Aldehyde Oxidase
An aldehyde oxidoreductase expressed predominantly in the LIVER; LUNGS; and KIDNEY. It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, and also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives. The enzyme utilizes molybdenum cofactor and FAD as cofactors.
Xanthine Oxidase
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Xanthine Dehydrogenase
NADPH Oxidase
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.
Molybdenum
Pteridines
Coenzymes
Liver
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Monoamine Oxidase
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.
Allopurinol
Metalloproteins
Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Aldehyde oxidase-dependent marked species difference in hepatic metabolism of the sedative-hypnotic, zaleplon, between monkeys and rats. (1/144)
A marked difference in hepatic activity of aldehyde oxidase between rats and monkeys was found to be responsible for the previously reported marked species difference in the metabolism of Zaleplon in vivo. In the postmitochondrial fractions, S-9s, from liver homogenates of these animals, Zaleplon was transformed in the presence of NADPH into the side chain oxidation product, N-desethyl-Zaleplon, and the aromatic ring oxidation product, 5-oxo-Zaleplon. In the rat S-9, N-desethyl-Zaleplon and 5-oxo-Zaleplon were a major and a very minor metabolites, respectively. However, in the monkey S-9, Zaleplon was transformed into 5-oxo-Zaleplon at a much higher rate than that for N-desethyl-Zaleplon formation. N-Desethyl-Zaleplon was formed in the monkey S-9 at a rate almost equal to that in the rat S-9. N-Desethyl-5-oxo-Zaleplon was formed at a minor rate only in the monkey S-9 through N-desethyl-Zaleplon as an obligatory intermediate. The hepatic activity for the formation of 5-oxo-Zaleplon in the monkey and rat was localized in cytosol and did not require NADPH. Sensitivity to various inhibitors and requirement of water as oxygen source, using H218O, strongly suggested that the hepatic cytosolic formation of 5-oxo-Zaleplon was mediated by aldehyde oxidase. N-Desethyl-Zaleplon was formed in the presence of NADPH by microsomes from the liver of rats and monkeys, and its formation was strongly suggested using various cytochrome P-450 inhibitors to be mediated by a number of cytochrome P-450 isoforms, such as 3A, 2C, and 2D subfamilies. (+info)A genetic linkage map of rat chromosome 9 with a new locus for variant activity of liver aldehyde oxidase. (2/144)
A genetic linkage map of rat chromosome 9 consisting of five loci including a new biochemical marker representing a genetic variation of the activity of the liver aldehyde oxidase, (Aox) was constructed. Linkage analysis of the five loci among 92 backcross progeny of (WKS/Iar x IS/Iar)F1 x WKS/Iar revealed significant linkages between these loci. Minimizing crossover frequency resulted in the best gene order: Aox-D9Mit4-Gls-Cryg-Tp53l1. The homologues of the Cryg, Gls, and Aox genes have been mapped on mouse chromosome 1 and human chromosome 2q. The present findings provide further evidence for the conservation of synteny among these regions of rat, mouse, and human chromosomes. (+info)Molecular cloning of the cDNA coding for mouse aldehyde oxidase: tissue distribution and regulation in vivo by testosterone. (3/144)
The cDNA coding for mouse aldehyde oxidase (AO), a molybdoflavoprotein, has been isolated and characterized. The cDNA is 4347 nt long and consists of an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 1333 amino acid residues, with 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 13 and 335 nt respectively. The apparent molecular mass of the translation product in vitro derived from the corresponding cRNA is consistent with that of the monomeric subunit of the AO holoenzyme. The cDNA codes for a catalytically active form of AO, as demonstrated by transient transfection experiments conducted in the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line. The deduced primary structure of the AO protein contains consensus sequences for two distinct 2Fe-2S redox centres and a molybdopterin-binding site. The amino acid sequence of the mouse AO has a high degree of similarity with the human and bovine counterparts, and a significant degree of relatedness to AO proteins of plant origin. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that hepatocytes, cardiocytes, lung endothelial or epithelial cells and oesophagus epithelial cells express high levels of AO mRNA. In the various tissues and organs considered, the level of AO mRNA expression is not strictly correlated with the amount of the corresponding protein, suggesting that the synthesis of the AO enzyme is under translational or post-translational control. In addition, we observed sex-related regulation of AO protein synthesis. In the liver of male animals, despite similar amounts of AO mRNA, the levels of the AO enzyme and corresponding polypeptide are significantly higher than those in female animals. Treatment of female mice with testosterone increases the amounts of AO mRNA and of the relative translation product to levels similar to those in male animals. (+info)Production of homo- and hetero-dimeric isozymes from two aldehyde oxidase genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. (4/144)
Polyclonal antibodies were raised against synthetic peptides or recombinant polypeptides encoded by Arabidopsis atAO-1 and atAO-2 cDNAs, which have sequences similar to maize and animal aldehyde oxidase (AO) cDNAs. Anti-atAO-1 antibodies recognized AOalpha and AObeta among the three isoforms, AOalpha, AObeta, and AOgamma, detected in Arabidopsis seedlings after native PAGE, while anti-atAO-2 antibodies reacted with AObeta and AOgamma. The polypeptide specifically recognized by each antibody was collected as the Protein-A/IgG/antigen complex. The 150- and 145-kDa polypeptides were purified by SDS-PAGE and digested with Achromobacter Protease I. From the amino acid sequences and molecular masses of the derivative peptides, it was revealed that the 150- and 145-kDa polypeptides were the products of atAO-1 and atAO-2, respectively. Molecular masses of the native forms of AOalpha, AObeta, and AOgamma were estimated as approximately 290-300 kDa. These results suggest that AOalpha and AOgamma are homodimers consisting of atAO-1 and atAO-2 products, respectively, and that AObeta is a heterodimer of the atAO-1 and atAO-2 products. (+info)Thioguanine administered as a continuous intravenous infusion to pediatric patients is metabolized to the novel metabolite 8-hydroxy-thioguanine. (5/144)
Thiopurine antimetabolites have been in clinical use for more than 40 years, yet the metabolism of thiopurines remains only partially understood. Data from our previous pediatric phase 1 trial of continuous i.v. infusion of thioguanine (CIVI-TG) suggested that TG was eliminated by saturable mechanism, with conversion of the drug to an unknown metabolite. In this study we have identified this metabolite as 8-hydroxy-thioguanine (8-OH-TG). The metabolite coeluted with the 8-OH-TG standard on HPLC and had an identical UV spectrum, with a lambda(max) of 350 nm. On mass spectroscopy, the positive ion, single quad scan of 8-OH-TG yielded a protonated molecular ion at 184 Da and contained diagnostic ions at m/z 167, 156, 142, and 125 Da. Incubation of TG in vitro with partially purified aldehyde oxidase resulted in 8-OH-TG formation. 8-OH-TG is the predominant circulating metabolite found in patients receiving CIVI-TG and is likely generated by the action of aldehyde oxidase. (+info)The mouse aldehyde oxidase gene: molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping and functional characterization of the 5'-flanking region. (6/144)
In this article, we report on the chromosome mapping and molecular cloning of the genetic locus encoding the mouse molybdo-iron/sulfur-flavoprotein aldehyde oxidase. The aldehyde oxidase locus maps to mouse chromosome 1 band C1-C2, as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments conducted on metaphase chromosomes. The gene is approximately 83 kb long and consists of 35 exons. The exon/intron boundaries are perfectly conserved relative to the corresponding human homolog and almost completely conserved relative to the mouse xanthine oxidoreductase gene. This further supports the concept that the aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidoreductase loci evolved from the same ancestral precursor by a gene duplication event. The position of a major transcription start site was defined by primer extension and RNase mapping analysis. The 5'-flanking region of the mouse aldehyde oxidase gene contains a functional and orientation-dependent promoter as well as several putative binding sites for known cell-specific and general transcription factors. Deletion analysis of the 5'-flanking region defines an approximately 470 bp DNA stretch which is necessary and sufficient for the transcription of the mouse aldehyde oxidase gene. (+info)Functional expression of two Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidases in the yeast Pichia pastoris. (7/144)
To investigate the biochemical and enzymatic properties of two aldehyde oxidase (AO) isoforms of Arabidopsis thaliana, we expressed AAO1 and AAO2 cDNAs in a heterologous yeast (Pichia pastoris) system and successfully obtained the proteins in active forms. The expressed AAO1 and AAO2 proteins gave activity bands with the same mobilities on native gel electrophoresis and exhibited the same substrate preferences on zymograms with 8 aldehydes as those of AOalpha and AOgamma in Arabidopsis seedlings, respectively. Furthermore, anti-AAO1 and anti-AAO2 antibodies, which specifically recognize the seedling AOalpha and AOgamma, respectively, reacted with the AAO1 and AAO2 proteins produced in P. pastoris, respectively. These results indicate that these AO proteins are accurately produced in the yeast system, as in Arabidopsis seedlings. Using AO preparations from P. pastoris, the enzymatic properties of Arabidopsis AOalpha and AOgamma were investigated. AOalpha showed a relatively wide substrate specificity for 7 aldehydes tested, with high affinity to benzaldehyde and indole-3-aldehyde, while AOgamma could most efficiently oxidize naphthaldehyde. AOalpha was strongly inhibited by iodoacetate and KCN, while AOgamma was inhibited not only by iodoacetate and KCN but also by 2-mercaptethanol, dithiothreitol, menadion, and estradiol. AOalpha and AOgamma showed the highest activity at around 65 and 50 degrees C, respectively, and exhibited pH dependence around pH 8.0. These results indicate that the two AO isoforms in Arabidopsis seedlings have different enzymatic properties and may have different physiological roles in vivo. (+info)Metabolism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in perfused rat liver: involvement of hepatic aldehyde oxidase as a detoxification enzyme. (8/144)
To elucidate the toxicological relevance of hepatic aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a detoxification enzyme of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), we studied the metabolism and the hepatotoxicity of MPTP in intact rat livers exhibiting different AO activities by using a recirculating perfusion method. In the perfusate during a 90-min recirculation of 1 mM MPTP, the perfused liver from Jcl:Wistar rat, a strain showing high AO activity, generated almost equal amounts of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium species (MPP(+)) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyridone (MPTP lactam) as major metabolites, together with 4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2-pyridone (MP 2-pyridone) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine N-oxide. However, a marked decrease of MPTP lactam as well as MP 2-pyridone and a concomitant increase of MPP(+) were caused by coinfusion of 2-hydroxypyrimidine (2-OH PM), a competitive inhibitor of AO, into Jcl:Wistar rat liver. A quite similar metabolic profile was obtained on perfusion of AO-deficient WKA/Sea rat liver. Rather large amounts of MPP(+) were retained in the liver in all cases, but especially in Jcl:Wistar rat in the presence of 2-OH PM. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage into the perfusate from rat liver perfused with 1 mM MPTP was greater in the strain with lower AO activity, WKA/Sea, than in that with higher AO activity, Jcl:Wistar. Furthermore, inhibition of AO in Jcl:Wistar rat in the presence of 2-OH PM caused an enhancement of lactate dehydrogenase leakage. These results suggest that hepatic AO is a key detoxification enzyme for MPTP. (+info)
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Aldehyde oxidase
... is very concentrated in the liver, where it oxidizes multiple aldehydes and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds ... Aldehyde oxidase is a member of the molybdenum flavoprotein family and has a very complex evolutionary profile-as the genes of ... Aldehyde oxidase is thought to have a significant impact on pharmacokinetics. AO is capable of oxidizing many drugs in the ... Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a metabolizing enzyme, located in the cytosolic compartment of tissues in many organisms. AO catalyzes ...
Aryl-aldehyde oxidase
In enzymology, an aryl-aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic aldehyde + ... Crawford DL, Sutherland JB, Pometto AL, Miller JM (June 1982). "Production of an aromatic aldehyde oxidase by Streptomyces ... This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl-aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase. ...
Abscisic-aldehyde oxidase
In enzymology, an abscisic-aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction abscisic aldehyde ... Seo M, Koiwai H, Akaba S, Komano T, Oritani T, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T (2000). "Abscisic aldehyde oxidase in leaves of Arabidopsis ... Sagi M, Fluhr R, Lips SH (1999). "Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in a flacca tomato mutant with deficient abscisic ... Koornneef M, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T (2000). "The Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) gene product catalyzes the final step in ...
Aldehyde oxidase 1
... is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AOX1 gene. Aldehyde oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide and, ... "Analysis of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase as possible candidate genes for autosomal recessive familial ... "Entrez Gene: aldehyde oxidase 1". Berger R, Mezey E, Clancy KP, Harta G, Wright RM, Repine JE, Brown RH, Brownstein M, ... 2007). "Human aldehyde oxidase 1 interacts with ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 and modulates its activity in hepatocytes". ...
Abscisic aldehyde
"Abscisic aldehyde oxidase in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 23 (4): 481-488. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x. ... Abscisic aldehyde is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone abscisic acid. It is produced by the ... Ram K. Sindhu, David H. Griffin and Daniel C. Walton (1990). "Abscisic Aldehyde Is an Intermediate in the Enzymatic Conversion ... "The Short-Chain Alcohol Dehydrogenase ABA2 Catalyzes the Conversion of Xanthoxin to Abscisic Aldehyde". The Plant Cell Online. ...
Alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked)
Hastings JW, Presswood RP (1978). "Bacterial luciferase: FMNH2-aldehyde oxidase". Methods Enzymol. Methods in Enzymology. 53: ... aldehyde monooxygenase, luciferase, and Vibrio fischeri luciferase. As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this ... "Bacterial bioluminescence light emission in the mixed function oxidation of reduced flavin and fatty aldehyde". CRC Crit. Rev. ...
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent)
Other names in common use include aldehyde oxidase, aldehyde oxidoreductase, Mop, and AORDd. As of late 2007, only one ... Fujishiro K, Aisaka K, Uwajima T (2003). "Purification and characterization of an aldehyde oxidase from Pseudomonas sp. KY 4690 ... "Crystal structure of the xanthine oxidase-related aldehyde oxido-reductase from D. gigas". Science. 270 (5239): 1170-6. Bibcode ... In enzymology, an aldehyde dehydrogenase (FAD-independent) (EC 1.2.99.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction an ...
Ziprasidone
... is hepatically metabolized by aldehyde oxidase; minor metabolism occurs via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). ...
Isovanillin
It is a selective inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is not a substrate of that enzyme, and is metabolized by aldehyde ... Isovanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, an organic compound and isomer of vanillin. ... Isovanillin and Protocatechuic Aldehyde with Freshly Prepared Guinea Pig Liver Slices". Cell Physiol Biochem. 15 (1-4): 89-98. ...
Lenvatinib
M2 and lenvatinib itself are oxidized by aldehyde oxidase (AO) to substances called M2' and M3', the main metabolites in the ... "Oxidative metabolic pathway of lenvatinib mediated by aldehyde oxidase". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 42 (8): 1326-33. doi: ...
Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase
T; Akaba, S; Oritani, T; Delarue, M; Bellini, C; Caboche, M; Koshiba, T (1998). "Higher activity of an aldehyde oxidase in the ... Marion-Poll A, Caboche M, Kamiya Y, Koshiba T (1998). "Molecular cloning and characterization of aldehyde oxidases in ... Some characteristics of the aldehyde oxidase of Avena coleoptiles". Physiol. Plant. 24 (2): 272-281. doi:10.1111/j.1399- ... Other names in common use include indoleacetaldehyde oxidase, IAAld oxidase, AO1, and indole-3-acetaldehyde:oxygen ...
Molybdenum
Those enzymes include aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase. With one exception, Mo in proteins is bound by ... sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase. People severely deficient in ... is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to ... The Relationship between Sulfite Oxidase and the Acute Toxicity of Bisulfite and SO2". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
Molybdenum in biology
Those enzymes include aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase. With one exception, Mo in proteins is bound by ... sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase. People severely deficient in ... is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to ... The Relationship between Sulfite Oxidase and the Acute Toxicity of Bisulfite and SO2". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
Other names in common use include betaine aldehyde oxidase, BADH, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, and BetB. This enzyme ... In enzymology, a betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction betaine aldehyde ... ROTHSCHILD HA, BARRON ES (1954). "The oxidation of betaine aldehyde by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase". J. Biol. Chem. 209 (2 ... This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ ...
Serotonin
Metabolism involves first oxidation by monoamine oxidase to the corresponding aldehyde. The rate-limiting step is hydride ... These compounds do reach the brain, although some portion of them are metabolized by monoamine oxidase enzymes (mainly MAO-A) ... There follows oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 5-HIAA, the indole acetic-acid derivative. The latter is then excreted by ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (including serotonin), and therefore ...
Thiamine oxidase
Gomez-Moreno C, Edmondson DE (1985). "Evidence for an aldehyde intermediate in the catalytic mechanism of thiamine oxidase". ... In enzymology, a thiamine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.23) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction thiamine + 2 O2 + H2O ⇌ {\ ...
Metal dithiolene complex
November 1995). "Crystal structure of the xanthine oxidase-related aldehyde oxido-reductase from D. gigas". Science. 270 (5239 ...
Γ-Aminobutyric acid
GABA can also be synthesized from putrescine by diamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Traditionally it was thought that ...
Vitamin B6
4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of aldehyde oxidase in the liver. Amounts excreted increase within 1-2 weeks with ... Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase is dependent on flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as a cofactor produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2 ... PLP is restored via a salvage pathway that requires three key enzymes, pyridoxal kinase, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase, and ... phosphate oxidase, the latter of which also catalyzes the conversion of pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP) to PLP. ...
Choline
In humans, choline is oxidized irreversibly in liver mitochondria to glycine betaine aldehyde by choline oxidases. This is ... oxidized by mitochondrial or cytosolic betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenases to trimethylglycine. Trimethylglycine is a necessary ...
Allopurinol
... xanthine oxidase, but this action is principally carried out by aldehyde oxidase. The active metabolite of allopurinol is ... "Demonstration of a combined deficiency of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase in xanthinuric patients not forming oxipurinol ... and is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase. Xanthine oxidase is responsible for the successive oxidation of ... Allopurinol is in the xanthine oxidase inhibitor family of medications. Allopurinol was approved for medical use in the United ...
Molybdenum cofactor sulfurtransferase
"ABA3 is a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase required for activation of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis ...
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency
... in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis causes absence of enzyme activity of xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. ... Sulfite oxidase Reiss J, Johnson JL (June 2003). "Mutations in the molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic genes MOCS1, MOCS2, and ... Usually this leads to death within months of birth, due to the lack of active sulfite oxidase. Furthermore, a mutational block ... "Molybdenum cofactor deficiency in humans: Neurological consequences of sulfite oxidase deficiency". Archived from the original ...
MOCOS
... sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), which is required for ...
Alcohol oxidase
Alcohol oxidases catalyzes the oxidation of primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes. Unlike alcohol dehydrogenases, ... This enzyme is also called methanol oxidase and ethanol oxidase. Sometimes, this enzyme is called short-chain alcohol oxidase ( ... SCAO) to differentiate it from long-chain-alcohol oxidase (LCAO), aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) and secondary-alcohol oxidase (SAO ... an aldehyde + H2O2 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are primary alcohol and O2, whereas its two products are aldehyde ...
Molybdopterin synthase
... aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase in humans. MoCo containing enzymes typically catalyze the net transfer of an oxygen atom ... xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase. Symptoms of MoCo deficiency are linked to the accumulation of toxic metabolites caused ... MoCo deficiency in humans results in the combined deficiency of the MoCo-containing enzymes: sulfite oxidase, ... by the reduced activity of these molybdoenzymes, especially sulfite oxidase. Genetic defects in MoCo biosynthesis lead to MoCo ...
Phenethylamine
... a significant amount is metabolized in the small intestine by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and then aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH ... In humans, PEA is metabolized by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), monoamine oxidase ... Monoamine oxidase deaminates primary and secondary amines that are free in the neuronal cytoplasm but not those bound in ... Trace amines are metabolized in the mammalian body via monoamine oxidase Wishart, David S.; Guo, An Chi; Oler, Eponine; Wang, ...
Fosdenopterin
... xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Fosdenopterin was developed at the German universities TU Braunschweig and ... cPMP is a precursor to molybdopterin, which is required for the enzyme activity of sulfite oxidase, ...
Lysyl oxidase
These aldehydes are highly reactive, and undergo spontaneous chemical reactions with other lysyl oxidase-derived aldehyde ... Lysyl oxidase is an extracellular copper-dependent enzyme that catalyzes formation of aldehydes from lysine residues in ... Lysyl oxidase (LOX), also known as protein-lysine 6-oxidase, is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LOX gene. It ... The three-dimensional structure of human lysyl oxidase has not yet been resolved. The mechanism of lysyl oxidase occurs via ...
Retinal oxidase
Huang DY, Furukawa A, Ichikawa Y (1999). "Molecular cloning of retinal oxidase/aldehyde oxidase cDNAs from rabbit and mouse ... Mandal SK, Datta Chaudhuri B (1987). "Enzymic oxidation of vitamin A aldehyde to vitamin A acid by rat livers of experimental ... This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with ... In enzymology, a retinal oxidase (EC 1.2.3.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction retinal + O2 + H2O ⇌ {\ ...
Molybdopterin
... aldehyde oxidase. Prosthetic group of: formate dehydrogenase, purine hydroxylase, thiosulfate reductase. Molybdenum cofactor ... Enzymes that contain the molybdopterin cofactor include xanthine oxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate ... Molybdopterin is a: Cofactor of: xanthine oxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, nitrate reductase, ethylbenzene ... In some enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, the metal is bound to one molybdopterin, whereas, in other enzymes, e.g., DMSO ...
Metabolism
Carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketones, with many hydroxyl groups attached, that can exist as straight chains or rings. ... In humans, these include cytochrome P450 oxidases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and glutathione S-transferases. This system of ...
Aflatoxin B1
Upon forming the aldehyde in the ring opening step, it is oxidized to form the carboxylic acid and subsequently a ... However, what is known is that averufin is oxidized by a P450-oxidase, AvfA, in a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. This opens the ... There are two more enzymes that catalyze the conversion of versicolorin A to demethylsterigmatocystin: AflN, an oxidase and ...
Phenylhydrazine
Fischer used phenylhydrazine to characterize sugars via formation of hydrazones known as osazones with the sugar aldehyde. He ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Emil Fischer, Phenyl compounds). ...
Enzyme inhibitor
Pick FM, McGartoll MA, Bray RC (January 1971). "Reaction of formaldehyde and of methanol with xanthine oxidase". European ... Irreversible inhibitors often contain reactive functional groups such as nitrogen mustards, aldehydes, haloalkanes, alkenes, ...
2,5-Diketopiperazine
The enzymes cyclodipeptide oxidase and S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent O/N methyltransferases act in tandem to chemically ... The Ugi reaction using an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, can produce a dipeptide in equally high yield and optical ... aldehydes, isocyanides, and chloroacetic acid. However this route is limited by epimerization at the stereogenic centre and ...
Hypochlorous acid
... releasing HCl and ammonia to form an aldehyde. The aldehyde group can further react with another amino group to form a Schiff ... Later studies revealed that Ubiquinol oxidase activity ceases first, and the still-active cytochromes reduce the remaining ... "Myeloperoxidase-mediated damage to the succinate oxidase system of Escherichia coli". J. Biol. Chem. 242: 15004-15010. doi: ... damage to Escherichia coli ubiquinol oxidase". Biochemistry. 28 (7): 3031-6. doi:10.1021/bi00433a044. PMID 2545243. Rosen, H.; ...
4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde is an alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde and a member of phenylacetaldehydes. It has a role as a human ... "Primary Amine Oxidase of Escherichia coli Is a Metabolic Enzyme that Can Use a Human Leukocyte Molecule as a Substrate". PLOS ... In both species, it is subsequently metabolized into 4-hydroxyphenylacetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes in humans ... Aldehydes, Phenolic human metabolites, All stub articles, Molecular and cellular biology stubs). ...
Lillian Dyck
Dyck, Lillian E.; Durden, David A.; Boulton, Alan A. (24 March 1993). "Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the acid ... Dyck, Lillian E. (1993). "Absence of the atypical mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) isozyme in Saskatchewan Cree ... Her research focuses on mechanisms of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors to identify drugs useful for treatment of ... Wu, P. H.; Dyck, Lillian E. (May 1976). "Microassay for the estimation of monoamine oxidase activity". Analytical Biochemistry ...
Glyoxylic acid
Although the structure of glyoxylic acid is described as having an aldehyde functional group, the aldehyde is only a minor ... In the peroxisomes, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by AGT1 or into oxalate by glycolate oxidase. In the mitochondria, ... the aldehyde structure has as a major conformer a cyclic hydrogen-bonded structure with the aldehyde carbonyl in close ... They are generally formed from reactive aldehydes, such as those present on reducing sugars and alpha-oxoaldehydes. In a study ...
Oxalate oxidase
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with ... In enzymology, an oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4) is an oxalate degrading enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: oxalate + ... Other names in common use include aero-oxalo dehydrogenase, and oxalic acid oxidase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and ... DATTA PK, MEEUSE BJ (1955). "Moss oxalic acid oxidase-a flavoprotein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 17 (4): 602-3. doi:10.1016/0006- ...
Toxication
Ethylene glycol (common antifreeze) can be converted into toxic glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid by aldehyde ... Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is converted into the hepatotoxic metabolite NAPQI via the cytochrome P450 oxidase system, ... but it can be converted to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and then converted to formic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase, ... dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glycolate oxidase in mammalian organisms. The accumulation of the end product of ...
Agmatine
... is by diamine oxidase-catalyzed oxidation into agmatine-aldehyde, which is in turn converted by aldehyde dehydrogenase into ... NADPH oxidase. Activation of the enzyme leading to H2O2 production. Agmatine sulfate injection can increase food intake with ... Demady DR, Jianmongkol S, Vuletich JL, Bender AT, Osawa Y (January 2001). "Agmatine enhances the NADPH oxidase activity of ...
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase
The mechanism for the reduction of the CoA thioester to the aldehyde involves a hydride transfer to the carbonyl carbon from ... Because Rac1 also activates NADPH oxidase, which produces peroxides critical for monolignol polymerization, overall lignin ... The tetrahedral intermediate then collapses, kicking out the CoA and forming an aldehyde as the final product. The thiolate of ... As can be seen in the diagram shown to the right, these monolignols are derived directly from their corresponding aldehydes, ...
Porphyrinogen
Under acid catalysis, pyrrole and ketones R−(C=O)−R' or aldehydes R−(C=O)−H condense to give many oligomers, including the ... the parent porphyrinogen is dehydrogenated by protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Because of their limited delocalization, ...
Histamine intolerance
... and aldehyde oxidases (AOX1). In histamine intolerance, the activity of DAO is limited, and histamine taken up by the diet and ... through the intestinal wall during absorption and enters the blood without coming into contact with the aldehyde oxidases ... such as diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT). In contrast, allergic reactions involving an immediate ... and measure changes in histamine and diamine oxidase (DAO) levels. Rather than increase histamine during the test diet, ...
Xanthoxin dehydrogenase
Other names in common use include xanthoxin oxidase, and ABA2. This enzyme participates in carotenoid biosynthesis. Sindhu RK; ... abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xanthoxin and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are ... "The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde". Plant Cell. 14 (8): ... abscisic aldehyde, NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH ...
Quinine
The new quinoline heterocycle would then be formed by combining this amine with the aldehyde produced in the tryptamine side- ... Quinine can also act as a competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that removes neurotransmitters from the ... Mitsui N, Noro T, Kuroyanagi M, Miyase T, Umehara K, Ueno A (February 1989). "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from Cinchonae ... Suitable modification of strictosidine leads to an aldehyde. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation would initially remove one carbon ...
Aliivibrio fischeri
It is heterotrophic, oxidase-positive, and motile by means of a single polar flagella. Free-living A. fischeri cells survive on ... R-COOH is reduced by a two-enzyme system to an aldehyde. The reaction is: R-COOH + ATP + NADPH → R-CHO + AMP + PP + NADP+. One ... In A. fischeri, it is directly next to luxE (giving luxCDABE-fre) from 1042306 to 1048745 [1] To generate the aldehyde needed ... Luciferase produces blue/green light through the oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide and a long-chain aldehyde by ...
Hydrazine
... or an aldehyde into a methyl group) via a hydrazone intermediate. The production of the highly stable dinitrogen from the ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, Reducing agents, Nitrogen hydrides, IARC Group 2B carcinogens, Occupational safety and health). ...
Oxidative stress
Other enzymes capable of producing superoxide are xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidases and cytochromes P450. Hydrogen peroxide is ... and aldehyde dehydrogenases. The amino acid methionine is prone to oxidation, but oxidized methionine can be reversible. ... Cho KJ, Seo JM, Kim JH (July 2011). "Bioactive lipoxygenase metabolites stimulation of NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen ... and aspartate oxidase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (45): 42563-42571. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204958200. PMID 12200425. ...
Long-chain-alcohol oxidase
Long-chain alcohol oxidase is one of two enzyme classes that oxidize long-chain or fatty alcohols to aldehydes. It has been ... Other names in common use include long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase, fatty alcohol oxidase, fatty alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase ... Long-chain alcohol oxidase is also used in germinating seedlings of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) to degrade esterified long- ... This alcohol is oxidized by long-chain fatty alcohol oxidase in yeast. (This is different from the pathway found in mammalian ...
Choline dehydrogenase
Other names in common use include choline oxidase, choline-cytochrome c reductase, choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, and ... betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are choline and acceptor, whereas its two products ... are betaine aldehyde and reduced acceptor. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on ...
Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase
... aldehyde + NH3 + H2O2 In humans, the pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase enzyme exhibits a low catalytic rate constant of 0.2 s−1, ... Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase is a member of the enzyme class oxidases, or more specifically, oxidoreductases. These enzymes ... phosphate oxidase also plays a role in nitrogen metabolism, converting amines to aldehydes and NH3 by the reaction: amine + H2O ... Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase has been highly conserved over time, as there are many similarities between the enzyme as it is ...
Cyclophosphamide
Kohn FR, Sladek NE (October 1985). "Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity as the basis for the relative insensitivity of murine ... Oral cyclophosphamide is rapidly absorbed and then converted by mixed-function oxidase enzymes (cytochrome P450 system) in the ... Most of the aldophosphamide is then oxidised by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to make carboxycyclophosphamide. A ...
Nitroalkane oxidase
... an aldehyde or ketone + nitrite + H2O2 The 3 substrates of this enzyme are nitroalkane, H2O, and O2, whereas its 4 products are ... In enzymology, a nitroalkane oxidase (EC 1.7.3.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction a nitroalkane + H2O + O2 ... Daubner SC, Gadda G, Valley MP, Fitzpatrick PF (2002). "Cloning of nitroalkane oxidase from Fusarium oxysporum identifies a new ... Other names in common use include nitroethane oxidase, NAO, and nitroethane:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in ...
Mouse Aldehyde Oxidase 3 (AOX3) Protein (His tag), Recombinant | ABIN3131204
Recombinant Aldehyde Oxidase 3 (AOX3) Protein (His tag). Species: Mouse. Source: Insect Cells. Order product ABIN3131204. ... Aox3 (AOX3) (Aldehyde Oxidase 3 (AOX3)) Alternative Name Aox3 Synonyms Aoh1, Aoh2, AI326299, 1200011D03Rik, aldehyde oxidase 3 ... Aox3 (AOX3) (Aldehyde Oxidase 3 (AOX3)) Protein Type Recombinant Protein Characteristics AA 1-1335 Origin Mouse Source Insect ... Aox3 Protein (Aldehyde Oxidase 3) (AA 1-1335) (His tag). Crystallography grade AOX3 Origin: Mouse Host: Insect Cells ...
Aldehyde oxidase Rabbit anti-Human, Mouse, Rat, Polyclonal, Proteintech 150 μL; Unconjugated Products
| Fisher Scientific
Species Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat; Applications: Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence,... Shop Aldehyde oxidase ... AOX1 (Aldehyde oxidase 1) is a 1338 amino acid cytoplasmic protein that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of aldehydes, ... Aldehyde oxidase, aldehyde oxidase 1, AO, AOH1, AOX1. Host Species. Rabbit. Purification Method. Antigen Affinity ...
aldehyde oxidase Archives - BioSIM
DailyMed - ZALEPLON capsule
Drugs That Inhibit Aldehyde Oxidase The aldehyde oxidase enzyme system is less well studied than the cytochrome P450 enzyme ... Drugs That Inhibit Both Aldehyde Oxidase and CYP3A4 Cimetidine: Cimetidine inhibits both aldehyde oxidase ( in vitro) and ... Zaleplon is primarily metabolized by aldehyde oxidase to form 5-oxo-zaleplon. Zaleplon is metabolized to a lesser extent by ... Because zaleplon is primarily metabolized by aldehyde oxidase, and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4, inhibitors of these enzymes ...
Results for 'Inositol & cAMP signaling' | Abcam: antibodies, proteins, kits...
Hereditary xanthinuria: MedlinePlus Genetics
Transcriptome analysis of the sex pheromone gland of the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens | BMC Genomics | Full Text
e) Aldehyde reductase and (f) Alcohol oxidase (EC:1.1.1.2). Whether aldehyde reductases first produce aldehydes which are then ... x2) Aldehyde oxidase/dehydrogenase (EC:1.2.1.3). This group of enzymes catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids ... because aldehyde reductases can also catalyze the reduction of the fatty aldehyde to the alcohol, so alcohols and not aldehydes ... x4) Acyl-CoA oxidase (EC:1.3.3.6), Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC: 1.3.99.3). Acyl-CoA oxidases (in peroxisomes) and acyl-CoA ...
Frontiers | Expression of ABA Metabolism-Related Genes Suggests Similarities and Differences Between Seed Dormancy and Bud...
... abscisic aldehyde is oxidized to ABA by aldehyde oxidase 3 (encoded by AAO3) in the presence of a molybdenum cofactor (MOCO) ( ... 2000). The Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) gene product catalyzes the final step in abscisic acid biosynthesis in leaves ... Comparative studies on the Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase (AAO) gene family revealed a major role of AAO3 in ABA biosynthesis in ... ABA3 is a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase required for activation of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis ...
CATH Superfamily 3.90.1170.50
... sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo- ... sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo- ... sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo- ... Aldehyde oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase, a/b hammerhead. The name of this superfamily has been modified since the most recent ...
Ionic Angstrom-Sized Molybdenum, 2oz (Concentrate) - The Raw Food World
Aldehyde oxidase: This enzyme plays an essential role in converting acetaldehyde (a waste product of Candida albicans fungus) ... Xanthine oxidase: An enzyme that is created by the body to eliminate purines. The purine category includes compounds such as ... Sulfite oxidase: This enzyme converts disruptive sulfites to useful sulfates. This includes internally generated sulfites ...
Biomonitoring Summary | CDC
QuantiGene Gene Expression Multiplex Assays for ADME/DMPK/Toxicology Testing | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
Evaluation of Azathioprine-Induced Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Rat Hepatocyte System
Xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol decreased AZA-induced cytotoxicity, ROS, and hydrogen peroxide (H,sub,2,/sub,O,sub,2 ... S. Shaw and E. Jayatilleke, "The role of aldehyde oxidase in ethanol-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation in the rat," ... Xanthine oxidase is exemplified by numerous studies in which inhibition of xanthine oxidase attenuated symptoms of several ... GSH and xanthine oxidase dependence of AZA in isolated rat hepatocytes are presented in Figure 2. AZA treatment (400 μM) ...
Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity: What Is the Biologic Fate of Nitrates and Nitrites in the Body? | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR
Eniluracil: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online
Porter DJ, Harrington JA, Almond MR, Lowen GT, Zimmerman TP, Spector T: 5-ethynyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone: aldehyde oxidase- ... as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal.... Gene Name. AOX1. Uniprot ID. Q06278. Uniprot Name. Aldehyde ... Xanthine oxidase activity. Specific Function. Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to ... Porter DJ: Reaction of 5-ethynyluracil with rat liver xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):27932-40. [Article] ...
MPD: Genomic feature: Aox2
Overview: Pmen 2199, Pseudomonas mendocina ymp
Ligand view of electron donor (992 - ) - BRENDA Enzyme Database
Reduction of tertiary amine N-oxides by liver preparations: function of aldehyde oxidase as a major N-oxide reductase ... Involvement of liver aldehyde oxidase in the reduction of nicotinamide N-oxide ... Superoxide production by an unusual aldehyde oxidase in guinea pig granulocytes. Characterization and cytochemical localization ... Simultaneous formation of 2- and 4-quinolones from quinolinium cations catalysed by aldehyde oxidase ...
Sonata (zaleplon) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling for First-In-Human Predictions: An Updated Model Building Strategy Illustrated...
Famvir (famciclovir) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Raloxifene, a potent aldehyde oxidase inhibitor in vitro, could decrease the formation of penciclovir. ... Raloxifene, a potent aldehyde oxidase inhibitor in vitro, could decrease the formation of penciclovir. ... The conversion of 6-deoxy penciclovir to penciclovir is catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase. Interactions with other drugs ... The conversion of 6-deoxy penciclovir to penciclovir is catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase. Interactions with other drugs ...
Body Weight Reducing Effect of Oral Boric Acid Intake
Some examples are aldehyde dehydrogenase (14), xanthine oxidase (15), and cytochrome b5 reductase (16). Borate apparently ... Roush A, Norris E. The inhibition of xanthine oxidase by borates. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1950;29:344-347 ... Deitrich R. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase III. Sulfhydril characteristics of the enzyme. Arch ... NADH oxidase of plasma membranes. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 1991;23:469-489 ...
Search Results For Health And Wellness: Dissolves Results found: 16
Fortunately, nature has provided the body with a special aldehyde detoxification pathway: an enzyme called aldehyde oxidase ( ... Molybdenum is also important for several other enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, and most importantly, sulfite oxidase. ... Sulfite oxidase is also important in the sulfation of various compounds, especially in the brain. This is particularly ... Sulfite oxidase is responsible for breaking down sulfites, chemicals widely used as preservatives in wines, salad bars, produce ...
Electronic and Atomic Protein Modeling (EAPM) | BSC-CNS
940. Safety evaluations of groups of related substances... (WHO Food Additives Series 42)
Xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase also catalyse the oxidation of a wide range of aldehydes to the corresponding unsaturated ... ii) Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes (a) Primary alcohols and aldehydes Primary aliphatic alcohols (attached to linear, ... Ambroziak, W. & Pietruszko, R. (1991) Human aldehyde dehydrogenase: Activity with aldehyde metabolites of monoamines, diamines ... the aldehyde analogue of geraniol, undergoes oxidation of the aldehyde group in vivo followed by omega-oxidation to yield a ...
Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveals several levels of metabolic regulation in the excess starch and...
Tag: MCAS | Hoffman Centre
Histamine and alcohol metabolic pathways share common enzymes-aldehyde oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. When you drink ... Diamine oxidase enzymes (DAO) - 2 capsules with each meal. *Vitamin C - may need a non-citrus source such as rose hips - 1 to 3 ... Diamine oxidase (DAO) stabilises mast cells, but more importantly, it is the predominant enzyme that breaks down histamine. To ... Or because the villi are compromised, you cannot produce enough diamine oxidase. And thats when you start to put people on low ...
Common Mineral Deficiency Signs
DehydrogenaseEnzymesAOX1Xanthine oxidaseInhibitorCofactorSubstrateOxidationAmineAlcoholCARBOXYLIC ACIDSProteinCatalysisMononuclearActivityHumanActiveStudySourceFormConversionBodyJournalEnzymeMetabolismMonoamine oxidaseSulphite oxidaseEnzymesDeficiencyOxidativeSulfiteOxidation by aldehydeHuman aldehydeOxidoreductase from DesulfovibrioCytosolAmine oxidasesDiamine OxidaseNADPHLevels of aldehydeCarbonylCapable of oxidizinAbscisic aldehydeAromatic aldehydesKetonesCytochromeBiogenicOxypurinolInhibitorsAllopurinolLysylHeterocyclic compoundsCytosolicEscherichiaCarboxyl groupMetaboliteMetabolitesInhibitionLaccaseAoc3ReactionGene
Dehydrogenase17
- This enzyme is necessary for the normal function of xanthine dehydrogenase, described above, and another enzyme called aldehyde oxidase. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in the MOCOS gene prevent xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase from being turned on (activated). (medlineplus.gov)
- Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. (cathdb.info)
- In humans, molybdenum is a cofactor for three enzyme classes-sulfiteoxidase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and xanthine oxidase (Kisker et al. (cdc.gov)
- raloxifene decreases levels of famciclovir by aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition. (medscape.com)
- Upon germination, WE hydrolysis releases very long-chain fatty alcohols, which must be oxidised to fatty acids by the sequential action of a fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) and a fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FADH), before they can be ß-oxidised. (usda.gov)
- Monomer of human aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 ( ALDH2 ) with a space-filling model of NAD+ in the active site. (cloudfront.net)
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a polymorphic enzyme [3] responsible for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids , which leave the liver and are metabolized by the body's muscle and heart. (cloudfront.net)
- The active site of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme is largely conserved throughout the different classes of the enzyme and, although the number of amino acids present in a subunit can change, the overall function of the site changes little. (cloudfront.net)
- Tetramer of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 with a space filling model of NAD + in each active site. (cloudfront.net)
- The active site of a human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2. (cloudfront.net)
- Researchers at the University of Tsukuba found that durian extract inhibited aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, lending credence to an Asian folklore warning against consuming durian with alcohol. (cloudfront.net)
- Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (shown in red box) in norepinephrine degradation, creating vanillylmandelic acid , the major catecholamine metabolite. (cloudfront.net)
- Aldehyde dehydrogenase family [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
- Ethanol is metabolized by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which is located in the liver and gastric mucosa, and by the cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidase (MFO) system in the liver. (medscape.com)
- The mixed function oxidase component is subject to greater inducibility than alcohol dehydrogenase. (medscape.com)
- Through interaction with aldehyde dehydrogenase, ethylene glycol is then metabolized to glycolic acid (GA), which accumulates and can cause a profound metabolic acidosis. (medscape.com)
Enzymes2
- Aldehyde dehydrogenases ( EC 1.2.1.3 ) are a group of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aldehydes . (cloudfront.net)
- ALDH1 and ALDH2 are the most important enzymes for aldehyde oxidation, and both are tetrameric enzymes composed of 54 kDa subunits. (cloudfront.net)
AOX11
- AOX1 (Aldehyde oxidase 1) is a 1338 amino acid cytoplasmic protein that catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of aldehydes, leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide. (fishersci.no)
Xanthine oxidase2
- Xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol decreased AZA-induced cytotoxicity, ROS, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) formation and increased % mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). (hindawi.com)
- Differences in AZA and 6-MP kinetics among the monkeys were attributed to differences in individual aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase levels. (aspetjournals.org)
Inhibitor2
- Raloxifene, a potent aldehyde oxidase inhibitor in vitro, could decrease the formation of penciclovir. (medscape.com)
- Structural insights into xenobiotic and inhibitor binding to human aldehyde oxidase. (nih.gov)
Cofactor2
- Copper amine oxidases catalyze the oxidative conversion of amines to aldehydes in the presence of copper and quinone cofactor. (nih.gov)
- The active site binds to one molecule of an aldehyde and one molecule of either NAD + or NADP + , which functions as a cofactor. (cloudfront.net)
Substrate3
- Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal and pyridoxal. (antibodies-online.com)
- Cysteine and glutamate molecules interact with the aldehyde substrate. (cloudfront.net)
- Cys302 and Glu268 interact with the aldehyde substrate. (cloudfront.net)
Oxidation2
- The molybdoflavoenzymes (MFEs), aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyse the oxidation of many drugs, environmental pollutants and N-heterocyclic compounds. (hud.ac.uk)
- It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS , and also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives. (bvsalud.org)
Amine4
- This gene encodes a member of the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase family. (nih.gov)
- Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase Increases in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis and Contributes to Valvular Interstitial Cell Calcification. (nih.gov)
- Amine oxidase 3 is a novel pro-inflammatory marker of oxidative stress in peritoneal endometriosis lesions. (nih.gov)
- amine oxidase copper containing 3 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Alcohol1
- Recombinant jojoba FAO and FADH proteins are active on very-long chain fatty alcohol and fatty aldehyde substrates, respectively and have biochemical properties consistent with those previously reported in jojoba cotyledons. (usda.gov)
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS1
- [2] They convert aldehydes (R-C(=O) -H ) to carboxylic acids (R-C(=O) -O-H ). The oxygen comes from a water molecule. (cloudfront.net)
Protein1
- The encoded protein is localized to the cell surface, has adhesive properties as well as monoamine oxidase activity, and may be involved in leukocyte trafficking. (nih.gov)
Catalysis1
- Wachter, RM & Branchaud, BP 1996, ' Thiols as mechanistic probes for catalysis by the free radical enzyme galactose oxidase ', Biochemistry , vol. 35, no. 45, pp. 14425-14435. (elsevier.com)
Mononuclear1
- Galactose oxidase, a mononuclear copper enzyme, oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes using molecular oxygen. (elsevier.com)
Activity1
- The loss of aldehyde oxidase activity does not appear to cause any health problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Human1
- Optimization of the Expression of Human Aldehyde Oxidase for Investigations of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms. (nih.gov)
Active2
- In this NAD(P) + -dependent reaction, the aldehyde enters the active site through a channel extending from the surface of the enzyme. (cloudfront.net)
- A sulfur from a cysteine in the active site makes a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde. (cloudfront.net)
Study1
- A pharmacogenetic study of aldehyde oxidase I in patients treated with XK469. (cdc.gov)
Source1
- aldehyde oxidase 1 [Source:HGNC Symbo. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Form1
- Exogenous agents are also impli- aldehyde) to form various pro-mu- tion, resisting cell death, enabling cated in the generation of reactive tagenic exocyclic adduct s (Bartsch replicative immortality, inducing oxygen. (who.int)
Conversion1
- The conversion of 6-deoxy penciclovir to penciclovir is catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase. (medscape.com)
Body1
- Breaks down aldehydes, which can be toxic to the body. (qtforyou.com)
Journal1
- Deregulation of apoplastic polyamine oxidase affects development and salt response of tobacco plants , JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 211: pp. 1-12. (doktori.hu)
Enzyme15
- While abscisic aldehyde is the best substrate, the enzyme also acts with indole-3-aldehyde, 1-naphthaldehyde and benzaldehyde as substrates, but more slowly. (expasy.org)
- The enzyme which aids this step is lysyl oxidase, which produces aldehyde groups by acting on the hydroxylysines and lysines. (news-medical.net)
- Aldehyde oxidase is a molybdenum enzyme that can detoxify aldehyde, which is a metabolic waste product. (xtend-life.com)
- One of those enzyme is, for example, sulphite oxidase , which converts unfavourable sulphites into harmless sulphates. (fairvital.com)
- Molybdenum is also important for the enzyme xanthine oxidase . (fairvital.com)
- In turn, xanthine is converted into uric acid by the enzyme xanthine oxidase. (fairvital.com)
- The liver needs a sufficient amount of the molybdenum-dependent enzyme aldehyde oxidase to break down alcohol. (fairvital.com)
- Molybdenum is part of the enzyme sulphite oxidase, which means that it is able to break down the sulphites from alcoholic beverages and to prevent an unwell feeling. (fairvital.com)
- It is also of importance for the enzyme aldehyde oxidase (alcohol breakdown in the liver). (fairvital.com)
- Aldehyde oxidase: an enzyme of emerging importance in drug discovery. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The clone encodes the gene for Arabidopsis alternative oxidase, whose deduced amino acid sequence was found to have 71% identity with that of the enzyme from the voodoo lily, Sauromatum guttatum. (omicsdi.org)
- Primary Amine Oxidase of Escherichia coli Is a Metabolic Enzyme that Can Use a Human Leukocyte Molecule as a Substrate. (omicsdi.org)
- For example, male children who have a polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene conferring low enzyme activity show non aggressive behavior when raised in a non-abusive environment. (nih.gov)
- In CGD, an abnormality of the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) results in reduced phagocyte production of reactive oxygen species and related products such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid (bleach). (nih.gov)
- The enzyme in the mitochondria that becomes deficient is monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). This is also the enzyme that converts serotonin into its active molecule. (wordpress.com)
Metabolism9
- Current studies explored the effect of structural changes on the aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated metabolism of zoniporide (1). (aspetjournals.org)
- During the selection process of Lu AF09535 in the drug discovery phase, aldehyde oxidase (AO)-dependent metabolism was identified to be involved in the metabolism of other structurally related compounds in the series of potential candidates. (aspetjournals.org)
- Cytosolic drug metabolising enzymes such as aldehyde oxidase play a pivotal role in metabolism of drugs. (findaphd.com)
- Concerned that the exposure of human livers to allopurinol could lead to an underestimation of the contribution of XO in the metabolism of new chemical entities, pooled human liver S9 and cytosol subcellular fractions that have been prepared from tissue treated to preserve high AO (aldehyde oxidase) and XO (xanthine oxidase) activity are now available. (genengnews.com)
- Monoamine neurotransmitters are enzymatically converted to aldehydes via monoamine oxidase followed by further metabolism such as carbonyl oxidation/reduction. (nih.gov)
- Zebularine metabolism by aldehyde oxidase in hepatic cytosol from humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice: influence of sex and inhibitors. (innovationtoronto.com)
- When encountered in alcoholic beverages sulfites inactivate thiamine based enzymes, destroy vitamin stocks and exhaust molybdenum based enzymes which play a role in aldehyde metabolism. (raggeduniversity.co.uk)
- This compound was created by replacing a quinoline moiety with a naphthalene moiety which gave rise to a class of molecules that are not susceptible to aldehyde oxidase (AO) metabolism, a major pathway for quinoline-containing molecules. (nih.gov)
- This process of metabolism begins with the pfizer dividend of the compound to an aldehyde Riluzole (Rilutek)- Multum a monoamine oxidase. (comedimagrire24.xyz)
Monoamine oxidase3
- Iron deficiency anemia reduces the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters such as monoamine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, resulting in neuronal stimulation and a lower risk of seizures. (ac.ir)
- Severe serotonin syndrome is nearly always caused Fluorescein and Benoxinate (Fluress)- FDA a drug interaction involving two or more 'serotonergic' drugs, at least one of which is usually a selective pfizer dividend reuptake inhibitor or monoamine oxidase inhibitor. (comedimagrire24.xyz)
- XADAGO is a type of prescription medicine known as a monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor used with levodopa and carbidopa to treat adults with Parkinson's disease (PD) who are having 'off' episodes. (rxlist.com)
Sulphite oxidase5
- some important molybdoenzymes are xanthine oxidase, sulphite oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. (metabolics.com)
- By converting sulphite to sulphate, sulphite oxidase aids the metabolising of the sulphur amino acids methionine and cysteine, a process that is crucial to human health. (metabolics.com)
- 12,13 The mature MoCo is directly incorporated as a prosthetic group into the nascent apoproteins of sulphite oxidase and of the mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component. (touchneurology.com)
- The incorporation of MoCo is effectively required for mitochondrial import and retention of sulphite oxidase (SO). (touchneurology.com)
- Isolated sulphite oxidase deficiency (ISOD), due to genetic variants in the SUOX gene, causes a distinctive infantile neurological syndrome that was first described in 1967. (touchneurology.com)
Enzymes5
- Molybdenum is a structural constituent of molybdopterin, a cofactor synthesized by the body and required for the function of four enzymes: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC). (nih.gov)
- The best-known molybdenum enzymes include sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase. (xtend-life.com)
- Mononuclear Mo-containing enzymes of the xanthine oxidase (XO) family catalyze the oxidative hydroxylation of aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds. (rcsb.org)
- It is an integral part of three enzymes, namely aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulfite oxidase. (epicvita.co)
- Escherichia coli (E. coli) amine oxidase (ECAO) encoded by tynA gene has been one of the model enzymes to study the mechanism of oxidative deamination of amines to the corresponding aldehydes by amine oxidases. (omicsdi.org)
Deficiency1
- In ASD there is a deficiency in MAO-A activity, resulting in a build-up of serotonin because MAO-A breaks down serotonin into it's active aldehyde. (wordpress.com)
Oxidative5
- Oxidative decomposition of several biomolecules produces reactive aldehydes. (nih.gov)
- Polyunsaturated lipids undergo oxidative decomposition to produce biogenic aldehydes, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and malondialdehyde. (nih.gov)
- In the absence of oxygen (hypoxia), nitrite is reduced by reductases, including xanthine oxidase, deoxyhemoglobin, deoxymyoglobin to produce NO. Further, oxidative stress leads to BH4 oxidation and eNOS uncoupling leading to superoxide production. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
- DAO metabolizes the oxidative conversion of biogenic polyamines such as putrescine and cadaverine into aldehydes. (biovision.com)
- Escherichia coli amine oxidase (ECAO), encoded by the tynA gene, catalyzes the oxidative deamination of aromatic amines into aldehydes through a well-established mechanism, but its exact biological role is unknown. (omicsdi.org)
Sulfite2
- Molybdenum (Mo) is a component of coenzymes necessary for the activity of xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase. (merckmanuals.com)
- As a measure to protect the thiamine from destruction the use of molybdenum is considered which functions both in the sulfite oxidase system and in the aldehyde oxidase system. (raggeduniversity.co.uk)
Oxidation by aldehyde1
- Isovanillin is a potent competitive inhibitor of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde oxidation by aldehyde oxidase with Ki values of 0.664 μM (n = 2) [1] . (selleckchem.com)
Human aldehyde1
- 8. Systematic exploration of predicted destabilizing nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of human aldehyde oxidase: A Bio-informatics study. (nih.gov)
Oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio2
- Structure Refinement of the Aldehyde Oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas (MOP) at 1.28 Ang. (rcsb.org)
- The XO family member aldehyde oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas (DgAOR) is an exception as presents in its catalytically competent form an equatorial oxo ligand instead of the sulfido ligand. (rcsb.org)
Cytosol2
- In vitro, incubation studies in human liver cytosol revealed involvement of aldehyde oxidase (AO) in the biotransformation of Lu AF09535. (aspetjournals.org)
- Dialogue Favipiravir (T-705) isn't metabolized by human being liver organ microsomes when incubations consist of dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (unpublished data), but can be metabolized to T-705M1 in human being liver organ cytosol by aldehyde oxidase without NADPH. (healthyfutureforkids.com)
Amine oxidases1
- Propargylic and activated allylic amines are known to inactivate the quinone-dependent plasma amine oxidases, possibly through active-site modification by the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde turnover products. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Diamine Oxidase2
- Application: Measurement of Total Diamine Oxidase (DAO) activity in various biological samples. (biovision.com)
- Diamine Oxidase (DAO, E.C. 1.4.3.22) is an important regulator of polyamine levels in human physiology. (biovision.com)
NADPH2
- Setanaxib (GKT137831, GKT831) is a potent, dual NADPH oxidase NOX1/NOX4 inhibitor with Ki of 110 nM and 140 nM, respectively. (selleckchem.com)
- It's possible, therefore, that NADPH oxidase might be a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis in normal subjects. (nih.gov)
Levels of aldehyde2
- History: Accumulating evidence demonstrates high levels of aldehyde dehydrogense (ALDH) activity in human cancer types, in part, because of its association with cancer stem cells. (biobeds.info)
- Elevated levels of aldehyde intermediates are implicated as factors in several pathological conditions, including Parkinson's disease. (nih.gov)
Carbonyl1
- These lipid aldehydes, some including an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, target important proteins such as α-synuclein, proteasome degradation and G-protein-coupled signaling. (nih.gov)
Capable of oxidizin1
- Aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a fungal flavoenzyme capable of oxidizing aromatic primary alcohols into their correspondent aldehydes through a stereoselective hydride abstraction. (indoxproject.eu)
Abscisic aldehyde2
- Acts on both (+)- and (-)-abscisic aldehyde. (expasy.org)
- After transporting xanthoxin across the plastid membranes, ABA is formed via abscisic aldehyde in the cytoplasm. (scirp.org)
Aromatic aldehydes1
- We also recently observed that LysEDH was capable of reducing aromatic aldehydes into primary alcohols. (hims-biocat.eu)
Ketones2
- Glutathione binds to the aldehydes and ketones produced by Phase 1 and transforms them into compounds that can be excreted in the bile or urine. (thedetoxspecialist.com)
- Notably, these novel engineered dehydrogenases also catalyzed the reductive amination of a variety of aldehydes and ketones with excellent enantioselectivity, thus exhibiting a dual AmDH/ADH activity. (hims-biocat.eu)
Cytochrome2
- Zaleplon is metabolized to a lesser extent by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 to form desethylzaleplon, which is quickly converted, presumably by aldehyde oxidase, to 5-oxo-desethylzaleplon. (nih.gov)
- The nitric oxide synthesis pathway: under normal oxygen parameters (normoxia), in the presence of NAPDH and cofactors such as BH4, FMN, FAD, and eNOS catalyze the conversion of L‐arginine to L‐citrulline and NO. Further, one electron oxidation of NO catalyzed by ceruloplasmin in plasma and cytochrome c oxidase in tissues yields nitrite, further with relatively faster two‐electron oxidation yielding nitrate by heme proteins in blood and tissues. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
Biogenic2
Oxypurinol2
- Allopurinol is oxidized to oxypurinol by aldehyde oxidase. (medscape.com)
- Allopurinol is metabolized by XO and aldehyde oxidase and to oxypurinol, which is also a XO inhibitor. (biomedres.us)
Inhibitors1
- Isolated anthocyanins and procyanidins are strong radical scavengers and are good inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase and moderate inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. (greenmedinfo.com)
Allopurinol1
- Allopurinol reduces the uric acid concentration by acting as a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor. (biomedres.us)
Lysyl2
- Skin and lung were selected in order to include all of the crosslinks derived from lysyl oxidase-generated aldehydes that have been identified thus far, both reducible and norreducible. (elsevier.com)
- Furthermore, the finding that there may be fewer total lysyl oxidase-derived crosslinks per collagen molecule in very old animals as compared with young animals suggests that we may need to expand our concepts of collagen crosslinking. (elsevier.com)
Heterocyclic compounds1
- It catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of organic aldehydes and N-heterocyclic compounds to CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, and also oxidizes quinoline and pyridine derivatives. (ouhsc.edu)
Cytosolic1
- Raloxifene (LY156758, Keoxifene) HCl a selective and orally active estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which inhibits human cytosolic aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed phthalazine oxidation activity with IC50 of 5.7 nM. (selleckchem.com)
Escherichia3
- Evidence for copper and 3,4,6-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone cofactors in an amine oxidase from the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli K-12. (omicsdi.org)
- The cofactors present in a amine oxidase induced in Escherichia coli K-12 by growth on 2-phenylethylamine have been studied by spectroscopic methods. (omicsdi.org)
- Arabidopsis alternative oxidase sustains Escherichia coli respiration. (omicsdi.org)
Carboxyl group1
- Gluconic acid is an aldonic acid formed by replacing the aldehyde group at position 1 of glucose with a carboxyl group. (definly.com)
Metabolite1
- Research shows that reserpine will double the activity of MAO-A. Thus by increasing the activity of MAO-A with Respen-A, the serotonin level is decreased and converted into its active aldehyde metabolite. (wordpress.com)
Metabolites1
- Phloroglucinol aldehyde was most active among the metabolites. (greenmedinfo.com)
Inhibition2
- It shows about 97.6% bioavailability and also causes inhibition of Aldehyde Oxidase when given at higher or multiple doses. (healthkine.com)
- Selective inhibition of bovine plasma amine oxidase by homopropargylamine, a new inactivator motif. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Laccase1
- Glycine max diphenol oxidase laccase (LOC547704), mRNA. (go.jp)
Aoc31
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Amine Oxidase, Copper Containing 3 (AOC3) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (mouseanti.com)
Reaction1
- Aminomethyl allene was prepared by reaction of Boc propargyl amine with formaldehyde, diisopropylamine and copper bromide as part of a series of Bovine Plasma Amine Oxidase inactivators. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Gene1
- Overall design: The effect of deleting the expression of E. Coli amine oxidase by deleting tynA gene to the expression of other genes was done by comparing the knock out strain to wild type strain in different time points. (omicsdi.org)