Alkanesulfonates
Charcoal
Pulmonary Surfactants
Water
Betaine
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
Surface-Active Agents
Metals, Alkali
Salts
Viscosity
Micelles
Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.
Oligonucleotides
Base Sequence
Nucleotides
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Oligonucleotides, Antisense
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Cladocera
Waste Disposal, Fluid
Encyclopedias as Topic
Vapor Pressure
Transition Temperature
Water Purification
Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. It includes treatment of WASTE WATER to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies.
Hair
Countercurrent Distribution
Emulsions
Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.
Silicones
Silicone Oils
Hair Follicle
A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.
Conditioning, Classical
Thiamine Monophosphate
Sulfonium Compounds
Organophosphates
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
Sodium Hydroxide
Detergents
Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Solvents
Inventions
Carmine
Intellectual Property
Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)
Characterization of a two-component alkanesulfonate monooxygenase from Escherichia coli. (1/165)
The Escherichia coli ssuEADCB gene cluster is required for the utilization of alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources, and is expressed under conditions of sulfate or cysteine starvation. The SsuD and SsuE proteins were overexpressed and characterized. SsuE was purified to homogeneity as an N-terminal histidine-tagged fusion protein. Native SsuE was a homodimeric enzyme of M(r) 58,400, which catalyzed an NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of FMN, but it was also able to reduce FAD or riboflavin. The SsuD protein was purified to >98% purity using cation exchange, anion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The pure enzyme catalyzed the conversion of pentanesulfonic acid to sulfite and pentaldehyde and was able to desulfonate a wide range of sulfonated substrates including C-2 to C-10 unsubstituted linear alkanesulfonates, substituted ethanesulfonic acids and sulfonated buffers. SsuD catalysis was absolutely dependent on FMNH(2) and oxygen, and was maximal for SsuE/SsuD molar ratios of 2.1 to 4.2 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.1. Native SsuD was a homotetrameric enzyme of M(r) 181,000. These results demonstrate that SsuD is a broad range FMNH(2)-dependent monooxygenase catalyzing the oxygenolytic conversion of alkanesulfonates to sulfite and the corresponding aldehydes. SsuE is the FMN reducing enzyme providing SsuD with FMNH(2). (+info)The Escherichia coli ssuEADCB gene cluster is required for the utilization of sulfur from aliphatic sulfonates and is regulated by the transcriptional activator Cbl. (2/165)
The growth properties of an Escherichia coli strain carrying a chromosomal deletion of the ssuEADCB genes (formerly designated ycbPONME) indicated that the products of this gene cluster are required for the utilization of sulfur from aliphatic sulfonates. Sequence similarity searches indicated that the proteins encoded by ssuA, ssuB, and ssuC are likely to constitute an ABC type transport system, whereas ssuD and ssuE encode an FMNH(2)-dependent monooxygenase and an NAD(P)H-dependent FMN reductase, respectively (Eichhorn, E., van der Ploeg, J. R., and Leisinger, T. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 26639-26646). Synthesis of beta-galactosidase from a transcriptional chromosomal ssuE'-lacZ fusion was repressed by sulfate or cystine and depended on the presence of a functional cbl gene, which encodes a LysR-type transcriptional regulator. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with the ssu promoter region and measurements of beta-galactosidase from plasmid-encoded ssuE'-'lacZ fusions showed that full expression of the ssu operon required the presence of a Cbl-binding site upstream of the -35 region. CysB, the LysR transcriptional regulator for the cys genes, was not required for expression of a chromosomal ssuE'-lacZ fusion although the ssu promoter region contained three CysB-binding sites. Integration host factor could also occupy three binding sites in the ssu promoter region but had no influence on expression of a chromosomal ssuE'-lacZ fusion. (+info)Deletion analysis of the Escherichia coli taurine and alkanesulfonate transport systems. (3/165)
The Escherichia coli tauABCD and ssuEADCB gene clusters are required for the utilization of taurine and alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources and are expressed only under conditions of sulfate or cysteine starvation. tauD and ssuD encode an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase and a reduced flavin mononucleotide-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase, respectively. These enzymes are responsible for the desulfonation of taurine and alkanesulfonates. The amino acid sequences of SsuABC and TauABC exhibit similarity to those of components of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, suggesting that two uptake systems for alkanesulfonates are present in E. coli. Chromosomally located in-frame deletions of the tauABC and ssuABC genes were constructed in E. coli strain EC1250, and the growth properties of the mutants were studied to investigate the requirement for the TauABC and SsuABC proteins for growth on alkanesulfonates as sulfur sources. Complementation analysis of in-frame deletion mutants confirmed that the growth phenotypes obtained were the result of the in-frame deletions constructed. The range of substrates transported by these two uptake systems was largely reflected in the substrate specificities of the TauD and SsuD desulfonation systems. However, certain known substrates of TauD were transported exclusively by the SsuABC system. Mutants in which only formation of hybrid transporters was possible were unable to grow with sulfonates, indicating that the individual components of the two transport systems were not functionally exchangeable. The TauABCD and SsuEADCB systems involved in alkanesulfonate uptake and desulfonation thus are complementary to each other at the levels of both transport and desulfonation. (+info)Ethane sulfonate metabolite of alachlor: assessment of oncogenic potential based on metabolic and mechanistic considerations. (4/165)
Chronic administration of alachlor has been shown to produce neoplastic responses in the nasal turbinate mucosa, glandular stomach mucosa, and thyroid follicular epithelium of rats. Subsequent studies have shown that specific metabolic activation of alachlor is required for nasal tumor formation, and that non-genotoxic, threshold-sensitive processes produce all three tumors. The herbicide alachlor is degraded in the soil by microbial action to the tertiary ethane sulfonate metabolite (ESA). The acute and subchronic toxicity of ESA is very low, and the metabolite did not produce developmental toxicity or genotoxicity. The studies described here were conducted to determine whether ESA shares a common mechanism of oncogenicity with alachlor in rats. Specifically, we studied ESA's pharmacokinetics and ability to produce changes that are causally associated with the oncogenicity of alachlor. These studies demonstrated that ESA was poorly absorbed and underwent minor metabolism, which contrasted with the significant absorption and substantial metabolism observed with alachlor. ESA was also excreted more quickly than alachlor and showed no evidence of accumulation in the nasal turbinates, a site of oncogenicity for alachlor in the rat. In addition, ESA did not elicit the characteristic preneoplastic changes observed in the development of alachlor-induced nasal, stomach, and thyroid tumors. The results of these studies support the conclusion that ESA does not share a common oncogenic mechanism with alachlor and would not be expected to produce the same oncogenic responses observed following chronic alachlor exposure in rats. (+info)Characterization of a sulfur-regulated oxygenative alkylsulfatase from Pseudomonas putida S-313. (5/165)
The atsK gene of Pseudomonas putida S-313 was required for growth with alkyl sulfate esters as sulfur source. The AtsK protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Sequence analysis revealed that AtsK was closely related to E. coli taurine dioxygenase (38% amino acid identity). The AtsK protein catalyzed the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent cleavage of a range of alkyl sulfate esters, with chain lengths ranging from C(4) to C(12), required oxygen and Fe(2+) for activity and released succinate, sulfate, and the corresponding aldehyde as products. Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 7 and was strongly stimulated by ascorbate. Unlike most other characterized alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, AtsK accepted a range of alpha-keto acids as co-substrates, including alpha-ketoglutarate (K(m) 140 microm), alpha-ketoadipate, alpha-ketovalerate, and alpha-ketooctanoate. The measured K(m) values for hexyl sulfate and SDS were 40 and 34 microm, respectively. The apparent M(r) of the purified enzyme of 121,000 was consistent with a homotetrameric structure, which is unusual for this enzyme superfamily, members of which are usually monomeric or dimeric. The properties and amino acid sequence of the AtsK enzyme thus define it as an unusual oxygenolytic alkylsulfatase and a novel member of the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family. (+info)In vitro activity of a novel antimycobacterial compound, N-octanesulfonylacetamide, and its effects on lipid and mycolic acid synthesis. (6/165)
beta-Sulfonyl carboxamides have been proposed to serve as transition-state analogues of the beta-ketoacyl synthase reaction involved in fatty acid elongation. We tested the efficacy of N-octanesulfonylacetamide (OSA) as an inhibitor of fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Using the BACTEC radiometric growth system, we observed that OSA inhibits the growth of several species of slow-growing mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv and clinical isolates), the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium kansasii, and others. Nearly all species and strains tested, including isoniazid and multidrug resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis, were susceptible to OSA, with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 microg/ml. Only three clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis (CSU93, OT2724, and 401296), MAC, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis required an OSA MIC higher than 25.0 microg/ml. Rapid-growing mycobacterial species, such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and others, were not susceptible at concentrations of up to 100 microg/ml. A 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatography system showed that OSA treatment resulted in a significant decrease in all species of mycolic acids present in BCG. In contrast, mycolic acids in M. smegmatis were relatively unaffected following exposure to OSA. Other lipids, including polar and nonpolar extractable classes, were unchanged following exposure to OSA in both BCG and M. smegmatis. Transmission electron microscopy of OSA-treated BCG cells revealed a disruption in cell wall synthesis and incomplete septum formation. Our results indicate that OSA inhibits the growth of several species of mycobacteria, including both isoniazid-resistant and multidrug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. This inhibition may be the result of OSA-mediated effects on mycolic acid synthesis in slow-growing mycobacteria or inhibition via an undescribed mechanism. Our results indicate that OSA may serve as a promising lead compound for future antituberculous drug development. (+info)Short-chain aliphatic polysulfonates inhibit the entry of Plasmodium into red blood cells. (7/165)
Several steps in the pathogenesis of a Plasmodium falciparum infection depend on interactions of parasite surface proteins with negatively charged sugars on the surface of host cells such as sialate residues or glycosaminoglycans. For these reasons, our previous studies examining agents that interfere with heparan sulfate-protein binding during amyloidogenesis suggested that short-chain aliphatic polysulfonates may prove useful as antimalarial agents. A series of related polysulfonates were synthesized and assessed both in tissue culture with the asexual stages of P. falciparum in human red blood cells and in vivo by use of Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. Poly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt) (molecular weight range, 1,500 to 3,000) proved effective in interfering with P. falciparum merozoite entry into human red blood cells and significantly delaying the increase in the level of P. berghei parasitemia in mice. The concept that anionic molecules that mimic large polysaccharide structures may have antimalarial properties has been suggested and examined previously. Our results suggest that related anionic agents [poly(vinylsulfonate sodium salt)-like molecules] orders of magnitude smaller than those previously considered may prove useful in abrogating merozoite entry into erythrocytes and may potentially block sporozoite entry into liver cells. Structure-activity studies conducted to enhance these properties may provide compounds with scope for significant further analysis and development. (+info)AZ 242, a novel PPARalpha/gamma agonist with beneficial effects on insulin resistance and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in ob/ob mice and obese Zucker rats. (8/165)
Abnormalities in fatty acid (FA) metabolism underlie the development of insulin resistance and alterations in glucose metabolism, features characteristic of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes that can result in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We present pharmacodynamic effects of AZ 242, a novel peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)alpha/gamma agonist. AZ 242 dose-dependently reduced the hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia of ob/ob diabetic mice. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies showed that treatment with AZ 242 (1 micromol/kg/d) restored insulin sensitivity of obese Zucker rats and decreased insulin secretion. In vitro, in reporter gene assays, AZ 242 activated human PPARalpha and PPARgamma with EC(50) in the micro molar range. It also induced differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, an established PPARgamma effect, and caused up-regulation of liver fatty acid binding protein in HepG-2 cells, a PPARalpha-mediated effect. PPARalpha-mediated effects of AZ 242 in vivo were documented by induction of hepatic cytochrome P 450-4A in mice. The results indicate that the dual PPARalpha/gamma agonism of AZ 242 reduces insulin resistance and has beneficial effects on FA and glucose metabolism. This effect profile could provide a suitable therapeutic approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and associated vascular risk factors. (+info)
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Methanesulfonic anhydride
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Organosulfate
SIAM 25: Alkyl Sulfates, Alkane Sulfonates, and α-Olefin sulfonates" (PDF). OECD SIDS. Helsinki. DE/ICCA (2009). "SIDS Initial ... primary alkane sulfonates, and α-Olefin sulfonate". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 74 (5): 1089-1106. doi:10.1016/j. ... Assessment Profile SIAM 25: Alkyl Sulfates, Alkane Sulfonates, and α-Olefin sulfonates". OECD. Wibbertmann, A; Mangelsdorf, I ...
Polythiophene
1996). "Regiochemical Analysis of Water Soluble Conductive Polymers: Sodium Poly(ω-(3-thienyl)alkanesulfonates)". ...
Organosulfate
SIAM 25: Alkyl Sulfates, Alkane Sulfonates, and α-Olefin sulfonates" (PDF). OECD SIDS. Helsinki.. ... primary alkane sulfonates, and α-Olefin sulfonate". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 74 (5): 1089-1106. doi:10.1016/j. ... "SIDS Initial Assessment Profile SIAM 25: Alkyl Sulfates, Alkane Sulfonates, and α-Olefin sulfonates". OECD ...
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Surfactants
1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate (CHEBI:62081)
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Secondary alkane sulfonates containing 13 to 18 carbon atoms may also be used as the anionic surfactant. Suitable secondary ... Cosmetic or dermatological cleansing compositions comprising secondary alkanesulfonates. US20080057020 *. Aug 31, 2007. Mar 6, ... sodium secondary alkane sulfonates containing 13 to 18 carbon atoms, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, ammonium alkylbenzene ... alkane sulfonates include the sodium salt of secondary alkane sulfonate sold under the trademark Hostapur SAS-60 by American ...
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Linear alkanesulfonates2
- Catalyzes the conversion of pentanesulfonic acid to sulfite and pentaldehyde and is able to desulfonate a wide range of sulfonated substrates including C-2 to C-10 unsubstituted linear alkanesulfonates, substituted ethanesulfonic acids and sulfonated buffers. (uniprot.org)
- Enzymes SsuE/SsuD are involved in the desulfonation of linear alkanesulfonates (C2-C10), enzymes MsuE/MsuD utilize methanesulfonate (C1), and enzymes SfnF/SfnG utilize DMSO2 as a sulfur source. (auburn.edu)
Cationic2
- Sigma-Aldrich offers an outstanding collection of tailor-made reagents for anionic (quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts) and cationic (alkanesulfonates) analyzes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Synthesis and structural studies of three-dimensional supramolecular motifs derived from neutral and cationic zinc alkanesulfonates. (bath.ac.uk)
Sulfates1
- Liquid-Liquid Extraction There are a number of standard methods for this analysis, for example, ASTM D1568 for alkylaryl sulfonates, ASTM D1570 for analysis of alkyl sulfates, ISO 1104 for alkanesulfonates and certain non-LAS alkylarylsulfonates, and ASTM D3673 for oc-olefin sulfonates (6-9). (briefmarken-sammlerbund.de)
Desulfonation1
- Alternatively, it is possible that sulfite, the product of TauD- or SsuD-catalyzed desulfonation of taurine or alkanesulfonates, acts as anti-inducer. (norman-nekro.eu)
Methanol2
- M. extorquens subsists primarily on methanol, oxalate and alkanesulfonates and also carries out anoxygenic photosynthesis. (asbmb.org)
- R = Bu-n, R-1 = Et (7)] has been achieved by reacting 1 and related diorganotin(alkoxy)alkanesulfonates with 3-phosphonopropionic acid in methanol. (bath.ac.uk)
Enzymes1
- The purified enzyme had no activity with the substrates of related enzymes, including alkanesulfonates, aldehydes, nitrilotriacetate, or dibenzothiophenesulfone. (uea.ac.uk)