Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating: A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group.O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase: An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from O(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moieties of DNA, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated DNA in a single-step reaction. EC 2.1.1.63.Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.Methyl Methanesulfonate: An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA.Mechlorethamine: A biologic alkylating agent that exerts its cytotoxic effects by forming DNA ADDUCTS and DNA interstrand crosslinks, thereby inhibiting rapidly proliferating cells. The hydrochloride is an antineoplastic agent used to treat HODGKIN DISEASE and LYMPHOMA.Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.Nitrogen Mustard Compounds: A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.Dacarbazine: An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.DNA Repair: The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.DNA Damage: Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.GuanineCyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.Sulfuric Acid Esters: Organic esters of sulfuric acid.Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).Holidays: Days commemorating events. Holidays also include vacation periods.Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis: Direct myocardial revascularization in which the internal mammary artery is anastomosed to the right coronary artery, circumflex artery, or anterior descending coronary artery. The internal mammary artery is the most frequent choice, especially for a single graft, for coronary artery bypass surgery.Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).Mitomycins: A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.Aziridines: Saturated azacyclopropane compounds. They include compounds with substitutions on CARBON or NITROGEN atoms.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.DNA Glycosylases: A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA.DNA Modification Methylases: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.DNA Repair Enzymes: Enzymes that are involved in the reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule, which contained damaged regions.Nylons: Polymers where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups. These compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids, and amino acids and yield fibers, sheeting, or extruded forms used in textiles, gels, filters, sutures, contact lenses, and other biomaterials.Neoplasms, Second Primary: Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.Lomustine: An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.Comparative Genomic Hybridization: A method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by analyzing differences in the copy number and location of specific sequences. It is used to look for large sequence changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or translocations.Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.DNA Adducts: The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Sarcoma, YoshidaPorfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.Methionine SulfoximineMesylates: Organic salts or esters of methanesulfonic acid.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Drug Resistance, Neoplasm: Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.Glioma: Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.N-Glycosyl Hydrolases: A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. This compound and its metabolite 4-HYDROXYAMINOQUINOLINE-1-OXIDE bind to nucleic acids. It inactivates bacteria but not bacteriophage.Leukemia, Radiation-Induced: Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.Leukemia L1210Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Leukemia L5178: An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.Iodoacetamide: An alkylating sulfhydryl reagent. Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate.Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor: Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Cyclohexenes: Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones.Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.Cricetulus: A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: A polynucleotide formed from the ADP-RIBOSE moiety of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES.Cross-Linking Reagents: Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoproteins, nucleic acids, or other.Busulfan: An alkylating agent having a selective immunosuppressive effect on BONE MARROW. It has been used in the palliative treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC), but although symptomatic relief is provided, no permanent remission is brought about. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), busulfan is listed as a known carcinogen.Radiotherapy: The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.DNA, Neoplasm: DNA present in neoplastic tissue.DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase: A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA sites that can result from the action of DNA GLYCOSYLASES. The enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. This enzyme was previously listed under EC 3.1.25.2.Glutathione: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Hydrocarbons, BrominatedWaldenstrom Macroglobulinemia: A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.HydrazinesMultiple Chemical Sensitivity: An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)Combined Modality Therapy: The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.NitroimidazolesMyelodysplastic Syndromes: Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.Base Pair Mismatch: The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)Mutagenicity Tests: Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.Epoxy Compounds: Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Reducing Agents: Materials that add an electron to an element or compound, that is, decrease the positiveness of its valence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Leukemia P388: An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Distamycins: Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids.Vincristine: An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)Topoisomerase Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES.Haplorhini: A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).Apurinic Acid: Hydrolysate of DNA in which purine bases have been removed.Podophyllotoxin: A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Topoisomerase II Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II. Included in this category are a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which target the eukaryotic form of topoisomerase II and ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS which target the prokaryotic form of topoisomerase II.Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.Carcinoma 256, Walker: A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)Deoxyribonuclease IV (Phage T4-Induced): An enzyme which catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of phosphodiester bonds at purinic or apyrimidinic sites (AP-sites) to produce 5'-Phosphooligonucleotide end products. The enzyme prefers single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and was formerly classified as EC 3.1.4.30.Bibliography, Descriptive: The area of bibliography which makes known precisely the material conditions of books, i.e., the full name of the author, the exact title of the work, the date and place of publication, the publisher's and printer's names, the format, the pagination, typographical particulars, illustrations, and the price, and for old books, other characteristics such as the kind of paper, binding, etc. It is also called analytical bibliography and physical bibliography. (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Vinca Alkaloids: A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Fibrosarcoma: A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.Tumor Stem Cell Assay: A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46)Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.Sister Chromatid Exchange: An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.Chromosome Aberrations: Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.Leukemia: A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Fanconi Anemia: Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)LeukopeniaLeukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell: A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.Leukemia, Myeloid: Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.Multiple Myeloma: A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.Hodgkin Disease: A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.Drug Administration Schedule: Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage.Antibiotics, Antineoplastic: Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 by UV irradiation is inhibited by wortmannin without affecting c-iun expression. (1/1003)
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs)/stress-activated protein kinases is an early response of cells upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents. JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun is currently understood to stimulate the transactivating potency of AP-1 (e.g., c-Jun/c-Fos; c-Jun/ATF-2), thereby increasing the expression of AP-1 target genes. Here we show that stimulation of JNK1 activity is not a general early response of cells exposed to genotoxic agents. Treatment of NIH 3T3 cells with UV light (UV-C) as well as with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) caused activation of JNK1 and an increase in c-Jun protein and AP-1 binding activity, whereas antineoplastic drugs such as mafosfamide, mitomycin C, N-hydroxyethyl-N-chloroethylnitrosourea, and treosulfan did not elicit this response. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin specifically blocked the UV-stimulated activation of JNK1 but did not affect UV-driven activation of extracellular regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). To investigate the significance of JNK1 for transactivation of c-jun, we analyzed the effect of UV irradiation on c-jun expression under conditions of wortmannin-mediated inhibition of UV-induced stimulation of JNK1. Neither the UV-induced increase in c-jun mRNA, c-Jun protein, and AP-1 binding nor the activation of the collagenase and c-jun promoters was affected by wortmannin. In contrast, the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor PD98056, which blocked ERK2 but not JNK1 activation by UV irradiation, impaired UV-driven c-Jun protein induction and AP-1 binding. Based on the data, we suggest that JNK1 stimulation is not essential for transactivation of c-jun after UV exposure, whereas activation of ERK2 is required for UV-induced signaling leading to elevated c-jun expression. (+info)The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ETH1 gene, an inducible homolog of exonuclease III that provides resistance to DNA-damaging agents and limits spontaneous mutagenesis. (2/1003)
The recently sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome was searched for a gene with homology to the gene encoding the major human AP endonuclease, a component of the highly conserved DNA base excision repair pathway. An open reading frame was found to encode a putative protein (34% identical to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe eth1(+) [open reading frame SPBC3D6.10] gene product) with a 347-residue segment homologous to the exonuclease III family of AP endonucleases. Synthesis of mRNA from ETH1 in wild-type cells was induced sixfold relative to that in untreated cells after exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). To investigate the function of ETH1, deletions of the open reading frame were made in a wild-type strain and a strain deficient in the known yeast AP endonuclease encoded by APN1. eth1 strains were not more sensitive to killing by MMS, hydrogen peroxide, or phleomycin D1, whereas apn1 strains were approximately 3-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 10-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than was the wild type. Double-mutant strains (apn1 eth1) were approximately 15-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 2- to 3-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and phleomycin D1 than were apn1 strains. Elimination of ETH1 in apn1 strains also increased spontaneous mutation rates 9- or 31-fold compared to the wild type as determined by reversion to adenine or lysine prototrophy, respectively. Transformation of apn1 eth1 cells with an expression vector containing ETH1 reversed the hypersensitivity to MMS and limited the rate of spontaneous mutagenesis. Expression of ETH1 in a dut-1 xthA3 Escherichia coli strain demonstrated that the gene product functionally complements the missing AP endonuclease activity. Thus, in apn1 cells where the major AP endonuclease activity is missing, ETH1 offers an alternate capacity for repair of spontaneous or induced damage to DNA that is normally repaired by Apn1 protein. (+info)Mismatch repair and differential sensitivity of mouse and human cells to methylating agents. (3/1003)
The long-patch mismatch repair pathway contributes to the cytotoxic effect of methylating agents and loss of this pathway confers tolerance to DNA methylation damage. Two methylation-tolerant mouse cell lines were identified and were shown to be defective in the MSH2 protein by in vitro mismatch repair assay. A normal copy of the human MSH2 gene, introduced by transfer of human chromosome 2, reversed the methylation tolerance. These mismatch repair defective mouse cells together with a fibroblast cell line derived from an MSH2-/- mouse, were all as resistant to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea as repair-defective human cells. Although long-patch mismatch repair-defective human cells were 50- to 100-fold more resistant to methylating agents than repair-proficient cells, loss of the same pathway from mouse cells conferred only a 3-fold increase. This discrepancy was accounted for by the intrinsic N-methyl-N-nitrosourea resistance of normal or transformed mouse cells compared with human cells. The >20-fold differential resistance between mouse and human cells could not be explained by the levels of either DNA methylation damage or the repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. The resistance of mouse cells to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea was selective and no cross-resistance to unrelated DNA damaging agents was observed. Pathways of apoptosis were apparently intact and functional after exposure to either N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or ultraviolet light. Extracts of mouse cells were found to perform 2-fold less long-patch mismatch repair. The reduced level of mismatch repair may contribute to their lack of sensitivity to DNA methylation damage. (+info)Tightly regulated and inducible expression of rabbit CYP2E1 using a tetracycline-controlled expression system. (4/1003)
A tetracycline (Tc)-controlled gene expression system that quantitatively controls gene expression in eukaryotic cells () was used to express cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in HeLa cells in culture. The rabbit CYP2E1 cDNA was subcloned into the Tc-controlled expression vector (pUHD10-3) and transfected into a HeLa cell line constitutively expressing the Tc-controlled transactivator, a positive regulator of expression in the absence of Tc. The expression of CYP2E1 was tightly regulated. There was a time-dependent induction of CYP2E1 after removal of Tc. In the absence of Tc, the enzyme was induced more than 100-fold and expressed about 18 pmol of CYP2E1/mg microsomal protein. At maximal levels of expression the enzyme catalyzed the formation of 158 pmol 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone/min/mg total cellular protein. In addition, the level of the enzyme could be modulated by the concentration of Tc in the media. In the absence of Tc, exposure of cells to N-nitrosodimethylamine caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. In contrast, menadione, a redox cycling toxicant, was less toxic to the cells after induction of CYP2E1 when compared with noninduced cells. Pulse-chase studies conducted 72 h after removal of Tc indicated a rapid turnover of CYP2E1 with a half-life of 3.9 h. Addition of the ligand, 4-methylpyrazole, and the suicide substrate, 1-aminobenzotrizole, decreased the degradation of CYP2E1. This cell line offers a useful system to examine the role of CYP2E1 in the cytotoxicity of xenobiotics and to investigate post-translational regulation of the enzyme. (+info)Cells deficient in DNA polymerase beta are hypersensitive to alkylating agent-induced apoptosis and chromosomal breakage. (5/1003)
DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol), which is involved in base excision repair, was investigated for its role in protection of cells against various genotoxic agents and cytostatic drugs using beta-pol knockout mouse fibroblasts. We show that cells lacking beta-pol are highly sensitive to induction of apoptosis and chromosomal breakage by methylating agents, such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methyl methanesulfonate and the cross-linking antineoplastic drugs mitomycin C and mafosfamide. The cross-sensitivity between the agents observed suggests that beta-pol is involved in repair not only of DNA methylation lesions but also of other kinds of DNA damage induced by various cytostatic drugs. Cells deficient in beta-pol were not hypersensitive to cisplatin, melphalan, benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide, chloroethylnitrosourea, or UV light. Because both established and primary beta-pol knockout fibroblasts displayed the hypersensitive phenotype, which, moreover, was complemented by transfection with a beta-pol expression vector, the alkylating agent hypersensitivity can clearly be attributed to the beta-pol deficiency. The results demonstrate that beta-pol-driven base excision repair is highly important for protection of cells against cell killing due to apoptosis and induced chromosomal breakage and suggest that incompletely repaired DNA damage causes chromosomal changes and may act as a trigger of DNA damage-induced apoptosis. (+info)Molecular analysis of mutants obtained by treatment with alkylating agents in a quadruplicated white-ivory strain of Drosophila melanogaster. (6/1003)
The use of a white-ivory (wi) strain of Drosophila melanogaster carrying four copies of this allele, (wi)4, has proved to be useful in detecting somatic mutation in genotoxicity testing. Nevertheless, until now very little information exists about the nature of the genetic effects detected in such a strain. This work presents molecular data on the changes that have taken place in different germinal mutants obtained after treatment with alkylating agents. Three different phenotypes were obtained: wild-type red eyes, dark red eyes and eyes lighter than (wi)4. Our results show that, in at least one of the four copies of the allele, the wild-type red eye phenotypes are due to a precise excision of the 2.96 kb duplicated region characteristic of the wi allele. These data agree with previous results obtained in a strain carrying only a single copy of the wi allele. The dark red eye mutants analysed seemed to be generated as a cluster and all proved to be caused by deletions at the 3'-end of the duplicated wi region in two of the copies of the (wi)4 genome. Finally, the light eye mutants (obtained at high frequencies) failed to show alterations at the molecular level, although we cannot discard the possibility that they might have originated by the loss of some of the wi copies of the (wi)4 strain. (+info)Alterations in Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA induced by beta-propiolactone and 1,3-propane sultone, two mutagenic and carcinogenic alkylating agents. (7/1003)
Transforming DNA was exposed to either beta-propiolactone or 1,3-propane sultone and then used for transformation of competent bacteria to nutritional independence from tyrosine and tryptophan (linked markers) and leucine (an unlinked marker). The ability to transform was progressively lost by the DNA during incubation with either of these two chemicals. For all three markers the inactivation curve was biphasic, with a short period of rapid inactivation followed by one characterized by a much slower rate. The overall rate of inactivation was different for all three markers and presumably was related to the size of the marker. The decrease in the transforming activity was in part due to the slower rate of penetration of alkylated DNA through the cellular membrane and its inability to enter the recipient bacteria. This decrease in the rate of cellular uptake, even for DNA eventually destined to enter the cell, began almost immediately after its exposure to the chemical and ended up with an almost complete lack of recognition of the heavily alkylated DNA by the specific surface receptors of competent cells. Such DNA attached to sites on the surface of competent bacteria which were different from receptors specific for the untreated nucleic acid. This attachment was not followed by uptake of the altered DNA. Presence of albumin during the incubation with a carcinogen further increased the degree of inactivation, indicating that the artificial nucleoproteins produced under such conditions were less efficient in the transformation assay than was the naked DNA. Cotransfomration of close markers progressively decreased, beginning immediately after the start of incubation of DNA with the chemicals. Extensively alkylated DNA fractionated by sedimentation through sucrose density gradients showed a peculiar distribution of cotransforming activity for such markers; namely, molecules larger than the bulk of DNA ("megamolecules") showed less ability to transform the second marker than did some of the apparently smaller molecules which sedimented more slowly through the gradient. An increase in cotransformation of distant markers was evident in DNA molecules after a short exposure to an alkylating agent, but cotransformation of such markers was absent in DNA treated for longer periods. The observed changes in the transforming and cotransforming activities of the alkylated DNA can be explained by what is known about the physicochemistry of such DNA and in particular about the propensity of the alkylated and broken molecules to form complexes with themselves and with other macromolecules. (+info)The role of thiotepa in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for genetic diseases. (8/1003)
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), graft rejection, disease recurrence and long-term toxicity remain significant obstacles to successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in children with genetic diseases. In an attempt to improve results, we used a preparative regimen consisting of three alkylating agents, busulfan (BU), thiotepa (TTP) and cyclophosphamide (CY), for T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation instead of the conventional BU-CY protocol. The effect of this intensified regimen was investigated in 26 consecutive children with genetic diseases who underwent T cell-depleted BMT from HLA-identical siblings. Sixteen patients were males and 10 females, of median age 5 (0.2-14) years. The diseases included beta-thalassemia major, osteopetrosis, severe combined immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, familial agranulocytosis, congenital idiopathic hemolytic anemia (CIHA), Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Hurler's syndrome, and adrenoleukodystrophy. The conditioning regimen consisted of BU 4 mg/kg x 4 days (-8 to -5), TTP 5 mg/kg x 2 days (-4 and -3), and CY 60 mg/kg x 2 days (-2 and -1). Engraftment was as expected, with WBC >1.0 x 10(9)/l at day +19 (10-33), ANC >0.5 x 10(9)/l at day +22 (10-56) and platelets >25 x 10(9)/l at day +32 (18-131). Transplant-related mortality was 19%. Overall survival and disease-free survival (DFS) at 60 months follow-up were both 77%. Our results with the BU-TTP-CY regimen followed by T cell-depleted BMT in genetic diseases may provide a basis for prospective comparison with the standard conditioning regimen of BU-CY in the management of children suffering from these conditions. (+info)Alkylating agents[edit]. Main article: Alkylating antineoplastic agent. Alkylating agents are the oldest group of ... Siddik ZH (2005). Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents: DNA-Interactive Alkylating Agents and Antitumour ... Available agents[edit]. Main article: List of antineoplastic agents. There is an extensive list of antineoplastic agents. ... there are now many types of alkylating agents in use.[1] They are so named because of their ability to alkylate many molecules ...
Alkylating agents[edit]. The alkylating agents used in immunotherapy are nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide), nitrosoureas, ... Small biological agents[edit]. Fingolimod is a new synthetic immunosuppressant, currently in phase 3 of clinical trials. It ... Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications are drugs ... Immunosuppressive+Agents at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...
Alkylating agents[edit]. The alkylating agents used in immunotherapy are nitrogen mustards (cyclophosphamide), nitrosoureas, ... Small biological agents[edit]. Fingolimod is a new synthetic immunosuppressant, currently in phase 3 of clinical trials. It ... Immunosuppressive drugs or immunosuppressive agents or antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of ... Immunosuppressive+Agents at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...
It is an alkylating agent. It can react with DNA to form intrastrand crosslinks.[citation needed]. ...
They are strong alkylating agents. Aside from the BF− 4 salt, many related derivatives are available. Triethyloxonium ... Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is a strong alkylating agent, although the hazards are diminished because it is non-volatile ...
Alkylating agents are often carcinogenic. M G. Gergel "Excuse Me Sir, Would You Like to Buy a Kilo of Isopropyl Bromide?" ...
The original reaction formed the alkylating agent using an alkene in the presence of a strong acid: The reaction has been the ... Fernholz, H.; Schmidt, H. J. (1969). "Tert-Butyl Acetate as Alkylating Agent". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in ... Ritter reaction is a chemical reaction that transforms a nitrile into an N-alkyl amide using various electrophilic alkylating ...
Siddik ZH (2005). Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents: DNA-Interactive Alkylating Agents and Antitumour ... there are now many types of alkylating agents in use. They are so named because of their ability to alkylate many molecules, ... Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason ... Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of ...
Alkylating agents (e.g., N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)). These agents can mutate both replicating and non-replicating DNA. In ... Agents that form DNA adducts (e.g., ochratoxin A) DNA intercalating agents (e.g., ethidium bromide) DNA crosslinkers Oxidative ...
... an alkylating antineoplastic agent; (H)ydroxydaunorubicin, also known as doxorubicin: an anthracycline antibiotic that is able ...
... is an alkylating agent. Indicative of its high reactivity (relative to alkyl chlorides), benzyl chloride reacts ...
... is an alkylating agent; it has irritating, sensitizing and narcotic effects. Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide ... Ethylene oxide is used as a sterilizing agent, disinfecting agent and fumigant as a mixture with carbon dioxide (8.5-80% of ... the reducing agent is actually titanium dichloride, formed by the reaction between LiAlH4 and TiCl3) and of iron(III) chloride ...
It is incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. Methyl bromoacetate is an alkylating agent. It has ... It reacts with conjugated base and produce alkylated carbene complexes. Methyl bromoacetate can be toxic by ingestion and ... been used to alkylate phenol and amino groups. Moreover, it can be used to make vitamins and pharmaceutical drugs. It is ...
Because HN1 is an alkylating agent, it damages DNA, causes immunosuppression, and causes injury to areas that come into contact ... HN1 is also an alkylating agent. Nitrogen mustards react via an initial cyclization to the corresponding aziridinium salt. The ... HN1 was developed in the 1920s and 1930s to remove warts and later as a military agent. Because of the latter use, it is a ... If HN1 has been ingested, emetics (agents that induce vomiting) and gastric lavage are contraindicated, and nothing should be ...
Typical alkylating agents and benzylic halides. Even though alkyl chlorides are poor alkylating agents, the Menshutkin reaction ... Alkyl iodides are superior alkylating agents relative to the bromides, which in turn are superior to chlorides. ... In addition to solvent and alkylating agent, other factors strongly influence the reaction. One particular macrocycle system ...
... an alkylating antineoplastic agent; (P)rednisone or (P)rednisolone - a glucocorticoid hormone that has the ability to cause ... an alkylating antineoplastic agent; (E)toposide - a topoisomerase inhibitor from the epipodophyllotoxin group; (P)rocarbazine ...
Treatment with alkylating agents gives organic polysulfides. In one commercial application, it is used to produce the cross- ... linking agent bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide: Na2S4 + 2 ClC3H6Si(OEt)3 → S4[C3H6Si(OEt)3]2 + 2 NaCl Sometimes as a ...
These compounds are potentially dangerous alkylating agents. The reduction of sulfate in nature involves the formation of one ...
SAM is a weak DNA-alkylating agent. Another reported side effect of SAM is insomnia; therefore, the supplement is often taken ...
... they are extensively used as alkylating agents. For example, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (Et 3O+ )(BF− 4) is a white ... It is a powerful ethylating agent. It can be used, for example, to produce ethyl esters when the conditions of traditional ...
It is used as an alkylating agent. Merck Index, 13th Edition, 1572. "1-iodobutane - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: ...
Dexter, Thomas Michael (1974). Leukaemogenesis by the alkylating agent methylnitrosourea (PhD thesis). University of Manchester ...
It is an alkylating agent that binds DNA. Brostallicin entry in the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates ...
Some alkylating agents such as N-Nitrosamines may require the catalytic reaction of cytochrome-P450 for the formation of a ... Alkylating agents like mustard gas may also cause breakages in the DNA backbone. Oxidative stress may also generate highly ... Some alkylating agents may produce crosslinking of DNA. Some natural occurring chemicals may also promote crosslinking, such as ... DNA may be modified, either naturally or artificially, by a number of physical, chemical and biological agents, resulting in ...
... (INN) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent. It is sometimes abbreviated "TRO". Jahnke K, Thiel E, Bechrakis NE, ...
Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which ... 17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol. *Dimethyltrienolone (7α-methylmetribolone, 7α,17α-dimethyltrenbolone) ...
mitomycin C (CHEBI:27504) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI:22333). MTIC (CHEBI:72568) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI:22333). ... dimethylmyleran (CHEBI:67107) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI:22333). esperamicin A1 (CHEBI:53273) has role alkylating agent ( ... busulfan (CHEBI:28901) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI:22333). carmustine (CHEBI:3423) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI:22333) ... iodoacetic acid (CHEBI:74571) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI:22333). lomustine (CHEBI:6520) has role alkylating agent (CHEBI: ...
Members of alkylating agent Class. Download as Tab-delimited, XML, SDF 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide Mass :293.08500 Formula : ... CHEBI:22333 - alkylating agent. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. ... It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and ...
This is a list of dual hormonal and alkylating antineoplastic agents. Estramustine phosphate (Emcyt, Estracyt; Leo 299, NSC- ...
... alkylating agents are classified under L01A. Many of the agents are known as "Classical alkylating agents". These include true ... An alkylating antineoplastic agent is an alkylating agent used in cancer treatment that attaches an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to ... List of hormonal alkylating antineoplastic agents "Alkylating Agents". US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2 August 2014 ... University of Nebraska page on alkylating agent drugs Alkylating antineoplastic agents at the US National Library of Medicine ...
Alkylating agents synonyms, Alkylating agents pronunciation, Alkylating agents translation, English dictionary definition of ... Alkylating agents. tr.v. al·kyl·at·ed , al·kyl·at·ing , al·kyl·ates To add one or more alkyl groups to . al′kyl·a′tion n. n 1. ... Alkylating agents - definition of Alkylating agents by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Alkylating+agents ... redirected from Alkylating agents). Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia.. Related to Alkylating agents: Antimetabolites ...
Global response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an alkylating agent Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from PNAS ... Global response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an alkylating agent. Scott A. Jelinsky and Leona D. Samson ... By using chips bearing oligonucleotide arrays, we show that, after exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate, ≈ ... Of the 21 genes that already were known to be induced by a DNA-damaging agent, 18 can be scored as inducible in this data set, ...
5-year DFS for favorable risk subset of NCI HR B-ALL (HR favorable) when treated with mBFM chemotherapy with a single high-dose methotrexate (HD MTX) Interim Maintenance (IM) phase and treatment duration of 2 years from the start of IM regardless of ...
PM00104 is a DNA binding agent, causing inhibition of the cell cycle and transcription, which can lead to double stranded DNA ... The compound has been proposed as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of solid human tumors and hematological ... Petek, B.J.; Jones, R.L. PM00104 (Zalypsis®): A Marine Derived Alkylating Agent. Molecules 2014, 19, 12328-12335. ... "PM00104 (Zalypsis®): A Marine Derived Alkylating Agent." Molecules 19, no. 8: 12328-12335. ...
Investigation of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in canine aorta, using alkylating agents.. Hoo KH1, Kwan CY, Daniel EE. ...
5 Studies found for: Churg-Strauss Syndrome , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating. Also searched for Churg strauss. See ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Alkylating Agents. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the Merck ... Other Alkylating Agents:. Of the other subgroups of alkylating agents, several have limited but specific uses. ... Alkylating Agents By Lisa G. Barber, DVM, Assistant Professor, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University ... Resistance to one alkylating agent often implies resistance to other drugs in the same class and can be caused by increased ...
Ex Vivo Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of pH-responsive Endosomolytic Agents for Cytosolic Delivery of ... Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice, Percutaneous Hepatic ... Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel, Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic ... Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Whole Genome ...
... Norsyafikah ...
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to ... Alkylating; Antineoplastics, Alkylating; Antineoplastic Alkylating Drugs; Drugs, Antineoplastic Alkylating; Alkylating Agents, ... Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Alkylating Antineoplastic Drugs; Alkylating Antineoplastics; Alkylating Drugs, ... Alkylating Antineoplastic Agents. Subscribe to New Research on Alkylating Antineoplastic Agents A class of drugs that differs ...
... timing and magnitude of both acute and late inflammatory reactions after intratracheal instillation of an alkylating agent in ...
Bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin in combination with radiation therapy for the management of squamous cell carcinoma ... We conclude that the bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin has demonstrated an acceptable toxicity profile to date. Final ... Further investigations, including large-scale multiinstitutional trials employing bioreductive alkylating agents or other ...
N-Nitroso Compounds and Alkylating Agents from Nitrosated Amino Acids, Gastric Juice and Foods. ...
Antineoplastic agents Brokerage service for pharmaceutical and parapharmaceutical products active ingredients and precursors.. ... Agents acting on the renin-angiot.. Ace inhibitors, plain Ace inhibitors, plain ... Beta blocking agents Beta blocking agents Beta blocking agents, non-selecti.. Beta blocking agents, selective ...
The Use of Alkylating Agents in the Treatment of Wegeners Granulomatosis Annals of Internal Medicine; 67 (2): 393-398 ... Androgen Role in Erythroleukemia After Treatment with Alkylating Agents Annals of Internal Medicine; 81 (1): 118-119 ... We conclude that a response to an alkylating agent may be expected. Whether after treatment for 6 to 18 months most patients ... Five Year Study of Simultaneous Antimetabolites and Alkylating Agents in the Chemotherapy of Advanced Breast Carcinoma. Annals ...
The Reaction of Rat Glucokinase with Substrate-Based Alkylating Agents BERNARD A. CONNOLLY; BERNARD A. CONNOLLY ... BERNARD A. CONNOLLY, IAN P. TRAYER; The Reaction of Rat Glucokinase with Substrate-Based Alkylating Agents. Biochem Soc Trans 1 ...
Immunosuppressive Agents. Immunologic Factors. Physiological Effects of Drugs. Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating. Antidotes. ... Antineoplastic Agents. Antiviral Agents. Anti-Infective Agents. Enzyme Inhibitors. ... Alkylating agents (ALKY) are one of the main systemic treatments used, at least for advanced duodeno-pancreatic NETs, with a ... Alkylating Agents. Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic. Antimetabolites. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action. ...
... assessment of MGMT methylation for clinical purposes since it could refine prediction of response to alkylating agent … ... Digital PCR quantification of MGMT methylation refines prediction of clinical benefit from alkylating agents in glioblastoma ... Keywords: DNA methylation; MGMT; alkylating agent; cell free circulating DNA; digital PCR; metastatic colorectal cancer. ... silencing by promoter methylation may identify cancer patients responding to the alkylating agents dacarbazine or temozolomide ...
Alkylating agents (ALKY) are one of the main systemic treatments used, at least for advanced duodeno-pancreatic NETs, with a ... Drug: Alkylating-based chemotherapy The alkylating-based group will receive CapTem regimen (capecitabine and temozolomide, /4 ... Drug: Alkylating-based chemotherapy The alkylating-based group will receive CapTem regimen (capecitabine and temozolomide, /4 ... Predictive Factor of Response to Alkylating Agents (MGMT-NET). The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ...
GLB dosage sensitizes GC cells to the alkylating agents via arresting the cell cycle and enhancing cell death. This is of ... In this study, the low/nontoxic dosage of glaucocalyxin B (GLB) was used with other DNA linker agents mitomycin C (MMC), ... These side effects can be reduced by using sensitizing agents in combination with therapeutic drugs. ... Sensitization of gastric cancer cells to alkylating agents by glaucocalyxin B via cell cycle arrest and enhanced cell death ...
ChemotherapyAntimetabolitesAlkylationCyclophosphamideNitrosoureasCytotoxicCytotoxicityResponse to Alkylating AgentsBusulfanMelphalanBioreductive alkylaCisplatinDrugsRadiationBifunctionalInhibitorsForm highly reactiveTemozolomideToxicityMultiple MyelomaAdaptive responseMoleculeGuanineMitosisCarcinogenicPatientsNitrogen mustardCarcinogenesisBendamustineMechlorethamineAmino AcidsAlkyl groupsCancerExposure to the alkyMonofunctionalEfficacyLeukemiaAntibioticsAminesClinicalEnzymesClinicallyReactive chemicalsDosesResistanceCovalentlyTreatmentsNucleotideCellSelectivelyEthyleneTreatmentInhibitionGlutathione
- Exposure to multiagent chemotherapy, particularly alkylating agents , may potentiate the effect of previous radiation therapy in childhood and thus serve as another predisposing factor for the development of a postradiation sarcoma . (thefreedictionary.com)
- Before their use in chemotherapy, alkylating agents were better known for their use as sulfur mustard, ("mustard gas") and related chemical weapons in World War I. The nitrogen mustards were the first alkylating agents used medically, as well as the first modern cancer chemotherapies. (wikipedia.org)
- These publications spurred rapid advancement in the previously non-existent field of cancer chemotherapy, and a wealth of new alkylating agents with therapeutic effect were discovered over the following two decades. (wikipedia.org)
- However, among the alkylating chemotherapy agents, the myelosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide is considered relatively sparing of platelets and progenitor cells. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Five Year Study of Simultaneous Antimetabolites and Alkylating Agents in the Chemotherapy of Advanced Breast Carcinoma. (annals.org)
- Patients with unmethylated MGMT NET will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either the alkylating-based chemotherapy arm or to the oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy arm. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- A new and emerging concept designed to sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents (i.e., chemotherapy and/or radiation) is inhibition of various proteins in the DNA repair pathways ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Here we examine the association of glioma Ap endo activity with clinical response after alkylating agent-based chemotherapy or after radiotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- Contemporary postoperative care for high-grade gliomas usually includes radiation therapy (RT) followed by alkylating agent-based chemotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- After recovery, intensification with natural product chemotherapy will be administered, consisting of four cycles of paclitaxel given as a 24-hour infusion followed by four cycles of single agent doxorubicin. (knowcancer.com)
- Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis as a late complication of chemotherapy agents. (pneumotox.com)
- Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . (wikipedia.org)
- By common usage, the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals (i.e. blockers of signal transduction ). (wikipedia.org)
- Chemotherapy drugs have side effects, and alkylating agents are no exception. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- Many other chemotherapeutic agents have been examined, but only few of them, such as oxaliplatin and irinotecan, have been consistently shown to have beneficial effect, particularly as second-line chemotherapy as well as in combination with gemcitabine ( 8 , 9 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Impact of gender on efficacy and acute toxicity of alkylating agent -based chemotherapy in Ewing sarcoma: Secondary analysis of the Euro-Ewing99-R1 trial. (lu.se)
- Prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis after high-dose alkylating agent chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow support. (duke.edu)
- Single-agent chemotherapy with alkylating agents has been used in patients with GCTs with only modest partial response rates. (medscape.com)
- Current chemotherapy regimens usually consist of multidrug regimens and most commonly include platinum as one of the agents. (medscape.com)
- The Measles vaccine is not recommended (contraindicated) for persons with congenital immunodeficiency, HIV infection, leukaemia, lymphoma or generalised malignancy or those who are currently receiving alkylating agents , antimetabolites, radiation or large doses of corticosteroids, in addition to pregnant women. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Immunosuppressant drugs include antimetabolites, alkylating agents , some antibiotics and specific adjuvants. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Besides corticosteroids, long-term treatment options for the treatment of JIA-associated uveitis include antimetabolites, alkylating agents and biologic agents. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The classes of drugs are ever expanding and include corticosteroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, T-cell and calcineurin agents, biologic agents, and interferons. (hindawi.com)
- Alkylation can result in miscoding of DNA strands, incomplete repair of alkylated segments (which leads to strand breakage or depurination), excessive cross-linking of DNA, and inhibition of strand separation at mitosis. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Resistance to one alkylating agent often implies resistance to other drugs in the same class and can be caused by increased production of nucleophilic substances that compete with the target DNA for alkylation. (merckvetmanual.com)
- That this effect is related to these compounds' ability to alkylate biologically active centers is further indicated by the fact that Dibenamine, a compound with a single moiety capable of alkylation, can also block the vasopressin-induced stimulation of short-circuit current. (aspetjournals.org)
- Owing to the cytotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic effects that are caused by alkylation damage, alkylating agents pose considerable threats to human health. (axonmedchem.com)
- High resolution denaturing gel electrophoresis indicated that 8a exclusively alkylated the A of the 5'-TGTAAAA-3' within a -400 bp DNA fragment Similarly, alkylation by 8b occurred exclusively at the G of the 5'-AGTCAGA-3' sequence with efficiency at nanomolar concentration. (nii.ac.jp)
- In order to better understand the structure of the alkylated DNA by these conjugates, the alkylation of non-self complementary duplex decanucleotides, ODNl and ODN2, were investigated. (nii.ac.jp)
- Mechanisms of action of quinone-containing alkylating agents: DNA alkylation by aziridinylquinones. (openrepository.com)
- Alkylating agents use selective alkylation by adding the desired aliphatic carbon chain to the previously chosen starting molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- Alkylation is accomplished with the class of drugs called alkylating antineoplastic agents . (wikipedia.org)
- Certain enzymes that repair alkylation lesions in DNA are formed when Escherichia coli cells are exposed to low doses of alkylating agents. (elsevier.com)
- Mice defective in the Mgmt gene, encoding the methyltransferase, were used to evaluate cell death-inducing and tumorigenic activities of therapeutic agents which have alkylation potential. (oup.com)
- For example, many alkylating agents , such as cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, are notorious for causing transient or permanent azoospermia. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In this study, the low/nontoxic dosage of glaucocalyxin B (GLB) was used with other DNA linker agents mitomycin C (MMC), cisplatin (DDP), or cyclophosphamide (CTX) to treat GC cells. (dovepress.com)
- The alkylating agents used in immunotherapy are nitrogen mustards ( cyclophosphamide ), nitrosoureas , platinum compounds, and others. (wikipedia.org)
- Cyclophosphamide is one of several types of alkylating agents. (lls.org)
- Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide alkylates and damages DNA. (greek.doctor)
- Cyclophosphamide is the most commonly used alkylating agent. (greek.doctor)
- Studies combining pentostatin with alkylating agents, including chlorambucil (Leukeran) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have reported significant immunosuppression and have required dose modifications of one or both agents. (cancernetwork.com)
- Individual alkylating agents are generally cell-cycle nonspecific and can be subgrouped according to chemical structure into nitrogen mustards, ethyleneamines, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazene derivatives. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The major alkylating agents are the nitrogen mustards and the nitrosoureas. (cynologist.com)
- However, in contrast to molecularly targeted drugs, similar mutational mechanisms that are unambiguously responsible for clinical forms of intrinsic or acquired resistance to conventional cytotoxic anticancer agents, such as DNA-damaging agents, have proven much more elusive to uncover and validate. (aacrjournals.org)
- Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ap endo) is a key DNA repair enzyme that cleaves DNA at cytotoxic abasic sites caused by alkylating agents and radiation. (aacrjournals.org)
- Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. (wikipedia.org)
- Bifunctional alkylating agents are more cytotoxic and produce fewer drug-induced tumours than monofunctional agents. (cynologist.com)
- This result indicates that PolIV is involved in the error-free bypass of cytotoxic alkylating DNA lesions. (genetics.org)
- When the amount of cytotoxic alkylating DNA lesions is increased by the treatment with chemical alkylating agents, PolIV is required for survival in an alkA tag -proficient genetic background as well. (genetics.org)
- Thus far, the experience combining pentostatin (Nipent) with other cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents has been limited. (cancernetwork.com)
- The opportunity to combine direct cytotoxic activity with a capacity to favorably modify the tumor microenvironment, using either single-agent or combination therapy, is an especially appealing therapeutic option for a diverse range of cancers. (nih.gov)
- Our results show that MPG-overexpressing IGROV-1 and IGROV-1mp53 cells are significantly more sensitive to the clinical chemotherapeutic temozolomide in combination with methoxyamine as assayed by cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and levels of DNA damage than either agent alone. (aacrjournals.org)
- Purpose: DMS612 is a dimethane sulfonate analog with bifunctional alkylating activity and preferential cytotoxicity to human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the NCI-60 cell panel. (elsevier.com)
- Aldophosphamide is converted at the tissue site to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein, which are responsible for its biological activity (i.e. alkylating activity and cytotoxicity). (cynologist.com)
- Aziridinyl quinone antitumor agents based on indoles and cyclopent[b]indoles: structure-activity relationships for cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. (openrepository.com)
- Combining multiple antitumor agents increases the cytotoxicity against cancer cells without necessarily increasing the general toxicity. (greek.doctor)
- This study supports the quantitative assessment of MGMT methylation for clinical purposes since it could refine prediction of response to alkylating agents. (nih.gov)
- Molecular mechanisms of the adaptive response to alkylating agents]. (openrepository.com)
- Inducible DNA repair enzymes involved in the adaptive response to alkylating agents. (ox.ac.uk)
- Busulfan is an example of a dialkylating agent: it is the methanesulfonate diester of 1,4-butanediol. (wikipedia.org)
- Busulfan is an antineoplastic in the class of alkylating agents and is used to treat various forms of cancer. (pharmacycode.com)
- KB/BSO3, HLE/BSO1 and HLE/BSO2 had collateral sensitivities to a potent anticancer agent, cisplatin, and alkylating agents including melphalan and nitrosourea. (elsevier.com)
- Further investigations, including large-scale multiinstitutional trials employing bioreductive alkylating agents or other hypoxic cell cytotoxins as adjuncts to RT, are warranted. (nih.gov)
- One- and two-electron reduction of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone bioreductive alkylating agents: kinetic studies, free-radical production, thiol oxidation and DNA-strand-break formation. (semanticscholar.org)
- The one- and two-electron enzymic reduction of the bioreductive alkylating agents 2-methylmethoxynaphthoquinone (quinone I) and 2-chloromethylnaphthoquinone (quinone II) was studied with purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and DT-diaphorase respectively, and characterized in terms of kinetic constants, oxyradical production, thiol oxidation and DNA-strand-break formation. (semanticscholar.org)
- Alkylating agents , for example, are more likely to contribute to the development of leukemia than cisplatin or carboplatin. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Our preliminary study showed that glaucocalyxin B (GLB) may have the potential to be a sensitizing agent for GC cells to cisplatin treatment. (dovepress.com)
- On the other hand, alkylating agents such as cisplatin, cis- [PtCl2 (NH3) have been widely used as antineoplastic agents for a wide variety of cancers including testicular, ovarian, neck and head cancers, amongst others. (uwc.ac.za)
- However, the use of cisplatin as an anticancer agent is limited due to toxicity and resistance problems. (uwc.ac.za)
- On the other hand the newly synthesized palladium complexes also need further evaluation to see if they can be used as anticancer agents that can overcome the problems associated with cisplatin. (uwc.ac.za)
- The GSTP1 cDNA transfectant KB/BSO3-π established from KB/BSO3, and also HLE/BSO1-π and HLE/BSO2-π established from HLE/BSO1 and HLE/BSO2, restored cellular sensitivities to cisplatin and alkylating agents to similar levels as KB and HLE cells. (elsevier.com)
- Our present results indicate that GSTP1 levels apparently limit cellular sensitivities to cisplatin and alkylating agents, suggesting that GSTP1 is a useful diagnostic marker for drug sensitivities to these agents in human cancer cells. (elsevier.com)
- A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. (curehunter.com)
- These side effects can be reduced by using sensitizing agents in combination with therapeutic drugs. (dovepress.com)
- The severity of these side effects can be reduced by using sensitizing agents that have the effect of decreasing the overall dose of the drugs to reduce side effects while maintaining their therapeutic effects. (dovepress.com)
- We report that GLB can markedly sensitize GC cells to the alkylating drugs. (dovepress.com)
- In spite of this, certain toxic alkylating agents are commonly used systemically as chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer patients, with the goal of killing cancer cells. (axonmedchem.com)
- Initial synthesis and structural modification of the cyclopropa[c] pyrrolo[3,2-e]indole (CPI) DNA-alkylating motif as well as the indole non-covalent binding region in the 1980s have led to several compounds that entered clinical trials as potential anticancer drugs. (eurekaselect.com)
- Immunosuppressive drugs , also known as immunosuppressive agents , immunosuppressants and antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system . (wikipedia.org)
- These drugs covalently alkylate various cellular constituents. (cynologist.com)
- therefore, these drugs are referred to as bifunctional alkylating agents. (cynologist.com)
- Here, however, we will provide you with some general information about alkylating agents so that you can be aware of the drugs' potential benefits and risks. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- Many alkylating agents are pro-drugs which are converted into an active metabolite in the body. (greek.doctor)
- Drugs of this group are related to mustard gas, a chemical warfare agent. (greek.doctor)
- However, this agent also inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, and because many chemotherapeutic drugs generate ROS and activate JNK in the course of inducing apoptosis, we considered the possibility that curcumin might antagonize their antitumor efficacy. (aacrjournals.org)
- This is especially true for women who may be receiving gonadotoxic therapies, such as alkylating agents or abdominal/pelvic radiation. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin in combination with radiation therapy for the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (nih.gov)
- Our data suggest that Ap endo activity mediates resistance to alkylating agents and radiation and may be a useful predictor of progression after adjuvant therapy in a subset of gliomas. (aacrjournals.org)
- The nitrogen mustards (bischloroethylamines) are a group of bifunctional alkylating agents that alkylate various macromolecules, but preferentially alkylate N-7 of the guanine base of DNA. (cynologist.com)
- These active metabolites are often bifunctional , meaning that they can alkylate two guanine bases and not just one. (greek.doctor)
- Pharmacogenetics is likely to play a central role in the personalization of treatment, to stratify patients based on their likelihood of response to both standard agents (i.e., gemcitabine/nucleoside transporters) and targeted treatments (i.e., epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and/or amplification and tyrosine kinase inhibitors), Thus, molecular analysis should be implemented in the optimal management of the patient affected by pancreatic adenocarcinoma. (aacrjournals.org)
- However, ACE inhibitors and ARBs can cause birth defects, so adolescent women who are taking these agents must be counseled regarding use of birth control, and pregnancy testing should be considered before starting these agents. (medscape.com)
- Alkylating agents form highly reactive intermediate compounds that are able to transfer alkyl groups to DNA. (merckvetmanual.com)
- DT-diaphorase and cytochrome P450 reductase to form highly reactive DNA alkylating agents. (openrepository.com)
- The 'alkylating-based' group will receive CapTem regimen (capecitabine and temozolomide, /4 week), alternatively LV5FU2 (folinic acid-5 fluorouracil)-dacarbazine (1x/2 week) or LV5FU2 (folinic acid-5-fluorouracil)-streptozotocine (1x/2 week). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- O(6)-methyl-guanine-methyl-transferase (MGMT) silencing by promoter methylation may identify cancer patients responding to the alkylating agents dacarbazine or temozolomide. (nih.gov)
- To improve the treatment of women with ovarian cancer, we are investigating the modulation of a prominent DNA-damaging agent, temozolomide, by manipulating the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway via BER inhibitor, methoxyamine, and overexpression of N -methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG). (aacrjournals.org)
- Our data show that we can effectively modulate the activity of the chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide, via modulator methoxyamine, in three ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV-3x, Ovcar-3, and IGROV-1. (aacrjournals.org)
- These studies show that although clinical trials in ovarian cancer to determine temozolomide single-agent efficacy are in development, through manipulation of the BER pathway, an increase in response to temozolomide is achieved. (aacrjournals.org)
- We conclude that the bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin has demonstrated an acceptable toxicity profile to date. (nih.gov)
- Bendamustine received its first marketing approval in Germany, which is marketed under the tradename Ribomustin, by Astellas Pharma GmbH's licensee, Mundipharma International Corporation Limited, which it is indicated as a single-agent or in combination with other anti-cancer agents for indolent NHL, multiple myeloma, and CLL. (medkoo.com)
- Sekiguchi, M & nakabeppu, Y 1987, ' Adaptive response: Induced synthesis of DNA repair enzymes by alkylating agents ', Trends in Genetics , vol. 3, no. (elsevier.com)
- Alkylating agents add an alkyl group to the cell's DNA molecule. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- Also provided are an alkylating agent and a molecule functioning as a drug which each comprises the compound. (allindianpatents.com)
- The inventors have developed a hybrid molecule of a Py-Im polyamide bound to a segment A (Du) serving as an alkylating moiety of duocarmycin A, which is an antibiotic. (allindianpatents.com)
- The hybrid molecule selectively alkylated one site of a DNA fragment of 450 base pairs on the basis of the sequence recognition ability of the Py-Im polyamide (for example, see Non-Patent Document 4). (allindianpatents.com)
- Dialkylating agents can react with two different 7-N-guanine residues, and, if these are in different strands of DNA, the result is cross-linkage of the DNA strands, which prevents uncoiling of the DNA double helix. (wikipedia.org)
- Monoalkylating agents can react only with one 7-N of guanine. (wikipedia.org)
- The alkylated guanine can be excised, paired with an A or T instead of the normal C or form cross-links with other alkylated guanine bases. (greek.doctor)
- Polyfunctional alkylating agents typically cause strand cross-linking and inhibition of mitosis with consequent cell death. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Most of the alkylating agents are also carcinogenic. (wikipedia.org)
- Four of the SPM patients received either alkylating agents and/or immunomodulators during MM treatment, but the other two patients received only bortezomib plus dexamethasone (BD) therapy before SPM was diagnosed. (thefreedictionary.com)
- 1) Patients with therapy-related acute leukemias from alkylating agents generally show a latency of 3-7 years from exposure to the alkylating agent and often have an insidious course, with the development of MDS prior. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In this project, we wish to evaluate the contribution of the MGMT methylation, evaluated in the tumor, in predicting the Objective Response (OR) in patients treated with ALKY and to evaluate a treatment with alkylating agents versus Oxaliplatin in patients with a duodeno-pancreatic or lung or unknown primitive NET. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Patients will receive induction therapy with antimetabolite agents (methotrexate, leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil) for four cycles. (knowcancer.com)
- Patients will then receive consolidation therapy with three cycles of high-dose alkylating agents. (knowcancer.com)
- Medications known as alkylating agents help prevent cancer cell growth for patients with a variety of cancers. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- Pentostatin (Nipent) has demonstrated significant activity as a single agent in patients with low-grade B- and T-cell lymphomas, but thus far, clinical experience with combinations of pentostatin and other agents is limited. (cancernetwork.com)
- Pentostatin (Nipent) has shown single-agent activity in patients with low-grade T-cell and B-cell non-Hodgkin s lymphomas. (cancernetwork.com)
- The most common subgroup of alkylating agents used is the nitrogen mustard group. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Mechlorethamine, a potent alkylating agent of the nitrogen mustard class, can interfere with the ability of antidiuretic hormone to increase the short-circuit current, the oxygen consumption and the net movement of water across the isolated urinary bladder of the toad. (aspetjournals.org)
- Mechanisms of carcinogenesis induced by alkylating agents. (openrepository.com)
- Alkylating agents relating to carcinogenesis in man. (openrepository.com)
- According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendamustine, bendamustine was first synthesized in 1963 by Ozegowski and Krebs in East Germany (the former German Democratic Republic). (medkoo.com)
- Chlormethine also known as mechlorethamine or mustine (HN2) - the first alkylating agent to receive regulatory approval. (wikipedia.org)
- Modulation of membrane transport of alkylating agents and amino acids by an analog of vasopressin in murine L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. (semanticscholar.org)
- Accordingly, the effect of dDAVP on membrane transport of various alkylating agents and amino acids was evaluated in L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro. (semanticscholar.org)
- These include true alkyl groups, and have been known for a longer time than some of the other alkylating agents. (wikipedia.org)
- Alkylating agents are so named because of their ability to add alkyl groups to many electronegative groups under conditions present in cells. (pharmacycode.com)
- An alkylating antineoplastic agent is an alkylating agent used in cancer treatment that attaches an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to DNA. (wikipedia.org)
- Since cancer cells, in general, proliferate faster and with less error-correcting than healthy cells, cancer cells are more sensitive to DNA damage-such as being alkylated. (wikipedia.org)
- Imbalance of the BER pathway via overexpression of MPG is detrimental to breast cancer cells following treatment with chemotherapeutic agents ( 3 , 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Similar to other anticancer agents, intrinsic or acquired resistance to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics is a major obstacle for cancer therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- Pravin C. Patil, Vijay Satam and Moses Lee, "A Short Review on the Synthetic Strategies of Duocarmycin Analogs that are Powerful DNA Alkylating Agents", Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (2015) 15: 616. (eurekaselect.com)
- More recently, we found that alkylating Py-Im polyamides that differ only in that the C-H bond is substituted by an N atom in the second ring showed significantly different cytotoxicities in 39 human cancer cell lines (4). (jbsdonline.com)
- Since cancer cells generally proliferate unrestrictively more than do healthy cells they are more sensitive to DNA damage, and alkylating agents are used clinically to treat a variety of tumours. (chemeurope.com)
- Your doctor should prescribe the right alkylating agent for your specific type of cancer. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- According to the American Cancer Society, developing a new cancer, specifically leukemia, is a rare risk of alkylating agents. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- If you received more alkylating agents than were necessary to treat your cancer and you developed leukemia, you need to know more about what happened to you and your legal rights. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase plays vital roles in preventing induction of mutations and cancer as well as cell death related to alkylating agents. (oup.com)
- The global cancer cell therapy pipeline includes 1,011 active agents. (prnewswire.com)
- The introduction and approval of anti-PD-1 agents' nivolumab and pembrolizumab for NSCLC has bought a new era for the cancer industry. (prnewswire.com)
- By using chips bearing oligonucleotide arrays, we show that, after exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate, ≈325 gene transcript levels are increased and ≈76 are decreased. (pnas.org)
- Monofunctional alkylating agents transfer a single alkyl group and usually result in miscoding of DNA, strand breakage, or depurination. (merckvetmanual.com)
- To determine the efficacy of alkylating agents in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. (annals.org)
- The risk of leukemia from alkylating agents is "dose-dependent," meaning that the risk is small with lower doses, but goes up as the total amount of the drug used gets higher. (cancer.org)
- The risk of leukemia after getting alkylating agents is highest about 5 to 10 years after treatment. (cancer.org)
- The risk of developing leukemia from alkylating agents increases as the dose of alkylating agents increases. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- The more alkylating agents you receive, the higher your risk of developing leukemia. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- Phenotypic analysis revealed that these MSH-deficient mutants possess increased susceptibilities to free radicals and alkylating agents and to a wide range of antibiotics including erythromycin, azithromycin, vancomycin, penicillin G, rifamycin, and rifampin. (asm.org)
- Amines are readily alkylated. (wikipedia.org)
- Clinical applications of quinone-containing alkylating agents. (openrepository.com)
- Two different DNA repair enzymes are induced in E. coli by methylating agents: a methyltransferase acting on 0(6)-methylguanine residues, and a DNA glycosylate for N-methylated purines. (ox.ac.uk)
- Using clinically relevant and experimental agents this review will describe many of these mechanisms. (openrepository.com)
- Alkylating agents are a ubiquitous family of reactive chemicals that transfer alkyl carbon groups onto a broad range of biological molecules, thereby altering their structure and potentially disrupting their function. (axonmedchem.com)
- Additionally, information from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases indicates that some alkylating agents may also have significant impacts on the liver when given in high doses. (grayandwhitelaw.com)
- Decreased permeation of alkylating agents and increased activity of DNA repair systems are also common mechanisms of resistance. (merckvetmanual.com)
- It also prevents the tumors from developing resistance to individual agents. (greek.doctor)
- Alkylating agent work by covalently binding alkyl chemical groups into DNA bases. (greek.doctor)
- Alkylating agents (ALKY) are one of the main systemic treatments used, at least for advanced duodeno-pancreatic NETs, with a response rate of 30 to 40% and a median progression-free survival of 4 to 18 months. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Topics range from topical treatment, to locally administered therapy including drug-releasing implants, to systemic immunosuppressive treatments both tried and new, as well as surgical management, with each chapter highlighting important practice pearls as well as easy-reference dosing tables, side effects, and lab monitoring pertinent to the agents discussed. (springer.com)
- We have demonstrated that hybrid molecules constructed from segment A of duocarmycin A and Py-Im diamides or hairpin polyamides specifically alkylate predetermined nucleotide sequences (1). (jbsdonline.com)
- PM00104 is a DNA binding agent, causing inhibition of the cell cycle and transcription, which can lead to double stranded DNA breaks. (mdpi.com)
- GLB dosage sensitizes GC cells to the alkylating agents via arresting the cell cycle and enhancing cell death. (dovepress.com)
- We demonstrated that alkylating Py-Im polyamides that recognized specific sites on the template strand effectively inhibit transcription in an in vitro transcription system (2) and induced sequence-specific gene silencing in human cell lines (3). (jbsdonline.com)
- Alkylating agents keep the cell from reproducing by damaging its DNA. (cancer.org)
- Alkylating agents cause side effects because they also interfere with cell division in certain healthy tissues where cell division is frequent, such as the gastrointestinal tract. (lls.org)
- Alkylating agents are most active in the resting phase of the cell. (chemocare.com)
- Alkylating agents are cell cycle-nonspecific. (pharmacycode.com)
- Alkylating agents work by three different mechanisms all of which achieve the same end result - disruption of DNA function and cell death. (pharmacycode.com)
- Amongst them, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy number has increased substantially and is cumulating to a total of 568 agents. (prnewswire.com)
- Polyphenols enhance the activity of alkylating agents in leukaemia cell lines. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Those resembling erythema nodosum (EN) show small vessel vasculitis and perivascular lymphocytic and mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrin deposition in the vessel wall, while the punched out ulcers are characterized by a leucocytoclastic vasculitis (neutrophil infiltrate) with fibrinoid necrosis. (angelfire.com)
- HPLC and ESMS analyses of the reaction of these ODNs with 8a and 8b demonstrated that both conjugates efficiently and selectively alkylate N3 of the purine bases of their target sequence. (nii.ac.jp)
- Ethylene oxide is the alkylating group in this reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- Goodman, Gilman, and others began studying nitrogen mustards at Yale in 1942, and, following the sometimes dramatic but highly variable responses of experimental tumors in mice to treatment, these agents were first tested in humans late that year. (wikipedia.org)
- The compound has been proposed as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of solid human tumors and hematological malignancies. (mdpi.com)
- The observed down-regulation is in part reversible by treatment of tumor spheroids with the DNA-demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine. (aacrjournals.org)
- The role of alkylating agents in the treatment of grade II gliomas is under active investigation. (aacrjournals.org)
- The main indication for the nervous system is treatment of central nervous system lymphoma and as an immunosuppressive agent in immune-mediated diseases. (cynologist.com)
- Eszopiclone is the first of several new agents entering the US market for the treatment of insomnia. (keywen.com)
- Treatment includes alkylating agents. (mynewsdesk.com)
- These findings support the hypothesis that the water diuresis which has been observed after administration of some of the alkylating agents results from inhibition of the effects of antidiuretic hormone at the renal tubular level. (aspetjournals.org)
- Phenotypic expression of "quasi-Ada" is similar to the true Ada response, however in contrast it develops in the course of pretreatment of the cells by sublethal dose of non-alkylating agent, an NO-containing dinitrosyl iron complex with glutathione (DNICglu). (deepdyve.com)