Alkanes
Alkane 1-Monooxygenase
Butanes
Octanes
Rubredoxins
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Biodegradation, Environmental
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Gordonia Bacterium
Alcanivoraceae
Waxes
Propane
Alkenes
Acetic Anhydrides
Pseudomonas
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
Pseudomonas putida
Alcohols
Agrocybe
Rhodium
Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria
Hydrocarbons, Acyclic
Candida
Surface-Active Agents
Fuel Oils
The requirement of an adherent cell substratum for the growth of developing plasmacytoma cells in vivo. (1/908)
The intraperitoneal injection of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) produces an environment conductive to primary plasmacytoma growth in as few as 3 days. After pristane injection, the total free peritoneal cell population increases from a normal value of 1.55 X 10(6) to 5.28 X 10(6) and remains at this elevated level for at least 50 days. The adherent peritoneal cell population, composed of both mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, is the primary source of this increase. In the pristane-conditioned peritoneum, these cells rapidly form a chronic granuloma on the peritoneal connective tissues. Daily subcutaneous treatment of mice with 0.5 mg of hydrocortisone beginning simultaneously with pristane injection prevents the increase in the peritoneal cell population, granuloma formation, d the production of a conditoned environment. In mice treated with hydrocortisone beginning 3 days after pristane injection, however, neither the peritoneal cell increase nor the production of a conditioned environment is prevented. The intraperitoneal injection of thioglycolate medium at 4-day intervals produces an elevation of the free adherent peritoneal cell population similar to pristane, but does not produce a granuloma or a conditioned environment. The intraperitoneal transfer of thioglycolate-induced adherent peritonel cells to mice treated with pristane and hydrocortisone simultaneously restores the production of a conditioned environment. These findings indicate that the adherent peritoneal cell population is responsible for the conditioning effect, and that the establishment of a resident population of these cells is necessary to produce conditioning. (+info)The PalkBFGHJKL promoter is under carbon catabolite repression control in Pseudomonas oleovorans but not in Escherichia coli alk+ recombinants. (2/908)
The alk genes are located on the OCT plasmid of Pseudomonas oleovorans and encode an inducible pathway for the utilization of n-alkanes as carbon and energy sources. We have investigated the influence of alternative carbon sources on the induction of this pathway in P. oleovorans and Escherichia coli alk+ recombinants. In doing so, we confirmed earlier reports that induction of alkane hydroxylase activity in pseudomonads is subject to carbon catabolite repression. Specifically, synthesis of the monooxygenase component AlkB is repressed at the transcriptional level. The alk genes have been cloned into plasmid pGEc47, which has a copy number of about 5 to 10 per cell in both E. coli and pseudomonads. Pseudomonas putida GPo12 is a P. oleovorans derivative cured of the OCT plasmid. Upon introduction of pGEc47 in this strain, carbon catabolite repression of alkane hydroxylase activity was reduced significantly. In cultures of recombinant E. coli HB101 and W3110 carrying pGEc47, induction of AlkB and transcription of the alkB gene were no longer subject to carbon catabolite repression. This suggests that carbon catabolite repression of alkane degradation is regulated differently in Pseudomonas and in E. coli strains. These results also indicate that PalkBFGHJKL, the Palk promoter, might be useful in attaining high expression levels of heterologous genes in E. coli grown on inexpensive carbon sources which normally trigger carbon catabolite repression of native expression systems in this host. (+info)Role of the alternative sigma factor sigmaS in expression of the AlkS regulator of the Pseudomonas oleovorans alkane degradation pathway. (3/908)
The AlkS protein activates transcription from the PalkB promoter, allowing the expression of a number of genes required for the assimilation of alkanes in Pseudomonas oleovorans. We have identified the promoter from which the alkS gene is transcribed, PalkS, and analyzed its expression under different conditions and genetic backgrounds. Transcription from PalkS was very low during the exponential phase of growth and increased considerably when cells reached the stationary phase. The PalkS -10 region was similar to the consensus described for promoters recognized by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase bound to the alternative sigma factor sigmaS, which directs the expression of many stationary-phase genes. Reporter strains containing PalkS-lacZ transcriptional fusions showed that PalkS promoter is very weakly expressed in a Pseudomonas putida strain bearing an inactivated allele of the gene coding for sigmaS, rpoS. When PalkS was transferred to E. coli, transcription started at the same site and expression was higher in stationary phase only if sigmaS-RNA polymerase was present. The low levels of AlkS protein generated in the absence of sigmaS were enough to support a partial induction of the PalkB promoter. The -10 and -35 regions of PalkS promoter also show some similarity to the consensus recognized by sigmaD-RNA polymerase, the primary form of RNA polymerase. We propose that in exponential phase PalkS is probably recognized both by sigmaD-RNA polymerase (inefficiently) and by sigmaS-RNA polymerase (present at low levels), leading to low-level expression of the alkS gene. sigmaS-RNA polymerase would be responsible for the high level of activity of PalkS observed in stationary phase. (+info)Effects of surfactant mixtures, including Corexit 9527, on bacterial oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil. (4/908)
Mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants, including Corexit 9527, were tested to determine their effects on bacterial oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil by cells pregrown on these substrates. Corexit 9527 inhibited oxidation of the alkanes in crude oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 31012, while Span 80, a Corexit 9527 constituent, markedly increased the oil oxidation rate. Another Corexit 9527 constituent, the negatively charged dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), strongly reduced the oxidation rate. The combination of Span 80 and AOT increased the rate, but not as much as Span 80 alone increased it, which tentatively explained the negative effect of Corexit 9527. The results of acetate uptake and oxidation experiments indicated that the nonionic surfactants interacted with the acetate uptake system while the anionic surfactant interacted with the oxidation system of the bacteria. The overall effect of Corexit 9527 on alkane oxidation by A. calcoaceticus ATCC 31012 thus seems to be the sum of the independent effects of the individual surfactants in the surfactant mixture. When Rhodococcus sp. strain 094 was used, the alkane oxidation rate decreased to almost zero in the presence of a mixture of Tergitol 15-S-7 and AOT even though the Tergitol 15-S-7 surfactant increased the alkane oxidation rate and AOT did not affect it. This indicated that there was synergism between the two surfactants rather than an additive effect like that observed for A. calcoaceticus ATCC 31012. (+info)A common pharmacophore for cytotoxic natural products that stabilize microtubules. (5/908)
Taxol (paclitaxel), a complex diterpene obtained from the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, is arguably the most important new drug in cancer chemotherapy. The mechanism of cytotoxic action for paclitaxel-i.e., the stabilization of microtubules leading to mitotic arrest-is now shared by four recently identified natural products, eleutherobin, epothilones A and B, and discodermolide. Their ability to competitively inhibit [3H]paclitaxel binding to microtubules strongly suggests the existence of a common binding site. Recently, we have developed nonaromatic analogues of paclitaxel that maintain high cytotoxicity and tubulin binding (e.g., nonataxel). We now propose a common pharmacophore that unites paclitaxel, nonataxel, the epothilones, eleutherobin, and discodermolide, and rationalizes the extensive structure-activity relationship data pertinent to these compounds. Insights from the common pharmacophore have enabled the development of a hybrid construct with demonstrated cytotoxic and tubulin-binding activity. (+info)Fundibacter jadensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new slightly halophilic bacterium, isolated from intertidal sediment. (6/908)
A moderately halophilic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium was isolated from continuous cultures containing a suspension of intertidal sediment from the German North Sea coast with hexadecane as the sole carbon source. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, fatty acid analysis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, it was considered to be a new species belonging to a new genus. It is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, whose cell size varies. It grows at concentrations of 0.5-15% (w/v) NaCl and utilizes a restricted spectrum of carbon sources. The G + C content of the DNA is 63.6 mol%. Comparative 16S rDNA studies show a clear affiliation of this bacterium to the gamma subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Comparison of phylogenetic data indicate that it is most closely related to Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus (88.9% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence). Since it is impossible to find a sufficiently closely related species, we propose the name Fundibacter jadensis gen. nov., sp. nov. for the bacteria. The type strain is T9T (= DSM 12178T). (+info)Effect of organic solvents on the yield of solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida S12. (7/908)
Solvent-tolerant microorganisms are useful in biotransformations with whole cells in two-phase solvent-water systems. The results presented here describe the effects that organic solvents have on the growth of these organisms. The maximal growth rate of Pseudomonas putida S12, 0.8 h-1, was not affected by toluene in batch cultures, but in chemostat cultures the solvent decreased the maximal growth rate by nearly 50%. Toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, xylene, hexane, and cyclohexane reduced the biomass yield, and this effect depended on the concentration of the solvent in the bacterial membrane and not on its chemical structure. The dose response to solvents in terms of yield was linear up to an approximately 200 mM concentration of solvent in the bacterial membrane, both in the wild type and in a mutant lacking an active efflux system for toluene. Above this critical concentration the yield of the wild type remained constant at 0.2 g of protein/g of glucose with increasing concentrations of toluene. The reduction of the yield in the presence of solvents is due to a maintenance higher by a factor of three or four as well as to a decrease of the maximum growth yield by 33%. Therefore, energy-consuming adaptation processes as well as the uncoupling effect of the solvents reduce the yield of the tolerant cells. (+info)Butane metabolism by butane-grown 'Pseudomonas butanovora'. (8/908)
The pathway of butane metabolism by butane-grown 'Pseudomonas butanovora' was determined to be butane --> 1-butanol --> butyraldehyde butyrate. Butane was initially oxidized at the terminal carbon to produce 1-butanol. Up to 90% of the butane consumed was accounted for as 1-butanol when cells were incubated in the presence of 5 mM 1-propanol (to block subsequent metabolism of 1-butanol). No production of the subterminal oxidation product, 2-butanol, was detected, even in the presence of 5 mM 2-pentanol (an effective inhibitor of 2-butanol consumption). Ethane, propane and pentane, but not methane, were also oxidized. Butane-grown cells consumed 1-butanol and other terminal alcohols. Secondary alcohols, including 2-butanol, were oxidized to the corresponding ketones. Butyraldehyde was further oxidized to butyrate as demonstrated by blocking butyrate metabolism with 1 mM sodium valerate. Butyrate also accumulated from butane when cells were incubated with 1 mM sodium valerate. The pathway intermediates (butane, 1-butanol, butyraldehyde and butyrate) and 2-butanol stimulated O2 consumption by butane-grown cells. 1-Butanol, butyraldehyde and butyrate supported growth of 'P. butanovora', as did 2-butanol and lactate. (+info)Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbons, which are characterized by the presence of single bonds between carbon atoms in their molecular structure. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
The simplest and shortest alkane is methane (CH4), which contains one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. As the number of carbon atoms increases, the length and complexity of the alkane chain also increase. For example, ethane (C2H6) contains two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms, while propane (C3H8) contains three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms.
Alkanes are important components of fossil fuels such as natural gas, crude oil, and coal. They are also used as starting materials in the production of various chemicals and materials, including plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals. In the medical field, alkanes may be used as anesthetics or as solvents for various medical applications.
Alkane 1-monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of one oxygen atom from molecular oxygen to a alkane, resulting in the formation of an alcohol. This reaction also requires the cofactor NADH or NADPH and generates water as a byproduct.
The general reaction catalyzed by alkane 1-monooxygenase can be represented as follows:
R-CH3 + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ -> R-CH2OH + H2O + NAD(P)+
where R represents an alkyl group.
This enzyme is found in various microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, and plays a crucial role in their ability to degrade hydrocarbons, including alkanes, which are major components of fossil fuels. Alkane 1-monooxygenase has potential applications in bioremediation and the production of biofuels from renewable resources.
Butanes are a group of flammable, colorless gases that are often used as fuel or in the production of other chemicals. They have the chemical formula C4H10 and are composed of four carbon atoms and ten hydrogen atoms. Butanes are commonly found in natural gas and crude oil, and they can be extracted through a process called distillation.
There are two main types of butane: n-butane and isobutane. N-butane has a straight chain of four carbon atoms, while isobutane has a branched chain with one carbon atom branching off the main chain. Both forms of butane are used as fuel for lighters, stoves, and torches, and they are also used as refrigerants and in the production of aerosols.
Butanes are highly flammable and can be dangerous if not handled properly. They should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition, and they should never be used near an open flame or other source of heat. Ingesting or inhaling butane can be harmful and can cause symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. If you suspect that you have been exposed to butane, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "octanes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in chemistry and physics, particularly in reference to fuel. Octane is a hydrocarbon molecule found in gasoline, and it is used as a measure of the fuel's ability to resist engine knocking or pinging during combustion.
The octane rating of gasoline typically ranges from 87 (regular) to 91-93 (premium). Higher-octane fuels are often recommended for high-performance vehicles that have higher compression ratios in their engines. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
Rubredoxins are small iron-sulfur proteins that contain a single iron atom bonded to four cysteine residues, forming an iron(II)-sulfur cluster. They play a role in electron transfer reactions in certain bacteria and archaea. The name "rubredoxin" comes from the fact that these proteins can be easily reduced, turning them red in color. They have a molecular weight of around 6,000 daltons and are known for their stability and resistance to chemical changes. Rubredoxins are not commonly found in higher organisms such as plants and animals.
Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.
Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.
In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrocarbons" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They are primarily used in industry as fuel, lubricants, and as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, and other chemicals.
However, in a broader scientific context, hydrocarbons can be relevant to medical discussions. For instance, in toxicology, exposure to certain types of hydrocarbons (like those found in gasoline or solvents) can lead to poisoning and related health issues. In environmental medicine, the pollution of air, water, and soil with hydrocarbons is a concern due to potential health effects.
But in general clinical medicine, 'hydrocarbons' wouldn't have a specific definition.
Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.
Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.
Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.
Mixed Function Oxygenases (MFOs) are a type of enzyme that catalyze the addition of one atom each from molecular oxygen (O2) to a substrate, while reducing the other oxygen atom to water. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous compounds, including drugs, carcinogens, and environmental pollutants.
MFOs are primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells and consist of two subunits: a flavoprotein component that contains FAD or FMN as a cofactor, and an iron-containing heme protein. The most well-known example of MFO is cytochrome P450, which is involved in the oxidation of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds such as steroids, fatty acids, and vitamins.
MFOs can catalyze a variety of reactions, including hydroxylation, epoxidation, dealkylation, and deamination, among others. These reactions often lead to the activation or detoxification of xenobiotics, making MFOs an important component of the body's defense system against foreign substances. However, in some cases, these reactions can also produce reactive intermediates that may cause toxicity or contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer.
Gordonia bacterium is a type of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that belongs to the family Gordoniaceae. These bacteria are typically found in soil, water, and clinical specimens such as respiratory secretions, wounds, and blood. They are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and many species can produce colonies with a distinctive orange or pink color due to the production of pigments such as gordoniabactin.
Gordonia species are generally considered to be low-virulence organisms, but they have been associated with various types of infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections can include respiratory tract infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.
Gordonia species are often resistant to many antibiotics, including beta-lactams, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. Therefore, identification of the specific Gordonia species and susceptibility testing are important for guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Alcanivoraceae is a family of Gram-negative, aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are known for their ability to degrade hydrocarbons. These bacteria are commonly found in marine environments and play an essential role in the natural bioremediation of oil spills. They have the ability to use alkanes, which are a major component of crude oil, as their sole source of carbon and energy. This makes them particularly useful for cleaning up oil-contaminated waters, as they can help to break down the oil into smaller, less toxic compounds.
The type genus of Alcanivoraceae is Alcanivorax, which was first described in 1998. Since then, several other genera have been added to the family, including Cycloclasticus, Marinobacter, and Neptuniibacter. These bacteria are typically found in marine environments, such as seawater, sediments, and oil-contaminated waters. They are also known to be associated with marine animals, such as sea turtles and sponges.
In addition to their role in bioremediation, Alcanivoraceae bacteria have been studied for their potential use in a variety of industrial applications, including the production of biofuels and other valuable chemicals. However, more research is needed to fully understand the biology and ecology of these bacteria before they can be widely used in these contexts.
I believe you may be asking for a medical explanation or examples of substances that are referred to as "waxes." Waxes are not a specific medical term, but they can refer to various natural or synthetic esters that are insoluble in water and have a soft, waxy consistency. In a medical context, the term "waxes" might refer to:
1. Cerumen (Earwax): A yellowish waxy substance produced by glands in the ear canal. Cerumen helps protect the ear by trapping dirt, dust, and other particles and preventing them from entering the inner ear.
2. Sebaceous Waxes: These are esters found in sebum, an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands in the skin. Sebum helps keep the skin and hair moisturized and protected.
3. Cutaneous Waxes: These are lipid-rich substances secreted by specialized sweat glands called eccrine glands. They help to waterproof and protect the skin.
4. Histological Waxes: Paraffin or other waxes used in histology for tissue processing, embedding, and microtomy to prepare thin sections of tissues for examination under a microscope.
These are some examples of substances that can be referred to as "waxes" in a medical context.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Propane" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound commonly used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and engines. Propane is a gas at room temperature and pressure, but it can be liquefied under moderate pressure and stored in cylinders or tanks.
If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
The double bond in alkenes can undergo various reactions, such as addition reactions, where different types of molecules can add across the double bond to form new compounds. The relative position of the double bond in the carbon chain and the presence of substituents on the carbon atoms can affect the physical and chemical properties of alkenes.
Alkenes are important industrial chemicals and are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and other chemicals. They are also found in nature, occurring in some plants and animals, and can be produced by certain types of bacteria through fermentation processes.
Rhodococcus is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, actinomycete bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including soil and water. Some species of Rhodococcus can cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can affect various organs and tissues, such as the lungs, skin, and brain, and can range from mild to severe.
Rhodococcus species are known for their ability to degrade a wide variety of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, making them important players in bioremediation processes. They also have complex cell walls that make them resistant to many antibiotics and disinfectants, which can complicate treatment of Rhodococcus infections.
Acetic anhydride is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, particularly in the production of cellulose acetate and other acetate esters. Acetic anhydride is also an important intermediate in the synthesis of certain pharmaceuticals and dyes.
In medical terminology, acetic anhydride is not typically used as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. However, it can be used in laboratory settings to synthesize compounds that may have medical applications. For example, acetic anhydride has been used to produce certain antiviral drugs and antibiotics.
It is important to note that acetic anhydride can be harmful or fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause burns and eye damage, and may be harmful to the respiratory system if inhaled. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used only in well-ventilated areas with appropriate personal protective equipment.
"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.
Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.
Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and one or more halogens, such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). These compounds are formed when halogens replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule.
Halogenated hydrocarbons can be further categorized into two groups:
1. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons: These include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes with halogen atoms replacing hydrogen atoms. Examples include chloroform (trichloromethane, CHCl3), methylene chloride (dichloromethane, CH2Cl2), and trichloroethylene (C2HCl3).
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: These consist of aromatic rings, such as benzene, with halogen atoms attached. Examples include chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl), bromobenzene (C6H5Br), and polyhalogenated biphenyls like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
Halogenated hydrocarbons have various industrial applications, including use as solvents, refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and intermediates in chemical synthesis. However, some of these compounds can be toxic, environmentally persistent, and bioaccumulative, posing potential health and environmental risks.
"Pseudomonas putida" is a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is commonly found in soil and water environments. It is a non-pathogenic, opportunistic microorganism that is known for its versatile metabolism and ability to degrade various organic compounds. This bacterium has been widely studied for its potential applications in bioremediation and industrial biotechnology due to its ability to break down pollutants such as toluene, xylene, and other aromatic hydrocarbons. It is also known for its resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics, making it a valuable tool in the study of bacterial survival mechanisms and potential applications in bioremediation and waste treatment.
In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.
It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.
Agrocybe is a genus of fungi in the family Strophariaceae. These mushrooms are commonly known as "meadow mushrooms" or " lawn mushrooms." They are saprobic, meaning they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter. Some species of Agrocybe are considered edible and are found in many parts of the world. However, it is important to note that some species can be toxic and should not be consumed without proper identification by a trained mycologist.
Here is a medical definition of Agrocybe:
A genus (Agrocybe) of fungi in the family Strophariaceae, characterized by brown to yellow-brown pileus (cap), adnexed to adnate gills, and a stipe (stem) that is often bulbous at the base. Some species are considered edible, while others can be toxic. Proper identification of Agrocybe species is important before consumption.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhodium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is found in small quantities in platinum or nickel ores along with some other rare metals.
It's primarily used in industrial applications, such as being a key component in catalytic converters in automobiles, which helps to reduce harmful emissions. It's also used in jewelry, electronics, and scientific instruments due to its properties of resistance to corrosion and heat.
If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a group of bacteria that chemically reduce sulfates to produce hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, and other sulfur compounds. They are anaerobic, meaning they do not require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria are commonly found in environments like soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals, including humans.
In the medical context, SRB can be associated with certain health conditions. For example, they can contribute to dental cavities by producing acid as a byproduct of their metabolism. They can also cause infections in people with compromised immune systems or implanted medical devices, such as heart valves or joint replacements. These infections can lead to the production of harmful sulfur compounds that can damage tissues and cause symptoms like pain, swelling, and discharge.
SRB are also known to play a role in some types of anaerobic digestion, where they help break down organic matter in wastewater treatment plants and other industrial settings. However, their ability to produce corrosive sulfur compounds can cause problems in these environments, such as damage to pipes and equipment.
Acyclic hydrocarbons, also known as aliphatic hydrocarbons, are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are characterized by the absence of aromatic rings or cyclic structures in their molecular structure. Instead, they contain open chains of carbon atoms that are saturated (containing only single bonds) or unsaturated (containing double or triple bonds).
Acyclic hydrocarbons can be further classified into several subcategories based on the nature and arrangement of their carbon-carbon bonds. These include:
* Alkanes: saturated acyclic hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, butane)
* Alkenes: unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond (e.g., ethene, propene, butene)
* Alkynes: unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (e.g., ethyne, propyne, butyne)
Acyclic hydrocarbons are important components of fossil fuels such as natural gas, crude oil, and coal. They are also used in the production of a wide range of chemicals, materials, and consumer products, including plastics, synthetic fibers, solvents, and fuels.
'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.
Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. They contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) components in their molecular structure. This unique property allows them to interact with and stabilize interfaces, making them useful in various medical and healthcare applications.
In the medical field, surfactants are commonly used in pulmonary medicine, particularly for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. The lungs of premature infants often lack sufficient amounts of natural lung surfactant, which can lead to RDS and other complications. Exogenous surfactants, derived from animal sources or synthetically produced, are administered to replace the missing or dysfunctional lung surfactant, improving lung compliance and gas exchange.
Surfactants also have applications in topical formulations for dermatology, as they can enhance drug penetration into the skin, reduce irritation, and improve the spreadability of creams and ointments. Additionally, they are used in diagnostic imaging to enhance contrast between tissues and improve visualization during procedures such as ultrasound and X-ray examinations.
I must clarify that "Fuel Oils" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Fuel oils are types of oil used as fuel, and they include various distillates of petroleum. They are commonly used for heating purposes or to generate electricity in industrial plants and ships.
However, if you're asking about the medical implications of exposure to fuel oils, it can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea, especially if inhaled in large quantities or in a poorly ventilated space. Long-term exposure may lead to more severe health issues, such as bronchitis, heart disease, and cancer.
'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).
The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:
A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.
Alkane
List of straight-chain alkanes
Higher alkane
Alkane metathesis
Perfluoroalkoxy alkane
Alkane 1-monooxygenase
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig
Wurtz-Fittig reaction
Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria
Biodegradable plastic
Primary carbon
Glossary of engineering: A-L
Quaternary carbon
Tertiary carbon
Secondary carbon
Aldehyde deformylating oxygenase
Glossary of civil engineering
Long-chain acyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase
Carbon-carbon bond activation
Organoaluminium chemistry
Sulfoxidation
Paraffin wax
John F. Hartwig
Polarizability
Tetracosane
Heptane
Lennard-Jones potential
ane
Borylation
Group 14 hydride
Alkane - Wikipedia
Alkanes - Starfield Guide - IGN
What are halogen derivative of alkane? - Answers
Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and functional groups | Khan Academy
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- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons of different sizes and structures. (igem.org)
- Saturated (n-alkane) hydrocarbons in the upper Clyde are of natural terrestrial origin. (nerc.ac.uk)
- Alkanes or paraffins are saturated hydrocarbons with general molecules formula C n H 2n+2 . (pw.live)
- Alkanes are obtained by hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes & alkynes) in presence of finally divided catalyst e.g. (pw.live)
- alkane - ► NOUN Chemistry ▪ any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, and higher members. (de-academic.com)
- The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. (classnotes.ng)
- Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have a single bond which means they are saturated. (88tuition.com)
- Alkanes which form a chain are called normal, straight chain or unbranched hydrocarbons. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
- Hydrocarbons, the advanced biofuels produced by different organisms, the evidence that alkanes in petroleum can be renewable. (bvsalud.org)
- If the organisms, especially some native microorganisms and engineered bacteria and yeasts , can synthesize and secret a large amount of hydrocarbons within a short period, alkanes in the petroleum can be renewable. (bvsalud.org)
- Nevertheless, asphalt fume consists mainly of aliphatic compounds, cyclic alkanes, cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic compounds. (cdc.gov)
Methane7
- The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (CH4), where n = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like pentacontane (C50H102) or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of tetradecane (C14H30). (wikipedia.org)
- Methane is produced by methanogenic bacteria and some long-chain alkanes function as pheromones in certain animal species or as protective waxes in plants and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
- Marine hydrocarbon seeps are ecosystems that are rich in methane, and, in some cases, short-chain (C 2 -C 5 ) and longer alkanes. (frontiersin.org)
- Analysis of 16S rRNA databases showed the preferences of Binatota to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, hydrocarbon-rich habitats, and sponges, supporting their potential role in mitigating methanol and methane emissions, breakdown of alkanes, and their association with sponges. (escholarship.org)
- Methane (CH 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ) and propane (C 3 H 8 ) are alkanes with only one possible structure. (quimicaorganica.org)
- The smallest alkane is Methane (CH4). (pediaa.com)
- Some familiar alkanes are methane (natural gas), propane (gas used in homes), and butane (blue-flamed cigarette lighters). (wikiversity.org)
Saturated hydrocarbon1
- In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. (wikipedia.org)
Alkenes5
- Esters, lower alkanes and alkenes are also obtained as side products. (pw.live)
- This package contains the analyte groups "Alkanes", "Alkenes" and "Cycloalkanes", containing a total of 24 analytes. (genohm.com)
- Alkenes, like Alkanes, have carbon backbones but contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. (wikiversity.org)
- Alternatively, Alkenes can be reduced to Alkanes by reacting with Hydrogen gas over a Nickel catalyst. (wikiversity.org)
- See the alkane naming scheme for branched molecules, as the same principal applies to alkenes we simply retain the "ene" rather than the "ane" ending. (wikiversity.org)
Cyclic alkanes2
- Very complicated structures are possible by combining linear, branch, cyclic alkanes. (wikipedia.org)
- namely, acyclic alkanes (C n H 2n+2 ) and cyclic alkanes (C n H 2n ). (pediaa.com)
Ethane3
- C 2 -C 4 alkanes such as ethane, propane, and butane can be significant components of seeping fluids. (frontiersin.org)
- Phylogenetic analyses indicate that distinct phylotypes are enriched in the ethane reactors, while phylotypes in the propane and butane reactors align with previously identified C 3 -C 4 alkane-oxidizing sulfate-reducers. (frontiersin.org)
- The system is selective for higher alkanes: 30% ethane conversion with 98% selectivity for EtTFA and 19% propane conversion that is selective for mixtures of the mono- and difunctionalized TFA esters. (princeton.edu)
Carbon24
- In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are single. (wikipedia.org)
- In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C-C or C-H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C-H bond). (wikipedia.org)
- The number of carbon atoms may be considered as the size of the alkane. (wikipedia.org)
- One group of the higher alkanes are waxes, solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), for which the number of carbon atoms in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17. (wikipedia.org)
- With their repeated -CH2 units, the alkanes constitute a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ in molecular mass by multiples of 14.03 u (the total mass of each such methylene-bridge unit, which comprises a single carbon atom of mass 12.01 u and two hydrogen atoms of mass ~1.01 u each). (wikipedia.org)
- Alkanes with more than three carbon atoms can be arranged in various ways, forming structural isomers. (wikipedia.org)
- The simplest isomer of an alkane is the one in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a single chain with no branches. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to the alkane isomers, the chain of carbon atoms may form one or more rings. (wikipedia.org)
- C15-19 Alkane is a mixture of alkanes with 15 to 19 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. (ewg.org)
- Some sulfate-reducing microbes oxidize short-chain alkanes anaerobically, and may play an important role in both the competition for sulfate and the local carbon budget. (frontiersin.org)
- Measured rates of alkane oxidation and sulfate reduction closely follow stoichiometric predictions that assume the complete oxidation of alkanes to CO 2 (though other sinks for alkane carbon likely exist). (frontiersin.org)
- The concurrent depletion in the δ 13 C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) implies a transfer of carbon from the alkane to the DIC pool (−3.5 and −6.7‰ for C 3 and C 4 incubations, respectively). (frontiersin.org)
- These data further constrain the potential influence of alkane oxidation on sulfate reduction rates (SRRs) in cold hydrocarbon-rich sediments, provide insight into their contribution to local carbon cycling, and illustrate the extent to which short-chain alkanes can serve as electron donors and govern microbial community composition and density. (frontiersin.org)
- Due to weak forces, the C1 to C4 alkanes are gases, C5 to C17 are liquids, those with more than 18 carbon atoms are solids at 298K. (pw.live)
- Alkanes with straight carbon chains have higher boiling points than their isomers with branched chains. (pw.live)
- Alkanes contain only Carbon and hydrogen atoms. (pediaa.com)
- According to the orbital hybridization model, all the carbon atoms in Alkanes have the SP3 hybridization. (pediaa.com)
- In this reaction, alkanes convert to Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water. (pediaa.com)
- For unbranched alkanes, the boiling point smoothly increases as the number of Carbon atoms and the molecular weight are increasing. (pediaa.com)
- In general, branched alkanes have lower boiling points compared to the same unbranched alkanes, having the same number of Carbon atoms. (pediaa.com)
- However, there is a slight difference in melting points between the alkanes with even number of Carbon atoms and odd number of Carbon atoms. (pediaa.com)
- Alkanes are a compound in which the carbon backbone contains only single bonds. (wikiversity.org)
- Alkanes combust to produce water and carbon dioxide in air. (wikiversity.org)
- An alkane is a compound containing solely hydrogen and carbon, held together only by single bonds. (wikiversity.org)
Branched or unbranched1
- The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, as carried out by individual cells. (planteome.org)
CnH2n2
- Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. (wikipedia.org)
- The boiling points (BP/K) of some liquid n-alkanes of formula CnH2n+2 are believed to fit the formula shown below. (qsstudy.com)
Molecules2
Long-chain alkanes1
- This process is used for preparation of long chain alkanes by coupling of alkyl boranes by means of silver nitrate in presence of NaOH at 250C. (pw.live)
Paraffins1
- 100. Alkanes are also called paraffins . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Simplest1
- The simplest systematic name is given to straight chain alkanes. (wikiversity.org)
Isomers1
- These alkanes with the same formula but different structures are called isomers. (quimicaorganica.org)
Chemistry3
- Intro to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes What Is Organic Chemistry? (docslib.org)
- Alkanes What is Organic Chemistry? (docslib.org)
- However, few studies have been performed in which the n-alkane low-temperature chemistry is coupled with transport and heat release. (princeton.edu)
Alkyl group2
- An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that bears one open valence for bonding. (wikipedia.org)
- An alkyl group is an alkane substituent missing one hydrogen, with general formula C n H 2n+1 . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Degradation1
- As our test system, we examined degradation of normal alkanes by two related strains of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa , as the basic steps in this process are understood, but a system-wide analysis had not yet been performed. (biomedcentral.com)
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- Alkane Resources Limited ��� ���������� ���������� , Alkane Resources Limited ������ ��� 2023 ���. (calc.ru)
Butane1
- 3 is therefor called n-alkanes (n-butane, n-pentane etc.) to pinpoint that they are normal or unbranched. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Reactivity2
- Branched alkanes and un-branched alkanes possess different chemical and physical properties that describes their chemical reactivity, nature of bonding, density and solubility, reasons for the variations in boiling point and melting point. (pediaa.com)
- Large n-alkanes are notable components of many common transportation fuels and possess rich low-temperature reactivity. (princeton.edu)
Solids2
- Alkanes exist in all three forms: as gases, liquids and solids. (pediaa.com)
- Alkanes with higher molecular weight are solids. (pediaa.com)
Hexane1
- The team reacted a variety of phenyl thiol derivatives with alkanes such as cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, or hexane in the presence of CuCl 2 and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an oxidant, using CF 3 COOH (TFA) as an additive. (chemistryviews.org)
Boiling5
- The differences in boiling points arise since branched alkanes are more compact is a small surface area, and thus facilitating less surface area for London force interactions. (pediaa.com)
- This lowers the boiling points in branched alkanes. (pediaa.com)
- What is the Boiling Point of n-Alkanes? (qsstudy.com)
- The constant B fine tunes the boiling point for changes in the chain length of the alkane. (qsstudy.com)
- Our NLLSQ equation may be used to interpolate the missing boiling points for ri = 7 and n = 9 with a confidence of ±0.5 K. However, extrapolating outside the range of n values for other alkanes is much less certain and should be treated with extreme caution. (qsstudy.com)
IUPAC Nomenclature1
- The IUPAC nomenclature (systematic way of naming compounds) for alkanes is based on identifying hydrocarbon chains. (wikipedia.org)
Aromatics1
- Gasoline vapors contain about 90% alkanes and 2% aromatics (0.9% benzene). (cdc.gov)
Bonds3
- They are all alkanes, and therefore only have Van Der Waal intermolecular forces (they are non-polar, so do not have dipole dipole, and do not have any Hydrogen bonds as well), The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy (heat) it requires to break the bonds, the higher the MP. (markedbyteachers.com)
- The C ⎯ H and C ⎯C bonds in alkanes are almost non - polar and strong, and attacking reagents find no reaction sites to which they could be attached. (pw.live)
- It is very difficult to break their bonds unless alkanes are heated to fairly high temperatures. (pediaa.com)
Compounds1
- d) By reduction of Carbonyl Compounds: By following three methods aldehydes & ketones are reduced to give alkanes. (pw.live)
Alcohols1
- c) By reduction of Alcohols: By following two methods, alkanes can be prepared from alcohols. (pw.live)
Alkyne1
- Alkane - Not to be confused with Alkene or Alkyne. (de-academic.com)
Alkene1
- This suggests a different reaction mechanism for alkene hydrogenolysis over platinum catalysts than that operative in the hydrogenolysis of alkanes. (gla.ac.uk)
Mixture2
- Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of com- pounds, of which alkanes constitute the major fraction. (igem.org)
- In this case a mixture of three alkanes is obtained & the separation of the mixture into individual member is not always easy, so it's not a good method for the preparation of alkanes if both alkyl halides are different. (pw.live)
Combustion1
- Reaction between Alkanes with excess Oxygen is called "combustion. (pediaa.com)
Reactions1
- the reactions of alkanes in the process of fractional distillation. (nagwa.com)
Physical properties3
- This lesson plan includes the objectives and exclusions of the lesson teaching students how to write and interpret the names and formulas of alkanes and describe trends in physical properties. (nagwa.com)
- It gives the description of chemical and physical properties of Alkanes. (pediaa.com)
- In general, this article answers, 'how' and 'why' the physical properties of alkanes change along the alkane series. (pediaa.com)
Molecular2
- In this work, we investigate the effect of a substrate on a molecular nano-film comprised of n -alkane chains. (confex.com)
- Alkanes vary with the molecular weight and the molecular structure. (pediaa.com)
Fatty acids2
- The genomes also encoded multiple alkane hydroxylases and monooxygenases, potentially enabling growth on a wide range of alkanes and fatty acids. (escholarship.org)
- The occurrence of multiple alkane hydroxylases and monooxygenases in these genomes was also identified, potentially enabling growth on a wide range of alkanes and fatty acids. (escholarship.org)
Derivatives1
- Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of N-ferrocenylmethyl amino acid benzene carboxamide derivatives and N-ferrocenyl benzoyl amino alkane derivatives as anti-cancer agents. (dcu.ie)
Metabolic2
- Link to all annotated objects annotated to cellular alkane metabolic process. (planteome.org)
- Link to all direct and indirect annotations to cellular alkane metabolic process. (planteome.org)
Formula1
- The general formula for the alkanes is a. (classnotes.ng)
Equation1
- The NLLSQ fit of the model equation for the six n-alkanes is shown below in Figure shows the data and our fitted NLLSQ equation. (qsstudy.com)
Petroleum1
- The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas. (wikipedia.org)
Reagents2
- Alkanes are relatively stable to most of the common reagents at room temperature. (pw.live)
- Alkanes are inert to many chemical reagents. (pediaa.com)
Chain3
- Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes indicated by the prefix "n-" or "n-"(for "normal") where a non-linear isomer exists. (wikipedia.org)
- To better understand the anaerobic oxidation of short-chain n -alkanes coupled with sulfate-reduction, hydrocarbon-rich sediments from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) were amended with artificial, sulfate-replete seawater and one of four n -alkanes (C 1 -C 4 ) then incubated under strict anaerobic conditions. (frontiersin.org)
- To name simple alkanes, you need to know the appropriate base part for the number of carbons in a continuous chain. (wikiversity.org)
Organic compound1
- Alkanes are a non-polar organic compound. (pediaa.com)
Polar1
- Water is a polar solvent, so alkanes do not dissolve in water. (pediaa.com)
