Allosteric site. Medical search

A site on an enzyme which upon binding of a modulator, causes the enzyme to undergo a conformational change that may alter its catalytic or binding properties.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

The imide of phthalic acids.

A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.

A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the lower BRAIN, the HEART and in SMOOTH MUSCLE-containing organs. Although present in smooth muscle the M2 muscarinic receptor appears not to be involved in contractile responses.

Allosteric enzymes that regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. These enzymes catalyze phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1 reaction), or to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-2 reaction).

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor that has a high affinity for the drug PIRENZEPINE. It is found in the peripheral GANGLIA where it signals a variety of physiological functions such as GASTRIC ACID secretion and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION. This subtype of muscarinic receptor is also found in neuronal tissues including the CEREBRAL CORTEX and HIPPOCAMPUS where it mediates the process of MEMORY and LEARNING.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

An isoenzyme of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE that catalyzes the degradation of GLYCOGEN in muscle. Mutation of the gene coding this enzyme is the cause of McArdle disease (GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE V).

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and water to D-fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.11.

Diphosphoric acid esters of fructose. The fructose-1,6- diphosphate isomer is most prevalent. It is an important intermediate in the glycolysis process.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in vascular tissue and plays an important role in regulating VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A specific subtype of muscarinic receptor found in the CORPUS STRIATUM and the LUNG. It has similar receptor binding specificities to MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR M1 and MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR M2.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The process of finding chemicals for potential therapeutic use.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.

An ester of glucose with phosphoric acid, made in the course of glucose metabolism by mammalian and other cells. It is a normal constituent of resting muscle and probably is in constant equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.

Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to yield guanosine-5'-phosphate.

A group of pyrido-indole compounds. Included are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds. These are similar to CARBAZOLES which are benzo-indoles.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

2-, 3-, or 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridine derivatives substituted with a carboxy group at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position. The 3-carboxy derivative (NIACIN) is active as a vitamin.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

A computer simulation developed to study the motion of molecules over a period of time.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Enzyme-mononucleotide interactions: three different folds share common structural elements for ATP recognition. (1/1100)

Three ATP-dependent enzymes with different folds, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, D-Ala:D-Ala ligase and the alpha-subunit of the alpha2beta2 ribonucleotide reductase, have a similar organization of their ATP-binding sites. The most meaningful similarity was found over 23 structurally equivalent residues in each protein and includes three strands each from their beta-sheets, in addition to a connecting loop. The equivalent secondary structure elements in each of these enzymes donate four amino acids forming key hydrogen bonds responsible for the common orientation of the "AMP" moieties of their ATP-ligands. One lysine residue conserved throughout the three families binds the alpha-phosphate in each protein. The common fragments of structure also position some, but not all, of the equivalent residues involved in hydrophobic contacts with the adenine ring. These examples of convergent evolution reinforce the view that different proteins can fold in different ways to produce similar structures locally, and nature can take advantage of these features when structure and function demand it, as shown here for the common mode of ATP-binding by three unrelated proteins. (+info)

A 20-kDa domain is required for phosphatidic acid-induced allosteric activation of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. (2/1100)

Two phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes with both hydrolase and transferase activities were isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus. There were substantial differences in the kinetic properties of the two PLD enzymes towards monomeric, micellar, and vesicle substrates. The most striking difference was that the higher molecular weight enzyme (PLD57 approximately 57 kDa) could be activated allosterically with a low mole fraction of phosphatidic acid (PA) incorporated into a PC bilayer (Geng et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 12195-12202). PLD42/20, a tightly associated complex of two peptides, one of 42 kDa and the other 20 kDa, had a 4-6-fold higher Vmax toward PC substrates than PLD57 and was not activated by PA. N-Terminal sequencing of both enzymes indicated that both components of PLD42/20 were cleavage products of PLD57. The larger component included the N-terminal segment of PLD57 and contained the active site. The N-terminus of the smaller peptide corresponded to the C-terminal region of PLD57; this peptide had no PLD activity by itself. Increasing the pH of PLD42/20 to 8.9, followed by chromatography of PLD42/20 on a HiTrap Q column at pH 8.5 separated the 42- and 20-kDa proteins. The 42-kDa complex had about the same specific activity with or without the 20-kDa fragment. The lack of PA activation for the 42-kDa protein and for PLD42/20 indicates that an intact C-terminal region of PLD57 is necessary for activation by PA. Furthermore, the mechanism for transmission of the allosteric signal requires an intact PLD57. (+info)

Stimulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport by prazosin and progesterone. Evidence for a third drug-binding site. (3/1100)

P-glycoprotein is a plasma membrane protein of mammalian cells that confers multidrug resistance by acting as a broad-specificity, ATP-dependent efflux transporter of diverse lipophilic neutral or cationic compounds. Previously, we identified two positively cooperative drug-binding sites of P-glycoprotein involved in transport [Shapiro, A. B. & Ling, V. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 250, 130-137]. The H site is selective for Hoechst 33342 and colchicine. The R site is selective for rhodamine 123 and anthracyclines. Substrate binding to one site stimulates transport by the other. In this paper, we show that prazosin and progesterone stimulate the transport of both Hoechst 33342 and rhodamine 123. Rhodamine 123 and prazosin (or progesterone) in combination stimulate Hoechst 33342 transport in an additive manner. In contrast, Hoechst 33342 and either prazosin or progesterone interfere with each other, so that the stimulatory effect of the combination on rhodamine 123 transport is less than that of each individually. Non-P-glycoprotein-specific effects of prazosin on membrane fluidity and permeability were excluded. These results indicate the existence of a third drug-binding site on P-glycoprotein with a positive allosteric effect on drug transport by the H and R sites. This allosteric site appears to be one of the sites of photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein by [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin [Safa, A. R., Agresti, M., Bryk, D. & Tamai, I. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 256-265] and is likely not to be capable of drug transport. (+info)

Flavodoxin: an allosteric inhibitor of AMP nucleosidase from Azotobacter vinelandii. (4/1100)

Flavodoxin, which participates in nitrogen fixation, was found to be a potent allosteric inhibitor of AMP nucleosidase [EC 3.2.2.4] from Azotobacter vinelandii. It inhibited the enzyme by decreasing its affinity for ATP without affecting the maximum velocity. The inhibition constant for flavodoxin was estimated to be 10 muM, which is within the range of physiological concentration in the cells. The concentration of flavodoxin able to alter the activity in vitro suggests that this phenomenon could be of significance in the regulation of flavin biosynthesis in vivo. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), a prosthetic group of flavodoxin, was also found to act as an allosteric inhibitor. Since no inhibitory action of apo-flavodoxin was observed, it was concluded that the FMN chromophore of the flavodoxin is responsible for the inhibition of the enzyme by this protein. (+info)

Structural elements of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor conferring subtype selectivity for benzodiazepine site ligands. (5/1100)

gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors comprise a subfamily of ligand-gated ion channels whose activity can be modulated by ligands acting at the benzodiazepine binding site on the receptor. The benzodiazepine binding site was characterized using a site-directed mutagenesis strategy in which amino acids of the alpha5 subunit were substituted by their corresponding alpha1 residues. Given the high affinity and selectivity of alpha1-containing compared with alpha5-containing GABAA receptors for zolpidem, mutated alpha5 subunits were co-expressed with beta2 and gamma2 subunits, and the affinity of recombinant receptors for zolpidem was measured. One alpha5 mutant (bearing P162T, E200G, and T204S) exhibited properties similar to that of the alpha1 subunit, notably high affinity zolpidem binding and potentiation by zolpidem of GABA-induced chloride current. Two of these mutations, alpha5P162T and alpha5E200G, might alter binding pocket conformation, whereas alpha5T204S probably permits formation of a hydrogen bond with a proton acceptor in zolpidem. These three amino acid substitutions also influenced receptor affinity for CL218872. Our data thus suggest that corresponding amino acids of the alpha1 subunit, particularly alpha1-Ser204, are the crucial residues influencing ligand selectivity at the binding pocket of alpha1-containing receptors, and a model of this binding pocket is presented. (+info)

Metal complexes as allosteric effectors of human hemoglobin: an NMR study of the interaction of the gadolinium(III) bis(m-boroxyphenylamide)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex with human oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. (6/1100)

The boronic functionalities on the outer surface of the Gd(III) bis(m-boroxyphenylamide)DTPA complex (Gd(III)L) enable it to bind to fructosamine residues of oxygenated glycated human adult hemoglobin. The formation of the macromolecular adduct can be assessed by NMR spectroscopy via observation of the enhancement of the solvent water proton relaxation rate. Unexpectedly, a strong binding interaction was also observed for the oxygenated unglycated human adult hemoglobin, eventually displaying a much higher relaxation enhancement. From relaxation rate measurements it was found that two Gd(III)L complexes interact with one hemoglobin tetramer (KD = 1.0 x 10(-5) M and 4.6 x 10(-4) M, respectively), whereas no interaction has been observed with monomeric hemoproteins. A markedly higher affinity of the Gd(III)L complex has been observed for oxygenated and aquo-met human adult hemoglobin derivatives with respect to the corresponding deoxy derivative. Upon binding, a net change in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin has been assessed by monitoring the changes in the high-resolution 1H-NMR spectrum of the protein as well as in the Soret absorption band. On the basis of these observations and the 11B NMR results obtained with the diamagnetic La(III)L complex, we suggest that the interaction between the lanthanide complex and deoxygenated, oxygenated, and aquo-met derivatives of human adult hemoglobin takes place at the 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binding site, through the formation of N-->B coordinative bonds at His143beta and His2beta residues of different beta-chains. The stronger binding to the oxygenated form is then responsible for a shift of the allosteric equilibrium toward the high-affinity R-state. Accordingly, Gd(III)L affinity for oxygenated human fetal hemoglobin (lacking His143beta) is significantly lower than that observed for the unglycated human adult tetramer. (+info)

Mutations in the human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase gene define the disease sialuria and the allosteric site of the enzyme. (7/1100)

Sialuria is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by cytoplasmic accumulation and increased urinary excretion of free N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc, sialic acid). Overproduction of NeuAc is believed to result from loss of feedback inhibition of uridinediphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase) by cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac). We report the cloning and characterization of human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase cDNA, with mutation analysis of three patients with sialuria. Their heterozygote mutations, R266W, R266Q, and R263L, indicate that the allosteric site of the epimerase resides in the region of codons 263-266. The heterozygous nature of the mutant allele in all three patients reveals a dominant mechanism of inheritance for sialuria. (+info)

Steric effects on multivalent ligand-receptor binding: exclusion of ligand sites by bound cell surface receptors. (8/1100)

Steric effects can influence the binding of a cell surface receptor to a multivalent ligand. To account for steric effects arising from the size of a receptor and from the spacing of binding sites on a ligand, we extend a standard mathematical model for ligand-receptor interactions by introducing a steric hindrance factor. This factor gives the fraction of unbound ligand sites that are accessible to receptors, and thus available for binding, as a function of ligand site occupancy. We derive expressions for the steric hindrance factor for various cases in which the receptor covers a compact region on the ligand surface and the ligand expresses sites that are distributed regularly or randomly in one or two dimensions. These expressions are relevant for ligands such as linear polymers, proteins, and viruses. We also present numerical algorithms that can be used to calculate steric hindrance factors for other cases. These theoretical results allow us to quantify the effects of steric hindrance on ligand-receptor kinetics and equilibria. (+info)

Allosteric site transporter substrates[edit]. Alternatively, some reuptake inhibitors bind to allosteric sites and inhibit ... Notably, this allosteric site may be directly related to the above-mentioned PCP binding sites.[15][20] ... Instead of binding to the active site on the serotonin transporter, they bind to an allosteric site, which exerts its effects ... 1994). "PCP site 2: a high affinity MK-801-insensitive phencyclidine binding site". Neurotoxicol Teratol. 16 (4): 343-353. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-selective_monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors

There are no known allosteric regulatory sites. Cholesterol-24 hydroxylase catalyzes the following reaction: cholesterol + ... The active site is accessed via a single entrance created by two helices (B' and F) and the β1-sheet. ... A single cholesterol molecule takes up the entirety of the active site, with the aliphatic tail of the cholesterol held in ... Binding of cholesterol results in an enzymatic conformational change and a subsequent induced fit of the active site around the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_24-hydroxylase

Evidence for an allosteric citrate-binding site". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (22): 13233-9. PMID 7142142. Gelpí ... Evidence for an allosteric citrate-binding site". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (22): 13233-9. PMID 7142142. Harada ... All three effectors (malate, oxaloacetate and citrate) bind to the same putative allosteric site. Recent studies of ... The active sites in these dimeric proteins are well separated from each other. Because malate dehydrogenase is closely tied to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate_dehydrogenase_2

"Characterization of the CHK1 allosteric inhibitor binding site." Biochemistry 48.41 (2009): 9823-9830". Biochemistry. 48 (41): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_Scientific

The CB1 receptor possesses an allosteric modulatory binding site. The CB1 receptor is a pre-synaptic heteroreceptor that ... Effects may vary based on the site of cannabinoid application, input from higher cortical centers, and whether drug application ... Nguyen T, Li JX, Thomas BF, Wiley JL, Kenakin TP, Zhang Y (November 2016). "Allosteric Modulation: An Alternate Approach ... Navarro HA, Howard JL, Pollard GT, Carroll FI (April 2009). "Positive allosteric modulation of the human cannabinoid (CB) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1

... which bind to and block the glycine site; noncompetitive antagonists, which inhibit NMDARs by binding to allosteric sites; and ... Lipina T, Labrie V, Weiner I, Roder J (April 2005). "Modulators of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, D-serine and ALX 5407, ... Banks P, Franks NP, Dickinson R (March 2010). "Competitive inhibition at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ... Aptiganel (Cerestat, CNS-1102): binds the Mg2+ binding site within the channel of the NMDA receptor. HU-211: an enantiomer of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

... active site inhibitors, allosteric site inhibitors and miscellaneous site inhibitors. The miscellaneous site inhibitors are ... NS5B also has allosteric sites in addition to the active site. Palm I, domain close to the active site, palm II, partly ... at allosteric binding sites, the enzyme active site, or the pyrophosphate binding site, respectively. Nucleoside analogue ... active site inhibitors, allosteric site inhibitors, and miscellaneous non-nucleoside inhibitors. For miscellaneous non- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS5B_inhibitor

"Potentiation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors via an allosteric transmembrane site". Proceedings of the National ... PNU-120596 is a drug that acts as a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator for the α7 subtype of neural nicotinic ... April 2005). "A novel positive allosteric modulator of the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: in vitro and in ... Barron SC, McLaughlin JT, See JA, Richards VL, Rosenberg RL (August 2009). "An allosteric modulator of alpha7 nicotinic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNU-120,596

Inhibitors of this allosteric site are classified as type III inhibitors. Another possible target is the T-loop of CDK2. When ... Recently, the availability of new CDK crystal structures led to the identification of a potential allosteric binding site near ... binds at the active site located between the N and C lobes of the kinase. Due to the location of the active site, partner ... The significance of this movement is that it brings the side chain of Glu 51, which belongs to a triad of catalytic site ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_2

"Characterization of the allosteric anion-binding site of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase". Biochemistry. 40 (25): 7446-52. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine_synthase

Usenik A, Legiša M (23 November 2010). "Evolution of allosteric citrate binding sites on 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase". PLOS ONE. 5 ... In particular, the binding site for the PFK inhibitor citrate is found in the PFKL C-terminal region. This gene encodes one of ... N-terminal of the subunits carries out their catalytic activity while the C-terminal contains allosteric ligand binding sites. ... Abnormal splicing of the muscle phosphofructokinase gene due to a point mutation at the 5'-splice site". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFKM

... non-competitive antagonists can either bind to the ligand site or other site called the allosteric site. A receptor's agonist ... If the non-competitive antagonist binds to the allosteric site and an agonist binds to the ligand site, the receptor will ... A competitive antagonist will attach itself to the same binding site of the receptor that the agonist will bind to. Even though ... does not bind to its allosteric binding site. The binding of a non-competitive antagonist is irreversible. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_antagonist

When ATP binds to the allosteric activity site, it activates RNR. In contrast, when dATP binds to this site, it deactivates RNR ... RNR1 contains both allosteric sites, mediating regulation of substrate specificity and activity. Depending on the allosteric ... In all classes, binding of ATP or dATP to the allosteric site induces reduction of cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP) and uridine 5 ... in the active site. Site-directed mutations of the RNR primary structure indicate that all residues cited above participate in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase

Antagonists mediate their effects by binding to the active site or to the allosteric site on a receptor, or they may interact ... This may be accomplished by binding to the active site or the allosteric site. In addition, antagonists may interact at unique ... by binding to an allosteric site of the receptor, or by irreversibly binding to the active site of the receptor. The former ... act at an allosteric site. These antagonists bind to a distinctly separate binding site from the agonist, exerting their action ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist

Allosteric activators such as AMP and ADP bind to the allosteric site as to facilitate the formation of the R state by inducing ... On the opposite side of the each subunit from each active site is the allosteric site, at the interface between subunits in the ... binding site as well as a separate allosteric binding site. Each subunit of the tetramer is 319 amino acids and consists of two ... Similarly, inhibitors such as ATP and PEP bind to the same allosteric site and facilitate the formation of the T state, thereby ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_1

In mixed inhibition, the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, i.e. a site different from the active site where the substrate ... However, not all inhibitors that bind at allosteric sites are mixed inhibitors. Mixed inhibition may result in either: A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_inhibition

... drug discovery targeting allosteric sites". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 57 (18): 7485-7498. doi:10.1021/jm5011786. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent

Without access to the allosteric site, the NNRTI will not be effective. Integrase inhibitors prevent the HIV integrase enzyme ... Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) inhibit reverse transcriptase by binding to an allosteric site on it. ... Protease inhibitors bind to the active site of the viral protease, which prevents the cleavage of the Gag and Gagpol proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_mutation

January 2004). "Intrasteric control of AMPK via the gamma1 subunit AMP allosteric regulatory site". Protein Science. 13 (1): ... The four CBS domains create two binding sites for AMP commonly referred to as Bateman domains. Binding of one AMP to a Bateman ... AMP for allosteric stimulation, activation, and deactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase". The Journal of Biological ... of the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase from rat liver and identification of threonine 172 as the major site at which it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase

The allosteric site, which binds ADP, consists of amino acid residues from three subunits. The product of this reaction, ... At normal concentrations, phosphate activates the enzyme by binding to its allosteric regulatory site. However, at high ... "Crystal structure of human phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 reveals a novel allosteric site". Biochem. J. 401 (1): 39- ... The catalytic site of the enzyme binds ATP and ribose 5-phosphate. The flexible loop (Phe92-Ser108), pyrophosphate binding loop ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose-phosphate_diphosphokinase

"Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase by utilizing a novel allosteric binding site". Nature Structural Biology. 9 (4): 268-72. doi: ... ISBN 978-3-527-68303-1. Noren CJ, Anthony-Cahill SJ, Griffith MC, Schultz PG (1989). "A general method for site-specific ... Carolyn Bertozzi's research group has developed methods for site-specifically reacting molecules at the surface of cells via ... In addition, researchers have used unnatural amino acid mutagenesis at targeted sites within a peptide sequence. Advances in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_biology

ATP competes with AMP for the allosteric effector site on the PFK enzyme. ATP concentrations in cells are much higher than ... Thus, the relevance of ATP as an allosteric effector is questionable. An increase in AMP is a consequence of a decrease in ... since it is one of the irreversible steps and has key allosteric effectors, AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

Inhibition may also occur via binding to an external allosteric polyamine binding site. Subunit composition of iGluRs heavily ... April 1989). "Allosteric inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of vertebrates and insects by philanthotoxin". The ... Notably, philanthoxin and its synthetic analogues are smaller than similar polyamine toxins form orb-web spider venoms and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthotoxin

Its main responsibility is to maintain allosteric control of the kinase active site. This control manifests in CDK-cyclin ... It is important to note that in CDK 1, 2 and 6, the T-loop and a separate C-terminal region are the major sites of cyclin ... These cyclin binding sites are the regions of highest variability in CDKs despite relatively high sequence homology surrounding ... After the hydrolysis of ATP to phosphorylate at this site, these complexes are able to complete their intended function, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_complex

Christopoulos, A. (2002) Allosteric binding sites on cell-surface receptors: Novel targets for drug discovery. Nature Rev. Drug ... Multi-site Pharmacology: Recommendations for the nomenclature of receptor allosterism and allosteric ligands. Pharmacol. Rev. ... Allosteric modulation of endogenous metabolites as an avenue for drug discovery. Mol Pharmacol., 2012, 82(2):281-90. Valant, C ... Arthur Christopoulos' research focuses on allosteric mechanisms of drug action and signal-pathway 'biased' agonism at G protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Christopoulos

However, there may be unoccupied allosteric binding sites that may be of interest. Furthermore, it may be that only apoprotein ... Binding site identification is the first step in structure based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently ... In brief, binding site identification usually relies on identification of concave surfaces on the protein that can accommodate ... Yuan Y, Pei J, Lai L (Dec 2013). "Binding site detection and druggability prediction of protein targets for structure-based ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_design

A common drug, diazepam, acts as an allosteric enhancer at this binding site. Another receptor for GABA, known as GABAB, can be ... This GABAA receptor contains many binding sites that allow conformational changes and are the primary target for drug ... The most common of these binding sites, benzodiazepine, allows for both agonist and antagonist effects on the receptor. ... Sigel, E (2002). "Mapping of the benzodiazepine recognition site on GABA(A) receptors". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropharmacology

This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation. Site-specific recombinase technology Masuda, Takao (2011-01- ... Retroviral INs are not to be confused with phage integrases, such as λ phage integrase (Int) (see site-specific recombination ... Both reactions are catalysed by the same active site and occur via transesterification, without a covalent protein-DNA ... intermediate, in contrast to reactions catalysed by Ser and Tyr recombinases (see site specific recombination). HIV integrase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrase

This allosteric, conformational change interferes with the ability of the active site of soluble adenylyl cyclase to adequately ... "Bithionol Potently Inhibits Human Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase through Binding to the Allosteric Activator Site". Journal of ... However, it sheds light on the search for a compound that will eventually be able to target the bicarbonate binding site of ... Arginine 176 usually interacts with the ATP and other catalytic ions at the active site, so when it turns from its normal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithionol

Under resting conditions, it is thought that chloride is bound to allosteric sites in prestin. Upon deflection of the basilar ... Intracellular chloride dissociates from the allosteric binding sites in prestin, causing contraction of prestin. Upon BM ... Additionally, Ca2+ briefly binds to a cytostolic site on the MET channel which is estimated to be only 5 nm from the channel ... Due to the differences in calcium concentration at the cytostolic binding site when calcium is bound to the MET channel versus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_amplifier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budipine

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Karaoglu D, Kelleher DJ, Gilmore R (October 2001). "Allosteric regulation provides a molecular mechanism for preferential ... Nilsson IM, von Heijne G (March 1993). "Determination of the distance between the oligosaccharyltransferase active site and the ... The active site of OST is located about 4 nm from the lumenal face of the ER membrane.[4] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afatinib

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Allosteric CBR ligands. *Org 27569. *Org 27759. *Org 29647. *RTI-371. *Pregnenolone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLR-12

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators. *Lactams. *Diazepines. Hidden categories: *Articles with changed ChemSpider ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premazepam

... the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces, and the benzodiazepine (BZD) allosteric binding site at the α1 ... In pharmacology, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators are positive allosteric modulator (PAM) molecules that increase ... they affect the receptor by binding at a different site on the protein. This is called allosteric modulation. ... Neurosteroids can act as allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter receptors, such as the GABAA,[13][14][15][16] NMDA,[17] and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

... but same-site binding is not a requirement. A competitive inhibitor could bind to an allosteric site of the free enzyme and ... as long as it does not bind to the allosteric site when the substrate is bound. For example, strychnine acts as an allosteric ... The active site is a region on an enzyme which a particular protein or substrate can bind to. The active site will only allow ... In virtually every case, competitive inhibitors bind in the same binding site (active site) as the substrate, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_inhibition

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-alkenal_reductase

GABA receptors contain a binding site for the chemical, GABA, a chloride ion channel, and an additional binding site for ... Alcohol acts as a positive allosteric modulator and therefore amplifies the transmitter's inhibitory effects. When alcohol ... By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... For example, he will focus on the rewards of getting home quickly and not having to pay for a cab. Therefore, under the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_myopia

Allosteric modulators: They do not bind to the agonist-binding site of the receptor but instead on specific allosteric binding ... The binding-site for larger peptide ligands is usually located in the extracellular domain whereas the binding site for smaller ... For example, benzodiazepines (BZDs) bind to the BZD site on the GABAA receptor and potentiate the effect of endogenous GABA. ... As a drug approaches a receptor, the receptor alters the conformation of its binding site to produce drug-receptor complex. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_

AMP allosteric site (yellow), phosphorylated Ser14 (orange), glycogen binding site (blue), catalytic site (red).[1] ... glycogen binding sites, allosteric sites, and a reversibly phosphorylated serine residue. First, the catalytic sites are ... This site was not sensitive to the same inhibitors as those at the AMP allosteric site,[12] and most success has been had ... Å from the catalytic site . This site is most likely the site at which the enzyme binds to glycogen granules before initiating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... whereas oroxylin A acts as a negative allosteric modulator (and also, notably, as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor).[28][29][30] ... Huen MS, Leung JW, Ng W, Lui WS, Chan MN, Wong JT, Xue H (2003). "5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, a benzodiazepine site ligand ... Hui KM, Wang XH, Xue H (2000). "Interaction of flavones from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis with the benzodiazepine site ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellaria

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A. *Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib. *AZD-6918. *CE-245677 ... and is phosphorylated at its Y416 site.[47][48] Once activated, Fyn can bind to NR2B through its SH2 domain and mediate ... particularly at the PKC Ser-897 site.[45] The mechanism underlying this activity is dependent upon both ERK and PKC signaling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... with the active site held between the barrel and two surface loops. The two subunits are tightly joined back-to-back, mostly by ... and their active sites contain the same type and arrangement of amino acid side-chains. They are usually dimers, but ... "Crystal structure of nickel-containing superoxide dismutase reveals another type of active site". Proceedings of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... "Structure/function analysis of a critical disulfide bond in the active site of L-xylulose reductase". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-xylulose_reductase

Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin. *Spermidine. *Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S- ... By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Common side effects of the injectable form include low blood sugar, pain at the site of injection, nausea, vomiting, low blood ... and the absence of these carriers prevents the drug from reaching its site of action.[19] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine

"Structural basis for allosteric regulation of the monomeric allosteric enzyme human glucokinase". 》Structure》 12 (3): 429-38. ... "The Catalytic Site Atlas". The European Bioinformatics Institute. 2007년 4월 4일에 확인함.. ... Yoshikawa S, Caughey WS (May 1990). "Infrared evidence of cyanide binding to iron and copper sites in bovine heart cytochrome c ... Suzuki H (2015). 》Chapter 7: Active Site Structure》. 》How Enzymes Work: From Structure to Function》. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/효소

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A. *Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib. *AZD-6918. *CE-245677 ... phosphorylation of several sites on their cytosolic domains, which serve to mediate binding of cofactors and subsequently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Knudsen ES, Wang JY (1996). "Differential regulation of retinoblastoma protein function by specific Cdk phosphorylation sites ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK4

This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.[35] Physiology[edit]. TNF was thought to be produced ... By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... Allosteric modulators: Phenytoin; Positive: Methylphenylpiracetam. *SOMCL-668. *Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan. *3- ... their website notes that the guidelines, being more than five years old, "can no longer be assumed to be current".[22] A paper ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoisocitrate_dehydrogenase

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodiame

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

Site-directed mutagenesis of Asp-43, Tyr-48, Lys-77, and His-110". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (34): 25687-93. ... By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... The active site pocket of human aldose reductase is relatively hydrophobic, lined by seven aromatic and four other non-polar ... Affinity labeling of an active site lysine by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal 5'-diphospho-5'-adenosine". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKR1B1

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators. Hidden categories: *CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraldehyde

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia ... "LSD1/CoREST is an allosteric nanoscale clamp regulated by H3-histone-tail molecular recognition". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ... The second way is the addition of methyl groups to the DNA, mostly at CpG sites, to convert cytosine to 5-methylcytosine. 5- ... Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2012.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

... , as well as unifiram, were assayed at a wide panel of sites, including the most important receptors, ion channels, ... indicating that they do not act as AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators. However, they were able to prevent the amnesia ... Gualtieri F (2016). "Unifi nootropics from the lab to the web: a story of academic (and industrial) shortcomings". Journal of ... Gualtieri F (2016). "Unifi nootropics from the lab to the web: a story of academic (and industrial) shortcomings". J Enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunifiram

Using these structural insights, we developed PHI1, a BRAF inhibitor that fully uncovers the allosteric site. PHI1 exhibits ... the BRAF dimer and stabilizes a distinct αC-helix conformation through interaction with a previously unrevealed allosteric site ... 5: Targeting the allosteric site in BRAF with PHI1.. Comparison of binding modes of PON (a) and PHI1 (b) with BRAFV600E in ... Inhibitors of BRAF dimers using an allosteric site. *Xiomaris M. Cotto-Rios ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0922-18571,2. na1, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18123-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=14a688e9-cf7f-4557-a6c4-6fdf30944f69

... Adv Pharmacol. 2015;72:53-96. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha. ... Keywords: Allosteric modulation; GABA(A) receptor structure; Ligand-binding sites; Pharmacology; Receptor subtype-selective ... Some of these sites have been identified by mutagenesis, photolabeling, and docking studies. For most of these ligands, however ... binding sites are not known. Due to the high flexibility of GABAA receptors and the existence of multiple drug-binding sites, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25600367/

... but has not yet been applied to kinase allosteric sites.. Here, we use disulfide trapping to target an allosteric site on the ... studies show that disulfide trapping is useful for characterizing allosteric sites on kinases and that a single allosteric site ... produced both agonists and antagonists at the same site (4, 5). It is intriguing that a single allosteric site on a kinase, the ... Turning a protein kinase on or off from a single allosteric site via disulfide trapping. Jack D. Sadowsky, Mark A. Burlingame, ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/108/15/6056?with-ds=yes

What is allosteric site? Meaning of allosteric site as a legal term. What does allosteric site mean in law? ... Definition of allosteric site in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... Allosteric site legal definition of allosteric site https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allosteric+site ... Related to allosteric site: competitive inhibition site. noun address, base, environs, habitat, locale, location, neighborhood ...

https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allosteric+site

... correlation analysis to describe the internal allosteric network underlying the coupling of ligand and distant effector sites ... Overall, the results suggest that the same allosteric network may underlie the actions of various anesthetics, regardless of ... and that propofol also localizes to an extracellular region shared with the crystallographic ketamine binding site. Subsequent ...

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0158795

... Front ... To search for alternative explanations, we tested CBD as a potential allosteric ligand of CB2R. Radioligand and non-radioactive ... we confirmed that CBD does not bind with high affinity to the orthosteric site of the human CB2R where the synthetic ... CBD does not bind with high affinity to the orthosteric site of any GPCR. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29109685/

... allosteric sites explanation free. What is allosteric sites? Meaning of allosteric sites medical term. What does allosteric ... Looking for online definition of allosteric sites in the Medical Dictionary? ... allosteric sites. allosteric sites. [al′ōster′ik] Etymology: Gk, allos + stereos, solid ... to assume that allosteric modulators and allosteric activators are subtype-specific because allosteric sites are not the sites ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allosteric+sites

The Allosteric Binding Sites of Sulfotransferase 1A1. Ian Cook, Ting Wang, Charles N. Falany and Thomas S. Leyh ... SULT1A1 Allosteric Binding Sites. Ian Cook, Ting Wang, Charles N. Falany and Thomas S. Leyh ... SULT1A1 Allosteric Binding Sites. Ian Cook, Ting Wang, Charles N. Falany and Thomas S. Leyh ... The Allosteric Binding Sites of Sulfotransferase 1A1 Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Drug ...

http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/43/3/418/tab-article-info

Despite the allosteric nature of this site, three residues that line the propofol site (Ile169, Asp170, and Thr171) also line ... allosteric protein site that is unique from the previously described binding sites of other inhibitors. This suggests that ... that are located in a single allosteric protein site, and propofol inhibited [3H]AziPm photolabeling of this site in myelin ... Propofol Inhibits SIRT2 Deacetylase through a Conformation-specific, Allosteric Site* Brian P. Weiser‡§ and Roderic G. ...

http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4375505/

... Howard, R. J. Stockholm Univ, ...

http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1249682&

A Potential Site of Allosteric Modulation David J. J. Waugh, Robert J. Gaivin, Derek S. Damron, Paul A. Murray and Dianne M. ... A Potential Site of Allosteric Modulation David J. J. Waugh, Robert J. Gaivin, Derek S. Damron, Paul A. Murray and Dianne M. ... A Potential Site of Allosteric Modulation David J. J. Waugh, Robert J. Gaivin, Derek S. Damron, Paul A. Murray and Dianne M. ... Binding, Partial Agonism, and Potentiation of α1-Adrenergic Receptor Function by Benzodiazepines: A Potential Site of ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/291/3/1164/tab-figures-data

Although the binding site for the agonist is by definition an allosteric site, by convention it is called the orthosteric site ... Thus, a site that plays a purely structural role in nature can be co-opted as an allosteric site in pharmacology; in agreement ... If a second allosteric site exists, ligands that bind there can act as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAMs or NAMs ... Although some allosteric sites may host naturally occurring regulatory molecules (e.g., the glycine binding site of the N- ...

http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/94/4/1232

We found that both the catalytic and the allosteric sites of SAMHD1 are sensitive to sugar modifications of the nucleotide ... The structural basis for cancer drug interactions with the catalytic and allosteric sites of SAMHD1. ... with the allosteric site being significantly more restrictive. We crystallized cladribine-TP, clofarabine-TP, fludarabine-TP, ... Together, these results establish a detailed framework for understanding the substrate specificity and allosteric activation of ...

http://publica.fraunhofer.de/dokumente/N-569070.html

Mechanism of the allosteric activation of the ClpP protease machinery by substrates and active-site inhibitors ... Mechanism of the allosteric activation of the ClpP protease machinery by substrates and active-site inhibitors ... Mechanism of the allosteric activation of the ClpP protease machinery by substrates and active-site inhibitors ... Mechanism of the allosteric activation of the ClpP protease machinery by substrates and active-site inhibitors ...

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/9/eaaw3818.abstract

... that connects the converter at the distal end of the myosin motor domain via the relay helix with switch-2 of the active site. ... R788 is part of an allosteric communication pathway ... Allosteric communication pathway between the active site and ... Proposed allosteric communication pathway from the converter to the NM2C active site.. (A) Residue R788 connects the converter ... R788 is part of a conserved pathway that connects the active site and the converter. R788 is part of an allosteric ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/32742

Propofol is an allosteric agonist with multiple binding sites on concatemeric ternary GABAA receptors. Daniel J Shin, Allison L ... Propofol is an allosteric agonist with multiple binding sites on concatemeric ternary GABAA receptors. Daniel J Shin, Allison L ... Propofol is an allosteric agonist with multiple binding sites on concatemeric ternary GABAA receptors. Daniel J Shin, Allison L ... Utility of an "allosteric site-impaired" M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor as a novel construct for validating mechanisms of ...

http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2017/11/30/mol.117.110403/tab-article-info

Massive X-ray screening reveals two allosteric drug binding sites of SARS-CoV-2 main protease, Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main ... We identified two allosteric binding sites representing attractive targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2. ... X-ray screening identifies active site and allosteric inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. S. Günther et al., Science 372 ( ... X-ray screening identifies active site and allosteric inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease ...

https://authors.library.caltech.edu/106665/

These results define molecular sites for allosteric control of GlyRs by ECs and reveal an unrecognized function for the TM3-4 ... These results define molecular sites for allosteric control of GlyRs by ECs and reveal an unrecognized function for the TM3-4 ... Molecular sites for the positive allosteric modulation of glycine receptors by endocannabinoids ... Yévenes, G E; Zeilhofer, H U (2011). Molecular sites for the positive allosteric modulation of glycine receptors by ...

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/49976/

Allosteric Changes of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Site of lac Repressor from Escherichia coli. KONRAD BEYREUTHER ... Allosteric Changes of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Site of lac Repressor from Escherichia coli ... Allosteric Changes of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Site of lac Repressor from Escherichia coli ... Allosteric Changes of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Site of lac Repressor from Escherichia coli ...

http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/content/3/6/1125

One allosteric site is surface-exposed and is located near the N-terminal alpha-helix of the extracellular domain. Ligand ... Molecular blueprint of allosteric binding sites in a homologue of the agonist-binding domain of the alpha 7 nicotinic ... This work presents a structural framework for different allosteric binding sites in the alpha 7 nAChR and paves the way for ... A third site is located at a pocket right below the agonist binding site. Using electrophysiological recordings on the human a7 ...

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:827034

E217G binds not only to an Mrp2 transport site, but also to an allosteric site that activates Mrp2 with positive cooperativity ... The noncholestatic E23G is an Mrp2 substrate and competes with E217G for transport, but does not activate the allosteric site. ... 3-GLUCURONIDE IS TRANSPORTED BY THE MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2 BUT DOES NOT ACTIVATE THE ALLOSTERIC SITE BOUND ... 3-GLUCURONIDE IS TRANSPORTED BY THE MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2 BUT DOES NOT ACTIVATE THE ALLOSTERIC SITE BOUND ...

https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/32/10/1139.abstract

Structural basis for allosteric cross-talk between the asymmetric nucleotide binding sites of a heterodimeric ABC exporter ... Nucleotide binding at the degenerate site results in structural rearrangements, which are transmitted to the consensus site via ... Nucleotide binding at the degenerate site results in structural rearrangements, which are transmitted to the consensus site via ... Structural basis for allosteric cross-talk between the asymmetric nucleotide binding sites of a heterodimeric ABC exporter. ...

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/97517/

committed step in a pathway Allosteric regulation (mechanism) Binding of ATP to a non-substrate (allosteric) site on the enzyme ... allosteric) site on the enzyme causes a conformational change that converts the enzyme from an active to an inactive form. ADP ... L0710ap - committed step in a pathway Allosteric.... This preview shows document pages 1 - 27. Sign up to view the full ... Unformatted text preview: committed step in a pathway Allosteric regulation (mechanism) Binding of ATP to a non-substrate ( ...

https://www.coursehero.com/file/6123813/L0710ap/

These findings indicate that conantokin‐G acts as a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist through an allosteric inhibition of ... Noncompetitive Inhibition of N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate by Conantokin‐G: Evidence for an Allosteric Interaction at Polyamine Sites. @ ... Evidence for an Allosteric Interaction at Polyamine Sites}, author={P. Skolnick and K. Boje and R. Miller and M. Pennington and ... By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Noncompetitive-Inhibition-of-N%E2%80%90Methyl%E2%80%90D%E2%80%90Aspartate-Skolnick-Boje/88d1499b216e1027d50d2d065ae59b6face63efa

Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase at the allosteric drug-binding site promotes islet insulin release. / Scott, John W ... Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase at the allosteric drug-binding site promotes islet insulin release. Chemistry and ... title = "Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase at the allosteric drug-binding site promotes islet insulin release", ... T1 - Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase at the allosteric drug-binding site promotes islet insulin release ...

https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/inhibition-of-amp-activated-protein-kinase-at-the-allosteric-drug

The redox‐regulated SoxR protein acts from a single DNA site as a repressor and an allosteric activator. Elena Hidalgo, ... This website is best viewed using the latest versions of all modern web browsers. Older browsers may not display correctly. ...

http://emboj.embopress.org/content/17/9/2629

In silico mapping of allosteric ligand binding sites in type-1 cannabinoid receptor. Annalaura Sabatucci, Daniel Tortolani, ...

https://www.growkudos.com/publications/10.1002%25252Fbab.1589/reader

S1P from S1P3 receptor allosteric binding site (unknown origin) expressed in CHO cells after 30 mins by scintillation counting ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1054287

Three allosteric modulators act at a common site, distinct from that of competitive antagonists, at muscarinic acetylcholine M2 ... Three allosteric modulators act at a common site, distinct from that of competitive antagonists, at muscarinic acetylcholine M2 ... Three allosteric modulators act at a common site, distinct from that of competitive antagonists, at muscarinic acetylcholine M2 ... title = "Three allosteric modulators act at a common site, distinct from that of competitive antagonists, at muscarinic ...

https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/three-allosteric-modulators-act-at-a-common-site-distinct-from-th

Unassigned densities near the gate and surrounding the scaffold domain, may represent potential allosteric binding sites, which ... gates the extracellular access to the substrate-binding site. However, it has remained unclear how substrate binding and ... We thus predict that these sites are potential allosteric binding sites that might affect the dynamics of the transport cycle. ... Potential allosteric binding sites. In the cryo-EM maps of the inward-open states of ASCT2C467R, an additional density is ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11363-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=6ca0b2b7-7d9c-46cf-bd75-d3162b4a6138

Whereas the development of active site inhibitors has benefited greatly from the existence of a natural small molecule substrate, ATP, there are virtually no natural small molecule starting points from which allosteric kinase modulators can be built. (pnas.org)
Thus, most allosteric modulators have been discovered serendipitously, generally through high-throughput screening (HTS), which is inherently inefficient. (pnas.org)
Confirming the binding sites and mechanisms of action of allosteric modulators also tends to be more laborious relative to ATP-mimetic inhibitors. (pnas.org)
137) It is reasonable to assume that allosteric modulators and allosteric activators are subtype-specific because allosteric sites are not the sites of physiological ligands and thus are not conserved, in contrast with the orthosteric site. (thefreedictionary.com)
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) are a promising approach for amplifying physiologic control circuits. (aspetjournals.org)
If a second allosteric site exists, ligands that bind there can act as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAMs or NAMs). (aspetjournals.org)
Endocannabinoids (ECs) have recently been characterized as direct allosteric GlyR modulators, but the underlying molecular sites have remained unknown. (uzh.ch)
This work presents a structural framework for different allosteric binding sites in the alpha 7 nAChR and paves the way for future development of novel allosteric modulators with therapeutic potential. (diva-portal.org)
Functional studies were conducted on guinea pig atrial muscarinic acetylcholine M 2 receptors with the allosteric modulators heptane-1,7- bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide (C 7 /3'-phth), gallamine and alcuronium to determine whether these ligands are able to recognize a common accessory site. (monash.edu)
Another important class of drugs, γ-secretase modulators, alter the cleavage site of γ-secretase on amyloid precursor protein, changing the Aβ(42)/Aβ(40) ratio, and are thus a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. (meta.org)
We report that the γ-secretase allosteric site is located within the γ-secretase complex, but substrate docking is needed for γ-secretase modulators to access this site. (meta.org)
From dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to allosteric modulators: A new avenue for disease-modifying drugs in Alzheimer's disease. (tollerant.eu)
Data from equilibrium concentration-response experiments involving allosteric modulators are presently interpreted by unlike choices of model. (biomedsearch.com)
Allosteric Database (ASD, http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/ASD) provides a central resource for the display, search and analysis of the structure, function and related annotation for allosteric molecules, including allosteric enzymes and their modulators. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we develop a screening strategy for modulators of ATP-PRT and identify 3-(2-thienyl)-L-alanine (TIH) as an allosteric activator of this enzyme. (rcsb.org)
Here the authors show that in both states, ATP-PRT has a similar structural arrangement, suggesting that dynamic alterations are involved in ATP-PRT regulation by allosteric modulators. (rcsb.org)

For most of these ligands, however, binding sites are not known. (nih.gov)
Designing ligands with greater selectivity for specific sites should also alleviate side effects caused by propofol binding to off-pathway protein targets that do not contribute to hypnosis. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
This second approach (Figure 1) allows detection of fragments not competing for binding to the orthosteric site and were therefore potential allosteric ligands. (blogspot.com)
however, these observations raise the intriguing question of how these different non-nucleotide ligands may co-operate with ATP at inflammatory or tumor sites. (frontiersin.org)
A double point-mutated M 2 receptor in which both M 2 -Tyr 177 and M 2 -Thr 423 were replaced by the corresponding amino acids of M 5 revealed that these two amino acids account entirely for the (approximately 100-fold) M 2 /M 5 selectivity of the alkane-bisammonium and the caracurine V type allosteric ligands. (elsevier.com)
The structure of the enzyme complexed with Glc and Pi has been determined, and shows that Pi occupies the same site as the 6-phosphate group in the complex with Glc-6-P. Thus, antagonism between these ligands results from competition for a common anion binding site in the N-terminal half. (duke.edu)
Identifying the transmission pathways between sites and understanding their dynamic nature is of fundamental interest and potentially of high relevance for drug design, where distinct ligands may drive differentiating effects downstream of the signaling events. (sciencemag.org)
In G protein-coupled receptors, allosteric ligands are known to often alter signaling of the receptor as part of normal physiology. (eurekalert.org)

the sites, other than the active site or sites, of an enzyme that bind regulatory molecules. (thefreedictionary.com)
Structural modeling and in vitro experiments with recombinant human SIRT2 determined that propofol and [ 3 H]AziP m only bind specifically and competitively to the enzyme when co-equilibrated with other substrates, which suggests that the anesthetic site is either created or stabilized in enzymatic conformations that are induced by substrate binding. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
In biology , the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction . (wikipedia.org)
The active site is usually a groove or pocket of the enzyme which can be located in a deep tunnel within the enzyme, [3] or between the interfaces of multimeric enzymes . (wikipedia.org)
Usually, an enzyme molecule has only two active sites, and the active sites fit with one specific type of substrate. (wikipedia.org)
The orientation of the substrate and the close proximity between it and the active site is so important that in some cases the enzyme can still function properly even though all other parts are mutated and lose function. (wikipedia.org)
Homology modelling of the Trypanosoma cruzi MetRS enzyme revealed key differences in the allosteric pocket between the T. cruzi and Leishmania enzymes. (dundee.ac.uk)
Allosteric regulation is also particularly important in the cell's ability to adjust enzyme activity. (wikipedia.org)
Hemoglobin, though not an enzyme, is the canonical example of an allosteric protein molecule - and one of the earliest to have its crystal structure solved (by Max Perutz). (wikipedia.org)
More recently, the E. coli enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase) has become another good example of allosteric regulation. (wikipedia.org)
These structurally distinct enzyme forms have been shown to exist in several known allosteric enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
This is a diagram of allosteric regulation of an enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
For comparison, a typical drug is made to bind to the active site of an enzyme which thus prohibits binding of a substrate to that enzyme causing a decrease in enzyme activity. (wikipedia.org)
Allosteric control, in enzymology, inhibition or activation of an enzyme by a small regulatory molecule that interacts at a site (allosteric site) other than the active site (at which catalytic activity occurs). (britannica.com)
Allosteric effectors may be formed by enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the same pathway in which the enzyme regulated by the effectors functions. (britannica.com)
BMS-345541 is a highly selective inhibitor of I kappa B kinase that binds at an allosteric site of the enzyme and blocks NF-kappa B-dependent transcription in mice. (duke.edu)
We show that this putative allosteric pocket is conserved across different bacterial species, suggesting that it is a feature common to bacterial UKs, and we present a structural model for the allosteric regulation of this enzyme. (ox.ac.uk)
Allosteric regulation of type I hexokinase: A site-directed mutational study indicating location of the functional glucose 6-phosphate binding site in the N-terminal half of the enzyme. (duke.edu)
The cleavage alters the three dimension shape of the enzyme, forming the active site in the right orientation. (wikibooks.org)
In the Ping Pong mechanism substrate S binds to the enzyme transferring a chemical component to the active site making a modified enzyme. (wikibooks.org)
Allosteric regulation refers to the control of an enzyme through a distinct site, other than the enzymes active site. (jove.com)
In a reaction rate-substrate concentration graph, allosteric activation can be represented as a positive S-shaped curve, where there is a lag time until the enzyme is activated. (jove.com)
On the other hand, if the effector binds to the enzyme and causes a conformational change that decreases the affinity of substrate binding, the process is referred to as allosteric inhibition. (jove.com)
In allosteric inhibition, the binding of a molecule to the allosteric site causes a shape change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. (jove.com)
Frequently, the allosteric inhibitor is a product of the enzyme or the enzyme pathway, allowing enzymatic products to limit their own production. (jove.com)
As a classic example, isoleucine is an allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme important in its synthesis. (jove.com)
In contrast, an allosteric activator causes a conformational change that increases the affinity of an enzyme for the substrate. (jove.com)
If an enzyme is composed of multiple subunits, binding of an allosteric activator to a single subunit can cause an increase in affinity, and shape change, for all of the affiliated subunits. (jove.com)
The first step in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines, the condensation of asparatate and carbamoyl phosphate to form N-carbamoylaspartate and orthophosphate is catalyzed by an allosteric enzyme, aspartate transcarbamoylase or ATCase. (wikibooks.org)
ATP as well as CTP are referred to as "heterotropic effects" on a allosteric enzyme such as ATCase. (wikibooks.org)

There is significant interest in identifying and characterizing allosteric sites in enzymes such as protein kinases both for understanding allosteric mechanisms as well as for drug discovery. (pnas.org)
The approach has enabled the advancement of numerous "stalled" programs by identifying new protein forms and novel binding sites including competitive and allosteric sites on enzymes and hotspots for protein-protein interactions. (thefreedictionary.com)
[7] Most enzymes have deeply buried active sites, which can be accessed by a substrate via access channels. (wikipedia.org)
The identification of a new series of MetRS inhibitors and the discovery of a new binding site in kinetoplastid MetRS enzymes provides a novel strategy in the search for new therapeutics for kinetoplastid diseases. (dundee.ac.uk)
Allosteric enzymes are enzymes that change their conformational ensemble upon binding of an effector (allosteric modulator) which results in an apparent change in binding affinity at a different ligand binding site. (wikipedia.org)
Allosteric enzymes need not be oligomers as previously thought, and in fact many systems have demonstrated allostery within single enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Whereas enzymes without coupled domains/subunits display normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics, most allosteric enzymes have multiple coupled domains/subunits and show cooperative binding. (wikipedia.org)
Generally speaking, such cooperativity results in allosteric enzymes displaying a sigmoidal dependence on the concentration of their substrates in positively cooperative systems. (wikipedia.org)
This allows most allosteric enzymes to greatly vary catalytic output in response to small changes in effector concentration. (wikipedia.org)
The kinetic properties of allosteric enzymes are often explained in terms of a conformational change between a low-activity, low-affinity "tense" or T state and a high-activity, high-affinity "relaxed" or R state. (wikipedia.org)
Allosteric modulation is used to alter the activity of molecules and enzymes in biochemistry and pharmacology. (wikipedia.org)
This quiz and worksheet will assess your understanding of allosteric regulation of enzymes. (study.com)
To learn more about this topic, review this lesson called Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes: Definition & Significance. (study.com)
These findings suggest that dynamic processes are responsible for ATP-PRT allosteric regulation and that similar mechanisms might also be found in other enzymes bearing a ferredoxin-like allosteric domain.Active and inactive state ATP-phosphoribosyltransferases (ATP-PRTs) are believed to have different conformations. (rcsb.org)
Allosteric regulation of enzymes occurs when the binding of a molecule to a different location from the active site causes a change in enzymatic activity. (jove.com)
Understanding allosteric and cooperative interactions in enzymes. (jove.com)
Allosteric enzymes contain distinct regulatory sites and multiple functional sites. (wikibooks.org)
Also allosteric enzymes show cooperativity, which means that activity at one functional site will affect the other functional site as well. (wikibooks.org)

Over the time, hundreds of compounds from different structural classes have been demonstrated to modulate, directly activate, or inhibit GABAA receptors, and most of these compounds interact with more than one binding site at these receptors. (nih.gov)
Crystal structures of proteins and receptors homologous to GABAA receptors as well as homology modeling studies have provided insights into the possible location of ligand interaction sites. (nih.gov)
Due to the high flexibility of GABAA receptors and the existence of multiple drug-binding sites, the unequivocal identification of interaction sites for individual drugs is extremely difficult. (nih.gov)
Although multiple binding sites make GABAA receptor pharmacology even more complicated, the exploitation of ligand interaction with novel-binding sites also offers additional possibilities for a subtype-selective modulation of GABAA receptors. (nih.gov)
2] receptors indicated that the allosteric sites include amino acid residues in the E2 loop and the aminoterminal end of TM7. (thefreedictionary.com)
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are transmitter-gated anion channels of the Cys-loop superfamily which mediate synaptic inhibition at spinal and selected supraspinal sites. (uzh.ch)
This subunit-specificity allowed us to identify the underlying molecular sites through analysis of chimeric and mutant receptors. (uzh.ch)
Allosteric interactions were investigated in wildtype and mutant receptors in which the orthosteric binding site was occupied by [ 3 H]NMS (5 mM Na,K, P i buffer, pH 7.4, 23°C). Using M 2 /M 5 chimeric and point-mutated receptors, the relevant epitope was narrowed down to M 2 -Tyr 177 . (elsevier.com)
A three-dimensional model of the M 2 receptor was used to simulate allosteric agent docking to NMS-occupied receptors. (elsevier.com)
Previous studies on allosteric interactions at muscarinic receptors have often focused on ligand-receptor binding interactions, because ligand binding seemed to reflect functional consequences. (aspetjournals.org)
The prototypal allosteric agent alcuronium is known to bind with similar affinity to the M 2 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors whether or not the receptors are occupied by the agonist pilocarpine. (aspetjournals.org)
Among the allosteric agents, alcuronium had, by far, the highest affinity for M 2 receptors. (aspetjournals.org)

These results define molecular sites for allosteric control of GlyRs by ECs and reveal an unrecognized function for the TM3-4 intracellular loop in the allosteric modulation of Cys-loop ion channels. (uzh.ch)
The identification of these sites may help to understand the physiological role of this modulation and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches to diseases such as spasticity, startle disease and possibly chronic pain. (uzh.ch)
A second site is located in the vestibule of the receptor, in a preexisting intrasubunit pocket opposite the agonist binding site and corresponds to a previously identified site involved in positive allosteric modulation of the bacterial homolog ELIC. (diva-portal.org)
Competition experiments revealed that the two sites are allosterically coupled and exert reciprocal modulation. (frontiersin.org)
Schoemaker, H, Boles, RG , Roeske, WR & Yamamura, HI 1983, ' Allosteric modulation by diltiazem and verapamil of [ 3 H]nitrendipine binding to calcium channel sites in rat brain ', Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society , vol. (elsevier.com)
To determine allosteric modulation of receptor signaling by alcuronium, the effects of pilocarpine were measured in contracting guinea pig left atria and on G-protein coupling in M 2 -transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell membranes. (aspetjournals.org)
Hence, allosteric modulation of association and dissociation has opposite effects on equilibrium binding of the orthosteric ligand. (aspetjournals.org)

Using these structural insights, we developed PHI1, a BRAF inhibitor that fully uncovers the allosteric site. (nature.com)
report the application of a method called "Tethering" to identify an allosteric site inhibitor on the executioner caspases, caspase-3. (sciencemag.org)
[21] As a result, escitalopram has been marketed as an allosteric serotonin reuptake inhibitor . (wikipedia.org)
Our computational investigation of the nicotinamide adenine diphosphate hydride (NADH)/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) site presented in this paper provides insight into the opposite allosteric effects induced at a single site of binding inhibitor NADH versus activator ADP to GDH. (utmb.edu)
To identify the allosteric pocket, Sgrignani and co-workers performed several multi-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of the catalytic domain of TMPRSS2 alone and in complex with an inhibitor (bromhexine). (usi.ch)
C) Cartoon representation of the allosteric site with the inhibitor in the center. (nih.gov)

Ponatinib binds the BRAF dimer and stabilizes a distinct αC-helix conformation through interaction with a previously unrevealed allosteric site. (nature.com)
In PKA, PKB, and PKC the site analogous to the PIF pocket binds to a specific hydrophobic motif (HM) at the C terminus of these kinases ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
We used disulfide trapping to ( i ) better elucidate how a PIFtide binds to and activates PDK1, ( ii ) identify new small molecule fragments targeting the PIF pocket, and ( iii ) begin to characterize their allosteric mechanism. (pnas.org)
We found that clinical concentrations of propofol inhibit this enzymatic function of SIRT2, and we characterized the allosteric protein site that propofol binds. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
None of these mutations affected the activity of CID 2886111, indicating that it binds to a different allosteric site. (aspetjournals.org)
In summary, E 2 17G binds not only to an Mrp2 transport site, but also to an allosteric site that activates Mrp2 with positive cooperativity, thus activating its own transport and potentially that of other Mrp2 substrates, such as E 2 3G. (aspetjournals.org)
An active site contains a binding site that binds the substrate and orients it for catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
The site to which the effector binds is termed the allosteric site. (wikipedia.org)
Using membrane preparations from CB2R-expressing HEK-293T (human embryonic kidney 293T) cells, we confirmed that CBD does not bind with high affinity to the orthosteric site of the human CB2R where the synthetic cannabinoid, [3H]-WIN 55,212-2, binds. (unife.it)
A binding model is proposed in which BMS-345541 binds to similar allosteric sites on IKK-1 and IKK-2, which then affects the active sites of the subunits differently. (duke.edu)
The researchers have discovered that a particular class of molecules binds to a previously unknown site on RORγt and potently antagonizes this nuclear receptor's function. (eurekalert.org)
When a molecule binds to such a location, called the allosteric site. (jove.com)
A different site other than the primary (orthosteric) site where the native ligand binds to a target. (brainscape.com)
ATP is an allosteric activator that binds to the regulatory subunit. (wikibooks.org)

The structure reveals that the compounds are selective for sAC because they bind to the sAC-specific, allosteric binding site for the physiological activator bicarbonate. (uni-bayreuth.de)
ATP is an allosteric activator of aspartate transcarbamolyase because it stabilizes the R-state of ATCase, effecting neighboring subunits by making it easier for substrate to bind.The increase of the concentration of ATP has two potential explanations. (wikibooks.org)

In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of a protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site. (wikipedia.org)
The model further holds that, in the absence of any ligand (substrate or otherwise), the equilibrium favors one of the conformational states, T or R. The equilibrium can be shifted to the R or T state through the binding of one ligand (the allosteric effector or ligand) to a site that is different from the active site (the allosteric site). (wikipedia.org)
Examination of α- and β-globin amino acid sequences of dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) revealed a unique combination of substitutions at key effector binding sites compared with other vertebrate and crocodilian Hbs: β82Lys→Gln, β143His→Val, and β146His→Tyr. (nebraska.edu)
Allosteric effector proteins such as cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels mediate the activities of cyclic nucleotides. (readabstracts.com)
An important aspect of understanding protein allostery, and of artificial effector design, is the characterization and prediction of substrate- and effector-binding sites. (uib.no)
Allosteric regulation involves conformational transitions or fluctuations between a few closely related states, caused by the binding of effector molecules. (uib.no)

however, CBD does not bind with high affinity to the orthosteric site of any GPCR. (nih.gov)
Although the binding site for the agonist is by definition an allosteric site, by convention it is called the orthosteric site to distinguish it from other possible binding sites. (aspetjournals.org)
The orthosteric site is located at an interface of a "principal" and "Complementary" subunit. (blogspot.com)
The authors used SPR against a target with a blocked orthosteric site. (blogspot.com)
What is an orthosteric site? (brainscape.com)

Unassigned densities near the gate and surrounding the scaffold domain, may represent potential allosteric binding sites, which could guide the design of lipidic-inhibitors for anticancer therapy. (nature.com)

The existence of multiple GABAA receptor subtypes with distinct subunit composition, the contribution of distinct subunit sequences to binding sites of different receptor subtypes, as well as the observation that even subunits not directly contributing to a binding site are able to influence affinity and efficacy of drugs, contribute to a unique pharmacology of each GABAA receptor subtype. (nih.gov)
[21] [22] Instead of binding to the active site on the serotonin transporter , they bind to an allosteric site, which exerts its effects by causing conformational changes in the transporter protein and thereby modulating the affinity of substrates for the active site. (wikipedia.org)
These substitutions delete positive charges and, along with other distinctive changes in residue charge and polarity, may be expected to disrupt allosteric regulation of Hb-O 2 affinity. (nebraska.edu)
3 H]Nlcotine competition-binding experiments confirmed that 40H-DMXBA has higher affinity than DMXBA for the agonist sites, and that DMXBA Is also a competitive antagonist. (okstate.edu)
Such action may cause an increase in the affinity of the enzyme's active sites for its substrates, enhancing the enzyme's activity, a process known as allosteric activation. (jove.com)

Characterizing the molecular interactions between propofol and these proteins should allow the rational design of new hypnotics that specifically target relevant binding sites. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
In combination with integrated mutagenesis, ensemble-solution kinetics, and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, the structure reveals an allosteric communication pathway that connects the distal end of the motor domain with the active site. (elifesciences.org)
The allostery landscape model introduced by Cuendet, Weinstein, and LeVine [8] allows for the domains to have any number of states and the contribution of a specific molecular interaction to a given allosteric coupling can be estimated using a rigorous set of rules. (wikipedia.org)
Crystal structures and experiments relying on the tools of molecular pharmacology reported conflicting results on ligand binding sites in neurotransmitter/sodium symporters (NSS). (frontiersin.org)
Controversy regarding the number and function of ligand binding sites in neurotransmitter/sodium symporters arose from conflicting data in crystal structures and molecular pharmacology. (fh-ooe.at)
Here, using molecular dynamics simulations , we have demonstrated the allosteric crosstalk within the RBD in the apo- and the ACE2 receptor-bound states, revealing the contribution of the dynamics-based correlated motions and the electrostatic energy perturbations to this crosstalk. (bvsalud.org)

Allosteric sites allow effectors to bind to the protein, often resulting in a conformational change involving protein dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
Effectors that enhance the protein's activity are referred to as allosteric activators, whereas those that decrease the protein's activity are called allosteric inhibitors. (wikipedia.org)
The binding sites for heterotropic effectors, called allosteric sites, are usually separate from the active site yet thermodynamically coupled. (wikipedia.org)
Alternatively, the B site may bind allosteric effectors. (uniprot.org)

Initially, the interaction between the active site and the substrate is non-covalent and transient. (wikipedia.org)
Experimental approach: Functional and radioligand-binding assays were used to examine the interaction of two BA analogues, 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-anabaseine (DMXBA) and Its primary metabolite 3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene)anabaseine (4OH-DMXBA) with both agonist and non-competitive antagonist (NCA)-bindlng sites on muscle-type nAChRs. (okstate.edu)
In conclusion, alcuronium converted the agonist pilocarpine into an antagonist-a novel type of functional allosteric interaction. (aspetjournals.org)

Crystallographic studies revealed that 'MetRS02' compounds bind to an allosteric pocket in L. major MetRS not previously described and enzymatic studies demonstrated a non-competitive mode of inhibition. (dundee.ac.uk)

SLC1A structures have revealed an elevator-type mechanism, in which the substrate is translocated across the cell membrane by a large displacement of the transport domain, whereas a small movement of hairpin 2 (HP2) gates the extracellular access to the substrate-binding site. (nature.com)
Other structurally unrelated agents have been reported to activate the P2X7R via a poorly understood mechanism of action: (a) the antibiotic polymyxin B, possibly a positive allosteric P2X7R modulator, (b) the bactericidal peptide LL-37, (c) the amyloidogenic β peptide, and (d) serum amyloid A. Some agents, such as Alu-RNA, have been suggested to activate the P2X7R acting on the intracellular N- or C-terminal domains. (frontiersin.org)
The Type I isozyme of mammalian hexokinase has evolved by a gene duplication-fusion mechanism, with resulting internal duplication of sequence and ligand binding sites. (duke.edu)
Alcuronium dose-dependently suppressed pilocarpine-induced reduction of isometric contraction force in atria (pIC 50, Alc = 5.63) without any effect on the EC 50 of pilocarpine, consistent with an allosteric mechanism. (aspetjournals.org)
These drugs all work using the same mechanism: they bind to a receptor at the same site as its natural ligand and thereby influence its behavior. (eurekalert.org)
Mechanism of feedback allosteric inhibition of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase. (rcsb.org)

These studies show that disulfide trapping is useful for characterizing allosteric sites on kinases and that a single allosteric site on a protein kinase can be exploited for both activation and inhibition by small molecules. (pnas.org)
Allosteric sites on protein kinases are difficult to find, characterize, and target with small molecules. (pnas.org)
We envisioned that a site-directed approach developed previously by our laboratory, disulfide trapping (or tethering), would allow more straightforward characterization and interrogation of allosteric sites on protein kinases with small molecules. (pnas.org)
These Ii-key peptides act at an allosteric site on MHC class II molecules to facilitate charging and presentation of peptides into the antigenic binding site. (thefreedictionary.com)
To summarize: subunits need not exist in the same conformation molecules of substrate bind via induced-fit protocol conformational changes are not propagated to all subunits The morpheein model of allosteric regulation is a dissociative concerted model. (wikipedia.org)
From the analysis of the computer simulations, they were able to show that the binding of small molecules or peptides to this pocket alter the structure of the catalytic site, thus, significantly reducing its ability to bind and process the substrate. (usi.ch)
Thus, these results show that allosteric inhibition by small drug-like molecules can occur in T. gondii TS-DHFR and pave the way for new and potent species-specific inhibitors. (nih.gov)
The protein is significantly controlled when small signal molecules bind to these regulatory sites. (wikibooks.org)

The active sites of proteins with enzymatic activity are not always suitable for drug targeting. (sciencemag.org)
Here, we report designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) macromolecules that specifically inhibit the KRAS isoform by binding to an allosteric site encompassing the region around KRAS-specific residue histidine 95 at the helix α3/loop 7/helix α4 interface. (ox.ac.uk)
Allosteric communication within proteins is a hallmark of biochemical signaling, but the dynamic transmission pathways remain poorly characterized. (sciencemag.org)
Allosteric proteins have different regulatory and catalytic binding sites. (wikibooks.org)
Allosteric proteins are cooperative proteins, where binding of a substrate in one active site affects the activity of the rest of the binding sites. (wikibooks.org)

We explored the number and functionality of ligand binding sites of NSS in a physiological setting by designing novel tools for atomic force microscopy (AFM). (frontiersin.org)

Here, we apply a site-directed technology, disulfide trapping, to interrogate structurally and functionally how an allosteric site on the Ser/Thr kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)-the PDK1-interacting-fragment (PIF) pocket-is engaged by an activating peptide motif on downstream substrate kinases (PIFtides) and by small molecule fragments. (pnas.org)
Prior to initiating HTS campaigns, it would be beneficial to have a simple method that permits directed interrogation of kinase allosteric sites with small compounds and facile assessment of the effects of binding on protein structure and function. (pnas.org)
Because the approach is site-directed, disulfide trapping has proven valuable as a tool to validate known, suspected, and orphan allosteric sites on protein surfaces as small molecule targets ( 3 - 6 ), but has not yet been applied to kinase allosteric sites. (pnas.org)
Here, we use disulfide trapping to target an allosteric site on the surface of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)-the so-called PDK1-interacting fragment (PIF) pocket. (pnas.org)
After the researchers realized the allosteric binding, they searched to see which kinase might be activated by that binding, which is how they identified GSK3-beta. (eurekalert.org)

L0710ap - committed step in a pathway Allosteric. (coursehero.com)
The allosteric free energy responds to variations in ligand structure: subtle changes gradually tune allostery while preserving the transmission pathway, whereas substitution of the entire pharmacophore leads to divergent allosteric control by apparently rewiring the communication network. (sciencemag.org)

metabolism: Fine control: …the regulatory sites are termed allosteric sites. (britannica.com)

Despite a substantial sequence identity and a highly conserved actomyosin ATPase cycle, structural and allosteric adaptations causative for the tremendous enzymatic and hence physiological differences are largely unknown ( Figure 1A ) ( Heissler and Sellers, 2016 , 2013 ). (elifesciences.org)
Nucleotide binding at the degenerate site results in structural rearrangements, which are transmitted to the consensus site via two D-loops located at the NBD interface. (uzh.ch)
There is little information on structural implications at allosteric sites. (blogspot.com)
The structural analysis of the important residues in the NADH/ADP binding site presented in this paper may provide potential targets for mutation studies for allosteric drug design. (utmb.edu)
In this work, we conducted structural, functional and computational studies on a zebrafish PIP5Ka variant with a mutation at the same site. (msu.edu)

AziP m photolabeled three SIRT2 residues (Tyr 139 , Phe 190 , and Met 206 ) that are located in a single allosteric protein site, and propofol inhibited [ 3 H]AziP m photolabeling of this site in myelin SIRT2. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Residues that line the propofol binding site on SIRT2 contact the sirtuin co-substrate NAD + during enzymatic catalysis, and assays that measured SIRT2 deacetylation of acetylated α-tubulin revealed that propofol inhibits enzymatic function. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Inset , Conserved key residues that interact with the nucleotide in the NM2C active site. (elifesciences.org)
Allosteric inhibition by MT47-100 was dependent on the β2 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) and determined by three non-conserved CBM residues (Ile81, Phe91, Ile92), but was independent of β2-Ser108 phosphorylation. (monash.edu)
The active site consists of amino acid residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate ( binding site ) and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate (catalytic site). (wikipedia.org)
An active site can catalyse a reaction repeatedly as residues are not altered at the end of the reaction (they may change during the reaction, but are regenerated by the end). (wikipedia.org)
the compound induces rearrangements of substrate binding residues and of Arg176, a trigger between active site and allosteric site. (uni-bayreuth.de)
The highly unusual properties of P. palpebrosus Hb align with a high content of His residues (potential sites for oxygenation-linked proton binding) and distinctive surface Cys residues that may form intermolecular disulfide bridges upon polymerization. (nebraska.edu)
Interestingly, the allosteric path is composed of residues which are evolutionarily conserved within closely related coronaviruses , pointing toward the biological relevance of the communication and its potential as a target for drug development . (bvsalud.org)

The data could be reconciled with a model involving a ternary complex between (1) the receptor, (2) carbachol, N- methylscopolamine or atropine acting at the orthosteric binding site and (3) C 7 /3'-phth, alcuronium or gallamine acting at a common, allosteric site with varying degrees of heterotropic cooperativity. (monash.edu)
Urate shifted cGMP transport by MRP4 from positive cooperativity ( K m and V max value of 180 ± 20 μM and 58 ± 4 pmol·mg −1 ·min −1 , respectively, Hill coefficient of 1.4 ± 0.1) to single binding site kinetics ( K m and V max value of 2.2 ± 0.9 mM and 280 ± 50 pmol·mg −1 ·min −1 , respectively). (physiology.org)

We have used virtual screening to determine novel allosteric inhibitors at the interface between the two TS domains. (nih.gov)

Ligand binding at this site causes a conformational change of the alpha-helix as the fragment wedges between the alpha-helix and a loop homologous to the main immunogenic region of the muscle alpha 1 subunit. (diva-portal.org)

This chimeric receptor was used to conduct an innovative fragment-library screening in combination with X-ray crystallography to identify allosteric binding sites. (diva-portal.org)
lactamases with new functions are far from the enzyme's active site and have little effect on the structure of the active site, as observed by x-ray crystallography. (grantome.com)

This specificity is determined by the arrangement of amino acids within the active site and the structure of the substrates. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Allosteric regulations are a natural example of control loops, such as feedback from downstream products or feedforward from upstream substrates. (wikipedia.org)
indicate a primary binding site (S1-site) for substrates in the membrane-spanning region. (frontiersin.org)

RESULTS: I show here that Hall's model for interactions between an orthoster, an alloster, and a receptive unit is the best choice of model both for simulation and analysis of allosteric concentration-responses at equilibrium or steady-state. (biomedsearch.com)

This provides a comprehensive druggability analysis of potential allosteric sites in all kinases. (bu.edu)

A tighter fit between an active site and the substrate molecule is believed to increase the efficiency of a reaction. (wikipedia.org)
In general, when a subunit randomly collides with a molecule of substrate , the active site, in essence, forms a glove around its substrate. (wikipedia.org)

By contrast, the D-loop of the consensus site is flexible and the aspartate to alanine mutation and conformational restriction by cross-linking strongly reduces ATP hydrolysis and substrate transport. (uzh.ch)

The D-loop at the degenerate site ties the NBDs together even in the absence of nucleotides and substitution of its aspartate by alanine is well-tolerated. (uzh.ch)
Effects of polyamines on the binding of [3H]MK-801 to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor: pharmacological evidence for the existence of a polyamine recognition site. (semanticscholar.org)

Disulfide trapping involves screening disulfide-containing compounds for their ability to form a mixed disulfide with a natural or engineered cysteine residue near a site of interest on a protein target ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
C) In the case of a competitive binder, the response units for the mixture of fragment + d-tubocurarine is lower than the sum of fragment alone + d-tubocurarine alone because both compounds compete for binding at the same site. (blogspot.com)
and (3) first pharmacological compounds targeting this allosteric site and utilizing this mode of inhibition. (uni-bayreuth.de)

The sequential model of allosteric regulation holds that subunits are not connected in such a way that a conformational change in one induces a similar change in the others. (wikipedia.org)

In its lead inflammation program, Locus has created exquisitely selective p38 inhibitors which bind to p38 at an allosteric site and do not involve the ATP site. (thefreedictionary.com)

To assist in the identification of propofol targets and binding sites, photoactive analogs that retain anesthetic efficacy have been developed by our group and others ( 7 , - 10 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Identification of an Allosteric Binding Site for RORyt Inhibition. (eurekalert.org)

Instead, substrate-binding at one subunit only slightly alters the structure of other subunits so that their binding sites are more receptive to substrate. (wikipedia.org)

Myosin-2 phylogeny, overall topology, and active site characteristics of human NM2C. (elifesciences.org)
The region shown in orange corresponds to the active site and the junction of U50 kDa and L50 kDa. (elifesciences.org)
Each active site is evolved to be optimised to bind a particular substrate and catalyse a particular reaction, resulting in high specificity . (wikipedia.org)
: 148 The charge distribution on the substrate and active site must be complementary, which means all positive and negative charges must be cancelled out. (wikipedia.org)
The active site usually contains non-polar amino acids, although sometimes polar amino acids may also occur. (wikipedia.org)
If the tightness between the active site of DNA polymerase and its substrate is increased, the fidelity, which means the correct rate of DNA replication will also increase. (wikipedia.org)
Such non-active site (NAS) mutations also appear frequently in other contexts, such as the evolution of other forms of drug resistance and directed evolution studies. (grantome.com)
The mechanisms by which mutations to a protein's sequence confer drug resistance remain poorly understood, especially when these mutations are far from a protein's active site or drug binding site. (grantome.com)
This is in reference to the fact that the regulatory site of an allosteric protein is physically distinct from its active site. (wikipedia.org)
Conserved amino acids at the active site and the allosteric activity sites are also evident. (carleton.ca)
It reveals that the cofactor, in addition to binding in the active sites, also interacts with separate binding pockets located near the center of the hexameric structure. (ox.ac.uk)
Moving Beyond Active-Site Detection: MixMD Applied to Allosteric Systems. (ebi.ac.uk)
An enzyme's activity can be altered by covalently attaching a different group to its active site. (wikibooks.org)
It blocks the natural substrate from binding to the active site. (wikibooks.org)
Once substrate S leaves active site substrate T can bind and react with the newly modified active site. (wikibooks.org)
Then, due to the sudden increase in active sites, a high concentration of substrate can bind and rapidly speed up the reaction. (jove.com)
There are 2 substrate-binding sites: the catalytic A site, and the non-catalytic B site that may play a role in the transfer of substrate or product between the active site and the solvent. (uniprot.org)
reversible binding, active site. (studystack.com)

1) The acetylcholine dissociates from its extracellular binding site, a process that is enhanced by rapid cleavage of the neurotransmitter by the acetylcholine esterase in the synaptic cleft. (intechopen.com)
The extracellular domain contains the binding site for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). (intechopen.com)
These findings prompted a search for allosteric enhancers of acetylcholine binding. (aspetjournals.org)

Virtual screening reveals allosteric inhibitors of the Toxoplasma gondii thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase. (nih.gov)
Kinetic analysis reveals co-occupancy of the allosteric sites by TIH and L-histidine. (rcsb.org)

Completion of this work will result in a general framework for understanding allosteric communication that will serve as a basis for future efforts to predict drug resistance, design new antibiotics that allosterically inhibit their targets, and manipulate allostery in other systems. (grantome.com)
Ensemble models of allosteric regulation enumerate an allosteric system's statistical ensemble as a function of its potential energy function , and then relate specific statistical measurements of allostery to specific energy terms in the energy function (such as an intermolecular salt bridge between two domains). (wikipedia.org)
Allostery involves coupling of ligand binding at one site with a conformational or dynamic change at a distant site, thereby affecting binding at that site. (sciencemag.org)

300 Da) that could either activate or inhibit PDK1 by conjugation to the PIF pocket, thus displaying greater functional diversity than is displayed by PIFtides conjugated to the same sites. (pnas.org)
Alternatively, some reuptake inhibitors bind to allosteric sites and inhibit reuptake indirectly and noncompetitively . (wikipedia.org)
For the first time in fifty years, research has identified an effective means for drugs to bind to a novel site on a nuclear receptor and thus inhibit it, explains Luc Brunsveld, TU/e professor of Chemical Biology. (eurekalert.org)

A third site is located at a pocket right below the agonist binding site. (diva-portal.org)
It is important to note that most of these drugs work through an allosteric site distant from the agonist binding site. (blogspot.com)

Using electrophysiological recordings on the human a7 nAChR we demonstrate that the identified fragments, which bind at these sites, can modulate receptor activation. (diva-portal.org)
The NCA-bindlng site for BAs overlaps both the phencyclidine- and dizocilpine-binding sites in the desensitized Torpedo nAChR ion channel. (okstate.edu)

The models are valid in pharmacology, enzymology, transportology as well as several other fields of biology involving allosteric concentration effects. (biomedsearch.com)

We identified two allosteric binding sites representing attractive targets for drug development against SARS-CoV-2. (caltech.edu)
Although they serve pivotal functions in motor control and sensory processing, they have yet to be exploited as drug targets partly because of hitherto limited possibilities for allosteric control. (uzh.ch)
I think the SPR assay is really clever and I would expect that many people will now be taking a similar approach to discovering allosteric sites in their targets. (blogspot.com)

This is in line with the assumption that the galantamine binding site is at the junction of these two amino acid stretches. (intechopen.com)
One of these mutations results in a non-conservative amino acid substitution within the four-helix bundle that is important in the allosteric control of ribonucleotide reductase activity. (carleton.ca)

This proposal aims to identify how these mutations exert allosteric (i.e. long-range) control over distant sites. (grantome.com)

Crystallographic analysis of a hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) bound to the catalytic estrogen binding site of human estrogen sulfotransferase. (thefreedictionary.com)
We conclude that propofol inhibits the mammalian deacetylase SIRT2 through a conformation-specific, allosteric protein site that is unique from the previously described binding sites of other inhibitors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
A better understanding of the binding sites for these drugs should therefore facilitate their discovery. (aspetjournals.org)
Notably, this allosteric site may be directly related to the above-mentioned PCP binding sites . (wikipedia.org)
Binding sites in blue, catalytic site in red and peptidoglycan substrate in black. (wikipedia.org)
[2] The binding of substrate to the binding site requires at least three contact points in order to achieve stereo-, regio-, and enantioselectivity. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids at the binding site of ubiquitin generally follow the induced fit model, whereas the rest of the protein generally adheres to conformational selection. (wikipedia.org)
KRAS-specific inhibition using a DARPin binding to a site in the allosteric lobe. (ox.ac.uk)
Ligand-binding induces conformational changes in the ligand binding site which are coupled to the ion opening. (blogspot.com)
INTRODUCTION: Two recent models are in use for analysis of allosteric drug action at receptor sites remote from orthosteric binding sites. (biomedsearch.com)
This "action at a distance" through binding of one ligand affecting the binding of another at a distinctly different site, is the essence of the allosteric concept. (wikipedia.org)
Our simulations show an interesting model of ADP with dissimilar binding conformations at each NADH/ADP site in the GDH trimer, which explains the poorly understood strong binding but weak activation shown in experimental studies. (utmb.edu)
In contrast, NADH showed similar inhibitory binding conformations at each NADH/ADP site. (utmb.edu)
These observations provide physical evidence for the existence of two binding sites in SERT. (frontiersin.org)
The dissociation rate constant of both binding sites was extracted by varying the dynamics of the force-probing experiments. (frontiersin.org)
Models of T. gondii TS/TS interface binding site. (nih.gov)
It is almost buried inside the binding site. (intechopen.com)
The amino acids T197 and K143 are possible binding sites for galantamine (Gal), as predicted by docking studies. (intechopen.com)
M 2 -Tyr 177 and M 2 -Thr 423 seem to be located near the junction of the allosteric and the orthosteric areas of the M 2 receptor ligand binding cavity. (elsevier.com)
Dynamics and electrostatics define an allosteric druggable site within the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (bvsalud.org)
The existence of such an allosteric binding site had been predicted by biochemical studies, but it was not identified in previous crystal structures of prokaryotic UKs. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we identify and explore the allosteric communication network within the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligand-binding domain (LBD). (sciencemag.org)
The alpha-2A adrenergic receptor normally works this way -- it has a binding site for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, and that binding activates a signaling process that mobilizes the brain and body for action. (eurekalert.org)
The UAB researchers found that amyloid-beta oligomers bind to a separate site on the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor, distinct from the site for norepinephrine binding. (eurekalert.org)
Such binding at a second site is called allosteric binding. (eurekalert.org)
CTP inhibits ATCase by binding to the regulatory sites stabilizing the T-state. (wikibooks.org)
We conclude that human MRP4 is a unidirectional efflux pump for urate with multiple allosteric substrate binding sites. (physiology.org)

Anatomy2

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs42

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Enzyme-mononucleotide interactions: three different folds share common structural elements for ATP recognition. (1/1100)

A 20-kDa domain is required for phosphatidic acid-induced allosteric activation of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. (2/1100)

Stimulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport by prazosin and progesterone. Evidence for a third drug-binding site. (3/1100)

Flavodoxin: an allosteric inhibitor of AMP nucleosidase from Azotobacter vinelandii. (4/1100)

Structural elements of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor conferring subtype selectivity for benzodiazepine site ligands. (5/1100)

Metal complexes as allosteric effectors of human hemoglobin: an NMR study of the interaction of the gadolinium(III) bis(m-boroxyphenylamide)diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex with human oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. (6/1100)

Mutations in the human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase gene define the disease sialuria and the allosteric site of the enzyme. (7/1100)

Steric effects on multivalent ligand-receptor binding: exclusion of ligand sites by bound cell surface receptors. (8/1100)

Allosteric Site

Allosteric Regulation

Phthalimides

N-Methylscopolamine

Obidoxime Chloride

Gallamine Triethiodide

Receptor, Muscarinic M2

Phosphofructokinases

Isoindoles

Models, Molecular

Receptor, Muscarinic M1

Tacrine

Binding Sites

Kinetics

Ligands

Radioligand Assay

Glycogen Phosphorylase, Muscle Form

Protein Conformation

Protein Binding

Catalytic Domain

Adenosine Monophosphate

Fructose-Bisphosphatase

Fructosediphosphates

Crystallography, X-Ray

Molecular Structure

Protein Structure, Quaternary

CHO Cells

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Binding, Competitive

Ribonucleotide Reductases

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5

Hexosediphosphates

Amino Acid Sequence

Small Molecule Libraries

Receptors, Muscarinic

Structure-Activity Relationship

Cytidine Diphosphate

Cricetinae

Receptor, Muscarinic M4

Adenosine Triphosphate

Drug Discovery

Molecular Sequence Data

Cricetulus

Muscarinic Agonists

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate

Affinity Labels

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases

Carbolines

Mutation

Adenosine Diphosphate

Escherichia coli

Protein Structure, Secondary

Nicotinic Acids

Models, Chemical

Amino Acid Substitution

Enzyme Activation

Nucleotides

Drug Design

Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Substrate Specificity

Hydrogen Bonding

Uridine Triphosphate

Dimerization

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Piperidines

Recombinant Proteins

Magnesium

Catalysis

Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled

Drug Interactions

Models, Biological

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Amides

Rabbits

Cyclic GMP

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase

Disulfides