Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.
An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.70.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.
Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.
Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of delta-4,5-D-glucuronate residues from polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages thereby bringing about depolymerization. EC 4.2.2.4 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C as well as on dermatan sulfate and slowly on hyaluronate. EC 4.2.2.5 acts on chondroitin sulfate A and C.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that causes vascular wilts on a wide range of plant species. It was formerly named Erwinia chrysanthemi.
Enzymes which catalyze the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A,B, and C or which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate. EC 4.2.2.-.
High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.
Light harvesting proteins found in phycobilisomes.
Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.
A thick-rooted perennial (Cichorium intybus) native to Europe but widely grown for its young leaves used as salad greens and for its roots, dried and ground-roasted, used to flavor or adulterate coffee. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora.
An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.
A cell wall-degrading enzyme found in microorganisms and higher plants. It catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. EC 3.2.1.15.
A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings.
A metalloflavoprotein enzyme involved the metabolism of VITAMIN A, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of RETINAL to RETINOIC ACID, using both NAD+ and FAD coenzymes. It also acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of RETINAL.
Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Term used to designate tetrahydroxy aldehydic acids obtained by oxidation of hexose sugars, i.e. glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, etc. Historically, the name hexuronic acid was originally given to ascorbic acid.
A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).
A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).
Open chain tetrapyrroles that function as light harvesting chromophores in PHYCOBILIPROTEINS.
An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.
Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.
The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)
A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE, order Euphorbiales, subclass Rosidae. Commercial natural RUBBER is mainly obtained from Hevea brasiliensis but also from some other plants.
A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in SOIL and WATER. Its organisms are also found in raw meats, MILK and other FOOD, hospital environments, and human clinical specimens. Some species are pathogenic in humans.
An enzyme that, in the course of purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole to 5'-phosphoribosyl-4-carboxamide-5-aminoimidazole and the conversion of adenylosuccinic acid to AMP. EC 4.3.2.2.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is the most frequently seen isolate of that group, has a proclivity for abscess formation, and is most often isolated from the blood, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine.
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the AMMONIA-LYASES, the AMIDINE-LYASES, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. EC 4.3.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in soil, fecal matter, and sewage. It is an opportunistic pathogen and causes cystitis and pyelonephritis.
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the DECARBOXYLASES, the ALDEHYDE-LYASES, and the OXO-ACID-LYASES. EC 4.1.
Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (From Stedmans, 26th ed)
Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.
An autosomal recessive neurocutaneous disorder characterized by severe ichthyosis MENTAL RETARDATION; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA; and congenital ICHTHYOSIS. It is caused by mutation of gene encoding microsomal fatty ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE leading to defect in fatty alcohol metabolism.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses the excision of ribose residues at apurinic and apyrimidinic DNA sites that can result from the action of DNA GLYCOSYLASES. The enzyme catalyzes a beta-elimination reaction in which the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA is broken, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. This enzyme was previously listed under EC 3.1.25.2.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed)
The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.
A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.
A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
A group of nitrogen mustard compounds which are substituted with a phosphoramide group or its derivatives. They are usually cytotoxic and used as antineoplastic agents.
The conformation, properties, reaction processes, and the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
A family of DNA repair enzymes that recognize damaged nucleotide bases and remove them by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond that attaches them to the sugar backbone of the DNA molecule. The process called BASE EXCISION REPAIR can be completed by a DNA-(APURINIC OR APYRIMIDINIC SITE) LYASE which excises the remaining RIBOSE sugar from the DNA.
Small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of ENZYMES. Many VITAMINS are coenzymes.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.
Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.5.
A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.
A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).
Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.
The generic name for the group of aliphatic hydrocarbons Cn-H2n+2. They are denoted by the suffix -ane. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS in which one of the two acyl chains is attached to glycerol with an ether alkenyl linkage instead of an ester as with the other glycerophospholipids.
Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.
Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of XANTHINE in the presence of NAD+ to form URIC ACID and NADH. It acts also on a variety of other purines and aldehydes.
Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
The reactions, changes in structure and composition, the properties of the reactions of carbon compounds, and the associated energy changes.
The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.6.
A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.
Any chemical species which accepts an electron-pair from a LEWIS BASE in a chemical bonding reaction.
The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).
An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.
Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)
One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
Condensation products of aromatic amines and aldehydes forming azomethines substituted on the N atom, containing the general formula R-N:CHR. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native trans-configuration.
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

Identification and characterization of a DeoR-specific operator sequence essential for induction of dra-nupC-pdp operon expression in Bacillus subtilis. (1/518)

The deoR gene located just upstream the dra-nupC-pdp operon of Bacillus subtilis encodes the DeoR repressor protein that negatively regulates the expression of the operon at the level of transcription. The control region upstream of the operon was mapped by the use of transcriptional lacZ fusions. It was shown that all of the cis-acting elements, which were necessary for full DeoR regulation of the operon, were included in a 141-bp sequence just upstream of dra. The increased copy number of this control region resulted in titration of the DeoR molecules of the cell. By using mutagenic PCR and site-directed mutagenesis techniques, a palindromic sequence located from position -60 to position -43 relative to the transcription start point was identified as a part of the operator site for the binding of DeoR. Furthermore, it was shown that a direct repeat of five nucleotides, which was identical to the 3' half of the palindrome and was located between the -10 and -35 regions of the dra promoter, might function as a half binding site involved in cooperative binding of DeoR to the regulatory region. Binding of DeoR protein to the operator DNA was confirmed by a gel electrophoresis mobility shift assay. Moreover, deoxyribose-5-phosphate was shown to be a likely candidate for the true inducer of the dra-nupC-pdp expression.  (+info)

Formation of lipoxygenase-pathway-derived aldehydes in barley leaves upon methyl jasmonate treatment. (2/518)

In barley leaves, the application of jasmonates leads to dramatic alterations of gene expression. Among the up-regulated gene products lipoxygenases occur abundantly. Here, at least four of them were identified as 13-lipoxygenases exhibiting acidic pH optima between pH 5.0 and 6.5. (13S,9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid was found to be the main endogenous lipoxygenase-derived polyenoic fatty acid derivative indicating 13-lipoxygenase activity in vivo. Moreover, upon methyl jasmonate treatment > 78% of the fatty acid hydroperoxides are metabolized by hydroperoxide lyase activity resulting in the endogenous occurrence of volatile aldehydes. (2E)-4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and (3Z)- plus (2E)-hexenal were identified as 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazones using HPLC and identification was confirmed by GC/MS analysis. This is the first proof that (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal is formed in plants under physiological conditions. Quantification of (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and hexenals upon methyl jasmonate treatment of barley leaf segments revealed that hexenals were the major aldehydes peaking at 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment. Their endogenous content increased from 1.6 nmol.g-1 fresh weight to 45 nmol.g-1 fresh weight in methyl-jasmonate-treated leaf segments, whereas (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, peaking at 48 h of methyl jasmonate treatment increased from 9 to 15 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. Similar to the hexenals, hexanal reached its maximal amount 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment, but increased from 0.6 to 3.0 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. In addition to the classical leaf aldehydes, (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal was detected, thereby raising the question of whether it functions in the degradation of chloroplast membrane constituents, which takes place after methyl jasmonate treatment.  (+info)

Molecular analysis of (R)-(+)-mandelonitrile lyase microheterogeneity in black cherry. (3/518)

The flavoprotein (R)-(+)-mandelonitrile lyase (MDL; EC 4.1.2.10), which plays a key role in cyanogenesis in rosaceous stone fruits, occurs in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) homogenates as several closely related isoforms. Biochemical and molecular biological methods were used to investigate MDL microheterogeneity and function in this species. Three novel MDL cDNAs of high sequence identity (designated MDL2, MDL4, and MDL5) were isolated. Like MDL1 and MDL3 cDNAs (Z. Hu, J.E. Poulton [1997] Plant Physiol 115: 1359-1369), they had open reading frames that predicted a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding site, multiple N-glycosylation sites, and an N-terminal signal sequence. The N terminus of an MDL isoform purified from seedlings matched the derived amino acid sequence of the MDL4 cDNA. Genomic sequences corresponding to the MDL1, MDL2, and MDL4 cDNAs were obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA. Like the previously reported mdl3 gene, these genes are interrupted at identical positions by three short, conserved introns. Given their overall similarity, we conclude that the genes mdl1, mdl2, mdl3, mdl4, and mdl5 are derived from a common ancestral gene and constitute members of a gene family. Genomic Southern-blot analysis showed that this family has approximately eight members. Northern-blot analysis using gene-specific probes revealed differential expression of the genes mdl1, mdl2, mdl3, mdl4, and mdl5.  (+info)

Study of the (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis: mechanistic implications. (4/518)

Investigations of the (S)-selective hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis were performed by electrospray mass spectroscopy, (1)H-NMR and with an enzyme activity assay. For the trans-cyanohydrin reaction (transcyanation) a two step reaction could be established. The results furthermore indicate a fast deactivation of the enzyme at low pH and a strong substrate dependence of its stability. They rule out an enzyme-HCN complex or a covalently bound carbonyl compound. Therefore the earlier postulated reaction intermediate as well as the proposed action of the catalytic triad have to be reevaluated. The calculated molecular mass could be confirmed by mass spectroscopy.  (+info)

Heterologous expression, purification, reconstitution and kinetic analysis of an extended type II polyketide synthase. (5/518)

BACKGROUND: Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are bacterial multienzyme systems that synthesize a broad range of natural products. The 'minimal' PKS consists of a ketosynthase, a chain length factor, an acyl carrier protein and a malonyl transferase. Auxiliary components (ketoreductases, aromatases and cyclases are involved in controlling the oxidation level and cyclization of the nascent polyketide chain. We describe the heterologous expression and reconstitution of several auxiliary PKS components including the actinorhodin ketoreductase (act KR), the griseusin aromatase/cyclase (gris ARO/CYC), and the tetracenomycin aromatase/cyclase (tcm ARO/CYC). RESULTS: The polyketide products of reconstituted act and tcm PKSs were identical to those identified in previous in vivo studies. Although stable protein-protein interactions were not detected between minimal and auxiliary PKS components, kinetic analysis revealed that the extended PKS comprised of the act minimal PKS, the act KR and the gris ARO/CYC had a higher turnover number than the act minimal PKS plus the act KR or the act minimal PKS alone. Adding the tcm ARO/CYC to the tcm minimal PKS also increased the overall rate. CONCLUSIONS: Until recently the principal strategy for functional analysis of PKS subunits was through heterologous expression of recombinant PKSs in Streptomyces. Our results corroborate the implicit assumption that the product isolated from whole-cell systems is the dominant product of the PKS. They also suggest that an intermediate is channeled between the various subunits, and pave the way for more detailed structural and mechanistic analysis of these multienzyme systems.  (+info)

An extremely thermostable aldolase from Sulfolobus solfataricus with specificity for non-phosphorylated substrates. (6/518)

Sulfolobus solfataricus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon growing optimally at 80-85 degrees C. It metabolizes glucose via a novel non-phosphorylated Entner-Doudoroff pathway, in which the reversible C(6) to C(3) aldol cleavage is catalysed by 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (KDG-aldolase), generating pyruvate and glyceraldehyde. Given the ability of such a hyperstable enzyme to catalyse carbon-carbon-bond synthesis with non-phosphorylated metabolites, we report here the cloning and sequencing of the S. solfataricus gene encoding KDG-aldolase, and its expression in Escherichia coli to give fully active enzyme. The recombinant enzyme was purified in a simple two-step procedure, and shown to possess kinetic properties indistinguishable from the enzyme purified from S. solfataricus cells. The KDG-aldolase is a thermostable tetrameric protein with a half-life at 100 degrees C of 2.5 h, and is equally active with both d- and l-glyceraldehyde. It exhibits sequence similarity to the N-acetylneuraminate lyase superfamily of Schiff-base-dependent aldolases, dehydratases and decarboxylases, and evidence is presented for a similar catalytic mechanism for the archaeal enzyme by substrate-dependent inactivation by reduction with NaBH(4).  (+info)

Three-dimensional structures of enzyme-substrate complexes of the hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis. (7/518)

The 3D structures of complexes between the hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis (Hb-HNL) and several substrate and/or inhibitor molecules, including trichloracetaldehyde, hexafluoracetone, acetone, and rhodanide, were determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex with trichloracetaldehyde showed a covalent linkage between the protein and the inhibitor, which had apparently resulted from nucleophilic attack of the catalytic Ser80-Ogamma. All other complexes showed the substrate or inhibitor molecule merely hydrogen bonded to the protein. In addition, the native crystal structure of Hb-HNL was redetermined at cryo-temperature and at room temperature, eliminating previous uncertainties concerning residual electron density within the active site, and leading to the observation of two conserved water molecules. One of them was found to be conserved in all complex structures and appears to have mainly structural significance. The other water molecule is conserved in all structures except for the complex with rhodanide; it is hydrogen bonded to the imidazole of the catalytic His235 and appears to affect the Hb-HNL catalyzed reaction. The observed 3D structural data suggest implications for the enzyme mechanism. It appears that the enzyme-catalyzed cyanohydrin formation is unlikely to proceed via a hemiacetal or hemiketal intermediate covalently attached to the enzyme, despite the observation of such an intermediate for the complex with trichloracetaldehyde. Instead, the data are consistent with a mechanism where the incoming substrate is activated by hydrogen bonding with its carbonyl oxygen to the Ser80 and Thr11 hydroxy groups. A hydrogen cyanide molecule subsequently replaces a water molecule and is deprotonated presumably by the His235 base. Deprotonation is facilitated by the proximity of the positive charge of the Lys236 side chain.  (+info)

Bacillus subtilis yckG and yckF encode two key enzymes of the ribulose monophosphate pathway used by methylotrophs, and yckH is required for their expression. (8/518)

The ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway is one of the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of compounds containing carbon-carbon bonds from one-carbon units and is found in many methane- and methanol-utilizing bacteria, which are known as methylotrophs. The characteristic enzymes of this pathway are 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), neither of which was thought to exist outside methylotrophs. However, the presumed yckG gene product (YckG) of Bacillus subtilis shows a primary structure similar to that of methylotroph HPS (F. Kunst et al., Nature 390:249-256, 1997). We have also investigated the sequence similarity between the yckF gene product (YckF) and methylotroph PHI (Y. Sakai, R. Mitsui, Y. Katayama, H. Yanase, and N. Kato, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176:125-130, 1999) and found that the yckG and yckF genes of B. subtilis express enzymatic activities of HPS and PHI, respectively. Both of these activities were concomitantly induced in B. subtilis by formaldehyde, with induction showing dependence on the yckH gene, but were not induced by methanol, formate, or methylamine. Disruption of either gene caused moderate sensitivity to formaldehyde, suggesting that these enzymes may act as a detoxification system for formaldehyde in B. subtilis. In conclusion, we found an active yckG (for HPS)-yckF (for PHI) gene structure (now named hxlA-hxlB) in a nonmethylotroph, B. subtilis, which inherently preserves the RuMP pathway.  (+info)

* Intellectual disability: Individuals with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome typically have mild to moderate intellectual disability, which can range from mild cognitive impairment to more severe developmental delays.
* Seizures: Seizures are a common feature of Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, and they can be difficult to control with medication.
* Physical abnormalities: Individuals with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome may have distinctive physical features, such as short stature, thinning of the hair on the scalp, and thin, brittle skin. They may also have joint deformities, such as clubfoot or scoliosis.
* Vision problems: Sjogren-Larsson syndrome can cause vision problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
* Hearing loss: Some individuals with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome may experience hearing loss or auditory processing disorders.

There is no cure for Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include medications to control seizures, physical therapy to improve joint mobility and strength, and occupational therapy to develop daily living skills. In addition, speech and language therapy may be helpful for individuals with hearing loss or communication difficulties.

Early diagnosis of Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is important to ensure that children receive appropriate interventions and support as early as possible. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, genetic testing, and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans. Genetic counseling can also be helpful for families who have a history of the condition.

Overall, Sjogren-Larsson syndrome is a rare and complex disorder that requires careful management and support. With appropriate interventions and resources, individuals with this condition can lead fulfilling lives.

Flushing can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as beta-blockers, aspirin, and some antidepressants. In addition, flushing can be a sign of an underlying condition that affects blood flow or blood vessels, such as Raynaud's disease or lupus.

Treatment for flushing will depend on the underlying cause. For example, if flushing is caused by an allergic reaction, medications such as antihistamines may be prescribed. If the flushing is caused by a medical condition, treatment will focus on managing that condition. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers, wearing protective clothing, and using cool compresses can help reduce flushing.

It is important to seek medical attention if flushing is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, chest pain, or difficulty breathing. Your healthcare provider can diagnose the underlying cause of flushing and recommend appropriate treatment.

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic ... 2-carboxybenzaldehyde-lyase, and (3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate 2-formylbenzoate-lyase. Barnsley EA (April 1983). " ... name of this enzyme class is (3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate 2-formylbenzoate-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic ... acetone-cyanhydrin lyase [mis-spelt], acetone-cyanohydrin acetone-lyase, oxynitrilase, 2-hydroxyisobutyronitrile acetone-lyase ... and acetone-cyanohydrin lyase. Xu LL, Singh BK, Conn EE (1988). "Purification and characterization of acetone cyanohydrin lyase ... Other names in common use include alpha-hydroxynitrile lyase, hydroxynitrile lyase, ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic ... and erythrulose-1-phosphate formaldehyde-lyase. CHARALAMPOUS FC, MUELLER GC (1953). "Synthesis of erythrulose phosphate by a ... name of this enzyme class is erythrulose-1-phosphate formaldehyde-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming). Other names in common ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. It ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic ... Other names in common use include C-17/C-20-lyase, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in ... name of this enzyme class is 17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetaldehyde-lyase (4-androstene-3,17-dione-forming). ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic ... vanillin lyase, and (acetyl-CoA-forming). Narbad A, Gasson MJ. "Metabolism of ferulic acid via vanillin using a novel CoA- ... name of this enzyme class is 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl-CoA vanillin-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming). Other ...
... ketone-aldehyde mutase, and (R)-S-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing). In some instances, the glutathionyl ... Lactoylglutathione lyase in humans is encoded by the GLO1 gene. Several structures of glyoxalase I have been solved. Four ... The attack of the glutathione would leave a charged O- and the aldehyde hydrogen bound to C1. If the carbonyl oxygen of C2 can ... In this mechanism, a basic sidechain of the enzyme abstracts the aldehyde proton from C1; at the same time, the a proton is ...
... which cleave by hydroperoxide lyase into the corresponding cis-aldehydes. Consistent with this mechanism, the odor of ...
... ol in species of Erwinia and the roles of amino alcohol kinase and amino alcohol o-phosphate phospho-lyase in aldehyde ... phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The ... O-phosphorylethanol-amine phospho-lyase, and ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase (deaminating). It employs one cofactor, ... The enzyme ethanolamine-phosphate phospho-lyase (EC 4.2.3.2) catalyzes the chemical reaction ethanolamine phosphate + H2O ⇌ {\ ...
Some glycosylase-lyases can further perform δ-elimination, which converts the 3' aldehyde to a 3' phosphate. The first crystal ... β-Elimination of an AP site by a glycosylase-lyase yields a 3' α,β-unsaturated aldehyde adjacent to a 5' phosphate, which ... Aguis, F.; Kapoor, A; Zhu, J-K (2006). "Role of the Arabidopsis DNA glycosylase/lyase ROS1 in active DNA demethylation". Proc. ... Monofunctional glycosylases have only glycosylase activity, whereas bifunctional glycosylases also possess AP lyase activity ...
Some glycosylase-lyases can further perform δ-elimination, which converts the 3' aldehyde to a 3' phosphate. A wide variety of ... β-Elimination of an AP site by a glycosylase-lyase yields a 3' α,β-unsaturated aldehyde adjacent to a 5' phosphate, which ... Some lesions, such as oxidized or reduced AP sites, are resistant to pol β lyase activity and, therefore, must be processed by ... In addition to polymerase activity, these enzymes have a lyase domain that removes the 5' dRP left behind by AP endonuclease ...
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon ... Sorghum hydroxynitrile lyase, and (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile hydroxybenzaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in cyanoamino ... 8. On the requirement of hydroxynitrile lyase for flavin". J. Biol. Chem. 241 (19): 4457-62. PMID 5922969. Portal: Biology v t ... The enzyme hydroxymandelonitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.11) catalyzes the chemical reaction (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile ⇌ {\ ...
... acetaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... fucosterol-epoxide acetaldehyde-lyase. Prestwich GD, Angelastro M, De Palma A, Perino MA (1985). "Fucosterol epoxide lyase of ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is (24R,24'R)-fucosterol-epoxide acetaldehyde-lyase (desmosterol-forming). This enzyme ... The enzyme fucosterol-epoxide lyase (EC 4.1.2.33) catalyzes the chemical reaction (24R,24′R)-fucosterol epoxide ⇌ {\ ...
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon ... indole-3-glycerolphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase, IGL, BX1, (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol- ... The enzyme indole-3-glycerol-phosphate lyase (EC 4.1.2.8) catalyzes the chemical reaction (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol-3-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase ( ...
... aldehyde lyases (EC 4.1.2), oxo acid lyases (EC 4.1.3), and others (EC 4.1.99) EC 4.2 includes lyases that cleave carbon-oxygen ... Lyases can be further classified into seven subclasses: EC 4.1 includes lyases that cleave carbon-carbon bonds, such as ... includes lyases that cleave carbon-sulfur bonds EC 4.5 includes lyases that cleave carbon-halide bonds EC 4.6 includes lyases ... this reaction was first classified as a lyase (EC 4.2.99.9), but was then reclassified as a transferase (EC 2.5.1.48). Lyases ...
... benzaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... Mandelonitrile lyases, more colloquially referred to as HNLs (hydroxynitrile lyases) were first characterized by Wöhler in 1938 ... The enzyme (R)-mandelonitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.10, (R)-HNL, (R)-oxynitrilase, (R)-hydroxynitrile lyase) catalyzes the chemical ... D-alpha-hydroxynitrile lyase, and mandelonitrile benzaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in cyanoamino acid metabolism. It ...
... acetaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming). This enzyme is also called L- ... threonine acetaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, ...
... tartronate semialdehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase (pyruvate-forming). ... and 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate tartronate-semialdehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism ...
Dglyceraldehyde 3-phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate ... This enzyme is also called D-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate triosephosphate lyase. This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism ...
... lactaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate (S)-lactaldehyde-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming). ... and L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate lactaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions and ...
2 propanal This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The ... and 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone propanal-lyase. Morimoto S, Azuma K, Oshima T, Sakamoto M (1988). "Purification and properties of a ... systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone propanal-lyase (propanal-forming). Other names in common use ...
H2O This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The ... Other names in common use include D-fructose-6-phosphate D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase, and (phosphate-acetylating). This ... systematic name of this enzyme class is D-fructose-6-phosphate D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase (adding phosphate; acetyl- ...
... formaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is trimethylamine-N-oxide formaldehyde-lyase (dimethylamine-forming). Other names in ... and trimethylamine-N-oxide formaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in methane metabolism. Large PJ (1971). "Non-oxidative ... common use include trimethylamine N-oxide formaldehyde-lyase, trimethylamine N-oxide aldolase, trimethylamine N-oxide ...
2 benzaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds ... Other names in common use include benzaldehyde lyase, and 2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone benzaldehyde-lyase. It employs one ... Peng M, Siebert D, Engqvist M, Niemeyer C, Rabe K (2021). "Modeling-Assisted Design of Thermostable Benzaldehyde Lyases from ... Gonzalez B, Vicuna R (1989). "Benzaldehyde lyase, a novel thiamine PPi-requiring enzyme, from Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar I ...
... acetaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-lactate acetaldehyde-lyase (formate-forming). Other names in common use include ... lactate synthase, and (S)-lactate acetaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism. Gulyi MF, Silonova NV ( ...
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase ( ... 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-phosphate aldolase 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase KDPG ...
... benzaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-threo-3-phenylserine benzaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming). This enzyme is also ... called L-threo-3-phenylserine benzaldehyde-lyase. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. As of late 2007, only one ...
... aldehyde lyases MeSH D08.811.520.224.062.250 - 2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphoheptonate aldolase MeSH D08.811.520.224.062.400 - ... chondroitin lyases MeSH D08.811.520.241.700.350.500.500 - chondroitin abc lyase MeSH D08.811.520.241.700.512 - heparin lyase ... tyrosine phenol-lyase MeSH D08.811.520.232.300 - amidine-lyases MeSH D08.811.520.232.300.200 - adenylosuccinate lyase MeSH ... ammonia-lyases MeSH D08.811.520.232.400.200 - aspartate ammonia-lyase MeSH D08.811.520.232.400.350 - ethanolamine ammonia-lyase ...
... formaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is N,N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide formaldehyde-lyase (N-methylaniline-forming). Other ... N-dimethylaniline-N-oxide formaldehyde-lyase. Machinist JM, Orme-Johnson WH, Ziegler DM (1966). "Microsomal oxidases. II. ...
... palmitaldehyde This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds ... sphinganine-1-phosphate alkanal-lyase, sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase, and sphinganine-1-phosphate palmitaldehyde-lyase. This ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is sphinganine-1-phosphate palmitaldehyde-lyase (phosphoethanolamine-forming). Other ... sphinganine-1-phosphate alkanal-lyase)". Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 350 (10): 1233-41. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1969.350.2.1233 ...
Irreversible inhibitors often contain reactive functional groups such as nitrogen mustards, aldehydes, haloalkanes, alkenes, ... Lyase 1.59, Isomerase 1.51, Phosphodiesterase 1.50, Cytochrome p450 0.84, Epigenetic eraser 0.33, Total enzyme targets of ...
The phenylalanine undergoes a non-oxidative deamination by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) to trans-cinnamic acid. Afterwards ... which is used to create vaginol or vaginidiol with an isopropyl Grignard reagent and commercially available epoxy aldehydes. ... 3-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-hydroxylalkylbenzofurans from epoxy aldehydes. One-step syntheses of brosimacutin G, vaginidiol, vaginol ...
The G protein (Golf and/or Gs) in turn activates the lyase - adenylate cyclase - which converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). The ... Araneda RC, Peterlin Z, Zhang X, Chesler A, Firestein S (March 2004). "A pharmacological profile of the aldehyde receptor ... of a population of native aldehyde receptors. Phantosmia Receptor Trace amine-associated receptor Odorant Pseudogenes Gene ...
After that, it is converted to 3-hydroxy propionic acid and finally to malonic semi-aldehyde. As soon as malonic semi aldehyde ... Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9), (which can also be called MCD and malonyl-CoA carboxyl-lyase) is found in bacteria and ... The enzyme malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) functions as an indirect via of conversion from malonic semi aldehyde to acetyl-CoA ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically amine lyases, which cleave carbon-nitrogen bonds. It can be isolated ... A Schiff base forms between secologanin's aldehyde-group and tryptamine's amine group, from which Glu309 deprotonates ... strictosidine tryptamine-lyase (secologanin-forming). Other names in common use include strictosidine synthetase, STR, and 3-α( ... S)-strictosidine tryptamine-lyase. Originally isolated from the plant Rauvolfia serpentina, a medicinal plant widely used in ...
Polysaccharide lyases (PL) are a type of enzyme that is found in numerous microorganisms including bacteriophages that break ... HexA is hydrolyzed and broken down into aldehydes and alcohols like 2-furoic acid and 5-carboxy-2-furaldehdye. This process has ... Sutherland IW (July 1995). "Polysaccharide lyases". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 16 (4): 323-347. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995. ...
Although the structure of glyoxylic acid is described as having an aldehyde functional group, the aldehyde is only a minor ... The glyoxylate cycle is initiated through the activity of isocitrate lyase, which converts isocitrate into glyoxylate and ... the aldehyde structure has as a major conformer a cyclic hydrogen-bonded structure with the aldehyde carbonyl in close ... They are generally formed from reactive aldehydes, such as those present on reducing sugars and alpha-oxoaldehydes. In a study ...
The aldehyde groups of the triose sugars are oxidised, and inorganic phosphate is added to them, forming 1,3- ... There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to mitochondrion as ... Excess citrate is exported from the mitochondrion back into the cytosol, where ATP citrate lyase regenerates acetyl-CoA and ...
... α-hydroxy aldehydes, α-hydroxy ketones, and 2-amino alcohols. Mandelonitrile can break down into cyanide and benzaldehyde, a ... reaction that can be catalyzed by the enzyme mandelonitrile lyase. Racemic mandelonitrile may be prepared similar to many other ...
This reaction causes the release of malodorous and highly volatile aldehydes and ketones. Because of the nature of free-radical ... The final products depend on conditions: the lipoxygenase article shows that if a hydroperoxide lyase enzyme is present, it can ... producing short-chain aldehydes, ketones and free fatty acids. When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and ...
... and aldehydes (−CH=O). Hemithioacetals are formed by the reaction of a thiol (R−SH) and an aldehyde (R−CH=O): R − CHO + R ′ − ... A hemithioacetal is also invoked in the mechanism of prenylcysteine lyase. In catalytic mechanism, S-farnesylcysteine is ... Hemithioacetals ordinarily readily dissociate into thiol and aldehyde, however, some have been isolated. In general, these ... "Stereospecificity and Kinetic Mechanism of Human Prenylcysteine Lyase, an Unusual Thioether Oxidase". Journal of Biological ...
Wanner, L.A.; Ware, D.; Somssich, I.E.; Davis, K.R. (1995). "The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Arabidopsis ... "The Arabidopsis thaliana reduced epidermal fluorescence 1 gene encodes an aldehyde dehydrogenase involved in ferulic acid and ...
Specifically, they include aldehydes, esters, and alcohols of 6-carbon compounds released after wounding. These compounds are ... Matsui K (2006). "Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. ...
Algar EM, Abedinia M, VandeBerg JL, Holmes RS (1991). "Purification and properties of baboon corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase: ... "Gene sharing by delta-crystallin and argininosuccinate lyase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... King G, Holmes RS (Sep 1993). "Human corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase: purification, kinetic characterisation and phenotypic ...
Discovered in 1895 by the Belgian chemist Louis Henry (1834-1913), it is the combination of a nitroalkane and an aldehyde or ... found that (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis catalyzes the formation of (S)-β-nitro alcohols. In 2011, Fuhshuku ... This type of reaction is also referred to as a nitroaldol reaction (nitroalkane, aldehyde, and alcohol). It is nearly analogous ... aldehyde and alcohol). The Henry reaction is a useful technique in the area of organic chemistry due to the synthetic utility ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S- ... of the Quinonoid Intermediate Tyrosine and PLP stabilized 3C-Ring formation Formation of the ACS-PLP Schiff Base The aldehyde ... "Slow-binding inhibition of Escherichia coli cystathionine beta-lyase by L-aminoethoxyvinylglycine: a kinetic and X-ray study". ... adenosyl-L-methionine S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine-lyase (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming). Other names in common use ...
4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of aldehyde oxidase in the liver. Amounts excreted increase within 1-2 weeks with ... In addition, the breakdown of sphingolipids is also dependent on vitamin B6 because sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase, the enzyme ...
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name ... The C-3 of DHAP is oxidized to an aldehyde, while C-1, which bears the phosphate ester, is dephosphorylated and reduced to a ... and glycerone-phosphate phospho-lyase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism and is constitutively expressed. As of ... of this enzyme class is glycerone-phosphate phosphate-lyase (methylglyoxal-forming). Other names in common use include ...
Cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol". Journal of Food Science. 42 (4): 1107-1109. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb12677.x. Lee K, ... L-tyrosine is converted to p-coumaric acid by the enzyme tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL). From here, p-coumaric acid is converted ...
The molecule consists of a α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with an isolated alkene group. The compound has attracted attention as the ... Such reactions are typically catalyzed by hydroperoxide lyases. 2-Nonenal - another potent odorant in cucumber Kula, Jozef; ... Sadowska, Halina (1993). "Unsaturated aliphatic C9-aldehydes as natural flavorants: (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal". Perfumer & Flavorist ...
Aspartic acid is produced by the addition of ammonia to fumarate using a lyase. In plants, nitrogen is first assimilated into ... Several hypotheses invoke the Strecker synthesis whereby hydrogen cyanide, simple aldehydes, ammonia, and water produce amino ...
... an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide In nature, the liberation of cyanide serves as a defense mechanism against herbivores and ... hydroxynitrile lyase, oxynitrilase, HbHNL, MeHNL, (S)-selective hydroxynitrile lyase, (S)-cyanohydrin carbonyl-lyase (cyanide ... S)-hydroxynitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.47, (S)-cyanohydrin producing hydroxynitrile lyase, (S)-oxynitrilase, (S)-HbHNL, (S)-MeHNL, ... Hydroxynitrile lyases of the α/β hydrolase fold are closely related to esterases. All members of the α/β hydrolase fold contain ...
The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base linkage (internal aldimine) with the ε-amino group of a specific lysine group of ... The β enzymes are all lyases and catalyze reactions where Cα and Cβ participate. Overall, in the PLP-dependent enzymes, the PLP ... However, this enzyme does not exploit the reactive aldehyde group, but instead utilizes the phosphate group on PLP to perform ... hydroxyl group to an aldehyde using dioxigen, resulting in hydrogen peroxide. The first branch is catalyzed in E. coli by ...
Aldehyde-Lyases / deficiency* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase deficiency causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy Derek Atkinson 1 , Jelena Nikodinovic Glumac 1 ... Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase deficiency causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy Derek Atkinson et al. Neurology. 2017. . ... B) Crystal structure of the dimeric human sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, adapted from pdb 4Q6R. The 2 subunits (A, B) of the ...
MeSH Terms: Aldehyde-Lyases/metabolism*; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism; Cattle; Cytochrome P-450 ...
Lyases [D08.811.520] * Carbon-Carbon Lyases [D08.811.520.224] * Aldehyde-Lyases [D08.811.520.224.062] * Fructose-Bisphosphate ... ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.. Terms. Aldehyde-Lyases Preferred Term Term UI T001345. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ... Aldehyde-Lyases Preferred Concept UI. M0000678. Registry Number. EC 4.1.2.-. Scope Note. Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol ... Aldehyde-Lyases. Tree Number(s). D08.811.520.224.062. Unique ID. D000446. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/ ...
Aldehyde-Lyases - Preferred Concept UI. M0000678. Scope note. Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule ... containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or ...
Lyases [D08.811.520] * Carbon-Carbon Lyases [D08.811.520.224] * Aldehyde-Lyases [D08.811.520.224.062] * Fructose-Bisphosphate ... ALDEHYDES or KETONES). EC 4.1.2.. Terms. Aldehyde-Lyases Preferred Term Term UI T001345. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ... Aldehyde-Lyases Preferred Concept UI. M0000678. Registry Number. EC 4.1.2.-. Scope Note. Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol ... Aldehyde-Lyases. Tree Number(s). D08.811.520.224.062. Unique ID. D000446. RDF Unique Identifier. http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/ ...
2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (HACL), a hitherto uncharacterized aldehyde (more...) ...
Aldehyde-Lyases. Enzymes that catalyze a reverse aldol condensation. A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl ... DODECANAL ( ALDEHYDE C12). Dodecyl aldehyde; Lauraldehyde; Aldehyde C12; Lauric aldehyde; Aldehyde C-12 lauric; Lauryl aldehyde ... Aldehydes Catalog, Aldehydes Products, Aldehydes Suppliers. Aldehydes Catalog with China Aldehydes Products, Aldehydes ... aldehyde. The word aldehyde ... Some aldehydes are substrates for aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes which metabolize aldehydes in ...
aldehyde-lyase activity. IEP. Neighborhood. MF. GO:0016837. carbon-oxygen lyase activity, acting on polysaccharides. IEP. ...
aldehyde-lyase activity. IEP. Enrichment. MF. GO:0016880. acid-ammonia (or amide) ligase activity. IEP. Enrichment. ...
aldehyde-lyase activity. GO:0016832. 7.54. peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides. GO:0070011. 3.26. ...
aldehyde-lyase activity. IEP. Enrichment. MF. GO:0016854. racemase and epimerase activity. IEP. Enrichment. ...
Peptides with strong bioactivity potential from aldehyde dehydrogenase, lactoylglutathione lyase, SEC14-like protein 3 and ...
Aldehyde Oxidoreductases N0000167970 Aldehyde Reductase N0000168371 Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases N0000168042 Aldehyde-Lyases ... as Amide-N-Donor N0000168008 Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases N0000167775 Carbon-Oxygen Ligases N0000008169 Carbon-Oxygen Lyases ... N0000167603 Chondro-4-Sulfatase N0000005998 Chondroitin N0000168038 Chondroitin ABC Lyase N0000168037 Chondroitin Lyases ... Alcohol Oxidoreductases N0000007439 Alcohols N0000166958 Alcuronium N0000167897 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase N0000167896 Aldehyde ...
Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / metabolism * Candida / metabolism* * Carboxy-Lyases / metabolism * Cell-Free System * Enzyme ...
ketone-aldehyde mutase. *lactoyl glutathione lyase. *lactoylglutathione lyase. *methylglyoxalase. Description. From NCBI Gene: ...
Combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, see 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency ... Combined deficiency of xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase, see Hereditary xanthinuria. *Combined immunodeficiency due ... Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency, see 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency ... Combined deficiency of sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase, see Molybdenum cofactor deficiency ...
... lyase to produce phosphoethanolamine and a fatty aldehyde is the final degradative step in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. ... Rabbit Antibody to Mouse Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase *Read more about Rabbit Antibody to Mouse Sphingosine-1-phosphate ... Researchers at NIH injected rabbits with the C-terminal peptide of the mouse S1P lyase - 551-TTDPVTQGNQMNGSPKPR-568 - to ...
D8.811.682.47.150.700.75 Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases D8.586.913.200 D8.811.913.200 Aldehyde-Lyases D8.586.520.224.62 D8.811. ... D8.811.682.47 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase D8.586.682.75.100 D8.811.682.75.100 Aldehyde Oxidoreductases D8.586.682.75 D8.811.682.75 ... G11.427.792.560.180 Chondroitin ABC Lyase D8.586.520.241.700.350.500.500 D8.811.520.241.700.350.500.500 Chondroitin Lyases ... G9.188.229.552 Lyases D8.586.520 D8.811.520 Lymecycline D4.615.638.638.900.450 Lymnaea B1.644.776.645 B1.500.644.776.645 Lymph ...
Among them, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter-related genes, fatty acid desaturase, lyase, and hypothetical ... protein genes were upregulated and aldehyde dehydrogenase, oxidoreductase, and prohibitin-like protein genes were downregulated ...
Aldehyde Oxidase Aldehyde Oxidoreductases Aldehyde Reductase Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases Aldehyde-Lyases Aldehydes Aldicarb ... Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases Carbon-Oxygen Ligases Carbon-Oxygen Lyases Carbon-Sulfur Ligases Carbon-Sulfur Lyases Carbonated ... Chondroitin ABC Lyase Chondroitin Lyases Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Chondroitin Sulfates Chondroitinases and Chondroitin ... Lyase DNA-Activated Protein Kinase DNA-Binding Proteins DNA-Cytosine Methylases DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase DNA-Directed RNA ...
Screening of β-lyases from other sources, e.g. plants in which thiols play important sensory roles, revealed cysteine conjugate ... and enantioselectivities for the hydrolysis of 3-acetylthiohexanol were significantly lower than those for the aldehyde ... 8-S-L-cysteinyl-p-menthan-3-one was accepted as substrate by the three β-lyase sources tested resulting in the liberation of 8- ... The role of 3-S-L-cysteinylhexanal as substrate for β-lyases was demonstrated by in situ generation of this compound from 3-S-( ...
Rat CSE(Cystathionine Gamma Lyase) ELISA Kit. *Mouse FAPa(Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha) ELISA Kit ... Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 9 Family, Member A1 (ALDH9A1) ELISA Kit. RDR-ALDH9A1-Hu-48Tests Reddot Biotech 48 Tests. 652.8 EUR ... Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 9 Family, Member A1 (ALDH9A1) ELISA Kit. RDR-ALDH9A1-Hu-96Tests Reddot Biotech 96 Tests. 907.2 EUR ... Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 9 Family, Member A1 (ALDH9A1) Polyclonal Antibody (Mouse), APC. 4-PAE839Mu01-APC Cloud-Clone * 421.20 ...
In contrast, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) and Cm-AAT2 and Cm-AAT3 seemed to be independent of ETH modulation. These results ... whereas the content of alcohol and aldehyde reduced. In addition, the metabolism of free FA included linoleic acid (LA), ...
3. Erastin sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by restraining xCT and cystathionine-γ-lyase function.. Chen L; Li X; ... 4. Vasodilator oxyfedrine inhibits aldehyde metabolism and thereby sensitizes cancer cells to xCT-targeted therapy.. Otsuki Y; ...
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), CHS (chalcone synthase), flavanone 3-dioxygenase (F3H), ... the feruloyl-CoA is reduced by the enzyme cinnamoyl-CoA reductase to coniferyl aldehyde. The final step in the synthesis of ... phenylalanine is l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), followed by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and then p. -coumarate-CoA ...
ALDH3A2: aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2. *ALDH4A1: aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family member A1 ... ASL: argininosuccinate lyase. *ASNS: asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing). *ASPA: aspartoacylase. *ASPM: assembly ...
... and aldehyde deformylating oxygenase (ADO) convert C16 acyl-ACP to the C15 pentadecane through an aldehyde (hexadecanal) ... the reporter enzymes ascorbate peroxidase APEX2 and cystathionine γ-lyase were also targeted within the shell and generated the ... and recognition that aldehyde intermediates such as 4-HPAA are channeled away by the yeasts endogenous enzymes [2,20,70]. The ... an aldehyde dehydrogenase, and a peroxidase [123,124]. AaLS-13 has also been used to simultaneously host two separate enzymes- ...
Tanaka, Y. et al. Structure and characterization of a cDNA clone for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from cut-injured roots of ... It includes; 9 up-regulated genes related to shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, aldehyde 5-hydroxylase, two caffeoyl-CoA ... Out of 33 genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, 8 genes related phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (4-up-regualted and 4-down-regulated ... Arginino succinate lyase (ASL) and Arginase were significantly up regulated functioning in the proline synthesis and metabolism ...
Ubiquitin Aldehyde $199.00. * N-Lauroylsarcosine Sodium (Powder) $350.00. $175.00. * Bovine Collagen Type I FITC Conjugate $ ... Alginate Lyase (High Specific Activity) $795.00. $395.00. * Ascorbate Oxidase (Lyophilized powder) $350.00. $250.00. ...
  • Finally, volatile C6 or C9 aldehydes and 9- or 12-oxoacids are produced with a hydroperoxide lyase. (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) and Cm-AAT2 and Cm-AAT3 seemed to be independent of ETH modulation. (ashs.org)
  • Screening of β-lyases from other sources, e.g. plants in which thiols play important sensory roles, revealed cysteine conjugate β-lyase activities in passion fruits and in the leaves of blackcurrant and box tree. (tum.de)
  • Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), including short chain volatile aldehydes, are widely used in the flavor and food industries because of their fresh aroma. (bvsalud.org)
  • A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules (ALDEHYDES or KETONES). (bvsalud.org)
  • Structural effects on the activities of C-S β-lyases were investigated by employing synthesized analogues as substrates. (tum.de)
  • sphingosine phosphate lyase (Sgpl1), and paraoxonase 1 (Pon1). (nih.gov)
  • Recently recessive mutations in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) have been published as a cause of syndromic congenital nephrotic syndrome with adrenal insufficiency. (nih.gov)
  • The cleavage of sphingoid base phosphates by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase to produce phosphoethanolamine and a fatty aldehyde is the final degradative step in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. (nih.gov)
  • There was evidence tiiat oxidative changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids in debris led to water-soluble toxic aldehydes tiiat were detectable in the viti:eous and toxic to lens ceUs and membranes. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Identification of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the breakdown of phytol to phytanic acid. (nih.gov)
  • A molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group is cleaved at a C-C bond to produce two smaller molecules ( ALDEHYDES or KETONES ). (nih.gov)