Alfentanil. Medical search

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)

Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)

An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.

Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage.

Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.

A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.

Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.

Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Operative procedures performed on the SKIN.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

Adjunctive computer programs in providing drug treatment to patients.

Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. The limbs tend to remain in whatever position they are placed (waxy flexibility). Catalepsy may be associated with PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA, CATATONIC), nervous system drug toxicity, and other conditions.

An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.

Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.

That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.

The period during a surgical operation.

The aperture in the iris through which light passes.

A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)

The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Inhalation anesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anesthesia is used especially with explosive anesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is possible.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

Androstanes and androstane derivatives which are substituted in any position with one or more hydroxyl groups.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.

Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.

Pain during the period after surgery.

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.

An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.

A type of oropharyngeal airway that provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anesthesia in certain patients. It is introduced into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx thus permitting spontaneous or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or esophagus. It is used in place of a facemask in routine anesthesia. The advantages over standard mask anesthesia are better airway control, minimal anesthetic gas leakage, a secure airway during patient transport to the recovery area, and minimal postoperative problems.

The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.

The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)

A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.

Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.

The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

Inorganic compounds that contain barium as an integral part of the molecule.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.

Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.

The two types of spaces between which water and other body fluids are distributed: extracellular and intracellular.

The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.

Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).

Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)

The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.

A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.

Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.

A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.

Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.

Excision of the uterus.

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion.

The period following a surgical operation.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.

Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A large group of cytochrome P-450 (heme-thiolate) monooxygenases that complex with NAD(P)H-FLAVIN OXIDOREDUCTASE in numerous mixed-function oxidations of aromatic compounds. They catalyze hydroxylation of a broad spectrum of substrates and are important in the metabolism of steroids, drugs, and toxins such as PHENOBARBITAL, carcinogens, and insecticides.

A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic variability in individual responses to drugs and drug metabolism (BIOTRANSFORMATION).

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

A 170-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance (see DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE).

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Behavioral and physiological effects of remifentanil and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. (1/235)

BACKGROUND: The subjective and psychomotor effects of remifentanil have not been evaluated. Accordingly, the authors used mood inventories and psychomotor tests to characterize the effects of remifentanil in healthy, non-drug-abusing volunteers. Alfentanil was used as a comparator drug. METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in which they received an infusion of saline, remifentanil, or alfentanil for 120 min. The age- and weight-adjusted infusions (determined with STANPUMP, a computer modeling software package) were given to achieve three predicted constant plasma levels for 40 min each of remifentanil (0.75, 1.5, and 3 ng/ml) and alfentanil (16, 32, and 64 ng/ml). Mood forms and psychomotor tests were completed, and miosis was assessed, during and after the infusions. In addition, analgesia was tested at each dose level using a cold-pressor test. RESULTS: Remifentanil had prototypic micro-like opioid subjective effects, impaired psychomotor performance, and produced analgesia. Alfentanil at the dose range tested had more mild effects on these measures, and the analgesia data indicated that a 40:1 potency ratio, rather than the 20:1 ratio we used, may exist between remifentanil and alfentanil. A psychomotor test administered 60 min after the remifentanil infusion was discontinued showed that the volunteers were still impaired, although they reported feeling no drug effects. CONCLUSIONS: The notion that the pharmacodynamic effects of remifentanil are extremely short-lived after the drug is no longer administered must be questioned given our findings that psychomotor effects were still apparent 1 h after the infusion was discontinued. (+info)

Balanced pre-emptive analgesia: does it work? A double-blind, controlled study in bilaterally symmetrical oral surgery. (2/235)

We studied 32 patients undergoing bilateral symmetrical lower third molar surgery under general anaesthesia to determine if the combined effects of pre-emptive local anaesthetic block using 0.5% bupivacaine, together with i.v. tenoxicam and alfentanil had any benefits over postoperative administration. Patients acted as their own controls and were allocated randomly to have surgery start on one side, the second side always being the pre-emptive side. Difference in pain intensity between the two sides was determined using visual analogue scales completed by each individual at 6 h, and at 1, 3 and 6 days after operation. A long-form McGill pain questionnaire was also used to assess difference in pain intensity between the two sides on the morning after surgery. There was no significant difference in pain intensity at any time after surgery. Our findings indicate that the combined use of pre-emptive analgesia from 0.5% bupivacaine, tenoxicam and alfentanil did not reduce postoperative pain intensity in patients undergoing molar exodontia. (+info)

Recirculatory and compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling of alfentanil in pigs: the influence of cardiac output. (3/235)

BACKGROUND: Cardiac output (CO) is likely to influence the pharmacokinetics of anesthetic drugs and should be accounted for in pharmacokinetic models. The influence of CO on the pharmacokinetic parameters of alfentanil in pigs was evaluated using compartmental and recirculatory models. METHODS: Twenty-four premedicated pigs were evaluated during halothane (0.6-2%) anesthesia. They were assigned randomly to one of three groups. One group served as control. In the other groups, the baseline CO was decreased or increased by 40% by pharmacologic intervention (propranolol or dobutamine). Boluses of alfentanil (2 mg) and indocyanine green (25 mg) were injected into the right atrium. Blood samples were taken for 150 min from the right atrium and aortic root. Arterial concentration-time curves of indocyanine green and alfentanil were analyzed using compartmental models (two-stage and mixed-effects approach) and a recirculatory model, which can describe lung uptake and early distribution. RESULTS: The CO of individual pigs varied from 1.33 to 6.44 l/min. Three-compartmental modeling showed that CO is a determinant of the central compartment volume (V1, r2 = 0.54), fast peripheral compartment volume (V2, r2 = 0.29), steady state distribution volume (Vss, r2 = 0.29), fast distribution clearance (Cl12, r2 = 0.39), and elimination clearance (Cl10, r2 = 0.51). Recirculatory modeling showed that CO is a determinant of total distribution volume (r2 = 0.48), elimination clearance (r2 = 0.54), and some distribution clearances. The pulmonary distribution volume was independent of CO. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac output markedly influences the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in pigs. Therefore, accounting for CO enhances the predictive value of pharmacokinetic models of alfentanil. (+info)

Recovery after halothane anaesthesia induced with thiopental, propofol-alfentanil or halothane for day-case adenoidectomy in small children. (4/235)

We studied recovery from halothane anaesthesia in 93 children, aged 1-3 yr, undergoing day-case adenoidectomy. Children were allocated randomly to receive thiopental 5 mg kg-1 (group TH), alfentanil 10 micrograms kg-1 and propofol 3 mg kg-1 (group PAH) or 5% halothane (group HH) for induction of anaesthesia. In group TH, tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine (suxamethonium) 1.5 mg kg-1. In groups PAH and HH, tracheal intubation was performed without neuromuscular block, and succinylcholine was used only if required. Anaesthesia was maintained with 1-3% halothane during spontaneous respiration. Times to achieving predetermined recovery end-points were recorded. Quality of recovery was assessed using a score of 1-9 (best to worst) for sedation, crying, restlessness and agitation. A postoperative questionnaire was used to determine the well-being of the child at home, 24 h after operation. Emergence from anaesthesia (response to non-painful stimuli) occurred earlier in group HH (mean 9 (SD 6) min) than in groups PAH (13 (6) min, P < 0.01) and TH (18 (14) min, P < 0.01). Sitting up, walking and home readiness were achieved earlier in groups PAH and HH than in group TH (P < 0.05 for each variable). Children in group TH were more sedated during the first 30 min after anaesthesia than those in the two other groups (P < 0.05) while emergence-related delirium was more common in group HH than in group TH (P < 0.01). Well-being at home was similar in all groups. We conclude that induction of halothane anaesthesia with propofol-alfentanil or halothane provided more rapid recovery and earlier discharge than that with thiopental. (+info)

Haemodynamic stability and ketamine-alfentanil anaesthetic induction. (5/235)

We have determined if alfentanil could obtund the haemodynamic instability commonly seen at induction of anaesthesia with ketamine. Five groups of ASA I and II patients received ketamine 1 mg kg-1 i.v., preceded by saline (group 1) or alfentanil 10, 20, 30 or 40 micrograms kg-1 (groups 2-5, respectively). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (AP), postoperative patient complaints and dysphoria were noted. All groups showed increases (P < 0.05) in both HR and AP after administration of ketamine, which were progressively smaller as the dose of alfentanil increased. After tracheal intubation, all groups showed further increases in HR and AP, with groups 3-5 (alfentanil 20-40 micrograms kg-1) showing significant obtundation (P < 0.05) of these increases compared with group 1. No patient in any group reported postoperative dysphoria or dissatisfaction with their anaesthetic. Ketamine 1 mg kg-1 with alfentanil 20-40 micrograms kg-1 provided statistically significant obtundation of the haemodynamic instability that is common with ketamine alone. (+info)

Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. (6/235)

BACKGROUND: Recovery from general anesthesia is governed by pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors. Gender has not previously been recognized as a factor influencing the time to emergence from general anesthesia. METHODS: This multicenter study was originally designed to measure the effects of the bispectral index on intraoperative anesthetic management and patient recovery. We compared the wake-up and recovery times of 274 adults after propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to have the titration of propofol performed with or without the use of bispectral index monitoring. Specific guidelines were given for the titration of drugs. The aim in all cases was to provide a safe anesthetic with the fastest possible recovery. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in propofol dose, time to eye opening, and response to verbal command when the anesthetic was titrated using the bispectral index. Unexpectedly, gender proved to be a highly significant independent predictor for recovery time. Women woke significantly faster than men: the time from end of anesthesia to eye opening was 7.05 versus 11.22 min, P < 0.05, and response to verbal command was 8.12 versus 11.67 min, P < 0.05. These differences were significant at all four study sites and in each treatment group. Men consistently had prolonged recovery times compared to women, P < 0.001. There was no difference in the dose of anesthetic used between gender. CONCLUSIONS: Gender appears to be an important variable in recovery from general anesthesia. These findings may explain the increased reported incidence of awareness in women (three times more frequent) and support the need to include gender as a variable in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of anesthetic drugs. (+info)

Bone marrow harvesting using EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics) cream, local anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia with alfentanil. (7/235)

Bone marrow harvesting (BMH) was performed on 40 consecutive allogeneic or autologous donors using EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics), local anaesthesia (LA) and patient-controlled analgesia with alfentanil (PCA-A). The effect of alkalinizing the LA solution on reducing pain during LA infiltration in the presence of EMLA was also investigated. EMLA 10 g with occlusive dressing was applied to the harvest sites at least 60 min before BMH. The PCA device was programmed to deliver an intravenous loading dose of 15 microg/kg alfentanil, followed by a background alfentanil infusion of 0.05 microg/kg/min. Demand dose was 4 microg/kg and lockout time was 3 min. Donors were randomized to receive either alkalinized (n = 19) or non-alkalinized (n=21) LA solution (lignocaine 1% with 1:100000 adrenaline). While post-operative nausea and vomiting were the only side-effects, all donors in both groups reported satisfactory pain scores during LA infiltration and satisfactory overall intra-operative comfort scores. They completed BMH using either regimen successfully, found this technique acceptable and would recommend this form of anaesthesia to others. Alkalinizing the LA solution did not significantly improve the pain scores during LA infiltration in the presence of EMLA. In conclusion, BMH can be performed safely using EMLA, LA and PCA-A without major complications. (+info)

Determination of the potency of remifentanil compared with alfentanil using ventilatory depression as the measure of opioid effect. (8/235)

BACKGROUND: Remifentanil is a new opioid with properties similar to other mu-specific agonists. To establish its pharmacologic profile relative to other known opioids, it is important to determine its potency. This study investigated the relative potency of remifentanil compared with alfentanil. METHODS: Thirty young healthy males were administered double-blind remifentanil or alfentanil intravenously for 180 min using a computer-assisted continuous infusion device. Depression of ventilation was assessed by the minute ventilatory response to 7.5% CO2 administered via a "bag in the box" system. The target concentration of the study drug was adjusted to obtain 40-70% depression of baseline minute ventilation. Multiple blood samples were obtained during and following the infusion. The concentration-effect relationship of each drug was modeled, and the concentration needed to provide a 50% depression of ventilation (EC50) was determined. RESULTS: Only 11 subjects in each drug group completed the study; however, there were sufficient data in 28 volunteers to model their EC50 values. The EC50 (mean and 95% confidence interval) for depression of minute ventilation with remifentanil was 1.17 (0.85-1.49) ng/ml and the EC50 for alfentanil was 49.4 (32.4-66.5) ng/ml. CONCLUSION: Based on depression of the minute ventilatory response to 7.5% CO2, remifentanil is approximately 40 (26-65) times more potent than alfentanil when remifentanil and alfentanil whole-blood concentrations are compared. As alfentanil is usually measured as a plasma concentration, remifentanil is approximately 70 (41-104) times more potent than alfentanil when remifentanil whole-blood concentration is compared with alfentanil plasma concentration. This information should be used when performing comparative studies between remifentanil and other opioids. (+info)

... has a pKa of approximately 6.5, which leads to a very high proportion of the drug being uncharged at physiologic pH ... Alfentanil (R-39209, trade name Alfenta, Rapifen in Australia) is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, ... While alfentanil tends to cause fewer cardiovascular complications than other similar drugs such as fentanyl and remifentanil, ... Discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1976, alfentanil is classified as a Schedule II drug in the United States. Side effects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil

... alfentanil, sufentanil, carfentanil, etc.) GHB Ketamine Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and other lysergides MDMA (ecstasy) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_(Singapore)

Spierdijk J, van Kleef J, Nauta J, Stanley TH, de Lange S (1980). "Alfentanil: a new narcotic induction agent". Anesthesiology ... Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PA (1981). "Alfentanil (R39209)-a particularly short acting intravenous narcotic analgesic in rats". ... Fentanyl was followed by sufentanil (1974), alfentanil (1976), carfentanil (1976), and lofentanil (1980). Janssen and his team ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals

... has very similar effects to alfentanil, much like those of fentanyl itself but more potent and shorter lasting. ... In comparative studies, trefentanil was slightly more potent and shorter acting than alfentanil as an analgesic, but induced ... The risk of respiratory depression is especially high with potent fentanyl analogues such as alfentanil and trefentanil, and ... Trefentanil is most similar to short-acting fentanyl analogues such as alfentanil. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefentanil

"Effects of temazepam premedication on cognitive recovery following alfentanil-propofol anaesthesia". Br J Anaesth. 63 (1): 68- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_anesthesia

Su YF, McNutt RW, Chang KJ (Dec 1998). "Delta-opioid ligands reverse alfentanil-induced respiratory depression but not ... stimulated respiratory function and blocked the respiratory depressant effect of the potent μ-opioid agonist alfentanil, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δ-opioid_receptor

Total intravenous anesthesia with methohexital-alfentanil or propofol-alfentanil in hypogastric laparotomy. Clinical aspects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_stress

1], T. D., Minto, C. F., Hermann, D. J., Barr, J., Muir, K. T., & Shafer, S. L. (1996). Remifentanil versus alfentanil: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmage_Egan

Kurz A, Go JC, Sessler DI, Kaer K, Larson M, Bjorksten AR (1995). "Alfentanil slightly increases the sweating threshold and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcomes_Research_Consortium

The effects of brifentanil are very similar to those of alfentanil, with strong but short lasting analgesia and sedation, and ... The risk of respiratory depression is especially high with potent fentanyl analogues such as alfentanil and brifentanil, and ... Brifentanil is most similar to highly potent, short-acting fentanyl analogues such as alfentanil. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brifentanil

... and alfentanil in dogs". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281 (1): 226-32. PMID 9103501. Patel SS, Spencer CM (Sep 1996). "Remifentanil ... a common side effect of other fast-acting synthetic phenylpiperidine narcotics such as fentanyl and alfentanil) and intense ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remifentanil

... alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 97 (1): 82-9. doi:10.1097/00000542-200207000-00012. PMID 12131107. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masimo

van Leeuwen L, Deen L, Helmers JH (August 1981). "A comparison of alfentanil and fentanyl in short operations with special ... Meperidine is a fully synthetic opioid, and other members of the phenylpiperidine family like alfentanil and sufentanil are ... Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid in the phenylpiperidine family, which includes sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl

"Influence of CYP3A5 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the cytochrome P4503A probes alfentanil and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A

At lower doses, it antagonizes the analgesic effects of alfentanil and substitutes for naloxone in morphine-treated monkeys; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfentanil

... lofentanil and alfentanil in the rat: analgesia and other in vivo effects". European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 5 (5): 313-21 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofentanil

Alfentanil, Remifentanil. It results in a generalised increase in skeletal muscle tone. The mechanism is thought to be via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigra

The following opioids have short onset and duration of action and are frequently used during general anesthesia: Alfentanil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic

... remifentanil and alfentanil) appear to be efficacious and safe. In the United States, obstetric anesthesiology is a sub- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology

... alphacetylmethadol alphameprodine alphamethadol alphamethylfentanyl alphamethylthiofentanyl alphaprodine alfentanil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Law

IC-26 Isoaminile Lefetamine R-4066 Structures 3-Allylfentanyl 3-Methylfentanyl 3-Methylthiofentanyl 4-Phenylfentanyl Alfentanil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_opioids

... redirects to alfentanil alfentanil (INN) alferminogene tadenovec (USAN, INN) Alferon alfetamine (INN) alfimeprase (USAN) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drugs:_Al

Alfentanil (N-[1-[2-(4-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl]-4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidyl]propionanilide) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act

Cyclobenzaprine Gabapentin Meprobamate Metaxalone Methocarbamol Orphenadrine Phenibut Pregabalin Tizanidine Opioids Alfentanil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative

... alfentanil MeSH D03.383.621.265.900 - sufentanil MeSH D03.383.621.270 - flecainide MeSH D03.383.621.280 - fluspirilene MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D03)

N01AF02 Hexobarbital N01AF03 Thiopental QN01AF90 Thiamylal N01AG01 Narcobarbital N01AH01 Fentanyl N01AH02 Alfentanil N01AH03 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N01

Alphamethylfentanyl Alfentanil Sufentanil Remifentanil Carfentanyl Ohmefentanyl Benzimidazoles opioids are also known as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid

Acetorphine Acetylmethadol Alfentanil Allylprodine Alphacetylmethadol (i.e. levacetylmethadol) Alphameprodine Alphamethadol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1977

Alfentanil (IV) Adenosine (IV) Ketamine (IV) Glycine antagonist Venlafaxine Gabapentin (may also be helpful in cold and dynamic ... Alfentanil (IV) Ketamine (IV) Methylprednisone (intrathecal) Adenosine Glycine antagonist Desipramine Venlafaxine Pregabalin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia

Alfentanil. Home remedies and modern drug information. Rate: Efficacy, Side Effects, Danger. Read about medicines that really ... Alfentanil FDA Approved Drugs. ALFENTA [Alfentanil HydrochlorideC21H32N6O3ClHH2O]. RX ... ALFENTANIL [Alfentanil HydrochlorideC21H32N6O3ClHH2O]. RX ...

https://www.medgend.com/medical-cure/alfentanil

This medicine may be habit-forming. If you or your child feel that the medicine is not working as well, do not use more than your prescribed dose. Call your doctor for instructions. Using narcotics for a long time can cause severe constipation. To prevent this, your doctor may direct you or your child to take laxatives, drink a lot of fluids, or increase the amount of fiber in the diet. Be sure to follow the directions carefully, because continuing constipation can lead to more serious problems. Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting may occur when you or your child get up suddenly from a lying or sitting position. Getting up slowly may help lessen this problem. Also, lying down for a while may relieve the dizziness or lightheadedness. This medicine may make you dizzy, drowsy, confused, or disoriented. Make sure you know how you react to this medicine before you drive, use machines, or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are dizzy or not alert. Before having any kind of surgery ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/es-es/drugs-supplements/morphine-injection-route/description/drg-20074202?p=1

Hsieh, CH, Lin, TY, Wang, TY, Kuo, CH, Lin, SM, Kuo, HP & Lo, YL 2016, The safety and efficacy of alfentanil-based induction ... Conclusion: Alfentanil 5mg/kg given immediately before propofol infusion cannot be recommended. Further study is required to ... Conclusion: Alfentanil 5mg/kg given immediately before propofol infusion cannot be recommended. Further study is required to ... Conclusion: Alfentanil 5mg/kg given immediately before propofol infusion cannot be recommended. Further study is required to ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/zh/publications/the-safety-and-efficacy-of-alfentanil-based-induction-in-bronchos

Alfentanil Hydrochloride published on 01 Jan 2023 by ASHP. ... Alfentanil Hydrochloride AHFS 28:08.08 in ASHP® Injectable Drug ...

https://publications.ashp.org/abstract/book/9781585287079/ch009.xml?rskey=S5lONJ&result=9

Alfentanil*. Epibatidine*. Sodium arsenite*. Aluminum phosphide*. Fentanyl*. Sodium azide. Ammonium metavanadate*. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/CBRNrespApprovalResources.html

ALFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE : Medicaments, preparation prescriptions, order, dose, side effects, information, notice, pharma ... ALFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE ALFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE. (al-fenta-nill) Alfenta. Classifications: narcotic (opiate agonist) ... Alfentanil is a narcotic agonist analgesic with rapid onset and short duration of action. CNS effects appear to be related to ... Small volumes may be given direct IV undiluted or diluted in 5 mL of NS.??Add 20 mL of alfentanil to 230 mL of compatible IV ...

https://medpill.info/alfentanil-hydrochloride-1023.htm

Alfentanil Hydrochloride Injection Alfentanil hydrochloride injection is a powerful morphine-like drug used for relieving the ...

https://www.medindia.net/doctors/drug_information/home.asp

Background: We aimed to compare the effects of controlled hypotension with dexmedetomidine or alfentanil on hemodynamic ...

https://avesis.inonu.edu.tr/yayin/e27ecee3-8e98-4914-91b8-09cc020f2bdc/comparison-of-dexmedetomidine-and-alfentanil-during-middle-ear-surgery

7.5 Alfentanil and Atracurium. Ondansetron does not alter the respiratory depressant effects produced by alfentanil or the ... 7.5 Alfentanil and Atracurium 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy 8.2 Lactation 8.4 Pediatric Use 8.5 Geriatric Use 8.6 ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d9321ef6-9fe5-4631-9c58-534fd963cf17&audience=professional

Profundice en los temas de investigación de Apparent pA2 analysis on the respiratory depressant effects of alfentanil, ... Apparent pA2 analysis on the respiratory depressant effects of alfentanil, etonitazene, ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) and Mr2033 ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/es/publications/apparent-pasub2sub-analysis-on-the-respiratory-depressant-effects/fingerprints/

Sharing and Collaboration All platforms now provide the ability to share substances, substance data (e.g. Fire Fighting Procedures or Reactivities), protective distance maps, and reference documents. In addition, a public API is now available for third party integration.. To share from your device, select the share icon from the menu or tool bar. Then follow your devices instructions to share the link via an app (e.g. text message) or copy a link of the data to your clipboard. On WebWISER, copy the link from the menu or, in the case of more complex data (e.g. chemical reactivity and protective distance), select the appropriate "Copy Link" button.. Links can be shared from all platforms and opened directly on the iOS and Android platforms. If you dont have WISER installed on your device or are on the Windows platform, links will automatically be opened in WebWISER.. The public API is open, free to use, and is used to provide the sharing features listed above. Have questions? Please contact ...

https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getHomeData

Sufentanil, alfentanil. BSI, SSI. OR. Yes. Henry et al., 2001 (4). Case-control. Yes. ND. BSI, SSI. OR. Yes. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/6/15-0376-t4

Alfentanil 500 micrograms/ml. solution for injection. (5 mg in 10 ml) Additional information on indications, dosage and method ... Alfentanil 500 micrograms/ml. 1 mg in 2 ml. 10 x 2 ml AMP. ALF1002. 113-1697. 5016386890024. ... Alfentanil 500 micrograms/ml. 25 mg in 50 ml. 1 x 50 ml VIAL. ALF2550UK. 122-4302. 5016386001154. ... Alfentanil 5 mg/ml. 5 mg in 1 ml. 10 x 1 ml AMP. ALF5001. 113-1689. 5016386870033. ...

https://www.hameln-pharma.com/product/uk-alfentanil-500-mcg-ml-5-mg-in-10-ml-3216/

Alfentanil Market CAGR, Alfentanil Market Challenges, Alfentanil Market Forecast, Alfentanil Market Growth, Alfentanil Market ... Alfentanil Market Research, Alfentanil Market Revenue, Alfentanil Market Scenario, Alfentanil Market Share, Alfentanil Market ... Size, Alfentanil Market Statistics, Alfentanil Market Traders, Alfentanil Market Trends , Comments. Leave a Reply Cancel reply ... Alfentanil Market Growth, Opportunity, Business Trend, and Future Outlook 2022-2028 Danette Buford , June 24, 2022. ...

https://themarketpublicist.com/2022/06/24/alfentanil-market-growth-opportunity-business-trend-and-future-outlook-2022-2028/

Patients were randomized to receive either 10 μg/kg alfentanil followed by 1 mg/kg propofol, followed by 0.5 mg/kg every 3 ... Results: Twenty patients were enrolled; 10 received propofol and 10 received propofol with alfentanil. No clinically ... patients in the propofol/alfentanil group (effect size = -30%, 95% CI = -70% to 10%). Recall of some part of the procedure was ... patients in the propofol/alfentanil group (effect size = -10%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -53% to 33%). There was no ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23701339/

Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are receiving this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.. Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.. ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/cetirizine-intravenous-route/side-effects/drg-20473678?p=1

Detailed drug Information for TEGretol CR. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information.

https://www.drugs.com/cons/tegretol-cr.html

1. Alfentanil. 2. Alphaprodine. 3. Anileridine. 4. Bezitramide. 5. Bulk propoxyphene (nondosage forms). 6. Carfentanil. 7. ...

https://flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2007/893.03

Be sure to mention any of the following: alfentanil (Alfenta); alosetron (Lotronex); antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a615054.html

Alfentanil has the fastest onset of action of all the opioids. In 1990, Pathak and colleagues reported that alfentanil 15-30 ... Sufentanil and alfentanil possess a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than fentanyl, making these agents ... Effects of alfentanil and lidocaine on the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth. 1990 ... Sparr reported that when 20 mcg/kg of alfentanil was used as an induction agent, good intubation conditions were met at 45 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/109739-91175/what-are-the-roles-of-thiopental-and-methohexital-in-the-induction-stage-of-tracheal-intubation

Alfentanil and its salts. Alkyl Salicylates. Spray or Aerosol - as per I.L. 659. ...

https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/applications-submissions/guidance-documents/listing-drugs-currently-regulated-new-drugs.html

Prediction of movement using BIS electroencephalographic analysis during propofol/alfentanil or isoflurane/alfentanil ... In the BIS group, alfentanil infusions were discontinued, and propofol was adjusted to achieve a BIS in the 60-75 range. This ... It is important to note that the doses of propofol and alfentanil used in this study were well within the recommended ... 18] Because similar amounts of alfentanil were used in the SP and BIS treatment groups, no difference in response rates would ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/87/4/808/36303/Bispectral-Index-Monitoring-Allows-Faster

One hundred twenty patients were randomly divided into four groups: alfentanil and propofol (AP) group, alfentanil and ... Remimazolam combined with alfentanil have a non-inferior sedative effect than propofol during the colonoscopic polypectomy. ... Our study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy. ... Patients in the four groups received alfentanil 10 μg/kg, followed by propofol 2 mg/kg and three dosages of ...

https://bmcanesthesiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12871-022-01805-3/tables/3

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excluding, Alfentanil, Carfentanil, Fentanyl, and Sufentanil; including, but not limited to:. (I) Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl. ...

http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=741.281&URL=0800-0899/0893/Sections/0893.03.html

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alfentanil. Monitor Closely (1)alfentanil and difenoxin hcl both increase sedation. Use Caution/Monitor. ...

https://reference.medscape.com/drug/motofen-difenoxin-hcl-atropine-342038

e. Alfentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)1.;. f. Carfentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)6.; ...

https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2021/Chapter782/All

Alfentanil: (Moderate) If concomitant use of alfentanil and ondansetron is warranted, monitor patients for the emergence of ...

https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Ondansetron-ondansetron-hydrochloride-3428.2904

Background: Alfentanil in combination with propofol produces a synergistic sedative effect in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy (FB). (elsevier.com)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the proper induction regimen of alfentanil in propofol target-controlled infusion for FB sedation. (elsevier.com)
Conclusion: Alfentanil 5mg/kg given immediately before propofol infusion cannot be recommended. (elsevier.com)
The hypothesis was that there is no difference in the change in serum catecholamines between PS using propofol with or without supplemental alfentanil. (nih.gov)
Patients were randomized to receive either 10 μg/kg alfentanil followed by 1 mg/kg propofol, followed by 0.5 mg/kg every 3 minutes as needed, or propofol only, dosed in similar fashion without supplemental alfentanil. (nih.gov)
10 received propofol and 10 received propofol with alfentanil. (nih.gov)
Three hundred two patients receiving a propofol-alfentanil-nitrous oxide anesthetic were studied at four institutions. (asahq.org)
The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy profiles of the remimazolam and propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures. (bvsalud.org)
INTERVENTIONS: Patients scheduled for ERCP were randomly assigned to be sedated with either a combination of remimazolam-alfentanil or propofol-alfentanil. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: During elective ERCP, patients administered with remimazolam showed fewer respiratory depression events under deep sedation with hemodynamic advantages over propofol when administered in combination with alfentanil. (bvsalud.org)
Methods: All patients were randomly divided into two groups: RB combined with the alfentanil group (research group) and propofol combined with the alfentanil group (control group). (bvsalud.org)
After full oxygen inhalation and electrocardiographic monitoring, the research group was given 10 µg/Kg alfentanil + RB 0.2 mg/kg intravenously, and the control group was given 10 µg/Kg alfentanil + propofol 1.5 mg/kg. (bvsalud.org)

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) there was a fall in BN plasma concentrations, observations similar to reports on fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil. (who.int)

Alfentanil is a narcotic agonist analgesic with rapid onset and short duration of action. (medpill.info)

Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients. (bvsalud.org)

Background: We aimed to compare the effects of controlled hypotension with dexmedetomidine or alfentanil on hemodynamic parameters, surgeon satisfaction and bleeding in surgical field under N2O-free low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. (inonu.edu.tr)
Patients were randomly assigned to receive traditional opioid-based anesthesia (Group C) with alfentanil, or opioid-reduced anesthesia (a moderate-opioid group (Group MO) and low-opioid group (Group LO) with esketamine and alfentanil). (medscape.com)
For anesthesia induction, the three groups received 20, 20, 10 µg/kg alfentanil respectively and Group LO received an additional 0.2 mg/kg esketamine. (medscape.com)
For maintenance of anesthesia, the patients in Group C received 40 µg/kg/h alfentanil, and those in Group MO and Group LO received 0.5 mg/kg/h esketamine. (medscape.com)

Alfentanil was supplemented in repeated doses of 20 micrograms/kg. (fluoridealert.org)

Background: The efficacy and adverse reactions of remimazolam besylate (RB) in combination with alfentanil in patients with painless gastroscopy remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)

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enhancement or prolongation of postoperative respiratory depression also may result from concomitant administration of any of these agents with alfentanil. (medpill.info)

Alfentanil is available in concentrations of 500 mcg/mL. (medpill.info)
Note: Alfentanil may be diluted to concentrations of 25 80 mcg/mL. (medpill.info)

The animal was deeply anaesthetised with an infusion of ketamine, medetomidine, midazolam and alfentanil. (cam.ac.uk)

Objective: The aim of the study is to observe the efficacy and adverse reactions of RB in combination with alfentanil in patients with painless gastroscopy RB. (bvsalud.org)

Monitor for S&S of increased sympathetic stimulation (arrhythmias) and evidence of depressed postoperative analgesia (tachycardia, pain, pupillary dilation, spontaneous muscle movement) if a narcotic antagonist has been administered to overcome residual effects of alfentanil. (medpill.info)

Add 20 mL of alfentanil to 230 mL of compatible IV solution to yield 40 mcg/mL. (medpill.info)

The Alfentanil represents an integrated system of various switches and servers used for facilitating the communication of data between server and switch nodes. (themarketpublicist.com)

Alfentanil has a rapid onset of action and appropriate pharmacokinetic properties in continuous infusion [ 12 ], and it has a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting than fentanyl or sufentanil [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Sufentanil, alfentanil, and remifentanil were also analyzed from 2010 to 2017, the most recent year reported. (nih.gov)
Comparison between epidural fentanyl, sufentanil, carfentanil, lofentanil and alfentanil in the rat: analgesia and other in vivo effects. (wikidoc.org)
In this study, we developed a simple dilute-and-shoot method that provides a fast 3.5-min analysis of fentanyl and related compounds (norfentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, alfentanil, butyryl fentanyl, carfentanil, remifentanil, and sufentanil) in human urine by LC-MS/MS using a Raptor Biphenyl column. (chromatographyonline.com)

The effects of midazolam, droperidol, fentanyl, and alfentanil on phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. (nih.gov)

Patient-controlled sedation for ERCP: a randomized double-blind comparison of alfentanil and remifentanil. (helsinki.fi)

Induction of anesthesia is accomplished by using high doses of opioid (usually fentanyl or alfentanil) to maximize cardiovascular stability. (medscape.com)
We conducted a prospective, clinical trial to evaluate the hemodynamic and sedative effects of short acting opioid alfentanil, administered during the early postoperative period in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. (ispub.com)
Patients were randomly assigned to receive traditional opioid-based anesthesia (Group C) with alfentanil, or opioid-reduced anesthesia (a moderate-opioid group (Group MO) and low-opioid group (Group LO) with esketamine and alfentanil). (medscape.com)

We conducted a randomized prospective double-blind pilot study followed by an open main study to assess the effects of alfentanil infusion on postoperative hemodynamics, sedation and shivering following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. (ispub.com)
Sedation scores during alfentanil infusion were 4.9±0.8. (ispub.com)
In conclusion, postoperative administration of alfentanil achieved effective sedation, adequate cardiovascular stability, and provided good patient tolerance to ventilation and minimal shivering. (ispub.com)
Should Propofol and Alfentanil Be Combined in Patient-Controlled Sedation? (scirp.org)
Efficacy of fentanyl or alfentanil in suppressing reflex sneezing after propofol sedation and periocular injection. (nih.gov)
azelastine and alfentanil both increase sedation. (medscape.com)

Objective To compare induction targets, and the haemodynamic and respiratory effects, of propofol, or as an admixture with two different concentrations of alfentanil, delivered via a propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) system. (gla.ac.uk)
Animals were randomly assigned to receive one of three induction protocols: propofol alone (group 1), a propofol/alfentanil (11.9 mu g mL(-1)) admixture (group 2), or a propofol/alfentanil (23.8 mu g mL(-1)) admixture (group 3), via a TCI system. (gla.ac.uk)
Conclusions and clinical relevance Induction of anaesthesia with a TCI system can be achieved at lower blood propofol targets when using a propofol/alfentanil admixture compared with using propofol alone. (gla.ac.uk)
Some hospital trusts in the UK are already reporting concerningly low supplies of oxygen and vital medicines such as propofol and alfentanil.1 In these circumstances, where not everyone can be treated, difficult ethical decisions will have to made. (philpapers.org)

Nine women in the early postpartum period were given intravenous alfentanil 50 mcg initially and then 10 mcg as needed during tubal ligation surgery under general anesthesia. (nih.gov)
For anesthesia induction, the three groups received 20, 20, 10 µg/kg alfentanil respectively and Group LO received an additional 0.2 mg/kg esketamine. (medscape.com)
For maintenance of anesthesia, the patients in Group C received 40 µg/kg/h alfentanil, and those in Group MO and Group LO received 0.5 mg/kg/h esketamine. (medscape.com)
Anesthesia induction: remimazolam 6 mg/kg/hours was continuously pumped until sleep and slow intravenous injection of alfentanil 20 ug/kg and mivacurium chloride 0.2 mg/kg was given. (bvsalud.org)

N.B. Alfentanil and fentanyl are different drugs. (westmidspallcare.co.uk)

Injections include morphine , diamorphine , oxycodone and alfentanil . (stchristophers.org.uk)

however, because there is no published experience with repeated doses of intravenous alfentanil during established lactation, other agents may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. (nih.gov)

There are also fentanyl analogs, such as acetyl fentanyl, furanylfentanyl, and alfentanil, which are like fentanyl in chemical structure. (mccdrugandalcohol.com)

Below is the selection of side effect reports (a.k.a. adverse event reports) related to Alfentanil death. (druglib.com)
The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic and adverse effects of oxycodone and alfentanil on postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (hindawi.com)
Our data showed that the analgesic and adverse effects of oxycodone and alfentanil were similar. (hindawi.com)
When used epidurally or intravenously during labor or for a short time immediately postpartum, amounts of alfentanil ingested by the neonate are small and would not be expected to cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants. (nih.gov)

A total of 82 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to receive either oxycodone or alfentanil using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). (hindawi.com)
Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients. (nih.gov)
Alfentanil has a short duration of action which limits its use for breakthrough analgesia. (westmidspallcare.co.uk)

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ALFENTANIL HCl INJECTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
See full prescribing information for ALFENTANIL HCl INJECTION. (nih.gov)
Alfentanil HCl injection exposes users to risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. (nih.gov)
Alfentanil HCl Injection should be administered only by persons specifically trained in the use of intravenous anesthetics and management of the respiratory effects of potent opioids. (nih.gov)
Doses of Alfentanil HCl Injection vary depending on circumstances (see dosing chart, 2.2 . (nih.gov)
Reduce the dose of Alfentanil HCl Injection when administered with CNS depressants. (nih.gov)
Discontinue Alfentanil HCl Injection if serotonin syndrome is suspected. (nih.gov)
Avoid use with Alfentanil HCl Injection because they may reduce analgesic effect of Alfentanil HCl Injection or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. (nih.gov)

abametapir will increase the level or effect of alfentanil by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of alfentanil by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
15. Metabolism of alfentanil by cytochrome p4503a (cyp3a) enzymes. (nih.gov)

benzhydrocodone/acetaminophen, alfentanil. (medscape.com)

Physiological, plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol responses to nasotracheal intubation were studied in 20 distressed infants of median age 0.3 days (range 0.1-23 days) randomized into groups given pethidine 1 mg/kg (n = 10) or alfentanil 20 micrograms/kg plus suxamethonium 1.5 mg/kg (n = 10) before intubation. (omeka.net)
Hypoxaemia during intubation was found in all 10 infants in the pethidine group and in 7 of 10 infants in the alfentanil-suxamethonium group, its duration being significantly longer in the pethidine group and being associated with the duration of the intubation procedure. (omeka.net)

however, average cumulative alfentanil dosage was not reported. (nih.gov)
1] Using the highest measured alfentanil level in this study, an exclusively breastfed infant would receive an alfentanil dosage of 0.2 mcg/kg daily. (nih.gov)
One alternative is the combination of glycopyrrolate, alfentanil and suxamethonium described here, although the ideal medication and dosage still remain to be defined. (omeka.net)

The study design consisted of an initial randomized double-blind pilot study to define the optimal bolus dose of alfentanil. (ispub.com)

In comparative studies, trefentanil was slightly more potent and shorter acting than alfentanil as an analgesic, but induced significantly more severe respiratory depression. (buyrcbathsalts.com)

Blood pressure increased, but not statistically significantly, in all except 2 patients in the alfentanil-suxamethonium group and bradycardia appeared in 1 patient in each group. (omeka.net)

Anatomy10

Organisms4

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment53

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes31

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care13

Behavioral and physiological effects of remifentanil and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. (1/235)

Balanced pre-emptive analgesia: does it work? A double-blind, controlled study in bilaterally symmetrical oral surgery. (2/235)

Recirculatory and compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling of alfentanil in pigs: the influence of cardiac output. (3/235)

Recovery after halothane anaesthesia induced with thiopental, propofol-alfentanil or halothane for day-case adenoidectomy in small children. (4/235)

Haemodynamic stability and ketamine-alfentanil anaesthetic induction. (5/235)

Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. (6/235)

Bone marrow harvesting using EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics) cream, local anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia with alfentanil. (7/235)

Determination of the potency of remifentanil compared with alfentanil using ventilatory depression as the measure of opioid effect. (8/235)

Analgesics, Opioid

Fentanyl

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Propofol

Anesthesia, Intravenous

Muscle Rigidity

Anesthetics, Combined

Sufentanil

Nitrous Oxide

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Shivering

Analgesia

Anesthesia Recovery Period

Anesthesia, General

Midazolam

Medetomidine

Meperidine

Infusion Pumps

Piperidines

Respiration

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Drug Interactions

Nefopam

Troleandomycin

Miosis

Double-Blind Method

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures

Anesthesia, Inhalation

Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted

Cross-Over Studies

Infusions, Intravenous

Consciousness

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Catalepsy

Debrisoquin

Deep Sedation

Methohexital

Electroencephalography

Intubation, Intratracheal

Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A

Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents

Abdomen

Intraoperative Period

Pupil

Conscious Sedation

Half-Life

Naloxone

Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit

Anesthesia

Hemodynamics

Morphine

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Injections, Spinal

Androstanols

Pain

Clonidine

Thiopental

Intracranial Pressure

Receptors, Opioid, mu

Pain Measurement

Ketamine

Depression, Chemical

Laryngoscopy

Pain, Postoperative

Anesthetics

Nausea

Laryngeal Masks

Suction

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Analgesia, Epidural

Heart Rate

Pharmaceutical Vehicles

Electroacupuncture

Methyl Ethers

Preanesthetic Medication

Monitoring, Intraoperative

Models, Biological

Anesthetics, Inhalation

Single-Blind Method