Aldosterone: A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.Aldosterone Synthase: A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.Receptors, Mineralocorticoid: Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind MINERALOCORTICOIDS and mediate their cellular effects. The receptor with its bound ligand acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of specific segments of DNA.Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)Hyperaldosteronism: A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.Renin: A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.Mineralocorticoids: A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS primarily associated with water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ION TRANSPORT in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by PLASMA VOLUME, serum potassium, and ANGIOTENSIN II.Zona Glomerulosa: The narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to ALDOSTERONE. The final steps involve three successive oxidations by CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP11B2.Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase: A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).Adrenal Glands: A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Angiotensin II: An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.Adrenalectomy: Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.Renin-Angiotensin System: A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.18-Hydroxycorticosterone: 11 beta,18,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione.Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2: An high-affinity, NAD-dependent 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that acts unidirectionally to catalyze the dehydrogenation of CORTISOL to CORTISONE. It is found predominantly in mineralocorticoid target tissues such as the KIDNEY; COLON; SWEAT GLANDS; and the PLACENTA. Absence of the enzyme leads to a fatal form of childhood hypertension termed, APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS SYNDROME.Epithelial Sodium Channels: Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).Kidney Tubules, Collecting: Straight tubes commencing in the radiate part of the kidney cortex where they receive the curved ends of the distal convoluted tubules. In the medulla the collecting tubules of each pyramid converge to join a central tube (duct of Bellini) which opens on the summit of the papilla.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.Diet, Sodium-Restricted: A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Sodium, Dietary: Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE.Hypokalemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)Kidney Tubules, Distal: The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.18-Hydroxydesoxycorticosterone: An analog of desoxycorticosterone which is substituted by a hydroxyl group at the C-18 position.Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)Sodium Chloride, Dietary: Sodium chloride used in foods.Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Diuretics: Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms: Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.Hypoaldosteronism: A congenital or acquired condition of insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE by the ADRENAL CORTEX leading to diminished aldosterone-mediated synthesis of Na(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE in renal tubular cells. Clinical symptoms include HYPERKALEMIA, sodium-wasting, HYPOTENSION, and sometimes metabolic ACIDOSIS.Water-Electrolyte Balance: The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.Natriuresis: Sodium excretion by URINATION.Adrenocortical Adenoma: A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.Adrenal Gland Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.Sodium Chloride Symporters: A subclass of symporters found in KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL that are the major pathway for salt resorption. Inhibition of these symporters by BENZOTHIADIAZINES is the basis of action of some DIURETICS.Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Dexamethasone: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.Sodium Channels: Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.Receptors, Glucocorticoid: Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Potassium, Dietary: Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.Hyperkalemia: Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)Vasopressins: Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.Potassium Deficiency: A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers: Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.Diuresis: An increase in the excretion of URINE. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that catalyzes the reversible conversion of CORTISOL to the inactive metabolite CORTISONE. Enzymes in this class can utilize either NAD or NADP as cofactors.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Glycyrrhiza: A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivative, CARBENOXOLONE.Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Enzymes of the oxidoreductase class that catalyze the dehydrogenation of hydroxysteroids. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.-.TetrazolesCaptopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1: An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Stimulation, Chemical: The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A: A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.
Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. (1/2815)
We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an acute dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone which was markedly attenuated after the first 24 hours of infusion, the final level being directly related to the dose of A II and inversely related to sodium intake. A II infused at 5,15, and 23 ng/kg per min was associated with an initial increase (2nd to 8th hour) in plasma aldosterone to 2,6, and 9 times control values, respectively, in dogs receiving 40 mEq Na+/day. But, after the 1st day, aldosterone averaged only 1, 1.7, and 3 times control values for the next 2 weeks at the same rates of A II infusion. Dogs receiving 120 mEq Na+/day during A II infusion exhibited only a transient increase in plasma aldosterone during the 1st day. Sustained hypertension developed over a period of a week at all doses of A II at normal and high sodium intake, but did not occur at any dose of A II in sodium-depleted dogs. Increasing sodium intake from 40 to 120 mEq/day resulted in higher levels of hypertension, 125% compared to 140% of ocntrol values for dogs infused with A II, 5.0 ng/kg per min. We conclude that primary angiotensin-induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension. (+info)Low calorie diet enhances renal, hemodynamic, and humoral effects of exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in obese hypertensives. (2/2815)
The expression of the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor is abundant in human and rat adipose tissue, where it is specifically inhibited by fasting. In obese hypertensives, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels were found to be lower than in obese normotensives. Therefore, the increased adipose mass might influence ANP levels and/or its biological activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the humoral, hemodynamic, and renal effects of exogenous ANP in obese hypertensives might be enhanced by a very low calorie diet. Eight obese hypertensives received a bolus injection of ANP (0.6 mg/kg) after 2 weeks of a normal calorie/normal sodium diet, and blood pressure (BP), heart rate, ANP, cGMP, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone were evaluated for 2 hours before and after the injection. Diuresis and natriuresis were measured every 30 minutes. The patients then started a low calorie/normal sodium diet (510 kcal/150 mmol/d) for 4 days, and then the ANP injection protocol was repeated. The low calorie diet induced a slight weight loss (from 90.6+/-1.1 to 87. 7+/-1.2 kg; P<0.01), which was accompanied by increase of cGMP excretion (from 146.0+/-10.1 to 154.5+/-9.5 nmol/24 h; P<0.05) together with a reduction of BP (P<0.01 versus basal levels). ANP injection after diet was followed by an increase of ANP levels similar to that observed before diet, but plasma cGMP, diuresis, and natriuresis increased significantly only after diet. Similarly, the decrease of BP after ANP administration was significantly higher after diet (change in mean arterial pressure, -6.4+/-0.7 versus -4. 0+/-0.6 mm Hg; P<0.05) as well as that of aldosterone (P<0.01). These data show that a low calorie diet enhances the humoral, renal, and hemodynamic effects of ANP in obese hypertensives and confirm the importance of caloric intake in modulating the biological activity of ANP, suggesting that the natriuretic peptide system can play a role in the acute changes of natriuresis and diuresis associated with caloric restriction. (+info)Aldosterone excretion rate and blood pressure in essential hypertension are related to polymorphic differences in the aldosterone synthase gene CYP11B2. (3/2815)
Significant correlation of body sodium and potassium with blood pressure (BP) may suggest a role for aldosterone in essential hypertension. In patients with this disease, the ratio of plasma renin to plasma aldosterone may be lower than in control subjects and plasma aldosterone levels may be more sensitive to angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. Because essential hypertension is partly genetic, it is possible that altered control of aldosterone synthase gene expression or translation may be responsible. We compared the frequency of 2 linked polymorphisms, one in the steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) binding site and the other an intronic conversion (IC), in groups of hypertensive and normotensive subjects. In a larger population, the relationship of aldosterone excretion rate to these polymorphisms was also evaluated. In 138 hypertensive subjects, there was a highly significant excess of TT homozygosity (SF-1) over CC homozygosity compared with a group of individually matched normotensive control subjects. The T allele was significantly more frequent than the C allele in the hypertensive group compared with the control group. Similarly, there was a highly significant relative excess of the conversion allele over the "wild-type" allele and of conversion homozygosity over wild-type homozygosity in the hypertensive group compared with the control group. In 486 subjects sampled from the North Glasgow Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) population, SF-1 and IC genotypes were compared with tetrahydroaldosterone excretion rate. Subjects with the SF-1 genotypes TT or TC had significantly higher excretion rates than those with the CC genotype. The T allele was associated with higher excretion rates than the C allele. However, no significant differences were found in excretion rate between subjects of different IC genotype. Urinary aldosterone excretion rate may be a useful intermediate phenotype linking these genotypes to raised BP. However, no causal relationship has yet been established, and it is possible that the polymorphisms may be in linkage with other causative mutations. (+info)Sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance based on plasma aldosterone concentration. (4/2815)
The sodium requirement of adult cats for maintenance was determined using a randomized block design of eight dietary sodium treatments (0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.66, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 or 2.0 g Na/kg in a casein-lactalbumin-based purified diet) administered for periods of 4 wk. A total of 35 adult specific-pathogen-free domestic shorthaired cats (26 males and 9 females, 1.5-3 y of age) was given an equilibration diet (2 g Na/kg) for 14 d before assignment (or reassignment) to the treatments. A total of 12 cats (8 males, 4 females) was randomly assigned to the lowest six levels of sodium, and four cats to the highest two sodium levels. Cats consuming the diet containing 0.1 g Na/kg had significantly elevated aldosterone concentration in plasma, and packed cell volume. In addition, these cats exhibited anorexia, body weight loss, reduced urinary specific gravity and sodium excretion, and had a negative sodium balance. However, adult cats did not develop polydypsia and polyuria reported in sodium-deficient kittens. Cats given the diet containing 0.66 g Na/kg did not have an increased packed cell volume, but aldosterone concentration in the plasma was significantly elevated. However, cats given diets containing >/=0.8 g Na/kg had plasma aldosterone concentrations +info)Epithelial sodium channel regulated by aldosterone-induced protein sgk. (5/2815)
Sodium homeostasis in terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates is controlled by the corticosteroid hormones, principally aldosterone, which stimulate electrogenic Na+ absorption in tight epithelia. Although aldosterone is known to increase apical membrane Na+ permeability in target cells through changes in gene transcription, the mechanistic basis of this effect remains poorly understood. The predominant early effect of aldosterone is to increase the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), although ENaC mRNA and protein levels do not change initially. Rather, the open probability and/or number of channels in the apical membrane are greatly increased by unknown modulators. To identify hormone-stimulated gene products that modulate ENaC activity, a subtracted cDNA library was generated from A6 cells, a stable cell line of renal distal nephron origin, and the effect of candidates on ENaC activity was tested in a coexpression assay. We report here the identification of sgk (serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase), a member of the serine-threonine kinase family, as an aldosterone-induced regulator of ENaC activity. sgk mRNA and protein were strongly and rapidly hormone stimulated both in A6 cells and in rat kidney. Furthermore, sgk stimulated ENaC activity approximately 7-fold when they were coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These data suggest that sgk plays a central role in aldosterone regulation of Na+ absorption and thus in the control of extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, and sodium homeostasis. (+info)Primary aldosteronism with aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma in a pregnant woman. (6/2815)
A 30-year-old pregnant woman complained of muscle weakness at 29 weeks' gestation. She was hypertensive with severe hypokalemia. Lower plasma renin activity and higher aldosterone level than the normal values in pregnancy suggested primary aldosteronism. A cesarean delivery was performed at 31 weeks' gestation because of pulmonary congestion. The neonatal course was uncomplicated. The laparoscopic adrenalectomy for a 2.0-cm right adrenal adenoma resulted in normalizing of her blood pressure and serum potassium level. Although primary aldosteronism is rare, especially during pregnancy, it should be always considered as one of etiologies of hypertension in pregnancy. (+info)Aldosterone, not estradiol, is the physiological agonist for rapid increases in cAMP in vascular smooth muscle cells. (7/2815)
BACKGROUND: Steroid-induced gene regulation in the endocrine tissues and vascular wall is achieved through the interaction of specific receptor proteins and promoters of target genes. In addition to these delayed steroid actions, rapid effects of steroids have been reported in various tissues that were clearly incompatible with the classic theory of genomic steroid action. METHODS AND RESULTS: Because high doses of 17beta-estradiol have been shown to modulate intracellular cAMP levels in vascular smooth muscle cells, steroid-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase stimulation and phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein was investigated in porcine coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells. Aldosterone induces a approximately 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in intracellular cAMP levels (EC50 approximately 0.01 to 0.1 nmol/L) within 1 minute, whereas 17beta-estradiol and hydrocortisone act only at supraphysiological concentrations (10 micromol/L). Aldosterone-induced changes in intracellular cAMP are calcium dependent; they are not blocked by inhibitors of mineralocorticoid receptors, transcription, or protein synthesis. In addition, aldosterone induces a time-dependent phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein with potential transcriptional importance. CONCLUSIONS: A nongenomic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells by aldosterone is consistent with the data that aldosterone, not estrogen, is the physiological stimulus for cAMP. (+info)Comparison of two aquaretic drugs (niravoline and OPC-31260) in cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention. (8/2815)
kappa-Opioid receptor agonists (niravoline) or nonpeptide antidiuretic hormone (ADH) V2 receptor antagonists (OPC-31260) possess aquaretic activity in cirrhosis; however, there is no information concerning the effects induced by the chronic administration of these drugs under this condition. To compare the renal and hormonal effects induced by the long-term oral administration of niravoline, OPC-31260, or vehicle, urine volume, urinary osmolality, sodium excretion, and urinary excretion of aldosterone (ALD) and ADH were measured in basal conditions and for 10 days after the daily oral administration of niravoline, OPC-31260, or vehicle to cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention. Creatinine clearance, serum osmolality, ADH mRNA expression, and systemic hemodynamics were also measured at the end of the study. Niravoline increased water excretion, peripheral resistance, serum osmolality, and sodium excretion and reduced creatinine clearance, ALD and ADH excretion, and mRNA expression of ADH. OPC-31260 also increased water metabolism and sodium excretion and reduced urinary ALD, although the aquaretic effect was only evident during the first 2 days, and no effects on serum osmolality, renal filtration, and systemic hemodynamics were observed. Therefore, both agents have aquaretic efficacy, but the beneficial therapeutic effects of the long-term oral administration of niravoline are more consistent than those of OPC-31260 in cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention. (+info)This mechanism, which runs from renin through Ang II and to aldosterone, as well as the negative feedback that Ang II has on ... The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in the pathology of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, ... Hsueh, W. A.; Wyne, K. (2011). "Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Diabetes and Hypertension". The Journal of Clinical ... Ang II stimulates renal sodium retention; promotes aldosterone secretion; causes vasoconstriction, and increases sympathetic ...
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors such as metyrapone, mitotane, and osilodrostat prevent the production of the potent ... Jürg Müller (6 December 2012). Regulation of Aldosterone Biosynthesis. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 39-. ISBN 978-3- ... and aldosterone from the less potent corticosteroids 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol and are used in the diagnosis ... mineralocorticoid aldosterone from the less potent mineralocorticoid corticosterone. Osilodrostat was investigated for the ...
HSD211B2 expression is also found in the brainstem in a small, aldosterone-sensitive subset of neurons located in the nucleus ... Corticosteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 is an NAD+-dependent enzyme expressed in aldosterone-selective epithelial tissues ... This protective mechanism is necessary because cortisol circulates at 100-1000-fold higher concentrations than aldosterone, and ... "Aldosterone in the brain". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 297 (3): F559-76. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.90399.2008 ...
Spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. This has two actions, firstly, as a potassium-sparing diuretic, although its ... Secondly, it reduces aldosterone-mediated myocardial fibrosis, possibly slowing the progression of heart disease. An ACE ...
Sodium absorption by the distal tubule is mediated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption. ...
Suppression of angiotensin II leads to a decrease in aldosterone levels. Since aldosterone is responsible for increasing the ... Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a major blood pressure regulating mechanism. Markers of electrolyte and water imbalance ... AI increases for the same reason; AII and aldosterone decrease. Bradykinin increases because of less inactivation by ACE. Under ... ACE inhibitors reduce the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) as the primary etiologic (causal) event ...
Aldosterone receptor antagonists are not recommended as first-line agents for blood pressure,[35] but spironolactone and ... On the other hand, β-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
... associated with oxidative stress as well as inflammatory processes and an overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
Aldosterone and cortisol levels are both reduced. Moderate 21-hydroxylase deficiency is referred to as simple virilizing CAH ... Cortisol is reduced, but aldosterone is not. Still milder forms of 21-hydroxylase deficiency are referred to as non-classical ... Neither aldosterone nor cortisol are reduced. The salt-wasting and simple virilizing types are sometimes grouped together as " ... Synthesis of aldosterone is also dependent on 21-hydroxylase activity. Although fetal production is impaired, it causes no ...
aldosterone. 52-39-1 C21H28O5. cortisone. 53-06-5 ...
aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism *Conn syndrome. *Bartter syndrome. *Glucocorticoid remediable ...
Suppression of angiotensin II leads to a decrease in aldosterone levels. Since aldosterone is responsible for increasing the ... Stimulation by ATII of the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, a hormone that acts on kidney tubules, causes sodium and ... Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a major blood pressure regulating mechanism. Markers of electrolyte and water imbalance ... ATI increases for the same reason; ATII and aldosterone decrease. Bradykinin increases because of less inactivation by ACE. ...
Aldosterone, on the other hand, has differing levels. Levels are low in September to November, and rise to a maximum from ... In summer, aldosterone creates an increase in enzymatic activity (Lodi et al. 1995). Because of this increase in activity, ... 1995). Aldosterone, will independently cause an increase in Na+ channels within the cutaneous membrane. The ion transport is a ... In experiments allowing newts to be exposed to nonylphenol, there was a decrease in corticosterone and aldosterone. This is ...
Aldosterone has been found to have rapid non-genomic effects in the central nervous system, the kidneys, the cardiovascular ... It has been estimated that as much as 50% of the rapid actions of aldosterone are mediated by mMRs that are not the classical ... GPER, also known as GPR30, binds and is activated by aldosterone, and may be considered an mMR, although it also binds and is ... Harvey BJ, Alzamora R, Stubbs AK, Irnaten M, McEneaney V, Thomas W (2008). "Rapid responses to aldosterone in the kidney and ...
In rigid systems such as aldosterone, the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer is exceedingly fast, with a rate constant on the order of ... Barton, D. H. R.; Beaton, J. M. (1960). "A Synthesis of Aldosterone Acetate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (10 ... a synthesis of aldosterone acetate is demonstrated. Allowing corticosterone acetate to react with nitrosyl chloride in dry ...
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. http://edemainformation.blogspot.ca/2005/11/edema-pathophysiology-and-treatment.html ...
Aldosterone effects are mediated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a transcription factor highly expressed in the distal ... Osmotic Stress Regulates Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expression in a Novel Aldosterone-Sensitive Cortical Collecting Duct Cell ... which mediates aldosterone-stimulated Na+ reabsorption through the epithelial sodium channel activation. MR expression is ...
4) In a cell superfusion system, the aldosterone response to AII is biphasic. Suppressing the transient [Ca2+]i elevation ... Angiotensin II (AII) and K+ raise the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration [(Ca2+]i) and stimulate aldosterone production in ... Quantitative analysis of the cytosolic-free-Ca2+-dependency of aldosterone production in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. ... Quantitative analysis of the cytosolic-free-Ca2+-dependency of aldosterone production in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. ...
It is used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone in various forms of adrenal insufficiency such as Addisons ...
The defense against hyperkalemia: the roles of insulin and aldosterone. (opens in new tab) ...
... leading to hypersecretion of adrenal androgens with reduced production of cortisol and aldosterone), or aldosterone synthase ... primary defects in adrenal synthesis or secretion of aldosterone, and aldosterone resistance. The major clinical manifestations ... 1) Primary aldosterone deficiency should be suspected in persons who have hyperkalemia despite normal renal function and lack ... 3) Aldosterone resistance: Type I and type II pseudohypoaldosteronism, potassium-sparing diuretics that compete for the ...
Matsuoka, H., Mulrow, P.J., and Li, C. H., 1980, Beta-lipotropin: A new aldosterone-stimulating factor, Science 209: 307-308. ... Kern, D. C., Weinberger, M. H., Higgins, J. R., Kramer, N. J., Gomez-Sanchez, C., and Holland, O. B., 1978, Plasma aldosterone ... Plasma Renin Activity Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Primary Aldosteronism Plasma Aldosterone Zona Glomer These keywords were ... Kuchel, O., Buu, N. T., Vescei, P., Bourque, M., Harnet, P., and Genest, J., 1980, Are plasma aldosterone surges in primary ...
An aldosterone-producing adenoma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland, which is a small hormone- ... Aldosterone-producing adenomas are caused by mutations in one of several genes. The most commonly mutated gene is KCNJ5, ... An aldosterone-producing adenoma is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland, which is a small hormone- ... In adrenal gland cells, this flow of ions helps control the production of aldosterone. Mutations in the KCNJ5, CACNA1D, or ...
This test measures the amount of aldosterone (ALD) in blood or urine. ALD is a hormone that helps control blood pressure and ... What is an aldosterone (ALD) test?. This test measures the amount of aldosterone (ALD) in your blood or urine. ALD is a hormone ... Why do I need an aldosterone test?. You may need this test if you have symptoms of too much or too little aldosterone (ALD). ... The combined tests are sometimes called an aldosterone-renin ratio test or aldosterone-plasma renin activity. ...
2010). Use of diurnal rhythm in salivary aldosterone to discriminate between bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and aldosterone ... Excess production of aldosterone is known to be involved in the development of hypertension, which is in turn associated with ... Aldosterone is an important steroid hormone that serves the crucial role of regulating sodium and potassium levels in the ... Receptors that bind aldosterone have also been identified for cell types other than those that regulate sodium and potassium ...
It selectively stimulates secretion of aldosterone. The secretion of aldosterone has a diurnal rhythm. Aldosterone is the ... Aldosterone is increased at low sodium intakes, but the rate of increase of plasma aldosterone as potassium rises in the serum ... Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It has a plasma half-life of under 20 minutes. Drugs that ... A measurement of aldosterone in blood may be termed a plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), which may be compared to plasma ...
Aldosterone is synthesized by following the metabolism of progesterone. In the potential case where aldosterone synthase is not ... Deficient aldosterone synthase activity results in impaired biosynthesis of aldosterone while corticosterone in the zona ... Aldosterone synthase converts 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, to 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and finally to aldosterone ... Aldosterone synthase is encoded on chromosome 8q22 by the CYP11B2 gene. The gene contains 9 exons and spans roughly 7000 base ...
Aldosterone definition, a hormone produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland, instrumental in the regulation of sodium and ... aldosterone. First recorded in 1950-55; ald(ehyde) + -o- + ster(ol) + -one ... aldol, aldolase, aldomet, aldopentose, aldose, aldosterone, aldosteronism, aldoxime, aldrich, aldrich syndrome, aldrich, thomas ...
Molecules that are dissolved in water may dissociate into charged ions. An acid is a substance that increases the number of H+ ions in a solution. A base is a substance that decreases the number of H+ ions in a solution. The concentration of H+ ions in a solution can be measured and is called the pH of the solution.. The pH of a solution can be measured using a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. A solution of pH = 7 is neutral, a solution of pH lower than 7 is acidic, and a solution of pH greater than 7 is basic (alkaline). The number of H+ ions increases as the pH number decreases (and vice versa). The difference between two successive numbers on the pH scale represents a ten-fold difference in the H+ ion concentration because the scale is a logarithmic scale (log of base 10). For example, a solution with a pH of 2 has 10 times more H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 3. A solution with a pH of 2 has 100 times more H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 4. ...
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone of the mineralocorticoid family. It causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water. Get help ... See the latest posts about Aldosterone News & Opinion in womens health ... This Aldosterone News & Opinion page on EmpowHER Womens Health works best with javascript enabled in your browser.. Toggle ...
New aspects of rapid aldosterone signaling.. Grossmann C1, Gekle M.. Author information. 1. Julius-Bernstein-Institut für ... Aldosterone, the endogenous ligand of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in humans, is a steroid hormone that regulates salt ... Altogether, the function of nongenomic aldosterone effects seems to be to modulate other signaling cascades, depending on the ... Besides genomic effects mediated by activated MR, rapid aldosterone actions that are independent of translation and ...
Control of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortexEdit. The renin-angiotensin system, showing role of aldosterone between ... Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It has a plasma half-life of under 20 minutes.[6] Drugs that ... A measurement of aldosterone in blood may be termed a plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), which may be compared to plasma ... Aldosterone stimulates the secretion of K+ into the tubular lumen.[11]. *Aldosterone stimulates Na+ and water reabsorption from ...
Treatments and Tools for aldosterone. Find aldosterone information, treatments for aldosterone and aldosterone symptoms. ... aldosterone - MedHelps aldosterone Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, ... I recently had my aldosterone and renin checked. The results were: Aldosterone 17.2, Renin ... ... High blood cortisol, high urine creatinine, high blood aldosterone - Family Health Expert Forum ...
aldosterone, serum 2 NG/DL *** After Stim Cortisol 27.6 MCG/DL 4.0-22.0 aldosterone, serum 3 NG/DL vitamin b12, serum 485 pg/mL ... aldosterone, serum 2 NG/DL *** After Stim Cortisol 27.6 MCG/DL 4.0-22.0 aldosterone, serum 3 NG/DL vitamin b12, serum 485 pg/mL ... Cortisol/Aldosterone levels help NicoleP1991 Hello Everyone, I appreciate you reading this question and taking the time to ... Cortisol/Aldosterone levels help. Hello Everyone, I appreciate you reading this question and taking the time to answer. I have ...
... and high aldosterone levels? I know that hypo-t can cause edema. Low corts and high aldosterone---is that due to being long- ... and high aldosterone levels? I know that hypo-t can cause edema. Low corts and high aldosterone---is that due to being long- ... yo-yo aldosterone levels. Hi, I was officially diagnosed with hypothyroid about 18 months ago but couldnt tolerate the natural ... I had very low aldosterone and very low cortisol levels (24-hour saliva test results from 6 1/2 months ago.) Of course I had ...
aldosterone Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It regulates the balance of salt and water in the body by ... Aldosterone also acts on the central nervous system to increase a persons appetite for salt and to make them thirsty. These ...
The Local Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin ... Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Hypertensive Heart Disease Arantxa González, Susana Ravassa ... Cardiac Effects of Aldosterone, the Bad, but Is There Also a Good? ... The Local Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin ...
ALDOSTERONE. (11BETA)-11,21-DIHYDROXY-3,20-DIOXOPREGN-4-EN-18-AL. C21 H28 O5. PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N. ... Taken together, these results explain the potency of MR activation by aldosterone, the weak activation induced by progesterone ...
Aldosterone-treated cells dramatically shrink when 1 μmol/L of the diuretic amiloride is applied. Cells deprived of aldosterone ... Human Endothelium: Target for Aldosterone. Hans Oberleithner, Thomas Ludwig, Christoph Riethmüller, Uta Hillebrand, Lars ... Aldosterone has long been known to control water and electrolyte balance by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors in kidney. ... Human Endothelium: Target for Aldosterone. Hans Oberleithner, Thomas Ludwig, Christoph Riethmüller, Uta Hillebrand, Lars ...
... , Selective Aldosterone Blocker, Aldosterone Antagonist, Eplerenone, Inspra. ... aldosterone inhibitor, ALDOSTERONE ANTAG, Aldosterone Antagonists, aldosterone inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, aldosterone ... Aldosterone antagonists (product), Aldosterone antagonists (substance), Aldosterone antagonist (substance), Aldosterone ... Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist. Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist Aka: Selective Aldosterone Receptor ...
... with a raised log-transformed plasma aldosterone, although present AF at follow-up was related to a high aldosterone level (p ... Raised plasma aldosterone and natriuretic peptides in atrial fibrillation.. Dixen U1, Ravn L, Soeby-Rasmussen C, Paulsen AW, ... In this study, our aim was to evaluate at a long-term follow-up visit the levels of plasma aldosterone and natriuretic peptides ... Heart rhythm at follow-up visit (SR/AF), plasma aldosterone, plasma N-terminal pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (Nt-proBNP), ...
SynthaseSecretion of aldosteroneReceptorsMineralocorticoid receptorCortisolPotassiumHormoneCirculating aldosterone levelsHigh AldosteroneAntagonistSerumEplerenoneProduction of aldosteroneReceptorsProduced by the adrenal glandsInhibitionConcentrationUrineRole of aldosteroneAmount of aldosteroneSteroid hormoneStimulatesAdrenal glands to release aldosteroneKidneysMeasure aldosteroneSalivary aldosteroneSynthesisAntagonismBinding of tritiated aldosteroneRegulatePrimary hyperaldosteronismUrinaryInhibitorPlasma Renin AcExcessLevelsAtrial fibrillationLong-term aldosteroneRenin-Angiotensin-AldosteroneLeft ventricularBlood
- this may be caused by primary adrenal insufficiency , bilateral adrenalectomy, 21-hydroxylase deficiency (leading to hypersecretion of adrenal androgens with reduced production of cortisol and aldosterone), or aldosterone synthase deficiency (leading to isolated hypoaldosteronism). (empendium.com)
- Hypoaldosteronism can be caused by defective stimulation of aldosterone secretion, primary defects in adrenal synthesis or secretion of aldosterone, and aldosterone resistance. (empendium.com)
- Causes of hyperkalemia other than endocrine disorders should also be considered, including drugs inhibiting adrenal steroid synthesis (eg, ketoconazole) and, although infrequently, heparin, which reduces the number of angiotensin II receptors in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and results in suppression of aldosterone synthesis and hyperkalemia. (empendium.com)
- Aldosterone effects are mediated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a transcription factor highly expressed in the distal nephron. (scialert.net)
- The different causes of hypoaldosteronism can be differentiated by measurement of plasma renin activity ( PRA ), serum aldosterone levels, and serum cortisol concentrations ( Table 5.1-1 ). (empendium.com)
- Type I and type II pseudohypoaldosteronism, potassium-sparing diuretics that compete for the aldosterone receptor (eg, spironolactone and eplerenone) or that close the sodium channels in the luminal membrane (eg, amiloride and triamterene), and certain antibiotics that inhibit the collecting tubule sodium channel (trimethoprim and pentamidine). (empendium.com)
- It is used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone in various forms of adrenal insufficiency such as Addison's disease and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (patientslikeme.com)
- Elevated circulating aldosterone levels enhance tissue generation of reactive oxygen molecules that are involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. (prweb.com)
- Dysregulation of circulating aldosterone levels has also been associated with psychiatric disorders, and a recent study has similarly reported a significant negative association between morning salivary aldosterone levels and trait anxiety scores. (salimetrics.com)
- Circulating aldosterone levels are increased in human pregnancy. (uzh.ch)
- But the past 2-3 weeks I seem to be fluid retentive all the time---like I am right back to having high aldosterone again. (medhelp.org)
- Low corts and high aldosterone---is that due to being long-term hypothyroid? (medhelp.org)
- A high aldosterone/renin ratio suggests mineralocorticoid excess (primary hyperaldosteronism). (edu.au)
- These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist. (fpnotebook.com)
- DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb 8, 2019--The "Aldosterone Antagonist - Pipeline Insight, 2019" drug pipelines has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. (apnews.com)
- Aldosterone Antagonist - Pipeline Insight, 2019 offers comprehensive insights of the pipeline (under development) therapeutics scenario and growth prospects across Aldosterone Antagonist development. (apnews.com)
- In women who have recently had a heart attack and have a systolic heart failure(blood pumping problems) that is causing symptoms, adding the aldosterone antagonist eplerenone to standard treatment reduces hospitalization and improves survival. (simstat.com)
- Domenic A. Sica, " The Risks and Benefits of Therapy with Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist Therapy", Current Drug Safety (2007) 2: 71. (eurekaselect.com)
- Aldosterone receptor antagonist medicines may be used if you have heart failure and you are already taking other medicines (such as angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors and beta-blockers). (auburnhospital.org)
- The serum concentration of Afatinib can be decreased when it is combined with Aldosterone. (drugbank.ca)
- 4) Circulating aldosterone, not bound to serum proteins, enters saliva by passive diffusion. (salimetrics.com)
- Aldosterone (Pig) ELISA Kit is an immunoassay for the quantitative determination of aldosterone in Pig serum, plasma. (abnova.com)
- Eplerenone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor and blocks the binding of aldosterone, thereby decreasing sodium resorption and subsequently increasing water outflow. (fpnotebook.com)
- Since the publication of 2 clinical trials, RALES (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study) and EPHESUS (Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study), the role of aldosterone in cardiovascular remodeling has generated considerable attention. (ahajournals.org)
- A newer class of drugs called selective aldosterone-receptor antagonists (SARAs) , such as eplerenone, block only aldosterone receptors, resulting in fewer side effects. (simstat.com)
- A study called the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myo-cardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS) tested the aldosterone blocker eplerenone in people with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and signs of heart failure who were receiving standard medical therapy. (diabetesselfmanagement.com)
- We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Vascular inflammation was examined as a potential mechanism of aldosterone-mediated myocardial injury in uninephrectomized rats receiving 1% NaCl-0.3% KCl to drink for 1, 2, or 4 wk and 1 ) vehicle, 2 ) aldosterone infusion (0.75 μg/h), or 3 ) aldosterone infusion (0.75 μg/h) plus the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone (100 mg · kg −1 · day −1 ). (physiology.org)
- In adrenal gland cells, this flow of ions helps control the production of aldosterone. (medlineplus.gov)
- If you consume excess salt, your adrenals reduce their production of aldosterone, thereby allowing your kidneys to excrete more sodium. (livestrong.com)
- Additionally, rapid non-genomic actions and local production of aldosterone have been identified in other tissues, including the heart, vascular system, adrenal gland, and kidney. (salimetrics.com)
- If decreased blood pressure is detected, the adrenal gland is stimulated by these stretch receptors to release aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption from the urine, sweat, and the gut. (wikipedia.org)
- Aldosterone has long been known to control water and electrolyte balance by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors in kidney. (ahajournals.org)
- 1 Those with higher affinity were proposed as physiological mineralocorticoid Type I receptors, and those with lower affinity for aldosterone Type II, glucocorticoid receptors. (springer.com)
- AngII then binds to specific receptors in adrenal cortex, resulting in release of aldosterone. (asnjournals.org)
- Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors are important regulators of inflammation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Leukocytes, such as neutrophils, are a rich source of MMP-9 and possess mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). The aim of our study was to investigate whether aldosterone was able to regulate proMMP-9, active MMP-9 and MMP-9/NGAL production in human neutrophils. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. (heart.org)
- Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands which are located at the top of each kidney. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
- Aldosterone is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. (diabetesselfmanagement.com)
- Because KCNJ5 mutated channels were reported to be specifically sensitive to inhibition by macrolide antibiotics, which concentration dependently blunts aldosterone production in HAC15 transfected with the G151R and L168R mutated channel, we herein tested the effect of clarithromycin on aldosterone synthesis and secretion in a pure population of aldosterone-secreting cells obtained by immunoseparation (CD56 + cells) from APA tissues with/without the 2 most common KCNJ5 mutations. (ahajournals.org)
- First, aldosterone produced vascular injury in the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition ( 25 ). (physiology.org)
- Dietary sodium, aldosterone, and left ventricular mass changes during long-term inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. (biomedsearch.com)
- PI3K, p38 and ERK1/2 inhibition diminished these aldosterone-induced neutrophil productions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- On a normal K(+) diet, homozygous kcne1(-/-) mice exhibit signs of chronic volume depletion associated with fecal Na(+) and K(+) wasting and have lower plasma K(+) concentration and higher levels of aldosterone than wild-type mice. (nih.gov)
- This exacerbated aldosterone production in kcne1(-/-) mice is accompanied by an abnormally high plasma renin concentration, which could partly explain the hyperaldosteronism. (nih.gov)
- 2. Plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration were suppressed to the same degree during loading in both the hypertensive and normotensive groups. (portlandpress.com)
- 3. Plasma renin concentration and plasma aldosterone concentration were significantly correlated in both groups before sodium loading. (portlandpress.com)
- The increase in urinary sodium excretion was significantly correlated to the suppression of plasma aldosterone concentration in the hypertensive, but not in the normotensive, group. (portlandpress.com)
- A chemiluminescence assay was used to measure plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and active renin levels in 833 consecutive patients, after an overnight fasting and without any medication for least 12 hours. (ovid.com)
- What does "plasma aldosterone concentration" mean? (healthtap.com)
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma aldosterone concentration and the number of RGCs after systemic administration of aldosterone. (arvojournals.org)
- The plasma aldosterone concentration was measured using enzyme immunoassay kits at 2 weeks after systemic administration of aldosterone or vehicle. (arvojournals.org)
- Plasma aldosterone concentration was 212 ± 18 pg/ml, 366 ± 94 pg/ml, 478 ± 75 pg/ml and 1790 ± 473 pg/ml in the vehicle or 40, 80, or 160 μg/kg/day aldosterone-treated rats, respectively. (arvojournals.org)
- The number of RGCs was significantly correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration, with correlation coefficient of -0.911. (arvojournals.org)
- There was a negatively correlated between plasma aldosterone concentration and the number of RGCs. (arvojournals.org)
- Supine plasma aldosterone concentration was correlated with LVMI only at baseline but not in multivariate analysis. (biomedsearch.com)
- In response to treatment, the percentage of change in LVMI was positively correlated with the absolute changes in systolic BP, urinary sodium, and plasma aldosterone concentration, independently of baseline LVMI. (biomedsearch.com)
- When, within each urinary sodium tertile, patients were divided into those with plasma aldosterone concentration below and above the median (11.6 ng/dL), LVMI progressively increased across sodium tertiles only in patients with high plasma aldosterone concentration. (biomedsearch.com)
- This test measures the amount of aldosterone (ALD) in your blood or urine. (medlineplus.gov)
- Aldosterone (ALD) may be measured in blood or urine. (medlineplus.gov)
- An aldosterone test measures the level of aldosterone (a hormone made by the adrenal glands ) in the urine. (parkviewmc.com)
- The role of aldosterone and NADPH oxidases (Nox's) in the molecular mechanisms of age-associated vascular damage is unclear. (bmj.com)
- There are two lines of evidence that suggest that the role of aldosterone in vascular injury is also independent of ANG II. (physiology.org)
- Measure the amount of aldosterone released into the body by the adrenal glands. (parkviewmc.com)
- The amount of aldosterone in blood changes depending on whether you are standing up or lying down. (nkch.org)
- Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. (wikipedia.org)
- Salimetrics has developed and validated an enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of the steroid hormone aldosterone in saliva. (prweb.com)
- Aldosterone, the endogenous ligand of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in humans, is a steroid hormone that regulates salt and water homeostasis. (nih.gov)
- Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex, which regulates blood pressure. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. (healthtap.com)
- Angiotensin II is the principal regulator of this zone, but acute or short-term administration of ACTH stimulates 18OH-B and aldosterone. (springer.com)
- The kidney hormone renin normally stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone. (parkviewmc.com)
- Aldosterone helps regulate the body's fluid levels and blood pressure by controlling the amount of salt retained by the kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
- Excess aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain more salt than normal, which increases the body's fluid levels and blood pressure. (medlineplus.gov)
- Additionally, in recent years researchers have uncovered other "non-classical" effects of aldosterone within tissues in the heart, vascular system and kidneys, which lead to increased levels of inflammation and tissue damage. (prweb.com)
- Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of about 2% of filtered sodium in the kidneys, which is nearly equal to the entire sodium content in human blood under normal GFR ( glomerular filtration rate ). (wikidoc.org)
- However, RIA methods commonly used to measure aldosterone pose some analytical challenges, including long incubation times, the need to batch samples for cost-effectiveness, relatively short shelf life of radiolabeled reagents, and drawbacks related to the use of radioactive materials. (aacc.org)
- Salimetrics' list of measurable biomarkers in saliva has expanded once again with the addition of an assay for salivary aldosterone. (prweb.com)
- Salivary aldosterone has recently been confirmed to be a reliable alternative to plasma sampling, and ongoing studies are investigating the use of salivary aldosterone for the screening and diagnosis of diseases that affect circulating levels of this hormone. (prweb.com)
- 9) Salivary aldosterone levels correspond approximately to 30% of those found in plasma, with good correlation found between plasma and non-extracted salivary aldosterone. (salimetrics.com)
- 10) Salivary aldosterone levels are unaffected by salivary flow rate or hormone-binding proteins. (salimetrics.com)
- A diurnal rhythm for salivary aldosterone exists for healthy individuals, with highest levels in the morning. (salimetrics.com)
- Cholesterol is metabolized in what is known as the early pathway of aldosterone synthesis and is hydroxylated becoming (20R,22R)-dihydroxycholesterol which is then metabolized as a direct precursor to pregnenolone. (wikipedia.org)
- Steroidogenesis , showing aldosterone synthesis at upper-right corner. (wikipedia.org)
- As aldosterone has been implicated in the genesis of myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and dysfunction, we sought to determine the effects of aldosterone antagonism on myocardial function in hypertensive patients with suspected diastolic heart failure by using sensitive quantitative echocardiographic techniques in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Aldosterone antagonism improves myocardial function in hypertensive heart disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Recent data ( 21 ) showing improved survival with the addition of aldosterone antagonism to standard therapy in patients with severe heart failure, independent of hemodynamic effects, support this hypothesis. (physiology.org)
- Second, aldosterone antagonism results in marked vascular protection, even in the presence of ANG II infusions ( 24 ). (physiology.org)
- These advances in our understanding of aldosterone physiopathology have shed light on the biological reasons which are at the base of the impressive results obtained in clinical trials of aldosterone antagonism. (eurekaselect.com)
- D. Duval, J. W. Funder, The binding of tritiated aldosterone in the rat liver cytosol. (springer.com)
- Other factors that physiologically regulate aldosterone release in concert with ATII and K + are corticotropin (ACTH, stimulatory) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, inhibitory) ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The adrenal tumor produces too much of the hormone aldosterone, which is a condition known as primary hyperaldosteronism. (medlineplus.gov)
- Aldosterone-producing adenomas cause up to 60 percent of cases of primary hyperaldosteronism. (medlineplus.gov)
- Conn's Syndrome, or primary hyperaldosteronism, may occur when your body makes too much aldosterone. (healthtestingcenters.com)
- 1. The effect of endogenous sympathetic stimulation (induced by urinary bladder stimulation) and intravenous infusion of noradrenaline and isoprenaline on blood pressure, heart rate and levels of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were studied in six tetraplegic patients. (clinsci.org)
- p66SHC activation by aldosterone was blocked by ML171 (Nox1 inhibitor) in WKY and SHRSP VSMCs, and blunted in the vasculature from Nox1 knockout mice. (bmj.com)
- The combined tests are sometimes called an aldosterone-renin ratio test or aldosterone-plasma renin activity. (medlineplus.gov)
- 2. Bladder stimulation in the tetraplegic patients caused a marked rise in blood pressure and fall in heart rate, but no change in plasma renin activity or plasma aldosterone. (clinsci.org)
- Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone did not change in either group. (clinsci.org)
- Recent research has shown that excess aldosterone production can also be associated with obesity and the development of related diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetes. (prweb.com)
- By proving the principle that the oversecretion of aldosterone can be specifically blunted in APA cells ex vivo with G151R and L168R mutations, these results provide compelling evidence of the possibility of specifically correcting aldosterone excess in patients with APA carrying the 2 most common KCNJ5 somatic mutations. (ahajournals.org)
- Is there some kind of direct correlation between untreated hypothyroidism (mine has been pretty much untreated for years) and high or fluctuating aldosterone levels? (medhelp.org)
- yo-yo aldosterone levels Hi, I was officially diagnosed with hypothyroid about 18 months ago but couldn't tolerate the natural dessicated meds (Armour). (medhelp.org)
- In this study, our aim was to evaluate at a long-term follow-up visit the levels of plasma aldosterone and natriuretic peptides as markers of neurohormonal remodeling in patients with earlier, documented AF in relation to present heart rhythm, clinical data, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). (nih.gov)
- In patients with earlier AF, AF at long-term follow-up visit was independently associated with raised levels of Nt-proANP and Nt-proBNP and to some extent with plasma aldosterone indicating neurohormonal activation during arrhythmia. (nih.gov)
- A blood sample required for measurement of plasma aldosterone and/or renin levels is taken by needle from a vein in the arm. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
- However, because the levels of aldosterone and renin change when a person moves from lying down to standing up, your doctor may collect one sample whilst you are lying down and another after you have been upright for a few hours. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
- This test is used to measure the levels of Aldosterone in your blood. (healthtestingcenters.com)
- Dietary sodium levels during the period prior to testing can affect aldosterone levels. (healthtestingcenters.com)
- Since patient posture prior to collection affects aldosterone levels, it is recommended that the patient be ambulatory for at least 30 minutes before blood collection. (healthtestingcenters.com)
- Circulating and cardiac aldosterone levels were reduced in FAD286 or losartan-treated dTGR. (ahajournals.org)
- ADX combined with dexamethasone and salt treatment decreased circulating and cardiac aldosterone to barely detectable levels. (ahajournals.org)
- Both FAD286 and ADX reduced circulating and cardiac aldosterone levels. (ahajournals.org)
- however, aldosterone levels can be elevated even though Ang II production is inhibited or its action is blocked. (ahajournals.org)
- However, during treatment with these drugs, aldosterone levels may eventually return to where they were before treatment or rise even higher, a phenomenon dubbed "aldosterone escape. (diabetesselfmanagement.com)
- Posture affects aldosterone levels - we recommend sampling after 30 minutes in position. (salimetrics.com)
- High levels of both renin and aldosterone are normally present when the body is trying to conserve fluid and salt (sodium). (parkviewmc.com)
- A low-salt diet can also increase aldosterone levels. (parkviewmc.com)
- A group of disorder characterized by high blood pressure due to abnormalities in angiotensin, rennin and aldosterone levels. (rightdiagnosis.com)
- This test helps health care providers assess for adrenal tumors and specific metabolic conditions by testing levels of the hormone aldosterone. (lifeextension.com)
- In 2005, the Journal Hearing Research 1 published a paper on the association between low blood levels of aldosterone and hearing loss in older individuals. (lifeextension.com)
- Dietary sodium levels during the period prior to testing can affect aldosterone levels - so, a normal sodium diet of 3 grams or less per day is best. (lifeextension.com)
- Although plasma aldosterone can be suppressed by low K(+) diets or stimulated by low Na(+) diets, a high K(+) diet provokes a tremendous increase of plasma aldosterone levels in kcne1(-/-) mice as compared with wild-type mice (7.1-fold vs. 1.8-fold) despite lower plasma K(+) in kcne1(-/-) mice. (nih.gov)
- Here, we measured plasma levels of active renin and aldosterone in patients referred for cardiac catheterization in order to determine the prevalence of elevated renin, aldosterone, and the aldosterone-renin ratio. (ovid.com)
- Your doctor may ask you to have your blood drawn at a certain time because aldosterone levels are highest in the early morning. (nkch.org)
- Aldosterone levels in a blood sample also change depending on whether you are standing up or lying down at the time the blood is taken. (nkch.org)
- Blood aldosterone levels will be higher if you are standing or sitting up for 2 hours before the test. (nkch.org)
- The cause of this fluid retention is complex, and not just related to aldosterone levels. (healthtap.com)
- Inadequately low aldosterone levels as present in preeclampsia, a life-threatening disease for both mother and child, are discussed to be involved in its pathogenesis or severity. (uzh.ch)
- Raised plasma aldosterone and natriuretic peptides in atrial fibrillation. (nih.gov)
- Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are unable to provide long-term aldosterone suppression. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (wikipedia.org)
- Over activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a potential cause of microvascular dysfunction. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Recent human and animal studies suggest that activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by aldosterone, the final product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, causes microvascular damage, vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Alleles associated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system upregulation were classified as risk alleles. (ahajournals.org)
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genotype may identify a high-risk subgroup of single ventricle patients who fail to fully benefit from volume-unloading surgery. (ahajournals.org)
- The interplay of SARS-CoV-2 with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system probably accounts for much of its unique pathology. (ersjournals.com)
- Collectively, these results suggest that aldosterone mediates vascular injury through mechanisms independent of blood pressure or other components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (physiology.org)
- Whether the improved left ventricular function observed in the Aldosterone Receptor Blockade in Diastolic Heart Failure trial is of clinical significance requires further investigation in larger populations," the authors write. (empr.com)
- It is the sole enzyme capable of synthesizing aldosterone in humans and plays an important role in electrolyte balance and blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- 1,2) Like the other steroid hormones that can be measured in saliva, aldosterone diffuses readily from the circulation into saliva where it can be conveniently measured without the pain and inconvenience of drawing blood samples. (prweb.com)
- Your brain interprets these signals and sends messages to your adrenal glands, which then alter their release of hormones - epinephrine, norepinephrine and aldosterone - that control your heart rate, blood vessel diameter and kidney function. (livestrong.com)
- Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues. (cancer.gov)
- Aldosterone is a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands to aid your body in keeping your blood pressure regulated. (healthtestingcenters.com)
- We have shown that mild, daily stress may be involved in the elevation of blood pressure (not only through the known catecholamine pathway) but also through the ACTH-aldosterone pathway," said lead author Athina Markou, MD, who is a Consultant Endocrinologist in the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, Athens, Greece. (endocrineweb.com)
- However, whether aldosterone in the heart tissue is derived from the circulating blood or is produced locally, thereby contributing to remodeling, is unclear. (ahajournals.org)
- Scientists have long known that aldosterone promotes the retention of sodium, which increases blood volume and thus raises blood pressure. (diabetesselfmanagement.com)
- No specific binding protein for aldosterone has been identified in blood. (salimetrics.com)
- An aldosterone test is often done at the time of a routine blood test. (nkch.org)
- With maternal aldosterone deficiency in AS(-/-) mice, systolic blood pressure was low before and further reduced during pregnancy with no increase in proteinuria. (uzh.ch)