Allyl CompoundsPropanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.Garlic: One of the Liliaceae used as a spice (SPICES) and traditional remedy. It contains alliin lyase and alliin, which is converted by alliin lyase to allicin, the pungent ingredient responsible for the aroma of fresh cut garlic.AcroleinIsothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS.Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Sulfinic Acids: Any of the monobasic inorganic or organic acids of sulfur with the general formula RSO(OH). (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical.Hydrogenation: Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Photoinitiators, Dental: Chemical compound used to initiate polymerization of dental resins by the use of DENTAL CURING LIGHTS. It absorbs UV light and undergoes decomposition into free radicals that initiate polymerization process of the resins in the mix. Each photoinitiator has optimum emission spectrum and intensity for proper curing of dental materials.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.KetonesEthersMetabolic Detoxication, Drug: Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Allium: A genus of the plant family Liliaceae (sometimes classified as Alliaceae) in the order Liliales. Many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as VEGETABLES; CONDIMENTS; and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine.Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Vinyl CompoundsOklahomaSulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.Vegetables: A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.Onions: Herbaceous biennial plants and their edible bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.Brassica: A plant genus of the family Cruciferae. It contains many species and cultivars used as food including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, kale, collard greens, MUSTARD PLANT; (B. alba, B. junica, and B. nigra), turnips (BRASSICA NAPUS) and rapeseed (BRASSICA RAPA).Anticarcinogenic Agents: Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved.Biography as Topic: A written account of a person's life and the branch of literature concerned with the lives of people. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)BiographyBooks, Illustrated: Books containing photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangement of data designed to elucidate or decorate its contents. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p114)EncyclopediasHistory, 19th Century: Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Abbreviations as Topic: Shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity.Metalloporphyrins: Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.Sulfoxides: Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)AIDS-Related Complex: A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.Medicare Part B: The voluntary portion of Medicare, known as the Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program, that includes physician's services, home health care, medical services, outpatient hospital services, and laboratory, pathology, and radiology services. All persons entitled to Medicare Part A may enroll in Medicare Part B on a monthly premium basis.Coordination Complexes: Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged.Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.Phosphines: Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (1/436)
The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion. (+info)Cytochrome P-450-dependent bioactivation of 1,1-dichloroethylene to a reactive epoxide in human lung and liver microsomes. (2/436)
We investigated the cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of 1, 1-dichloroethylene (DCE) by human lung and liver microsomes and compared the results from analogous experiments in mice. Metabolites were identified by HPLC analysis of their glutathione conjugates and/or hydrolyzed products and were detected by using [14C]DCE. The role of human CYP2E1 in the metabolic reactions was examined by comparing p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities with levels of metabolites formed and by using the CYP2E1-selective inhibitor diallyl sulfone. The major products formed in microsomal incubations containing NADPH were the DCE-epoxide-derived glutathione conjugates 2-(S-glutathionyl)acetyl glutathione and 2-S-glutathionyl acetate. Lower levels of the acetal of 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde were also detected. In lung samples from eight patients, the amounts of epoxide-derived conjugates formed ranged from 15.6 +/- 4.23 to 34.9 +/- 12.75 pmol/mg protein/min. The levels in murine lung were higher at 40.0 +/- 3.8 pmol/mg protein/min. In liver samples from five patients, conjugate levels ranged from 46.5 +/- 8.3 to 240.0 +/- 10. 5 pmol/mg protein/min, whereas levels in murine liver were 83.0 +/- 6.2 pmol/mg protein/min. Conjugate levels formed in human liver correlated with the relative levels of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity present, but this relationship was equivocal in human lung. Diallyl sulfone inhibited the formation of the glutathione conjugates (20-65%) in liver samples from all four patients, whereas only one of five human lung samples exhibited this inhibition (27%). These results demonstrated that the DCE-epoxide is a major metabolite formed by human microsomes and is mediated by CYP2E1 in liver and in some individuals in lung. (+info)Inhibition of nitrifiers and methanotrophs from an agricultural humisol by allylsulfide and its implications for environmental studies. (3/436)
Allylsulfide, an inhibitor of ammonia monooxygenase, was tested to determine its ability to inhibit nitrification and methane oxidation in pure cultures, in agricultural humisol enrichment cultures, and in humisol slurries. We confirmed that allylsulfide is a differential inhibitor of cultures of nitrifiers and methanotrophs at concentrations of 1 and 200 microM, respectively, which result in 50% inhibition. However, although a nitrifying enrichment culture added to sterilized humisol was inhibited 50% by 4 microM allylsulfide, 500 microM allylsulfide was necessary for 50% inhibition of the endogenous nitrifying activity in nonsterile humisol. We concluded that native nitrifiers were protected, possibly by being in colonial aggregates or sheltered microenvironments. (+info)Metabolism of diallyl disulfide by human liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases. (4/436)
The metabolism of diallyl disulfide (DADS), a garlic sulfur compound, was investigated in human liver microsomes. Diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) was the only metabolite observed and its formation followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km = 0.61 +/- 0.2 mM and a Vmax = 18.5 +/- 4.2 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively (mean +/- S.E. M., n = 4). Both flavin-containing monooxygenase and the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (CYP) were involved in DADS oxidation, but the contribution of CYP was predominant. The cytochrome P-450 isoforms involved in this metabolism were investigated using selective chemical inhibitors, microsomes from cells expressing recombinant CYP isoenzymes, and studying the correlation of the rate of DADS oxidation with specific monooxygenase activities of human liver microsomes. Diethyldithiocarbamate and tranylcypromine inhibited allicin formation, whereas other specific inhibitors had low or no effect. Most of the different human microsomes from cells expressing CYP were able to catalyze this reaction, but CYP2E1 showed the highest affinity with a substantial activity. Furthermore, allicin formation by human liver microsomes was correlated with p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity, a marker of CYP2E1, and tolbutamide hydroxylase activity, a marker of CYP2C9. Among these approaches only CYP2E1 was identified in each case, which suggested that DADS is preferentially metabolized to allicin by CYP2E1 in human liver. However the minor participation of other CYP forms and flavin-containing monooxygenases is likely. (+info)In vivo formation and localization of 1,1-dichloroethylene epoxide in murine liver: identification of its glutathione conjugate 2-S-glutathionyl acetate. (5/436)
The hepatotoxic effects induced by 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) are ascribed to cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1-dependent formation of metabolites including 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde and the DCE-epoxide. The DCE metabolites detected in incubations of liver microsomes are the acetal, the hydrate of 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde, and the epoxide-derived GSH conjugates 2-S-glutathionyl acetyl glutathione ([B]) and 2-S-glutathionyl acetate ([C]). This study was undertaken to determine whether these DCE metabolites are also formed in vivo in murine liver. HPLC analysis of cytosol isolated from the livers of mice treated with [(14)C]DCE showed that [C] was the major conjugate formed, with lower levels of formation of [B]. The acetal was not detected in the cytosol. The formation of the epoxide-derived GSH conjugates was dose-dependent at 25 to 225 mg/kg DCE and occurred coincidentally with levels of covalent binding of DCE at the same doses. The acetal and conjugates [B] and [C] were also detected in bile collected from mice treated with DCE. Pretreatment of mice with buthionine sulfoximine decreased sulfhydryl levels and formation of conjugate [C], and increased DCE binding to liver proteins. In contrast, the levels of [C] and DCE binding were both reduced significantly in mice pretreated with the CYP2E1 inhibitor diallyl sulfone. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that protein adducts and conjugate [C] were localized in centrilobular hepatocytes and corresponded with the sites where CYP2E1 resided. Pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine increased the amount of immunostaining. However, pretreatment with diallyl sulfone markedly decreased immunostaining for [C] in the hepatocytes. These results showed that 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde and the epoxide are formed from DCE in vivo. (+info)Effects of allitridi on intracellular Ca2+ concentration in isolated rat brain cells. (6/436)
AIM: To study actions of allitridi extracted from garlic on intracellular calcium in isolated rat brain cells. METHODS: Brain cells were isolated from newborn rat brain with Fura 2-AM measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). RESULTS: Allitridi 1-100 mumol.L-1 concentration-dependently blocked increases of [Ca2+]i caused by potassium chloride and sodium glutamate (Glu) with IC50 of 59.7 and 69.9 mumol.L-1 respectively. Allitridi 100 mumol.L-1 blocked norepinephrine (Nor)-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. CONCLUSION: Allitridi is an effective agent for blocking the [Ca2+]i increase caused by potassium chloride, Nor and Glu. (+info)Roles of horizontal gene transfer and gene integration in evolution of 1,3-dichloropropene- and 1,2-dibromoethane-degradative pathways. (7/436)
The haloalkane-degrading bacteria Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB13064, Pseudomonas pavonaceae 170, and Mycobacterium sp. strain GP1 share a highly conserved haloalkane dehalogenase gene (dhaA). Here, we describe the extent of the conserved dhaA segments in these three phylogenetically distinct bacteria and an analysis of their flanking sequences. The dhaA gene of the 1-chlorobutane-degrading strain NCIMB13064 was found to reside within a 1-chlorobutane catabolic gene cluster, which also encodes a putative invertase (invA), a regulatory protein (dhaR), an alcohol dehydrogenase (adhA), and an aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldA). The latter two enzymes may catalyze the oxidative conversion of n-butanol, the hydrolytic product of 1-chlorobutane, to n-butyric acid, a growth substrate for many bacteria. The activity of the dhaR gene product was analyzed in Pseudomonas sp. strain GJ1, in which it appeared to function as a repressor of dhaA expression. The 1,2-dibromoethane-degrading strain GP1 contained a conserved DNA segment of 2.7 kb, which included dhaR, dhaA, and part of invA. A 12-nucleotide deletion in dhaR led to constitutive expression of dhaA in strain GP1, in contrast to the inducible expression of dhaA in strain NCIMB13064. The 1, 3-dichloropropene-degrading strain 170 possessed a conserved DNA segment of 1.3 kb harboring little more than the coding region of the dhaA gene. In strains 170 and GP1, a putative integrase gene was found next to the conserved dhaA segment, which suggests that integration events were responsible for the acquisition of these DNA segments. The data indicate that horizontal gene transfer and integrase-dependent gene acquisition were the key mechanisms for the evolution of catabolic pathways for the man-made chemicals 1, 3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dibromoethane. (+info)Ethanol and arachidonic acid increase alpha 2(I) collagen expression in rat hepatic stellate cells overexpressing cytochrome P450 2E1. Role of H2O2 and cyclooxygenase-2. (8/436)
The ability of ethanol and arachidonic acid (AA), as inducers of oxidative stress and key factors in alcoholic liver disease, to up-regulate alpha 2 collagen type I (COL1A2) gene expression was studied in a hepatic stellate cell line overexpressing the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) (E5 cells). A time- and dose-dependent induction in COL1A2 mRNA by ethanol or AA was observed that was prevented by diallylsulfide, a CYP2E1 inhibitor. Nuclear run-on experiments showed transcriptional activation of the COL1A2 gene by ethanol and AA. Catalase abrogated the increase in COL1A2 mRNA suggesting an H(2)O(2)-dependent mechanism. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels and production of prostaglandin E(2) upon addition of AA were elevated in the E5 cells. Incubation with NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor, blocked the effect of AA, but not of ethanol, on COL1A2 expression suggesting that CYP2E1 activates COX-2 expression, and the oxidation of AA by COX-2 is responsible for the increase in COL1A2. Activity of a reporter construct driven by -378 base pairs of the proximal promoter region of the COL1A2 gene increased in E5 but not control cells and was further increased by ethanol or AA. These experiments link CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress to induction of COX-2 and the actions of ethanol and AA on activation of collagen gene expression in hepatic stellate cells. (+info)... (DATS), also known as Allitridin, is an organosulfur compound with the formula S(SCH2CH=CH2)2. It is one of several produced by the hydrolysis of allicin, including diallyl disulfide and diallyl tetrasulfide, DATS is one of the most potent. Many health benefits of garlic are attributed in part to DATS. These benefits include anti-cancer effects, platelet aggregation, blood pressure reduction, decreases in cholesterol levels, and increases in levels of reactive oxygen species. DATS has been shown to selectively kill cancerous cells in the prostate and breast, leaving healthy cells unharmed. This effect is attributed to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cancer cells, increased the number of cells that arrest in the G2 phase of mitosis, and promote an increase in caspase-3 activity. These effects appear to contribute to the apoptosis of cancer cells and a decrease in cancer cell proliferation. DATS can be metabolized by glutathione in red blood cells to form ...
Allylstannanes are relatively stable reagents in the allylmetal family, and have been employed in a variety of complex organic syntheses. In fact, allylstannane addition is one of the most common methods for producing polypropionates, polyacetates, and other oxygenated molecules with a contiguous arrays of stereocenters.[10] Ley and coworkers[11] used an allylstannane to allylate a threose-derived aldehyde (see figure) en route to the macrolide antascomicin B, which structurally resembles FK506 and rapamycin, and is a potent binder of FKBP12. Allylboration is also often used to add allyl groups in a 1,2 fashion to aldehydes and ketones. Thanks to decades of research, there is now a wide variety of organoboron reagents available to the synthetic chemist, including organoboranes that predictably yield products in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity.[12] If a one-pot metal insertion and ...
... (DMTS) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest organic trisulfide. It is a flammable liquid with a foul odor, which is detectable at levels as low as 1 part per trillion. Dimethyl trisulfide has been found in volatiles emitted from cooked onion, leek and other Allium species, from broccoli and cabbage, as well as from Limburger cheese, and is involved in the unpalatable aroma of aged beer and stale Japanese sake. It is a decomposition product of bacterial decomposition, including the early stages of human decomposition, and is a major attractant for blowflies looking for hosts. Dimethyl trisulfide along with dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide have been confirmed as volatile compounds given off by the fly-attracting plant known as dead-horse arum (Helicodiceros muscivorus). These flies are attracted to the odor of fetid meat and help pollinate this plant. DMTS contributes to the foul odor given off by the fungus Phallus impudicus, also known as the common ...
... (Sb2S3) is found in nature as the crystalline mineral stibnite and the amorphous red mineral metastibnite. It is manufactured for use in safety matches, military ammunition, explosives and fireworks. It also is used in the production of ruby-colored glass and in plastics as a flame retardant. Historically the stibnite form was used as a grey pigment in paintings produced in the 16th century. It is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.8-2.5 eV.[citation needed] With suitable doping, p and n type materials can be produced. Sb2S3 can be prepared from the elements at temperature 500-900 °C: 2Sb + 3S → Sb2S3 Sb2S3 is precipitated when H2S is passed through an acidified solution of Sb(III). This reaction has been used as a gravimetric method for determining antimony, bubbling H2S through a solution of Sb(III) compound in hot HCl deposits an orange form of Sb2S3 which turns black under the reaction conditions. Sb2S3 is readily oxidised, reacting vigorously with oxidising ...
Due to its high refractive index of 2.45 and its large Knoop hardness compared to organic photoresists, As2S3 has been investigated for the fabrication of photonic crystals with a full-photonic band-gap. Advances in laser patterning techniques such as three-dimensional direct laser writing (3-D DLW) and chemical wet-etching chemistry, has allowed this material to be used as a photoresist to fabricate 3-D nanostructures.[13][14]. As2S3 has been investigated for use as a high resolution photoreist material since the early 1970s,[15][16] using aqueous etchants. Although these aqueous etchants allowed for low-aspect ratio 2-D structures to be fabricated, they do not allow for the etching of high aspect ratio structures with 3-D periodicity. Certain organic reagents, used in organic solvents, permit the high-etch selectivity required to produce high-aspect ratio structures with 3-D periodicity. ...
It was designed to be a weaker antagonist at the neuromuscular junction than pancuronium; hence its monoquaternary structure and its having an allyl group and a pyrrolidine group attached to the D ring quaternary nitrogen atom. Rocuronium has a rapid onset and intermediate duration of action.[2] There is considered to be a risk of allergic reaction to the drug in some patients (particularly those with asthma), but a similar incidence of allergic reactions has been observed by using other members of the same drug class (non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs).[3] The γ-cyclodextrin derivative sugammadex (trade name Bridion) has been recently introduced as a novel agent to reverse the action of rocuronium.[4] Sugammadex has been in use since 2009 in many European countries; however, it was turned down for approval twice by the US FDA due to concerns over allergic reactions and bleeding,[5] but finally approved the medication for use during surgical procedures in the United States on ...
... is an organosulfur compound belonging to the dithiolethione class. It acts as a schistosomicide and has been shown in rodent models to inhibit the formation of cancers in the bladder, blood, colon, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, stomach, and trachea, skin, and mammary tissue. Clinical trials of oltipraz have failed to demonstrate efficacy and have shown significant side effects, including neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity. Oltipraz has also been shown to generate superoxide radical, which can be toxic. Prince M, Li Y, Childers A, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Kleiner HE (March 2009). "Comparison of citrus coumarins on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in Nrf2 knockout mice". Toxicol. Lett. 185 (3): 180-6. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.014. PMC 2676710 . PMID 19150646. Zhang Y, Gordon GB (July 2004). "A strategy for cancer prevention: stimulation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway". Mol. Cancer Ther. 3 (7): 885-93. PMID 15252150. Iida K, Itoh K, Kumagai Y, et al. (September 2004). "Nrf2 is ...
The Wender Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry describes a Taxol total synthesis (one of six to date) by the group of Paul Wender at Stanford University published in 1997. This synthesis has much in common with the Holton Taxol total synthesis in that it is a linear synthesis starting from a naturally occurring compound with ring construction in the order A,B,C,D. The Wender effort is shorter by approximately 10 steps. Raw materials for the preparation of Taxol by this route include verbenone, prenyl bromine, allyl bromide, propiolic acid, Gilman reagent, and Eschenmoser's salt. The taxol synthesis started from the terpene verbenone 1 in Scheme 1, which is the oxidation product of naturally occurring α-pinene and forming ring A. Construction of ring B started with abstraction of the pendant methyl group proton by potassium tert-butoxide (conjugated anion is formed) followed by nucleophilic displacement of the bromine atom in prenyl bromide 2 to form diene 3. Ozonolysis of the prenyl ...
Allium is a genus of flowering plants. It contains garlic, leek, onions and chives. There are hundreds of species, some of which have been cultivated for much of human history. Today, about a dozen species are economically important. The type species of the genus is Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic.[1] The taxonomy of Allium is difficult, the boundaries between species are often unclear. For this reason, the number of recognised species varies between 260, and 860. Most people think there are about 750 species.[2] ...
碳陽離子中帶有電荷的碳原子為六價態(sixtet),即外層電子只有六顆,而非符合八隅體的八顆。因此碳陽離子反應性高,以轉變成有八顆電子的碳原子。其軌域為sp2混成軌域跟一個空的p軌域,而非sp3杂化,其中一個帶有正電。分子模型為平面三角形。簡單的例子如CH3+ 。而碳正離子常作為親電體,像氫氧離子、鹵素離子的結合對象。 碳正離子通常會進行重組反應,以反應常數超過109 /秒的速度從較不穩定的結構轉變到較穩定的結構。此現象讓許多化合物的合成過程變得複雜。例如:將3-戊醇跟HCl水溶液共熱產生3-戊基碳正離子,會因重組反應產生3-戊基跟2-戊基的混和物。再跟氯離子進行反應得到的產物會有約1/3的3-氯戊烷跟2/3的2-氯戊烷。 碳正離子能藉由與相鄰的碳-碳雙鍵共振來達到穩定。像是烯丙基陽離子(allyl cation)跟苯基陽離子(benzyl ...
... (23 February 1925 - 9 December 2016) was a German chemist who was influential in organometallic chemistry. He was the director of the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research (Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung) from 1967-1992, succeeding Karl Ziegler in that post.[2] During Wilke's era, the MPI made several discoveries and achieved some financial independence from patents and a gift from the Ziegler family. The institute continued as a center of excellence in organometallic chemistry. Wilke's own area of interest focused on homogeneous catalysis by nickel complexes. His group discovered or developed several compounds including Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2, Ni(allyl)2, Ni(C2H4)3. Some of these complexes are useful catalysts for the oligomerization of dienes.[3] He died in 2016 at the age of 91.[4] ...
The Kuwajima Taxol total synthesis by the group of Isao Kuwajima of the Tokyo Institute of Technology is one of several efforts in taxol total synthesis published in the 1990s. The total synthesis of Taxol is considered a landmark in organic synthesis. This synthesis is truly synthetic without any help from small biomolecule precursors and also a linear synthesis with molecule ring construction in the order of A, B, C, D. At some point chirality is locked into the molecule via an asymmetric synthesis step which is unique compared to the other efforts. In common with the other efforts the tail addition is based on the Ojima lactam. The 20 carbon frame is constructed from several pieces: propargyl alcohol (C1, C2, C14), propionaldehyde (C13, C12, C18), isobutyric acid (C15, C16, C17, C11), Trimethyl(phenylthiomethyl)silane (C10), 2-bromobenzaldehyde (C3 to C9), diethylaluminum cyanide (C19) and trimethylsilylmethyl bromide (C20) Ring A synthesis (scheme 1) started by joining the THP protected ...
The [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement is the transformation of an allylic ether into a homoallylic alcohol via a concerted, pericyclic process. Because the reaction is concerted, it exhibits a high degree of stereocontrol, and can be employed early in a synthetic route to establish stereochemistry. The Wittig rearrangement requires strongly basic conditions, however, as a carbanion intermediate is essential. [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement is a competitive process. [2,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangements occur for a variety of groups X and Y (see below). When X is a carbanion and Y an alkoxide, the rearrangement is called the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement and the products are pent-1-en-5-ols. The [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement, which produces isomeric pent-5-en-1-ols, is a competitive process that takes place at high temperatures. Because of the high atom economy and stereoselectivity of the [2,3]-rearrangement, it has gained considerable synthetic utility. The carbanion is generated by direct ...
"Anion Exchangers Based on Allyl Compounds and Some Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Monomers and Oligomers, Russian Journal of ... Anion Exchangers Based on Allyl Compounds and Some Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Monomers and Oligomers. Ergozhin, E.; Chalov ... Anion Exchangers Based on Allyl Compounds and Some Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Monomers and... Ergozhin, E.; Chalov, A.; ... Anion Exchangers Based on Allyl Compounds and Some Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Containing Monomers and Oligomers. ...
Allyl compounds explanation free. What is Allyl compounds? Meaning of Allyl compounds medical term. What does Allyl compounds ... Looking for online definition of Allyl compounds in the Medical Dictionary? ... allyl. (redirected from Allyl compounds). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus. al·lyl. (alil), The monovalent radical, CH2= ... Allyl compounds , definition of Allyl compounds by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Allyl+ ...
Natural organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been shown to have chemopreventive effects and to suppress the proliferation of ... are needed to identify the molecular targets and modes of action of these natural compounds, the allyl sulfur compounds can ... Several modes of action of these compounds have been proposed, and it seems likely that the rate of clearance of allyl sulfur ... The aim of this review is to focus attention on the effects of natural allyl sulfur compounds on the cell detoxification system ...
Allyl compounds[edit]. Many substituents can be attached to the allyl group to give stable compounds. Commercially important ... The middle MO labeled Ψ2 is singly occupied in the allyl radical. In the allyl cation Ψ2 is unoccupied and in the allyl anion ... In 1844, Theodor Wertheim isolated an allyl derivative from garlic oil and named it "Schwefelallyl".[3][4] The term allyl ... and allylindium compounds are commonly used by organic chemists to introduce allyl groups.[9] ...
Allyl Heptanoate, Allyl Phenoxyacetate, Coconut Amine and Diallylamine offered by Triveni Interchem Private Limited (Group Of ... Allyl Compounds. We are a leading Manufacturer of allyl heptanoate, allyl phenoxyacetate, coconut amine, diallylamine and ... It is chemical compounds.. Application / Uses Preparation. We are the leading wholesaler of Diallylamine compound with selling ... Allyl Heptanoate (142-19-8) is colourless liquid. also known as Heptanoic Acid Allyl Ester . Additional Information: ...
Mouayed M. Mahmoud, Saad N. Ibrahim, "The Crystal Structure Analyses of Molecular Compound N ? allyl-2, 6 - di (ortho-chloro- ... The crystal structure of the N-allyl-2, 6-di (ortho-chloro-phenyl) -4-methoxyphenyl pyridinium perchlorate molecular compound ... The Crystal Structure Analyses of Molecular Compound N ? allyl-2, 6 - di (ortho-chloro-phenyl) ? 4 - methoxyphenyl pyridinium ... The Crystal Structure Analyses of Molecular Compound N ? allyl-2, 6 - di (ortho-chloro-phenyl) ? 4 - methoxyphenyl pyridinium ...
... offer potent anti-carcinogenic compounds unique to sulfur-containing vegetables. Heres why we need them. ... Alliums and Their Allyl Sulfur Compounds. Garlic, onions, shallots, and leeks all contain various organosulfur compounds, some ... Heat breaks down the compounds. The only problem is that those same allyl sulfur compounds that might fight cancer, boost ... If its beneficial allyl sulfur compounds you want to consume, eating your alliums raw and sliced is the ticket. ...
Allyl acetate is an organic compound with formula C3H5OC(O)CH3. This colourless liquid is a precursor to especially allyl ... Allyl acetate can be hydrolyzed to allyl alcohol: CH2=CHCH2OCOCH3 + H2O → CH2=CHCH2OH + CH3COOH Allyl alcohol is a precursor ... Allyl alcohol is also produced primarily from allyl chloride, but production via the hydrolysis of allyl acetate route avoids ... 2000). "Allyl Compounds. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi: ...
allyl isothiocyanate (chemical compound). organosulfur compound: Thiocarbonyl compounds: Allyl isothiocyanate, CH2=CHCH2N=C=S, ... allyl (chemical compound). organometallic compound: Alkene and alkyne ligands: The allyl ligand, ―CH2―CH=CH2, can bind to a ... allyl chloride (chemical compound). organohalogen compound: …that bears the halogen in allyl chloride (CH2=CHCH2Cl) is singly ... allyl carbanion (chemical compound). carbanion: Delocalized ions.: The allyl carbanion (formula, C3H-5), a somewhat more ...
Allyl Compounds / pharmacology* * Animals * Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / drug effects* * Humans * Immunohistochemistry * K562 ... In the present study, we evaluated the P-gp modulatory potential of diallyl sulfide (DAS), a volatile organosulfur compound ...
Isothiocyanates are compounds that have been shown to exhibit anticancer effects, such […] ... a compound present in many cruciferous vegetables, on human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The results were ... a team of researchers from Taiwan examined the effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), ... Allyl isothiocyanate, a compound present in human diets, found to induce cell toxicity in breast cancer cell lines. ...
The administration of allyl propyl disulphide (APDS), a volatile substance contained in onion, to six normal volunteers after a ... Allyl Compounds / pharmacology* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... The administration of allyl propyl disulphide (APDS), a volatile substance contained in onion, to six normal volunteers after a ... Effect of alloxan diabetes of allyl propyl disulphide obtained from onion. Augusti KT. Augusti KT. Naturwissenschaften. 1974 ...
... allyl, and propargyl organometallics of cyclopentadienyl iron, molybdenum, and tungsten complexes ... Synthesis of heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds via alkynyl, ... of carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds using allyl, ... Subjects list: Research, United States, Analysis, Usage, Heterocyclic compounds, Organic compounds, Organic compound synthesis ... Synthesis of heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds via alkynyl, allyl, and propargyl organometallics of cyclopentadienyl iron ...
Vinyl, Allyl, Acetylenic, and Phenyl Compounds.. 2.3. Halogeno, Pseudohalogeno, and Acido Compounds. ... and coordination compounds. From fundamental theories of vibrational spectroscopy to applications in a variety of compound ... Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and ... Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and ...
Kappa agonists, Opioid receptor ligands, Drugs acting on the nervous system, Allyl compounds, Six-membered rings, Opioids, ...
Kappa agonists, Opioid receptor ligands, Drugs acting on the nervous system, Allyl compounds, Cyclohexenes, Cycloalkenes, Six- ... Pyrazole is an organic compound with the formula C3H3N2H. It is a heterocycle characterized by a 5-membered ring of three ... 1-Phenylpiperazine is a simple chemical compound featuring a phenyl group bound to a piperazine ring. The suffix -piprazole ...
Among the tested compounds, s-allyl-l-cysteine-sulfoxide (SACS)/alliin showed higher affinity towards EGFR. Furthermore, wet ... The present study was aimed to analyze the interaction ability of garlic compounds in the active region of EGFR gene by in ... Lipinski CA (2004) Lead and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discov Today Technol 1(4):337-341. doi: ... Wang HC, Pao J, Lin SY, Sheen LY (2012) Molecular mechanisms of garlic-derived allyl sulfides in the inhibition of skin cancer ...
Aldehydes--Carcinogens ; Aldehydes--Toxicology ; Allyl Compounds--toxicity ; Epoxy Compounds ; Ethers, Cyclic--toxicity ; ... Allyl compounds, aldehydes, epoxides, and peroxides.. CORP Author. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic ... Aromatic compounds--Toxicology--Congresses. ; Carcinogens--Congresses. ; Mutagenesis--Congresses. Holdings. Library. Call ... Aldehydes--Toxicology--Congresses ; Epoxy compounds--Toxicology--Congresses ; Peroxides--Toxicology--Congresses ; Carcinogens-- ...
Allyl Compounds. Benzoquinones / chemistry*. Carboxylic Acids / chemistry*. Catalysis. Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques. ... 0/Alkenes; 0/Allyl Compounds; 0/Benzoquinones; 0/Carboxylic Acids; 106-51-4/benzoquinone; 7440-05-3/Palladium ...
Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1. ...
Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH2CHCH2NCS. This colorless oil is responsible for ... Allyl isothiocyanate has an LD50 of 151 mg/kg and is a lachrymator. Based on in vitro experiments and animal models, allyl ... Allyl isothiocyanate is produced commercially by the reaction of allyl chloride and potassium thiocyanate: CH2=CHCH2Cl + KSCN ... the enzyme myrosinase is released and acts on a glucosinolate known as sinigrin to give allyl isothiocyanate. Allyl ...
Sabelli R, Iorio E, De Martino A, et al.: Rhodanese-thioredoxin system and allyl sulfur compounds. FEBS J 275 (15): 3884-99, ... Hydrogen cyanide is thought to be the main anticancer compound formed from laetrile via in situ release. ... Rhodanese can convert cyanide into the relatively harmless compound thiocyanate. Thus, it has been proposed that cancer cells ... The germ-free rats exhibited no side effects from the compound, and their blood concentrations of cyanide were ...
D1636 Standard Specification for Allyl Molding Compounds. D1676 Standard Test Methods for Film-Insulated Magnet Wire ... D5948 Standard Specification for Molding Compounds, Thermosetting. D6040 Standard Guide to Standard Test Methods for Unsintered ... D704 Standard Specification for Melamine-Formaldehyde Molding Compounds. D788 Standard Classification System for Poly(Methyl ... D4731 Standard Specification for Hot-Application Filling Compounds for Telecommunications Wire and Cable ...
Allyl compounds, aldehydes, epoxides and peroxides. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation on the carcinogenic risk of chemicals ...
... and allyl. The PBI compound may exhibit similar thermal properties in comparison to the unsubstituted PBI. The PBI compound may ... The PBI compound may be included in separatory media. A substituted PBI synthesis method may include providing a parent PBI in ... A PBI compound that includes imidazole nitrogens, at least a portion of which are substituted with an organic-inorganic hybrid ... The functional groups on compound 2 (phenyl), compound 3 (vinyl), and compound 4 (allyl) can be clearly assigned for the 1H NMR ...