的参考文献列表。为您列举引用本产品的发表文章，并提供信息包括论文文献数据库中的检索编号以便您搜寻文章
Involvement of calpain in AMPA-induced toxicity to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons<...Involvement of calpain in AMPA-induced toxicity to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Involvement of calpain in AMPA-induced toxicity to rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons. AU - Mansouri, Bobbak. AU - Henne, William M.. AU - Oomman, Sowmini K.. AU - Bliss, Richard. AU - Attridge, Jennifer. AU - Finckbone, VelvetLee. AU - Zeitouni, Tarek. AU - Hoffman, Trent. AU - Bahr, Ben A.. AU - Strahlendorf, Howard K.. AU - Strahlendorf, Jean C.. PY - 2007/2/28. Y1 - 2007/2/28. N2 - AMPA receptor-elicited excitotoxicity is manifested as both a type of programmed cell death termed dark cell degeneration and edematous necrosis, both of which are linked to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The appearance of marked cytoskeletal changes in response to abusive AMPA receptor activation, coupled with increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration suggests activation of various destructive enzymes such as calpains, a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases. Since calpains and AMPA have been linked to both necrotic cell death and programmed cell death, we sought to determine the ...
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The changes in excitatory amino acid receptor ligand binding induced by transient cerebral ischemia were studied in the rat hippocampal subfields. Ten minutes of ischemia was induced by common carotid artery occlusion combined with hypotension, and the animals were allowed variable periods of recovery ranging from 1 day to 4 weeks. The binding of 3H-AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) to quisqualate receptors, 3H-kainic acid (KA) to kainate receptors, and 3H-glutamate to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as determined by quantitative autoradiography. One week following ischemia the CA1 region of the hippocampus displayed a severe (90%) dendrosomatic lesion with preservation of presynaptic terminals. This was associated with a 60% decrease in AMPA binding and a 25% decrease in glutamate binding to NMDA receptors. At 4 weeks postischemia, both AMPA and NMDA sites were greatly reduced. Although the dentate gyrus granule cells are resistant to an ischemic insult of ...
A developmental switch in neurotransmitter flux enhances synaptic efficacy by affecting AMPA receptor activationA developmental switch in neurotransmitter flux enhances synaptic efficacy by affecting AMPA receptor activation
Formation of glutamatergic synapses entails development of silent immature contacts into mature functional synapses. To determine how this transformation occurs, we investigated the development of neurotransmission at single synapses in vitro. Maturation of presynaptic function, assayed with endoc …
S-18986 - WikipediaS-18986 - Wikipedia
Bourasset F, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Genissel P, Scherrmann JM (August 2005). "Neuropharmacokinetics of a new alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) modulator, S18986 [(S)-2,3-dihydro-[3,4]cyclopentano-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide], in the rat". Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals 33 (8): 1137-43. PMID 15860654. doi:10.1124/dmd.105.004424. Cite uses deprecated parameter ...
S)-ATPA | AMPA receptor Agonist | Hello BioS)-ATPA | AMPA receptor Agonist | Hello Bio
Buy (S)-ATPA - an affordable, high quality AMPA receptor Agonist from Hello Bio, a trusted supplier for life science researchers worldwide
AMPA ReceptorsAMPA Receptors
A report on the Host-Pathogen Interactions minisymposium at the initial conference of the European Lifestyle Scientist Company (ELSO), Geneva, Switzerland, September 2-6, 2000. an enormous aggregate (the invasome) in an activity that is evidently powered by the web host cellular ...
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Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freunds adjuvant-induced...Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freunds adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain. AU - Park, Jang Su. AU - Yaster, Myron. AU - Guan, Xiaowei. AU - Xu, Ji Tian. AU - Shih, Ming Hung. AU - Guan, Yun. AU - Raja, Srinivasa N.. AU - Tao, Yuan Xiang. PY - 2008/12/30. Y1 - 2008/12/30. N2 - Spinal cord α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) mediate acute spinal processing of nociceptive and non-nociceptive information, but whether and how their activation contributes to the central sensitization that underlies persistent inflammatory pain are still unclear. Here, we examined the role of spinal AMPARs in the development and maintenance of complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA)-induced persistent inflammatory pain. Intrathecal application of two selective non-competitive AMPAR antagonists, CFM-2 (25 and 50 μg) and GYKI 52466 (50 μg), significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities ...
AMPA Antagonist ZK200775 in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke | StrokeAMPA Antagonist ZK200775 in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke | Stroke
Several AMPA antagonists have been developed as neuroprotective compounds and have entered clinical development. None of these compounds has reached phase 3 clinical trials, and unacceptable adverse events can be the main obstacle. The most prominent finding of this study was that the administration of the AMPA antagonist ZK200775 in ischemic stroke patients resulted in a transient neurological deterioration, which was associated with a higher than expected rise in serum S-100B levels. The level of sedation was more severe in stroke patients and occurred later than in normal subjects during the phase 1 studies. Besides a longer infusion time and higher doses in stroke patients, blood-brain barrier disruption, with increased tissue concentrations, may be responsible for these differences. Although baseline stroke characteristics were not equally distributed in all treatment groups, this is not a sufficient explanation for the difference in serum S-100B levels between the placebo group and dose ...
Glutamate and psychiatric disorders | BJPsych AdvancesGlutamate and psychiatric disorders | BJPsych Advances
Ionotropic glutamatergic receptors open cation-permeable channels to mediate sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) or calcium (Ca2+) ion flow. There are three families of ionotropic receptors: the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), the amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and the kainate receptors.. The AMPA and the kainate receptors are collectively termed non-NMDA receptors and appear to control conductance of Na+ and K+ through channels that exhibit rapid kinetics. AMPA receptors are predominantly post-synaptic receptors, widely distributed in the cortex and ventral striatum and in temporal lobe structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala, with lower levels in the thalamus. Of the three ionotropic receptors in the CNS, AMPA receptors occur at the greatest density. They include GluR1, GluR2, GluR3 and GluR4. The agonists acting at AMPA receptors are AMPA and amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (ATPA). They mediate most fast excitatory transmissions in the ...
Factors Regulating AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Subunit Changes Induce by Francisco J. Alvarez, Robert E.W. Fyffe et al."Factors Regulating AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Subunit Changes Induce" by Francisco J. Alvarez, Robert E.W. Fyffe et al.
Excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission at Ia afferent-motoneuron synapses is enhanced shortly after physically severing or blocking impulse propagation of the afferent and/or motoneuron axons. We considered the possibility that these synaptic changes occur because of alterations in the number or properties of motoneuron α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors. Therefore, we quantitatively analyzed glutamate receptor (GluR)1, GluR2/3, and GluR4 AMPA subunit immunoreactivity (ir) in motoneurons 3, 7, or 14 days after axotomy or continuous tetrodotoxin (TTX) block of the sciatic nerve. GluR1-ir remained low in experimental and control motoneurons with either treatment and at any date. However, there was a large reduction of GluR2/3-ir (peak at 7 days |60% reduced) and a smaller, but statistically significant, reduction of GluR4-ir (around 10% reduction at days 3, 7, and 14) in axotomized motoneurons. TTX sciatic blockade did not affect AMPA subunit immunostainings. Axonal
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The novel AMPA antagonist RPR 119990 has a potent affinity for the rat AMPA receptor in membrane-binding studies that compares favorably with results for other AMPA receptor antagonists described in the literature (Takahashi et al., 1998; Turski et al., 1998). The compound was selective with respect to other ionotropic glutamate receptors, although a certain affinity for the kainate-binding site at around 50-fold higher concentrations was noted. The compound shows low or negligible affinity for 37 other binding or uptake sites, suggesting strong specificity of action. The activity on the closely related kainite site is expected, because cross-reactivity has already been reported (Bleakman and Lodge, 1998) and may account for some of the compounds anticonvulsant and neuroprotective actions.. RPR 119990 acts as a competitive antagonist at the recombinant human AMPA receptor/channel expressed in X. laevis oocytes. The compound shows a profile compatible with a competitive single site antagonism of ...
FENS Forum 2004 - AbstractsFENS Forum 2004 - Abstracts
3-METHYL SUBSTITUTION ON THE 4-AMINOPHENYL MOIETY AND 8-HALOGENATION SEPARATELY INCREASE ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID (AMPA) / KAINATE CHANNEL BLOCKING ABILITY OF 1-(4-AMINOPHENYL) -2, 3-BENZODIAZEPINE COMPOUNDS.. A192.36. Poster 253 - Tue 13/07, 16:45 - Hall ...
CP 465022 hydrochloride | AMPA receptor antagonist | Hello BioCP 465022 hydrochloride | AMPA receptor antagonist | Hello Bio
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Gerontology sub-cluster 85Gerontology sub-cluster 85
AIM: Stroke prevalence increases with age, while alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and inflammation have been related to ischaemia-induced damage. This study shows how age and treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent (meloxicam) modify the levels of AMPAR subunits GluR1 and GluR2, as well as the mRNA levels of the GluR2-editing enzyme ...
5 topics5 topics
History and purpose: A fresh class of heterotricyclic glutamate analogues lately was generated by incorporating structural components of two excitotoxic marine compounds, kainic acid and neodysiherbaine A. decreased excitatory synaptic transmitting in neuronal civilizations, and IKM-159 inhibited synaptic currents from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal pieces. IKM-159 inhibited glutamate-evoked whole-cell currents from recombinant GluA2- and GluA4-formulated with -amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors…. ...
Publikationen | Max Planck Institut für medizinische ForschungPublikationen | Max Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung
Melcher, T.; Maas, S.; Higuchi, M.; Keller, W.; Seeburg, P. H.; Major, G.; Larkman, A. U.; Jonas, P.; Sakmann, B.; Jack, J. J. B.: Editing of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic Acid Receptor GluR-B Pre-mRNA in Vitro Reveals Site-selective Adenosine to Inosine Conversion. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 (15), S. 8566 - 8570 (1995 ...
Sequence Similarity - 1M5C: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH Br-HIBO AT 1.65...Sequence Similarity - 1M5C: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH Br-HIBO AT 1.65...
1M5C: Structural Basis for AMPA Receptor Activation and Ligand Selectivity: Crystal Structures of Five Agonist Complexes with the GluR2 Ligand-binding Core
4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one | C7H8O2 - ChemSynthesis4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one | C7H8O2 - ChemSynthesis
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Living - The BladeLiving - The Blade
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Natural & OrganicNatural & Organic
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The density of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on membranes prepared from cultured cortical neurons was determined using binding assays with [125I]I-MK-801 after exposure of cultures to antagonists of the NMDA receptor complex. The density of binding sites for [125I]I-MK-801 was increased by 40-80% after exposure to D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5), with no change in the number or viability of neurons. The effect of D-AP5 was concentration dependent, with an EC50 of 10 microM. Up-regulation of NMDA receptors was observed after 2-7 days but not after 1 day of exposure to 100 microM D-AP5. The density of NMDA receptors was also increased after exposure of cells to CGS 19755 and MK-801 but not after exposure to the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. The binding of [3H]AMPA was unaltered after exposure to D-AP5. These results demonstrate that the density of NMDA receptors on cultured ...
Prenatal nicotine exposure alters medullary nicotinic and AMPA-mediated control of respiratory frequency in vitro - Fingerprint...Prenatal nicotine exposure alters medullary nicotinic and AMPA-mediated control of respiratory frequency in vitro - Fingerprint...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Prenatal nicotine exposure alters medullary nicotinic and AMPA-mediated control of respiratory frequency in vitro. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Most recent papers with the keyword GABABR | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword GABABR | Read by QxMD
OBJECTIVE: We tested whether antibody screening samples of patients with suspected autoimmune encephalitis with additional research assays would improve the detection of autoimmune encephalitis compared with standard clinical testing alone. METHODS: We examined 731 samples (333 CSF, 182 sera, and 108 pairs) from a cohort of 623 patients who were tested for CNS autoantibodies by the University of Pennsylvania clinical laboratory over a 24-month period with cell-based assays (CBAs) on commercially obtained slides of fixed cells for antibodies to NMDA receptor (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR), γ-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABABR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 ...
3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propionic Acid - NO.1468013-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propionic Acid - NO.146801
Products Name: 3-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)propionic acid Cas No.: 585-50-2 Molecular Formula: C10H9F3O2 Molecular Weight: - 3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)propionic Acid Details.
R)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-propionic acid | CAS No. 83654-13-1 | Sigma-AldrichR)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-propionic acid | CAS No. 83654-13-1 | Sigma-Aldrich
(R)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)-propionic acid; CAS Number: 83654-13-1; Linear Formula: C7H10N2O4; find J & W Pharmlab LLC-JWPH942F3343 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich
Content ElementsContent Elements
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3-Amino-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid - Alfa Chemistry3-Amino-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid - Alfa Chemistry
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3-(2-Chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid 97 % | 853331-56-3 | Sigma-Aldrich3-(2-Chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid 97 % | 853331-56-3 | Sigma-Aldrich
3-(2-Chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid 97%; CAS Number: 853331-56-3; Linear Formula: C10H11ClO3; find Sigma-Aldrich-685550 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich.
3-[(5-Bromopyridine-3-carbonyl)amino]-propionic acid - Alfa Chemistry3-[(5-Bromopyridine-3-carbonyl)amino]-propionic acid - Alfa Chemistry
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Global Propionic Acid Market is Expected to Reach USD 1,540.5 million by 2019Global Propionic Acid Market is Expected to Reach USD 1,540.5 million by 2019
Propionic Acid Market was valued at USD 908.0 million in 2012 and is expected to reach USD 1,540.5 million by 2019, growing at a CAGR of 7.7% over the forecast period from 2013 to 2019.
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Piotr Sosnik, Przedsiebiorstwo Farmaceutyczne Jelfa SA: Profile & Biography - BloombergPiotr Sosnik, Przedsiebiorstwo Farmaceutyczne Jelfa SA: Profile & Biography - Bloomberg
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The Neurophile: April 2006The Neurophile: April 2006
Drug-dependent neural plasticity related to drug addiction and schizophrenia can be modeled in animals as behavioral sensitization, which is induced by repeated noncontingent or self-administration of many drugs of abuse. Molecular mechanisms that are critical for behavioral sensitization have yet to be specified. Long-term depression (LTD) of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic transmission in the brain has been proposed as a cellular substrate for learning and memory. The expression of LTD in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) required clathrin-dependent endocytosis of postsynaptic AMPARs. NAc LTD was blocked by a dynamin-derived peptide that inhibited clathrin-mediated endocytosis or by a GluR2-derived peptide that blocked regulated AMPAR endocytosis. Systemic or intra-NAc infusion of the membrane-permeable GluR2 peptide prevented the expression of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat. ...
10 | June | 2017 | Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors10 | June | 2017 | Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors
In the second group of disorders, antibodies target intracellular synaptic proteins [e.g. 65?kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and amphiphysin] that might be vulnerable to antibody-mediated disruption during synaptic vesicle fusion and reuptake. However, it is unclear if antibodies or T cell mechanisms mediate the neuronal dysfunction. The third and largest group, and the focus of this section, is the autoimmune encephalitis syndromes associated with antibodies to synaptic or neuronal cell-surface antigens, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, among others (Table?1) 1. In contrast to the previously mentioned groups, which affect mainly older patients, this group of disorders frequently affect young individuals, and may occur with or without a cancer association. Prior to the elucidation of the underlying immune pathogenesis, many of these disorders were known by descriptive ...
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Our findings suggest opposing actions of Narp and NP1 versus NPR in cocaine-induced plasticity that parallel their differential actions in synaptogenesis and excitatory transmission. Narp and NP1 are able to multimerize and promote clustering of AMPAR (OBrien et al., 2002; Xu et al., 2003), whereas NPR is thought to bind to the Narp/NP1/AMPA clusters and promote internalization of the clustered receptors (Cho et al., 2008). Consistent with a shared AMPAR clustering function for Narp and NP1, deletion of either NP caused similar alterations in spontaneous and cocaine-induced behavior and desensitized the motor response elicited by stimulating AMPAR in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, although both Narp and NP1 deletion promoted cocaine-induced place preference, NPR deletion was without effect. Narp or NP1 deletion inhibited AMPA-induced locomotion, whereas NPR deletion potentiated the motor effect of AMPA. In addition, although Narp and NP1 KO showed reduced time in the center of a novel ...
R,S)-2-AMINO-3-[3-(CARBOXYMETHOXY)-5-METHYL-ISOXAZOL-4-YL]-PROPIONIC ACID, SESQUIHYDRATE 130146-18-8 Precursor & Downstream ...R,S)-2-AMINO-3-[3-(CARBOXYMETHOXY)-5-METHYL-ISOXAZOL-4-YL]-PROPIONIC ACID, SESQUIHYDRATE 130146-18-8 Precursor & Downstream ...
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S)-3-Amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propionic acid 151911-32-9 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR SpectrumS)-3-Amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propionic acid 151911-32-9 H-NMR | C-NMR Spectral Analysis NMR Spectrum
(S)-3-Amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propionic acid 151911-32-9 NMR spectrum, (S)-3-Amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propionic acid H-NMR spectral analysis, (S)-3-Amino-3-(2-fluorophenyl)propionic acid C-NMR spectral analysis ect.
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidReceptors, AMPABenzothiadiazinesKainic AcidReceptors, GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateGlutamic Acid6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneQuinoxalinesN-MethylaspartateSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSynapsesNeuronsQuisqualic AcidIbotenic Acid2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateRats, Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsCarbocysteinePatch-Clamp TechniquesBenzodiazepinesCycloleucineExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsElectrophysiologyReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, NeurotransmitterGlutamatesLong-Term PotentiationCerebellumElectric StimulationAmino AcidsCells, CulturedGlycineDizocilpine MaleateDendritesRats, WistarEvoked PotentialsCerebral CortexCalciumMembrane PotentialsDose-Response Relationship, DrugDimethyl AdipimidatePyramidal CellsProtein SubunitsNeuronal PlasticityBrainBicucullineGABA AntagonistsSequence Homology, Amino AcidKineticsOrgan Culture TechniquesAnticonvulsantsSpinal CordReceptors, GABA-ATime FactorsProtein BindingAnimals, NewbornMice, Inbred C57BLProtein TransportNerve Tissue ProteinsSeizuresTetrodotoxingamma-Aminobutyric Acidalpha 1-AntitrypsinCell MembraneSignal TransductionPhosphorylationBinding SitesMice, KnockoutReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaCloning, MolecularModels, NeurologicalAction PotentialsBase SequenceHypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha SubunitAmino Acid SubstitutionMolecular Sequence DataNG-Nitroarginine Methyl EsterMethyl ParathionRecombinant ProteinsCell LineNeurotoxinsMutationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorXenopus laevisIntegrin alpha3beta1Integrin alpha4Structure-Activity RelationshipSequence AlignmentIntegrin alpha6Neuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceEscherichia coliIntegrin alpha5beta1Models, MolecularProtein ConformationMethyl MethanesulfonateProtein Structure, TertiaryAmino Acids, EssentialMutagenesis, Site-DirectedIntegrin alpha4beta1DNAPeptide FragmentsInterleukin-1alphaDNA, ComplementaryAmino Acid MotifsReceptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1Substrate SpecificityAmygdalaIntegrin alpha2beta1ImmunohistochemistryIntegrin alpha5TransfectionCalcium ChannelsIntegrin alpha1beta1Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2Amino Acid Transport SystemsIntegrin alpha6beta1Macromolecular SubstancesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelRecombinant Fusion ProteinsPeptidesMolecular WeightIntegrin alpha6beta4Methyl ChlorideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidIntegrinsCattleIntegrin alpha ChainsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticIntegrin alpha1Gene Expression RegulationDNA PrimersChromatography, High Pressure LiquidGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerReceptors, NicotinicAlpha RhythmMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
LicostinelLicostinel
... and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring receptors". Mol. Pharmacol. 49 (3): 540-6. PMID 8643094 ... 151-. ISBN 978-3-7643-6011-5. Chas Bountra; Rajesh Munglani; William K. Schmidt (28 May 2013). Pain: Current Understanding, ... Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM ... 249-. ISBN 978-0-306-47694-5. Wilding TJ, Huettner JE (1996). "Antagonist pharmacology of kainate- ...
GRIA4GRIA4
2003). "Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain". J. ... The R/G site is found at amino acid 769 immediately before the 3-amino-acid-long flip and flop modules introduced by ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor ... These channels are also responsive to the glutamate agonist, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionate (AMPA). Some ...
RacetamRacetam
"Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in ... Ahmed, A. H.; Oswald, R. E. (2010). "Piracetam Defines a New Binding Site for Allosteric Modulators of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (5): 2197-2203. doi:10.1021/jm901905j. ... 58 (4): 1199-1204. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11329.x. PMID 1372342. Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Veinberg G, Svalbe B, ...
GRIA1GRIA1
The GRIA1 belongs to a family of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. Each of the members ( ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (July 1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... Leonard AS, Davare MA, Horne MC, Garner CC, Hell JW (1998). "SAP97 is associated with the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ...
GRIK2GRIK2
"Amino acid substitutions in the pore helix of GluR6 control inhibition by membrane fatty acids". J. Gen. Physiol. 132 (1): 85- ... Leuschner WD, Hoch W (1999). "Subtype-specific assembly of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (Jan 1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate ... The pre-mRNA of GLUR-6 is edited at three positions at amino acid positions 567, 571, and 621. The Q/R position is so called as ...
LY-503430LY-503430
2003). "LY503430, a novel alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor potentiator with functional, ... allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors". The Journal of Pharmacology and ... 3 (3): 181-94. doi:10.2174/1568007043337508. PMID 15180479. O'neill, MJ; Witkin, JM (2007). "AMPA receptor potentiators: ...
Strictly standardized mean differenceStrictly standardized mean difference
"Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (14): 4667-79. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn435. PMC 2504311 . PMID 18628291. Zhang XHD (2009). "A method for ... 4 (9): e6892. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006892. PMC 2731218 . PMID 19727391. Malo N, Hanley JA, Carlile G, Liu J, Pelletier J, ... 10 (3): 345-58. doi:10.2217/14622416.10.3.345. PMID 20397965. Zhang XHD (2010). "Assessing the size of gene or RNAi effects in ...
Hit selectionHit selection
"Inhibition of calcineurin-mediated endocytosis and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36: 4667-79. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn435. PMC 2504311 . PMID 18628291. Klinghoffer RA, Frazier J, Annis J, ... 4: e6892. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006892. PMC 2731218 . PMID 19727391. Zhang XHD (2010). "An effective method controlling ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
This point mutation in the coding sequence, a guanine to adenine switch at position 196, results in an amino acid switch: ... "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic ... subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (1): 693-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008085200 ... The proteins resulting from mRNA that does get translated, are not trafficked and secreted normally, as the amino acid change ...
CSPG4CSPG4
Stegmüller J, Werner H, Nave KA, Trotter J (2003). "The proteoglycan NG2 is complexed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor cells. ... 2005). "Phosphorylation of NG2 proteoglycan by protein kinase C-alpha regulates polarized membrane distribution and cell ... 30 (3): 408-17. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2005.08.005. PMID 16169245. Brekke C, Lundervold A, Enger PØ, et al. (2006). "NG2 expression ...
GRIP2GRIP2
Stegmüller J, Werner H, Nave KA, Trotter J (2003). "The proteoglycan NG2 is complexed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors by the PDZ glutamate receptor interaction protein (GRIP) in glial progenitor cells. ... "The carboxyl terminus of the prolactin-releasing peptide receptor interacts with PDZ domain proteins involved in alpha-amino-3- ... hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor clustering". Mol. Pharmacol. 60 (5): 916-23. PMID 11641419. ...
IDRA-21IDRA-21
... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor biophysics and synaptic responses" (Free full text). ... a benzothiadiazine derivative that enhances cognition by attenuating DL-alpha-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4- ... isoxazolepropanoic acid (AMPA) receptor desensitization". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 272 (1): ... 10 (5): 1229-48. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00405-9. ISSN 0968-0896. PMID 11886787. Arai, AC; Xia, YF; Kessler, M; Phillips, D; ...
S-18986S-18986
Bourasset F, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Genissel P, Scherrmann JM (August 2005). "Neuropharmacokinetics of a new alpha-amino-3-hydroxy ... 202 (1-3): 225-35. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1301-x. PMID 18762915. Gupta SK, Mishra R, Kusum S, Spedding M, Meiri KF, Gressens P ... 16 (4): 624-37. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.188. PMID 19136940. Destot-Wong KD, Liang K, Gupta SK, Favrais G, Schwendimann L, Pansiot ... 19 (3): 235-44. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282feb0c1. PMID 18469541. Kelly SJ, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Lawrence RC, Thacker J, Grillo ...
NPTX2NPTX2
It also plays a role in clustering of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors ... 50 (3): 329-37. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.06.011. PMID 16115696. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status ... 31 (4): 940-3. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.02.016. PMID 17408830. Poulsen TT, Pedersen N, Perin MS, et al. (2006). "Specific ... 35 (3): e9-15. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e318153fa42. PMID 17895837. Marui T, Koishi S, Funatogawa I, et al. (2007). "No association ...
MetaplasticityMetaplasticity
Gliotransmitters include glutamate, ATP, and, more recently, the amino acid D-serine. Once thought to be glycine itself, D- ... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), respectively, but they both ... A low alpha/beta ratio causes an increased threshold for cellular excitation via calcium influx and thus favors LTP. There are ... Recent research has found that the calcium-dependent enzyme CaMKII, which exists in an alpha and beta isoform, is key in ...
GYKI-52,466GYKI-52,466
Neuron 10, 51, (1993) Wilding, T.J., Huettner, J.E., Differential antagonism of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring and kainate-preferring receptors by 2,3-benzodiazepines. Mol. Pharmacol. 47, 582, (1995) ... Allosteric regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors by thiocyanate and cyclothiazide at a ... Unlike conventional 1,4-benzodiazepines, GYKI-52466 and related 2,3-benzodiazepines do not act on GABAA receptors. Like other ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
... results in an amino acid switch: valine to methionine exchange at codon 66, Val66Met, which is in the prodomain of BDNF.[39][38 ... "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic ... "PSD-95 promotes Fyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A". Proceedings of the ... as the amino acid change occurs on the portion of the prodomain where sortilin binds; and sortilin is essential for normal ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factorBrain-derived neurotrophic factor
... results in an amino acid switch: valine to methionine exchange at codon 66, Val66Met, which is in the prodomain of BDNF.[36][35 ... "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression and synaptic delivery of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic ... subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (1): 693-99. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008085200 ... as the amino acid change occurs on the portion of the prodomain where sortilin binds; and sortilin is essential for normal ...
LY-404,187 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаLY-404,187 - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
... allosteric modulators of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 319 (1 ... Antagonisti: Neselektivni: APICA • EGLU • HYDIA • LY-307,452 • LY-341,495 • MCPG • MGS-0039; mGlu2-selektivni: PCCG-4; mGlu3- ... Agonisti: 5-Jodovilardin • ATPA • Domoična kiselina • Kainska kiselina • LY-339,434 • SYM-2081. Antagonisti: CNQX • DNQX • LY- ... Agonisti: 5-Fluoro-vilardin • AMPA • Domoična kiselina • Kuiskualinska kiselina; Pozitivni alosterni modulatori: Aniracetam • ...
List of MeSH codes (D03)List of MeSH codes (D03)
... urocanic acid MeSH D03.383.129.385 --- isoxazoles MeSH D03.383.129.385.025 --- alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic acid MeSH D03.383.129.385.162 --- cycloserine MeSH D03.383.129.385.231 --- ibotenic acid MeSH D03.383. ... pyridoxic acid MeSH D03.383.725.450 --- 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MeSH D03.383.725.463 --- metyrapone MeSH ... niflumic acid MeSH D03.066.515.635 --- pipemidic acid MeSH D03.066.515.650 --- piromidic acid MeSH D03.066.515.950 --- ...
AMPAAMPA
... kainic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) channels. In the synapse, these receptors serve very different purposes. AMPA ... ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. Dinh, L; Nguyen T; Salgado H; Atzori M (2009). "Norepinephrine homogeneously inhibits alpha-amino-3- ... AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, ... hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate- (AMPAR-) mediated currents in all layers of the temporal cortex of the rat". ...
Ligand-gated ion channelLigand-gated ion channel
... aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; D-cycloserine; L-aspartate; quinolinate, etc. Partial agonists : N-methyl-D-aspartic acid ( ... Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical ... harboring an alpha-helix and 10 beta-strands. Following the ECD, four transmembrane segments (TMSs) are connected by ... Domoic acid, Quisqualic acid, etc. Antagonists: CNQX, Kynurenic acid, NBQX, Perampanel, Piracetam, etc. Positive allosteric ...
S-18986S-18986
Bourasset F, Bernard K, Muñoz C, Genissel P, Scherrmann JM (August 2005). "Neuropharmacokinetics of a new alpha-amino-3-hydroxy ... 4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Reference[uredi - уреди , uredi izvor]. *↑ Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). "PubChem as a ... Agonisti: 5-Jodovilardin • ATPA • Domoična kiselina • Kainska kiselina • LY-339,434 • SYM-2081. Antagonisti: CNQX • DNQX • LY- ... Antagonisti: Neselektivni: APICA • EGLU • HYDIA • LY-307,452 • LY-341,495 • MCPG • MGS-0039; mGlu2-selektivni: PCCG-4; mGlu3- ...
cAMP-dependent pathwaycAMP-dependent pathway
The Gs alpha subunit of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges GDP for GTP and is released from the complex.[7] ... "Regulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor trafficking through PKA phosphorylation of the Glu ... The Gs alpha subunit slowly catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, which in turn deactivates the Gs protein, shutting off the ... In a cAMP-dependent pathway, the activated Gs alpha subunit binds to and activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase, which, in ...
AMPA receptorAMPA receptor
A 38-amino acid sequence found prior to (i.e., before the N-terminus of) the fourth membranous domain in all four AMPAR ... Derkach V, Barria A, Soderling TR (March 1999). "Ca2+/calmodulin-kinase II enhances channel conductance of alpha-amino-3- ... hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate type glutamate receptors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (6): 3269-74. doi:10.1073/ ... While the amino acid sequence of the subunit indicated that there seemed to be four transmembrane domains (parts of the protein ...
AMPA receptorAMPA receptor
A 38-amino acid sequence found prior to (i.e., before the N-terminus of) the fourth membranous domain in all four AMPAR ... Mammen AL, Kameyama K, Roche KW, Huganir RL (December 1997). "Phosphorylation of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole4- ... While the amino acid sequence of the subunit indicated that there seemed to be four transmembrane domains (parts of the protein ... Here, A→I editing alters the uncharged amino acid glutamine (Q) to the positively charged arginine (R) in the receptor's ion ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidReceptors, AMPABenzothiadiazinesKainic AcidReceptors, GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateGlutamic Acid6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneQuinoxalinesN-MethylaspartateSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSynapsesNeuronsQuisqualic AcidIbotenic Acid2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateRats, Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsCarbocysteinePatch-Clamp TechniquesBenzodiazepinesCycloleucineExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsElectrophysiologyReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, NeurotransmitterGlutamatesLong-Term PotentiationCerebellumElectric StimulationAmino AcidsCells, CulturedGlycineDizocilpine MaleateDendritesRats, WistarEvoked PotentialsCerebral CortexCalciumMembrane PotentialsDose-Response Relationship, DrugDimethyl AdipimidatePyramidal CellsProtein SubunitsNeuronal PlasticityBrainBicucullineGABA AntagonistsSequence Homology, Amino AcidKineticsOrgan Culture TechniquesAnticonvulsantsSpinal CordReceptors, GABA-ATime FactorsProtein BindingAnimals, NewbornMice, Inbred C57BLProtein TransportNerve Tissue ProteinsSeizuresTetrodotoxingamma-Aminobutyric Acidalpha 1-AntitrypsinCell MembraneSignal TransductionPhosphorylationBinding SitesMice, KnockoutReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaCloning, MolecularModels, NeurologicalAction PotentialsBase SequenceHypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha SubunitAmino Acid SubstitutionMolecular Sequence DataNG-Nitroarginine Methyl EsterMethyl ParathionRecombinant ProteinsCell LineNeurotoxinsMutationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorXenopus laevisIntegrin alpha3beta1Integrin alpha4Structure-Activity RelationshipSequence AlignmentIntegrin alpha6Neuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceEscherichia coliIntegrin alpha5beta1Models, MolecularProtein ConformationMethyl MethanesulfonateProtein Structure, TertiaryAmino Acids, EssentialMutagenesis, Site-DirectedIntegrin alpha4beta1DNAPeptide FragmentsInterleukin-1alphaDNA, ComplementaryAmino Acid MotifsReceptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1Substrate SpecificityAmygdalaIntegrin alpha2beta1ImmunohistochemistryIntegrin alpha5TransfectionCalcium ChannelsIntegrin alpha1beta1Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2Amino Acid Transport SystemsIntegrin alpha6beta1Macromolecular SubstancesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelRecombinant Fusion ProteinsPeptidesMolecular WeightIntegrin alpha6beta4Methyl ChlorideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidIntegrinsCattleIntegrin alpha ChainsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticIntegrin alpha1Gene Expression RegulationDNA PrimersChromatography, High Pressure LiquidGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerReceptors, NicotinicAlpha RhythmMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in...Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in...
... and oxiracetam enhanced alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-stimulated 45Ca2+ influx in primary ... Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in ... Micromolar concentrations of piracetam, aniracetam, and oxiracetam enhanced alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic ... as the drug changed neither the stimulation of 45Ca2+ influx by kainate or N-methyl-D-aspartate nor the activation of inositol ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
R)-ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID - 5 MGR)-ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID - 5 MG
R,S)-ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID HYDROBROMIDE - 100 MGR,S)-ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID HYDROBROMIDE - 100 MG
S)-AMPA [(S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid] - Science PROS)-AMPA [(S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid] - Science PRO
S)-AMPA [(S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid]. Código:. ALX-550-016 ... S)-AMPA [(S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid] ... S)-AMPA [(S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid] ... S)-AMPA [(S)-alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid] https://www.sciencepro.com.br/produtos/alx-550-016 https ...
sciencepro.com.br
Solubilization, characterization, and partial purification of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-,...Solubilization, characterization, and partial purification of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-,...
... and partial purification of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-, quisqualate-, kainate-sensitive L- ... Substances mentioned in the article: Detergents; Glutamates; Ibotenic Acid; Polyethylene Glycols; Glutamic Acid; alpha-Amino-3- ... Kainic Acid/pharmacology; Polyethylene Glycols; Quisqualic Acid/pharmacology; Solubility; Synapses/metabolism; alpha-Amino-3- ... Quisqualic Acid, Detergents, Glutamates, Nonidet P-40, alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, Kainic Acid, ...
muscimol.xyz
Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist ...Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist ...
Home / Pharmacogn J, Vol 11, Issue 6, Nov-Dec, 2019 / Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy ... Syahdi RR, Martinah CD, Yanuar A. Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 ... Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist ... Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist ...
phcogj.com
Inhibition of [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid binding by the excitotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha...Inhibition of [3H]alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid binding by the excitotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha...
... beta-diaminopropionic acid. Article date: 1988/1/19 PubMed ID: 2895006 Journal name: European journal of pharmacology (ISSN: ... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid binding by the excitotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha, ... N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Toxins, Biological; oxalyldiaminopropionic acid; Ibotenic Acid; alpha-Amino- ... Kainic Acid, oxalyldiaminopropionic acid, Oxadiazoles, Oxazoles, alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid, ...
muscimol.xyz
Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freunds adjuvant-induced...Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced...
Park, JS, Yaster, M, Guan, X, Xu, JT, Shih, MH, Guan, Y, Raja, SN & Tao, YX 2008, Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ... alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences ... Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freunds adjuvant-induced ...
jhu.pure.elsevier.com
RCSB PDB for 1MY2RCSB PDB for 1MY2
... studies of 5-substituted willardiines and GluR2 S1S2 in the crystal. ... S)-ALPHA-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID. AMPA (Synonym). C7 H10 N2 O4 UUDAMDVQRQNNHZ-YFKPBYRVSA-N ... Version 1_4: 2017-08-23. Type: Refinement description, Source and taxonomy ...
rcsb.org
Synaptic background activity enhances the responsiveness of neocortical pyramidal neuronsSynaptic background activity enhances the responsiveness of neocortical pyramidal neurons
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / metabolism Substances * alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- ... isoxazolepropionic Acid Grant support * R01NS37711/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Fish and chips: functional genomics of social plasticity in an African cichlid fish | Journal of Experimental BiologyFish and chips: functional genomics of social plasticity in an African cichlid fish | Journal of Experimental Biology
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid. POA. pre-optic area. POMC. proopiomelanocortin. RI. reproductive index. T. testosterone. TC. ... alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid. AVP. arginine vasopressin. AVT. arginine vasotocin. BPP. Bayesian ... The role of amino acid neurotransmitters in the regulation of pituitary gonadotropin release in fish. Biochem. Cell Biol. 78, ... gamma-aminobutyric acid. GH. growth hormone. GHRH. growth hormone-releasing hormone. GnRH. gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. GO ...
jeb.biologists.org
Frontiers | IGFBP-2 Signaling in the Brain: From Brain Development to Higher Order Brain Functions | EndocrinologyFrontiers | IGFBP-2 Signaling in the Brain: From Brain Development to Higher Order Brain Functions | Endocrinology
... tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-g, interferon gamma; AMPAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor; ... GABAR, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; ECS, electroconvulsive seizure therapy; APP, ... On the other hand, in the neural IGF-IR, a polymer of sialic acid is present and is resistant to neuraminidase catalysis (110, ... It has been reported that the accumulation of high levels of Abeta can be toxic, although the alpha-secretase cleaved amyloid ...
frontiersin.org
Dodging the cognitive hit of early-life seizures - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comDodging the cognitive hit of early-life seizures - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
AMPA stands for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid.) ... All these changes were evident within 2-3 days after the seizure. ...
healthcanal.com
Licostinel - WikipediaLicostinel - Wikipedia
... and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-preferring receptors". Mol. Pharmacol. 49 (3): 540-6. PMID 8643094 ... 151-. ISBN 978-3-7643-6011-5. Chas Bountra; Rajesh Munglani; William K. Schmidt (28 May 2013). Pain: Current Understanding, ... Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb = 5 nM ... 249-. ISBN 978-0-306-47694-5. Wilding TJ, Huettner JE (1996). "Antagonist pharmacology of kainate- ...
en.wikipedia.org
A Eukaryotic Specific Transmembrane Segment is Required for Tetramerization in AMPA Receptors | Journal of NeuroscienceA Eukaryotic Specific Transmembrane Segment is Required for Tetramerization in AMPA Receptors | Journal of Neuroscience
2002) Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain. J Biol ... Here, we find that AMPAR subunits lacking M4 or containing single amino acid substitutions in the specific M4 face no longer ... 2007) N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1 forms the substrate for oligomeric assembly of the NMDA receptor. J Biol ... we find that subunits lacking M4 or containing single amino acid substitutions along an "interacting" face of the M4 helix that ...
jneurosci.org
Plus itPlus it
2002) Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain. J Biol ... Here, we find that AMPAR subunits lacking M4 or containing single amino acid substitutions in the specific M4 face no longer ... 2007) N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1 forms the substrate for oligomeric assembly of the NMDA receptor. J Biol ... we find that subunits lacking M4 or containing single amino acid substitutions along an "interacting" face of the M4 helix that ...
jneurosci.org
Frontiers | Development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia is associated with the upregulation of extrasynaptic...Frontiers | Development of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia is associated with the upregulation of extrasynaptic...
This upregulation was manifested as a robust increase in the amplitude of AMPAR-mediated currents 2-3 h post-CFA. These changes ... This upregulation was manifested as a robust increase in the amplitude of AMPAR-mediated currents 2-3 h post-CFA. These changes ... we showed that remarkable hyperalgesia and allodynia developes in 1-3 h after intraplantar CFA injection. By utilizing patch- ... we showed that remarkable hyperalgesia and allodynia developes in 1-3 h after intraplantar CFA injection. By utilizing patch- ...
frontiersin.org
GRIA4 - WikipediaGRIA4 - Wikipedia
2003). "Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor channels lacking the N-terminal domain". J. ... The R/G site is found at amino acid 769 immediately before the 3-amino-acid-long flip and flop modules introduced by ... Ripellino JA, Neve RL, Howe JR (1998). "Expression and heteromeric interactions of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor ... These channels are also responsive to the glutamate agonist, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionate (AMPA). Some ...
en.wikipedia.org
Regulation of endosomal motility and degradation by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2/alsin. - White Rose Research Online Regulation of endosomal motility and degradation by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2/alsin. - White Rose Research Online
... alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins. ... White Rose Research Online is powered by EPrints 3 which is developed by the School of Electronics and Computer Science at the ... 3 more authors) (2009) Regulation of endosomal motility and degradation by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2/alsin. Molecular ...
eprints.whiterose.ac.uk
Epilepsy and Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsants, Other, Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates, Anticonvulsants, Benzodiazepine,...Epilepsy and Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsants, Other, Anticonvulsants, Barbiturates, Anticonvulsants, Benzodiazepine,...
Perampanel is a noncompetitive antagonist of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate ... Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4. 362(9):790-9. [Medline]. ... This agent has multiple mechanisms of action, including (1) inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-associated sodium ... Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, ...
emedicine.medscape.com
Simple Partial Seizures Medication: AnticonvulsantsSimple Partial Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsants
Perampanel is a noncompetitive antagonist of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate ... This is a branched-chain fatty acid that undergoes oxidative metabolism and is highly protein bound. The amount of protein ... Tiagabine is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor, with its metabolism enhanced by cytochrome P-450 inducers. It ... It is available as a 125-mg/5 mL suspension; 50-mg chewable tablet; 30-mg capsules; 100-mg capsules; and 50-mg/mL injectable ...
emedicine.medscape.com
AMPA Receptors - AMPA Receptor Summary Report | CureHunterAMPA Receptors - AMPA Receptor Summary Report | CureHunter
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins*Proteins: 90489*Carrier Proteins: 11456*Membrane Transport Proteins: 165*Ion Channels: 3653 ... A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- ... hydroxy- 5- methyl- 4- isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) 4. Glutamic Acid (Glutamate) ... Amino Acid Receptors: 22*Glutamate Receptors: 2226*Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: 173*AMPA Receptors: 888*glutamate receptor ...
curehunter.com
Glutamate Receptors - Glutamate Receptor Summary Report | CureHunterGlutamate Receptors - Glutamate Receptor Summary Report | CureHunter
Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ... Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor; Receptor, Glutamate; Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors; Receptors, Excitatory Amino Acid ... human alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid subtype glutamate receptor ... Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ...
curehunter.com
Differences and diversity of autoimmune encephalitis in 77 cases from a single tertiary care center | Springer for Research &...Differences and diversity of autoimmune encephalitis in 77 cases from a single tertiary care center | Springer for Research &...
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor. ANNA. anti-neuronal nuclear antibody ... Human N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antibodies alter memory and behaviour in mice. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 1):94-109.PubMedCrossRef ... gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor. GAD. glutamic acid decarboxylase. GFAP. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ... Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents. Ann Neurol. 2009;66(1):11-8.PubMed ...
rd.springer.com
Peripheral neuropathy in limbic encephalitis with anti‐glutamate receptor antibodies: Case report and systematic literature...Peripheral neuropathy in limbic encephalitis with anti‐glutamate receptor antibodies: Case report and systematic literature...
... isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor are known to be the causes of autoimmune ... Alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are two major ... hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor: Case series and review of the literature. JAMA Neurology, 72(10), 1163- ... AMPA, alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid; NMDA, N‐methyl‐ ... ...
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alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidReceptors, AMPABenzothiadiazinesKainic AcidReceptors, GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateGlutamic Acid6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneQuinoxalinesN-MethylaspartateSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSynapsesNeuronsQuisqualic AcidIbotenic Acid2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateRats, Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsCarbocysteinePatch-Clamp TechniquesBenzodiazepinesCycloleucineExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsElectrophysiologyReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, NeurotransmitterGlutamatesLong-Term PotentiationCerebellumElectric StimulationAmino AcidsCells, CulturedGlycineDizocilpine MaleateDendritesRats, WistarEvoked PotentialsCerebral CortexCalciumMembrane PotentialsDose-Response Relationship, DrugDimethyl AdipimidatePyramidal CellsProtein SubunitsNeuronal PlasticityBrainBicucullineGABA AntagonistsSequence Homology, Amino AcidKineticsOrgan Culture TechniquesAnticonvulsantsSpinal CordReceptors, GABA-ATime FactorsProtein BindingAnimals, NewbornMice, Inbred C57BLProtein TransportNerve Tissue ProteinsSeizuresTetrodotoxingamma-Aminobutyric Acidalpha 1-AntitrypsinCell MembraneSignal TransductionPhosphorylationBinding SitesMice, KnockoutReceptors, Adrenergic, alphaCloning, MolecularModels, NeurologicalAction PotentialsBase SequenceHypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha SubunitAmino Acid SubstitutionMolecular Sequence DataNG-Nitroarginine Methyl EsterMethyl ParathionRecombinant ProteinsCell LineNeurotoxinsMutationalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorXenopus laevisIntegrin alpha3beta1Integrin alpha4Structure-Activity RelationshipSequence AlignmentIntegrin alpha6Neuroprotective AgentsAmino Acid SequenceEscherichia coliIntegrin alpha5beta1Models, MolecularProtein ConformationMethyl MethanesulfonateProtein Structure, TertiaryAmino Acids, EssentialMutagenesis, Site-DirectedIntegrin alpha4beta1DNAPeptide FragmentsInterleukin-1alphaDNA, ComplementaryAmino Acid MotifsReceptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1Substrate SpecificityAmygdalaIntegrin alpha2beta1ImmunohistochemistryIntegrin alpha5TransfectionCalcium ChannelsIntegrin alpha1beta1Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2Amino Acid Transport SystemsIntegrin alpha6beta1Macromolecular SubstancesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelRecombinant Fusion ProteinsPeptidesMolecular WeightIntegrin alpha6beta4Methyl ChlorideSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidIntegrinsCattleIntegrin alpha ChainsTranscription FactorsTranscription, GeneticIntegrin alpha1Gene Expression RegulationDNA PrimersChromatography, High Pressure LiquidGene ExpressionRNA, MessengerReceptors, NicotinicAlpha RhythmMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
AMPAGABAAMPARReceptor agonistsProteinsMetabolismSubunitMetabotropicGlutamate receptorNMDArBlockadeSingle amino acidBrainPharmacologySeizuresInhibitorInhibition2000MechanismsAntibodiesCyclicNootropicRatsCompoundsMolecular BiologyMembraneAnnotation2002Synthesis2016
AMPA19
GABA9
AMPAR4
Receptor agonists1
  • 5. The effects of serotonin on intrinsic properties and EPSPs were partially mimicked by 5-HT1A receptor agonists (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) and 5-carboxamido-tryptamine maleate (5-CT), and reduced by 5-HT1A receptor antagonists S-(-)-5-fluoro-8-hydroxy-DPAT hydrochloride (S-UH-301), 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl]piperazine hydrobromide (NAN-190) and spiperone. (mdc-berlin.de)
Proteins5
  • The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a mitogenic protein family that includes IGF-I and IGF-II and six binding proteins (IGFBP-I-IGFBP-6) and is involved in functions from embryonic growth to cell differentiation to homeostasis, mostly mediated by IGF-lR ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • IGF-l signaling yield through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT and RAS-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) cascades via IGF-IR ( 15 ) while the IGF-IIR induces signaling through G proteins that activate protein kinase C (PKC) and phospholipase C (PLC), ultimately regulates Ca 2+ homeostasis ( 16 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Selective Methyl Labeling of Proteins: Enabling Structural and Mechanistic Studies As Well As Drug Discovery Applications by Solution-State NMR. (bioportfolio.com)
  • Escherichia coli expression protocols for selective labeling of methyl groups in proteins have been essential in expanding the size range of targets that can be studied by biomolecular NMR. (bioportfolio.com)
  • 1-4 KIF proteins act together with motor proteins from the dynein and myosin superfamilies. (bmj.com)
Metabolism1
Subunit4
Metabotropic2
  • The inward current induced by the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist 1 S, 3R-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (1S,3R-ACPD) and the outward current elicited by adenosine or baclofen were strongly or completely attenuated. (uzh.ch)
  • The demonstration that a metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptor agonist prodrug decreased both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia raised hopes that glutamatergic mechanisms may provide therapeutic advantages. (genes2cognition.org)
Glutamate receptor1
NMDAr2
Blockade1
Single amino acid1
Brain10
  • This system is responsible for the regulation of brain mass homeostasis and neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation ( 4 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • There are three members of the ADAR family ADARs 1-3, with ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 being the only enzymatically active members.ADAR3 is thought to have a regulatory role in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • ADAR1 and ADAR 2 are widely expressed in tissues, while ADAR 3 is restricted to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Editing of GluR-3 is regulated in rat brain from low levels in embryonic stage to a large increase in editing levels at birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor , also known as BDNF , is a protein [5] that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene . (wikipedia.org)
  • Identifying major depression using whole-brain functional connectivity: a multivariate pattern analysis," Brain , vol. 135, no. 5, pp. 1498-1507, 2012. (hindawi.com)
  • The effect of negative emotional context on neural and behavioural responses to oesophageal stimulation," Brain , vol. 126, Part 3, pp. 669-684, 2003. (hindawi.com)
  • Brain indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase contributes to the comorbidity of pain and depression," The Journal of Clinical Investigation , vol. 122, no. 8, pp. 2940-2954, 2012. (hindawi.com)
  • Glutamatergic (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) hypofrontality in schizophrenia: too little juice or a miswired brain? (genes2cognition.org)
  • Kuerschner, L., (2017), " Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in grey and white matter regions of the brain metabolize fatty acids ", Scientific Reports, vol.7, ISSN: 2045-2322. (uic.es)
Pharmacology1
  • Importanza Del Recettore Gamma-amminobutirrico Acid(B) C-termini Per Accoppiamento G-proteina Molecular Pharmacology. (jove.com)
Seizures4
  • Of note, Eisai presented three post-hoc analyses evaluating the potential of FYCOMPA to help patients experience long-term, sustained convulsive seizure freedom, as well as data that supported the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of FYCOMPA for monotherapy and adjunctive use in pediatric patients 4 years and older for the treatment of partial-onset seizures (POS) with or without secondarily generalized seizures. (biospace.com)
  • These long-term seizure freedom data showed about 53% of patients with secondarily generalized seizures experienced convulsive seizure freedom at 2 years and close to 35% at 3 years," said Trevor Resnick , MD, Pediatric Neurologist at Nicklaus Children's Hospital. (biospace.com)
  • 1 ] At randomised doses of 4-12 mg, perampanel conferred significant improvements in reducing seizure frequency and 50% responder rates for all partial seizures and complex partial (CP) seizures with secondary generalisation (SG seizures), compared with placebo. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • Methods: Recurrent seizures were induced in the intact hippocampal preparation in vitro by continuous 5-hour exposure to low-Mg2⫹ solution. (docme.ru)
Inhibitor2
  • Discovery of (R)-5-((5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-(methylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-3-(piperidin-3-yloxy)picolinonitrile, a novel CHK1 inhibitor for hematologic malignancies. (bioportfolio.com)
  • TAK-831 is a potential first-in-class D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor that has completed multiple Phase I studies and is currently in on-going Phase II studies including the Phase II INTERACT proof-of-concept study in negative symptoms of schizophrenia. (pipelinereview.com)
Inhibition1
20001
Mechanisms2
  • In this study we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which ER stress induction and oxidative stress impair vascular endothelial function.We conducted in vitro studies with primary endothelial cells from coronary arteries stimulated with tunicamycin, 1 μg/mL, in the presence or absence of two ER stress inhibitors: tauroursodeoxycholic acid (Tudca), 500 μg/mL, and 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), 5 mM. (chemweb.com)
  • Furthermore, the activity of MAP1A and MAP1B is controlled by upstream signaling mechanisms, including the MAP kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 β pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibodies1
  • Polyclonal antibodies present the help of identifying multiple epitopes of the desired antigen, thus increasing the unintentionally of revenge, but endowment the disadvantage of an increased good chance of nonspecific cross-reactivity with compare favourably with antigens, causing false-positive reac- tions 5, (autoportal.ru)
Cyclic1
  • A series of ferrocenes which contain dinitrogen-fused pyrazolidinone ring were synthesized from acryloylferrocene (4) and N,N'‑cyclic azomethine imines (3). (bioportfolio.com)
Nootropic1
  • Sixty participants (40 females and 20 males, with a mean age of 45.4 years, SD = 12.6) completed either the odd or even items from the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) at baseline and the opposite odd or even items at week 4 after consuming either the combination nootropic or placebo. (exrx.net)
Rats3
  • A series of chemical optimizations guided by in vitro affinity at histamine H3 receptor (H3R), physico-chemical properties and pharmacokinetics in rats resulted in identification of N-[4-(1-Cyclobutyl. (bioportfolio.com)
  • A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine relieves depression-like behaviors induced by neuropathic pain in rats," Anesthesiology , vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 812-821, 2011. (hindawi.com)
  • 5 In rats, the antinociceptive action of isoflurane on the tail-flick (TF) reflex is greatly enhanced in spinal animals, which is at least partially due to removal of a supraspinal α 1 adrenoceptor-mediated pronociceptive action. (asahq.org)
Compounds1
  • The 5-substituted willardiines are a series of compounds that exhibit a range of affinities, act as partial agonists, and give rise to intermediate levels of activation and desensitization. (rcsb.org)
Molecular Biology1
  • The role of the CDK Pho85 in cell cycle control", Biochemistry and molecular biology international, 4, 140-149. (uic.es)
Membrane2
  • The amount of GluR2 was markedly increased in the crude cytosolic fraction and decreased in the crude membrane fraction from the ipsilateral L 4-5 dorsal horn at 24 h (but not at 2 h) post-CFA injection. (elsevier.com)
  • It has been shown that the quaternary structure of the membrane spanning domain has 4-fold symmetry. (aspetjournals.org)
Annotation1
  • PLOS Biology 11(3): 10.1371/annotation/f32bc670-c9cf-4bb0-9376-cd8cfd1053c1. (plos.org)
20022
  • In two- as well as six-transmembrane K + channels, the amino- and carboxy-termini are located intracellularly and are required for tetramerization ( Deutsch, 2002 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • 2002 Fall;8(3):255-82. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis1
  • Here, we describe the synthesis and pharmacological properties of 9-carboxymethyl-4-oxo-5 H ,10 H -imidazo[1,2- a ]indeno[1,2- e ]pyrazin-2-phosphonic acid (RPR 119990). (aspetjournals.org)
20161