Alexia, Pure
Dyslexia, Acquired
Agraphia
Hemianopsia
Dyslexia
Anomia
Writing
Occipital Lobe
Psycholinguistics
Ocular Motility Disorders
Phonetics
Cerebral Infarction
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Functional Laterality
Temporal Lobe
Aphasia
Dysarthria
Speech Disorders
Stuttering
Apraxias
The functional anatomy of single-word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia. (1/15)
We investigated single-word reading in normal subjects and patients with alexia following a left occipital infarct, using PET. The most posterior brain region to show a lateralized response was at the left occipitotemporal junction, in the inferior temporal gyrus. This region was activated when normal subjects, patients with hemianopic alexia and patients with an incomplete right homonymous hemianopia, but no reading deficit, viewed single words presented at increasing rates. This same area was damaged in a patient with pure alexia ("alexia without agraphia") and no hemianopia, who read words slowly using a letter-by-letter strategy. Although the exact level of the functional deficit is controversial, pure alexia is the result of an inability to map a percept of all the letters in a familiar letter string on to the mental representation of the whole word form. However, the commonest deficit associated with "pure" alexia is a right homonymous field defect; an impairment that may, by itself, interfere with single-word reading because of inability to see the letters towards the end of a word. The relative contributions of pure and hemianopic alexia in individual patients needs to be assessed, as the latter has been shown to respond well to specific rehabilitation programmes. (+info)Visual command hallucinations in a patient with pure alexia. (2/15)
Around 25% of patients with visual hallucinations secondary to eye disease report hallucinations of text. The hallucinated text conveys little if any meaning, typically consisting of individual letters, words, or nonsense letter strings (orthographic hallucinations). A patient is described with textual visual hallucinations of a very different linguistic content following bilateral occipito-temporal infarcts. The hallucinations consisted of grammatically correct, meaningful written sentences or phrases, often in the second person and with a threatening and command-like nature (syntacto-semantic visual hallucinations). A detailed phenomenological interview and visual psychophysical testing were undertaken. The patient showed a classical ventral occipito-temporal syndrome with achromatopsia, prosopagnosia, and associative visual agnosia. Of particular significance was the presence of pure alexia. Illusions of colour induced by monochromatic gratings and a novel motion-direction illusion were also observed, both consistent with the residual capacities of the patient's spared visual cortex. The content of orthographic visual hallucinations matches the known specialisations of an area in the left posterior fusiform gyrus--the visual word form area (VWFA)--suggesting the two are related. The VWFA is unlikely to be responsible for the syntacto-semantic hallucinations described here as the patient had a pure alexic syndrome, a known consequence of VWFA lesions. Syntacto-semantic visual hallucinations may represent a separate category of textual hallucinations related to the cortical network implicated in the auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia. (+info)Alexia without agraphia in a postpartum eclamptic patient with factor V Leiden deficiency. (3/15)
We present a case of eclampsia complicated by alexia without agraphia. To our knowledge, this syndrome has never before been described in the literature. (+info)Transitory alexia without agraphia: a disconnection syndrome due to neurocysticercosis. (4/15)
We describe a 65-year-old male who presented with acute onset inability to read, without any difficulty in writing. A clinical diagnosis of alexia without agraphia was made and the patient was subjected to routine investigations including contrast MRI. MRI showed a ring-enhancing lesion in left occipital area, suggestive of neurocysticercosis supported by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay from purified cell fraction of taenia solium cysticerci (PCF-ELISA). Patient was treated with albendazole and prednisolone for one week. The clinical manifestation as well as the radiological finding resolved after treatment. (+info)The rises and falls of disconnection syndromes. (5/15)
In a brain composed of localized but connected specialized areas, disconnection leads to dysfunction. This simple formulation underlay a range of 19th century neurological disorders, referred to collectively as disconnection syndromes. Although disconnectionism fell out of favour with the move against localized brain theories in the early 20th century, in 1965, an American neurologist brought disconnection to the fore once more in a paper entitled, 'Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man'. In what was to become the manifesto of behavioural neurology, Norman Geschwind outlined a pure disconnectionist framework which revolutionized both clinical neurology and the neurosciences in general. For him, disconnection syndromes were higher function deficits that resulted from white matter lesions or lesions of the association cortices, the latter acting as relay stations between primary motor, sensory and limbic areas. From a clinical perspective, the work reawakened interest in single case studies by providing a useful framework for correlating lesion locations with clinical deficits. In the neurosciences, it helped develop contemporary distributed network and connectionist theories of brain function. Geschwind's general disconnectionist paradigm ruled clinical neurology for 20 years but in the late 1980s, with the re-emergence of specialized functional roles for association cortex, the orbit of its remit began to diminish and it became incorporated into more general models of higher dysfunction. By the 1990s, textbooks of neurology were devoting only a few pages to classical disconnection theory. Today, new techniques to study connections in the living human brain allow us, for the first time, to test the classical formulation directly and broaden it beyond disconnections to include disorders of hyperconnectivity. In this review, on the 40th anniversary of Geschwind's publication, we describe the changing fortunes of disconnection theory and adapt the general framework that evolved from it to encompass the entire spectrum of higher function disorders in neurology and psychiatry. (+info)Shades of Dejerine--forging a causal link between the visual word form area and reading. (6/15)
In 1892, the French neurologist Jules Dejerine suggested that pure alexia resulted from an occipital lesion that selectively disconnected visual input from a region of the brain that housed "optical images of words." In this issue of Neuron, Gaillard and colleagues offer evidence consistent with Dejerine's proposal and provide new insights to the functional role of the "visual word form area." (+info)Structural anatomy of pure and hemianopic alexia. (7/15)
BACKGROUND: The two most common types of acquired reading disorder resulting from damage to the territory of the dominant posterior cerebral artery are hemianopic and pure alexia. Patients with pronounced hemianopic alexia have a right homonymous hemianopia that encroaches into central or parafoveal vision; they read individual words well, but generate inefficient reading saccades when reading along a line of text. Patients with pure alexia also often have a hemianopia but are more disabled, making frequent errors on individual words; they have sustained damage to a brain region that supports efficient word identification. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in lesion site between hemianopic alexia and pure alexia groups, as rehabilitative techniques differ between the two conditions. METHODS: High-resolution magnetic resonance images were obtained from seven patients with hemianopic alexia and from six patients with pure alexia caused by a left occipital stroke. The boundary of each lesion was defined and lesion volumes were then transformed into a standard stereotactic space so that regional comparisons could be made. RESULTS: The two patient groups did not differ in terms of damage to the medial left occipital lobe, but those with pure alexia had additional lateral damage to the posterior fusiform gyrus and adjacent tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians will be able to predict the type of reading disorder patients with left occipital lesions have from simple tests of reading speed and the distribution of damage to the left occipital lobe on brain imaging. This information will aid management decisions, including recommendations for reading rehabilitation. (+info)Too little, too late: reduced visual span and speed characterize pure alexia. (8/15)
(+info)Alexia, Pure (also known as Developmental Alexia or Congenital Alexia) is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to read, despite having normal intelligence, education, and visual acuity. Individuals with Pure Alexia have difficulty recognizing and naming printed words, but their ability to comprehend spoken language and to recognize objects and faces is generally intact. Pure Alexia is caused by damage to the left occipito-temporal region of the brain, specifically the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC), which is responsible for the visual processing of written words. This damage can occur due to a variety of factors, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, or hereditary conditions. The diagnosis of Pure Alexia is typically made through a combination of neurological exams, cognitive assessments, and brain imaging studies. Treatment for Pure Alexia may involve speech therapy and other forms of cognitive rehabilitation to help individuals improve their reading skills and compensate for their reading deficits.
Dyslexia, acquired, is a neurological disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and write. It is typically characterized by difficulties with phonemic awareness, decoding, and fluency, which can result in slow reading speed, poor comprehension, and difficulty spelling words. Acquired dyslexia is different from developmental dyslexia, which is a genetic disorder that is present from birth. Acquired dyslexia can result from a variety of factors, including brain injury, stroke, or other neurological conditions. It can also be caused by certain medications or toxins that affect the brain. Treatment for acquired dyslexia may include speech therapy, occupational therapy, and educational interventions such as phonics instruction and reading comprehension strategies. The goal of treatment is to improve the individual's reading skills and to help them overcome the challenges associated with acquired dyslexia.
Agraphia is a neurological disorder characterized by an inability to produce written language, despite having normal intelligence, memory, and the ability to speak. It can be caused by damage to various parts of the brain, including the left hemisphere, which is typically responsible for language processing. Agraphia can be further classified into different types, such as pure alexia (difficulty reading), agraphia without alexia (difficulty writing), and conduction aphasia (difficulty repeating spoken words). Treatment for agraphia may involve speech therapy, occupational therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation to help individuals regain or improve their writing abilities.
Hemianopsia is a neurological condition characterized by a partial loss of vision in one half of the visual field, resulting in a "split vision" or "blind spot" on one side. It can be caused by damage to the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain, or to the brain itself. Hemianopsia can be classified as either homonymous (when both eyes are affected on the same side) or heteronymous (when the two eyes are affected on opposite sides). It can be a symptom of a variety of neurological disorders, including stroke, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis. Treatment for hemianopsia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or rehabilitation therapy.
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read, write, and spell. It is a neurological condition that is characterized by difficulties with phonological processing, which is the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of language. People with dyslexia may have difficulty with decoding words, recognizing words, and spelling words correctly. They may also have difficulty with reading fluency, which is the ability to read smoothly and quickly without making errors. Dyslexia can affect individuals of all ages and can be a lifelong condition, although with proper support and intervention, individuals with dyslexia can learn to read and write effectively.
In the medical field, anomia refers to a condition in which a person has difficulty finding the right word to express an idea or concept. This can be a symptom of various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Anomia can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as antipsychotics or antidepressants. The severity of anomia can vary, ranging from mild difficulty finding the right word to complete loss of the ability to speak. Treatment for anomia depends on the underlying cause and may include speech therapy, medication, or other interventions.
Ocular motility disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the movement of the eyes. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the nerves or muscles that control eye movement, problems with the brain's ability to coordinate eye movements, or abnormalities in the shape or position of the eyes or orbit. Symptoms of ocular motility disorders can include double vision, difficulty tracking objects with the eyes, limited ability to move the eyes in certain directions, and a sensation of the eyes being stuck or unable to move. These symptoms can be caused by a variety of conditions, including muscle weakness or paralysis, nerve damage, or problems with the brain's control of eye movement. Diagnosis of ocular motility disorders typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including tests of eye movement and coordination, as well as imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment options for ocular motility disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery. In some cases, corrective lenses or other optical aids may also be helpful in improving vision and reducing symptoms.
Cerebral infarction, also known as a stroke, is a medical condition that occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain tissue to die. This can happen when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked by a clot or when a blood vessel bursts and leaks blood into the surrounding brain tissue. Cerebral infarction can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the location and size of the affected area of the brain. Common symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; dizziness or loss of balance; and severe headache. Cerebral infarction is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment to minimize the risk of long-term disability or death. Treatment options may include medications to dissolve or remove the blood clot, surgery to remove the clot or repair the damaged blood vessel, and rehabilitation to help patients recover from the effects of the stroke.
Aphasia is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate. It is caused by damage to the brain, usually in the left hemisphere, which is responsible for language processing. Aphasia can be caused by a variety of factors, including stroke, head injury, brain tumor, or degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. There are several types of aphasia, each with its own set of symptoms and severity. The most common type of aphasia is Broca's aphasia, which affects a person's ability to speak fluently and form grammatically correct sentences. People with Broca's aphasia may have difficulty finding the right words or forming complete sentences, but their speech is usually slow and halting. Another common type of aphasia is Wernicke's aphasia, which affects a person's ability to understand spoken or written language. People with Wernicke's aphasia may have difficulty following conversations or understanding written text, but their speech is usually fluent and grammatically correct. Other types of aphasia include mixed aphasia, which combines symptoms of both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, and global aphasia, which affects a person's ability to understand and produce language in all forms. Treatment for aphasia depends on the type and severity of the disorder, as well as the underlying cause. Speech therapy is often used to help people with aphasia improve their communication skills, and in some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of the disorder.
Dysarthria is a speech disorder characterized by difficulty in producing clear speech due to weakness, paralysis, or poor coordination of the muscles involved in speech production. It can result from a variety of neurological conditions, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or brain injury, as well as from certain genetic disorders or muscle diseases. Dysarthria can affect the clarity, volume, pitch, and rate of speech, and may also cause slurred or slow speech, difficulty in swallowing, and changes in voice quality. Treatment for dysarthria may involve speech therapy, which can help individuals improve their speech clarity and communication skills.
Speech disorders, also known as speech and language disorders, are conditions that affect a person's ability to communicate effectively using speech, language, and/or voice. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic, neurological, developmental, environmental, and medical conditions. Speech disorders can affect different aspects of communication, such as the ability to produce sounds, form words and sentences, understand spoken and written language, and use nonverbal communication. Some common types of speech disorders include: 1. Articulation disorders: These disorders affect the production of speech sounds, such as lisping or difficulty pronouncing certain sounds. 2. Fluency disorders: These disorders affect the flow and rhythm of speech, such as stuttering or repeating sounds. 3. Voice disorders: These disorders affect the quality, pitch, and volume of a person's voice, such as hoarseness or loss of voice. 4. Language disorders: These disorders affect a person's ability to understand and use language, such as difficulty with grammar, vocabulary, or comprehension. Speech disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, including their ability to communicate with others, participate in social activities, and perform academic or occupational tasks. Treatment for speech disorders typically involves a combination of speech therapy, language therapy, and other interventions, depending on the specific type and severity of the disorder.
Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions, prolongations, or blocks of sounds, syllables, or words during speech. It can affect the fluency and clarity of speech, making it difficult for individuals to communicate effectively. Stuttering can occur at any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood. It is a complex disorder that is not fully understood, and there is no single cause. Treatment options for stuttering include speech therapy, behavioral therapy, and medication.
Apraxia is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to carry out learned motor tasks despite intact motor function and the ability to understand the purpose of the task. It is often associated with damage to the brain, particularly in the left hemisphere, which is responsible for controlling movement and language. There are several types of apraxia, including: 1. Action apraxia: This type of apraxia affects a person's ability to carry out complex, learned motor tasks, such as buttoning a shirt or tying a shoe. 2. Ideational apraxia: This type of apraxia affects a person's ability to plan and organize motor movements, such as reaching for a specific object or performing a series of steps to complete a task. 3. Verbal apraxia: This type of apraxia affects a person's ability to produce speech sounds and words correctly, despite intact cognitive and motor function. Apraxia can be a symptom of a variety of neurological conditions, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Treatment for apraxia may involve speech therapy, occupational therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation to help the person regain their ability to carry out motor tasks.
Pure alexia
Brian Butterworth
Visual agnosia
Joseph Jules Dejerine
Simultanagnosia
Case report
Functional disconnection
Occipital lobe
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Agnosia
Neuronal recycling hypothesis
Jon Courtney
Disconnection syndrome
Gerstmann syndrome
Dyslexia
Alexia González-Barros González
Alexia
Head injury
Associative visual agnosia
Brain damage
List of MeSH codes (C23)
Global aphasia
List of MeSH codes (C10)
Aphasia
Marta Burgay
List of MeSH codes (F03)
Split-brain
List of American proposed candidates for sainthood
Verbal intelligence
Wild Arms XF
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Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
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Variation in DNA-Damage Responses to an Inhalational Carcinogen (1,3-Butadiene) in Relation to Strain-Specific Differences in...
Agraphia5
- Encompassed under the term aphasia are selective, acquired disorders of reading (alexia) or writing (agraphia). (medscape.com)
- Acquired agraphia without alexia is extremely rare, whereas acquired alexia without agraphia is relatively standard. (mkexpress.net)
- Pure agraphia is writing impairment in the absence of any other language disorder. (mkexpress.net)
- Alexic agraphia (also called alexia with agraphia, central alexia, or angular gyrus syndrome) is an aphasia characterized by loss of the ability to read and write. (mkexpress.net)
- Phonological agraphia is an impairment in written language processing that usually occurs in combination with phonological alexia and is characterized by difficulty spelling and reading nonwords. (mkexpress.net)
Ability2
- It almost always occurs in conjunction with alexia, the inability to read, dyslexia, an impairment in reading ability. (mkexpress.net)
- Often, alexia (loss of the ability to read words) is also present. (msdmanuals.com)
Follow1
- The misunderstandings that follow are pure Rohmer in revealing the humor of human folly and foibles. (gablescinema.com)
Function1
- Dejerine was one of the pioneers in the study of localisation of function in the brain , having first shown that pure alexia may occur as the result of lesions of the supramarginal and angular gyri. (wikipedia.org)
Make2
- It seems to make him closer to a hybrid rather than pure Lycan. (fcpod.net)
- Patients make errors in reading (alexia). (msdmanuals.com)
Made2
- The top mattresses from the Dutch manufacturer Kuperus are all made of the best natural materials such as pure new wool, high-quality cotton and a core of pure horsehair, natural latex or 5 cm-high pocket springs. (slaapcomfort-center.be)
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Control1
- It is pure salicylic acid and helps control my acne. (manolismdskincare.com)
Gallery Fabrics1
- The purest hues meet Art Gallery Fabrics ®' soft hand and superior quality. (modernquiltco.com)
Solids3
- Pure Color, Pure Softness, Pure Beauty… Our Pure Elements are now PURE SOLIDS! (modernquiltco.com)
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Made1
- In addition, the CBD oil is made from the purest form and useful Is hemp oil CBD the same thing extracted with CBD isolate and extracted using only natural ingredients. (sch.id)
Data1
- Pure tone threshold data of 23 Wolfram syndrome patients were used for cross-sectional analysis in subgroups (age less than 16 years or between 19 and 25 years, gender, and origin). (nih.gov)
Days1
- I strongly recommend the Azenday school, 3 days of pure happiness! (forlillelovers.com)
Author1
- Pure Seduction, an all-new small-town second-chance romance from USA Today bestselling author Ella Frank is available now! (obsessedbookreviews.com)