Aleutian Mink Disease
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus
Mink
Parvoviridae
Parvovirus
Cats
Virus Replication
Molecular Sequence Data
Three-dimensional structure of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus: implications for disease pathogenicity. (1/70)
The three-dimensional structure of expressed VP2 capsids of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus strain G (ADVG-VP2) has been determined to 22 A resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction techniques. A structure-based sequence alignment of the VP2 capsid protein of canine parvovirus (CPV) provided a means to construct an atomic model of the ADVG-VP2 capsid. The ADVG-VP2 reconstruction reveals a capsid structure with a mean external radius of 128 A and several surface features similar to those found in human parvovirus B19 (B19), CPV, feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and minute virus of mice (MVM). Dimple-like depressions occur at the icosahedral twofold axes, canyon-like regions encircle the fivefold axes, and spike-like protrusions decorate the threefold axes. These spikes are not present in B19, and they are more prominent in ADV compared to the other parvoviruses owing to the presence of loop insertions which create mounds near the threefold axes. Cylindrical channels along the fivefold axes of CPV, FPV, and MVM, which are surrounded by five symmetry-related beta-ribbons, are closed in ADVG-VP2 and B19. Immunoreactive peptides made from segments of the ADVG-VP2 capsid protein map to residues in the mound structures. In vitro tissue tropism and in vivo pathogenic properties of ADV map to residues at the threefold axes and to the wall of the dimples. (+info)Replication of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus in vivo is influenced by residues in the VP2 protein. (2/70)
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) is the etiological agent of Aleutian disease of mink. Several ADV isolates have been identified which vary in the severity of the disease they elicit. The isolate ADV-Utah replicates to high levels in mink, causing severe Aleutian disease that results in death within 6 to 8 weeks, but does not replicate in Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells. In contrast, ADV-G replicates in CrFK cells but does not replicate in mink. The ability of the virus to replicate in vivo is determined by virally encoded determinants contained within a defined region of the VP2 gene (M. E. Bloom, J. M. Fox, B. D. Berry, K. L. Oie, and J. B. Wolfinbarger. Virology 251:288-296, 1998). Within this region, ADV-G and ADV-Utah differ at only five amino acid residues. To determine which of these five amino acid residues comprise the in vivo replication determinant, site-directed mutagenesis was performed to individually convert the amino acid residues of ADV-G to those of ADV-Utah. A virus in which the ADV-G VP2 residue at 534, histidine (H), was converted to an aspartic acid (D) of ADV-Utah replicated in CrFK cells as efficiently as ADV-G. H534D also replicated in mink, causing transient viremia at 30 days postinfection and a strong antibody response. Animals infected with this virus developed diffuse hepatocellular microvesicular steatosis, an abnormal accumulation of intracellular fat, but did not develop classical Aleutian disease. Thus, the substitution of an aspartic acid at residue 534 for a histidine allowed replication of ADV-G in mink, but the ability to replicate was not sufficient to cause classical Aleutian disease. (+info)Unusual, high genetic diversity of Aleutian mink disease virus. (3/70)
The genetic diversity of Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) was examined. Sequences obtained from 35 clinical samples were compared with five published sequences. An unusual, high genetic variability was revealed. Three phylogenetic subgroups of AMDV were identified, and the presence of more than one genotype at some farms was detected. (+info)Replication of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus in mink lymph node histocultures. (4/70)
Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV), causes an immune disorder with a persistent infection of lymphoid organs in adult mink. We studied replication of ADV in gel-supported histocultures prepared from adult mink mesenteric lymph node (MLN). Evidence of virus replication in the histocultures was first observed by indirect immunofluorescence 72 h after incubation with virus. Cells resembling lymphocytes and macrophages contained both ADV capsid (VP2) and nonstructural (NS1 and NS2) proteins, and were present in a distribution suggestive of infected cells within germinal centres. ADV replicative form and encapsidated virion DNA were also detected in infected histocultures at time-points after 72 h. In addition, we were able to passage ADV-Utah to a new round of histocultures. These results suggested that the infected cells were actual target cells for ADV replication and that productive ADV-Utah replication, complete with the generation of virus, was occurring in the histocultures. The mink MLN histocultures provide a system to study the replication and molecular pathogenesis of ADV in target tissues. (+info)Nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with Aleutian mink disease parvovirus infection in ranch mink. (5/70)
Severe nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) infection was observed in adult ranch mink. Brain lesions included severe, locally extensive to coalescing lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with accompanying gliosis, satellitosis, and mild extension of inflammation into the leptomeninges. ADV was identified in mesenteric lymph node, spleen, brain, and liver of affected mink by polymerase chain reaction techniques. Sequences of the ADV isolate (TH5) revealed 2 unique residues in the region of the viral genome that determines pathogenicity. These findings suggest that certain strains of ADV may preferentially cause disease in the nervous system. ADV infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic disorders in mink. (+info)Spontaneous Aleutian disease in a ferret. (6/70)
A 3-year-old female ferret died five days after admission to a veterinary clinic for treatment of acute dyspnea and posterior paresis. Blood chemistry showed no hypergammaglobulinemia. Histopathological examination revealed mild to severe inflammatory infiltrates, composed mostly of plasma cells, in multiple organs. Lesions were especially severe in the kidneys, where focal segmental membranous glomerulopathy was also present. In the liver, in addition to lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration in periportal areas, dilatation and proliferation of the bile ducts were seen. On analysis of PCR products, using primers directed against the gene encoding Aleutian disease (AD) viral capsid and formalin-fixed kidney samples, we detected a single band of about 400 bp, specific to the AD virus. (+info)Poly IC therapy in aleutian disease of mink. (7/70)
Twenty-four virgin female aleutian mink were infected with aleutian disease agent and after 24 hours, 12 of these were treated with a course of polyinosinic acid-polycytidilic acid (Poly IC) injections. After six weeks the gammaglobulin level was significantly lower in the treated group but at 12 weeks this difference was no longer present. Four of the treated mink had normal target organ histology when killed at 20 weeks. The untreated group all showed moderate to marked changes but this difference was not statistically significant. There was a marked increase in the reactive lymphocyte blastogenesis index during the first weeks of infection and the phytohaemagglutinin response was seen to fall progressively. The antiglobulin reaction usually became positive after infection but neither antinuclear nor antierythrocyte antibodies were found. Precipitating antibodies to several polynucleotides were frequently present and were unrelated to infection or to Poly IC treatment. (+info)Deposition of IgA in renal glomeruli of mink affected with Aleutian disease. (8/70)
The glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) was studied in sapphire mink affected with terminal Aleutian disease (AD). Fluorescein conjugated Ig-class specific antiserums were used to evaluate and identify the glomerular Ig. Kidneys of all 28 mink with documented AD had deposits of IgA and beta 1 C in a capillary and mesangial distribution. Only 7 of 28 mink had demonstrable glomerular IgG and/or IgM. In addition, interstitial plasma cell infiltrates in 17 of 19 kidneys stained exclusively with anti-IgA. All antiserums used in this study were evaluated for Ig-class specificity by both gel diffusion and agarose-bead techniques. The striking Ig class restriction demonstrated for glomerular Ig deposition in AD is discussed in light of current knowledge of the pathogenesis of AD glomerulopathy. (+info)Aleutian Mink Disease (AMD) is a viral disease that primarily affects minks, particularly those of the Aleutian subspecies. The disease is caused by the parvovirus known as the Aleutian mink disease virus (ADMV).
The virus targets and infects the immune system's white blood cells, leading to a hyperactive immune response. This results in the production of excessive amounts of antibodies, a condition known as "autoimmune disease." The continued stimulation of the immune system can lead to damage and failure of various organs, including the liver and kidneys.
Clinical signs of AMD can vary widely but often include weight loss, anemia, jaundice, and neurological symptoms such as uncoordinated movements and tremors. The disease can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through contaminated equipment or surfaces.
It's worth noting that while the Aleutian Mink Disease primarily affects minks, there have been reports of related parvoviruses infecting other animal species, including humans. However, these viruses are not considered to be a significant public health concern at this time.
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV) is a small, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and genus Amdoparvovirus. This virus primarily infects minks, causing a chronic wasting disease known as Aleutian Disease. The name of the virus comes from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska where the disease was first identified in mink farms during the 1940s.
The virus is highly host-specific and does not typically infect humans or other animals, except for some cases in wild and farmed foxes, raccoons, and dogs. The infection in these animals may lead to similar symptoms as observed in minks, such as weight loss, anemia, and immune suppression.
AMDV has a strong affinity for infecting cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, leading to chronic inflammation and immune complex deposition in various organs, including the kidneys, spleen, and liver. The infection can result in a spectrum of clinical signs, from subclinical to severe and fatal disease, depending on factors such as the age, genetics, and immune status of the host.
Diagnosis of AMDV infection is usually accomplished through serological tests, such as ELISA or hemagglutination inhibition assays, which detect antibodies against the virus in infected animals. Additionally, molecular techniques like PCR can be used to directly amplify and detect viral DNA in clinical samples.
There are no specific treatments for AMDV infection, and control measures primarily focus on preventing the spread of the virus through biosecurity practices, such as maintaining strict sanitation, quarantine procedures, and vaccination programs for susceptible animals.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mink" is not a medical term. It refers to a species of small, semiaquatic carnivorous mammals that are known for their sleek fur. They belong to the family Mustelidae, which also includes otters, weasels, and ferrets. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!
Parvoviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and birds. These viruses have a single-stranded DNA genome and replicate in the nucleus of infected cells. They are resistant to heat, acid, and organic solvents, making them difficult to inactivate.
The family Parvoviridae is divided into two subfamilies: Parvovirinae and Densovirinae. Parvovirinae infect vertebrates, while Densovirinae infect invertebrates. The subfamily Parvovirinae includes several genera that infect various hosts, such as humans, dogs, cats, and primates.
Parvovirus B19 is a well-known member of this family that causes a variety of clinical manifestations in humans, including fifth disease (slapped cheek syndrome), arthralgia, and occasionally more severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals or those with certain hematological disorders.
In animals, parvoviruses can cause serious diseases such as canine parvovirus infection in dogs and feline panleukopenia in cats, which can be fatal if left untreated.
Parvovirus is a type of virus that is known to cause diseases in various animals, including dogs and humans. The most common strain that infects humans is called Parvovirus B19. This particular strain is responsible for the illness known as Fifth disease, which primarily affects young children and causes symptoms such as fever, rash, and joint pain.
Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory droplets, such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through blood or contaminated objects. Once the virus enters the body, it typically targets and infects rapidly dividing cells, particularly those found in the bone marrow and the fetal heart.
In dogs, a different strain of parvovirus called Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is responsible for a highly contagious and often fatal gastrointestinal illness. CPV primarily affects puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old, but older dogs can also be infected if they haven't been vaccinated.
It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices and ensure proper vaccination to prevent parvovirus infections in both humans and animals.
"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.
Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.
In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.
Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.
The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.