Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Alcohol Dehydrogenase: A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.Alcoholism: A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ETHANOL during pregnancy. It encompasses a phenotypic range that can vary greatly between individuals, but reliably includes one or more of the following: characteristic facial dysmorphism, FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, central nervous system abnormalities, cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction, BIRTH DEFECTS. The level of maternal alcohol consumption does not necessarily correlate directly with disease severity.Alcoholic Beverages: Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.Alcoholic Intoxication: An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Alcohol Oxidoreductases: A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).Benzyl Alcohols: Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.Alcohol-Related Disorders: Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.Central Nervous System Depressants: A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).Fatty Alcohols: Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Alcohol Deterrents: Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.Temperance: Habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite, especially but not exclusively the consumption of alcohol.Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium: An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)Binge Drinking: Drinking an excessive amount of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES in a short period of time.Propanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.Substance-Related Disorders: Disorders related to substance abuse.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Amino Alcohols: Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.Students: Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.tert-Butyl AlcoholUniversities: Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System: Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.Alcohol-Induced Disorders: Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.Wine: Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.Adolescent Behavior: Any observable response or action of an adolescent.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Liver Diseases, Alcoholic: Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Butanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (C4H9OH).Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.70.United StatesPentanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.Hexanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of hexanol (C6H11OH).Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures: A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)Automobile Driving: The effect of environmental or physiological factors on the driver and driving ability. Included are driving fatigue, and the effect of drugs, disease, and physical disabilities on driving.Commerce: The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.Sugar Alcohols: Polyhydric alcohols having no more than one hydroxy group attached to each carbon atom. They are formed by the reduction of the carbonyl group of a sugar to a hydroxyl group.(From Dorland, 28th ed)Motivation: Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.RussiaNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.): Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts research focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems to reduce the health, social, and economic consequences of this disease. NIAAA, NIMH, and NIDA were created as coequal institutes within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration in 1974. It was established within the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH in 1992.Behavior, Addictive: The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.Health Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.Marijuana Abuse: The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic: FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.gamma-Glutamyltransferase: An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Marijuana Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from CANNABIS.Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic: Disease of CARDIAC MUSCLE resulting from chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Myocardial damage can be caused by: (1) a toxic effect of alcohol; (2) malnutrition in alcoholics such as THIAMINE DEFICIENCY; or (3) toxic effect of additives in alcoholic beverages such as COBALT. This disease is usually manifested by DYSPNEA and palpitations with CARDIOMEGALY and congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.Energy Drinks: Beverages consumed as stimulants and tonics. They usually contain a combination of CAFFEINE with other substances such as herbal supplements; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; and sugar or sugar derivatives.Psychotherapy, Brief: Any form of psychotherapy designed to produce therapeutic change within a minimal amount of time, generally not more than 20 sessions.Street Drugs: Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity.Stereoisomerism: The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Violence: Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.Psychoses, Alcoholic: A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Accidents, Traffic: Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.Benzyl CompoundsPrenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry): The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)Alcoholics: Persons who have a history of physical or psychological dependence on ETHANOL.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Aldehyde Oxidoreductases: Oxidoreductases that are specific for ALDEHYDES.Life Style: Typical way of life or manner of living characteristic of an individual or group. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)Social Conformity: Behavioral or attitudinal compliance with recognized social patterns or standards.Crime: A violation of the criminal law, i.e., a breach of the conduct code specifically sanctioned by the state, which through its administrative agencies prosecutes offenders and imposes and administers punishments. The concept includes unacceptable actions whether prosecuted or going unpunished.Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Taxes: Governmental levies on property, inheritance, gifts, etc.1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.Alcoholics Anonymous: An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.BenzaldehydesPsychiatric Status Rating Scales: Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.Breath Tests: Any tests done on exhaled air.Motion Pictures as Topic: The art, technique, or business of producing motion pictures for entertainment, propaganda, or instruction.NAD: A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Sex Distribution: The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.KetonesPancreatitis, Alcoholic: Acute or chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS due to excessive ALCOHOL DRINKING. Alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics.Harm Reduction: The application of methods designed to reduce the risk of harm associated with certain behaviors without reduction in frequency of those behaviors. The risk-associated behaviors include ongoing and active addictive behaviors.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.EstersInterview, Psychological: A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.Self Report: Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Health Behavior: Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.Choice Behavior: The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.Narcotic Antagonists: Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.Substance Abuse Treatment Centers: Health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. Methadone distribution centers are included.Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration.Sexual Behavior: Sexual activities of humans.Wounds and Injuries: Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.Child of Impaired Parents: Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.Risk: The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.Advertising as Topic: The act or practice of calling public attention to a product, service, need, etc., especially by paid announcements in newspapers, magazines, on radio, or on television. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1: An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include ETHANOL; INHALATION ANESTHETICS; BENZENE; ACETAMINOPHEN and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.Substance Abuse Detection: Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.Stress, Psychological: Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.Pharyngeal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.Horses: Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.Social Control, Informal: Those forms of control which are exerted in less concrete and tangible ways, as through folkways, mores, conventions, and public sentiment.Cholestanols: Cholestanes substituted in any position with one or more hydroxy groups. They are found in feces and bile. In contrast to bile acids and salts, they are not reabsorbed.Tobacco Use Disorder: Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.Models, Psychological: Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Waxes: A plastic substance deposited by insects or obtained from plants. Waxes are esters of various fatty acids with higher, usually monohydric alcohols. The wax of pharmacy is principally yellow wax (beeswax), the material of which honeycomb is made. It consists chiefly of cerotic acid and myricin and is used in making ointments, cerates, etc. (Dorland, 27th ed)Law Enforcement: Organized efforts to insure obedience to the laws of a community.Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.Risk Assessment: The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)JapanMass Screening: Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.European Continental Ancestry Group: Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.Marketing: Activity involved in transfer of goods from producer to consumer or in the exchange of services.Republic of BelarusSubstrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.FinlandChi-Square Distribution: A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.CaliforniaCocaine-Related Disorders: Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.Octanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Affect: The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Aggression: Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases: Reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of sugar alcohols to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. Includes EC 1.1.1.; EC 1.1.2. and EC 1.1.99.Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
UV irradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ices: production of alcohols, quinones, and ethers. (1/1378)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water ice were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation under astrophysical conditions, and the products were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Peripheral carbon atoms were oxidized, producing aromatic alcohols, ketones, and ethers, and reduced, producing partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, molecules that account for the interstellar 3.4-micrometer emission feature. These classes of compounds are all present in carbonaceous meteorites. Hydrogen and deuterium atoms exchange readily between the PAHs and the ice, which may explain the deuterium enrichments found in certain meteoritic molecules. This work has important implications for extraterrestrial organics in biogenesis. (+info)Alcohol-induced biphasic inhibition of myosin subfragment 1 K-EDTA-ATPase. (2/1378)
Butanol-induced inhibition of K-EDTA-ATPase of myosin subfragment 1 proceeded by biphasic kinetics, consisting of rapid and slow inactivations. The extent of the rapid inactivation, which was estimated by extrapolating the process of slow inactivation to zero time of the incubation period, was saturated with butanol concentration. Recovery of activity by dilution in the rapid phase indicates that the rapid process is reversible. The slow inactivation was concomitant with a partial denaturation of the 50 kDa domain of S1, which was detected by limited tryptic digestion. Other alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol and hexanol) also inhibited the K-EDTA-ATPase in the rapid phase. The Ki decreased with an increase in the number of methylene groups of alcohol. When K-EDTA-ATPase activity in the rapid phase was plotted against viscosity, surface tension or dielectric constant, the curves were different for each of the various alcohol solutions. The rapid inactivation appears to be caused by a binding of the alkyl group to S1, rather than by solvent effects. The kinetics of rapid butanol inhibitions indicate that butanol reduces the maximum activity of ATPase but enhances an apparent affinity of S1 with ATP. These indications suggest that alcohol stabilizes S1.KATP intermediate. The rapid K-EDTA-ATPase inhibition was observed at the same alcohol concentration where S1 Mg-ATPase was activated. (+info)Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: isolation of methane-utilizing bacteria and characterization of a facultative methane-utilizing isolate. (3/1378)
A methane-utilizing organism capable of growth both on methane and on more complex organic substrates as a sole source of carbon and energy, has been isolated and studied in detail. Suspensions of methane-grown cells of this organism oxidized C-1 compounds (methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formate); hydrocarbons (ethane, propane); primary alcohols (ethanol, propanol); primary aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde); alkenes (ethylene, propylene); dimethylether; and organic acids (acetate, malate, succinate, isocitrate). Suspensions of methanol-or succinate-grown cells did not oxidize methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, or dimethylether, suggesting that the enzymatic systems required for oxidation of these substrates are induced only during growth on methane. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained a particulate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent methane monooxygenase activity. Oxidation of methanol, formaldehyde, and primary alcohols was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-requiring methanol dehydrogenase. Oxidation of primary aldehydes was catalyzed by a phenazine methosulfate-linked, ammonium ion-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Formate was oxidized by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific formate dehydrogenase. Extracts of methane-grown, but not succinate-grown, cells contained the key enzymes of the serine pathway, hydroxypyruvate reductase and malate lyase, indicating that the enzymes of C-1 assimilation are induced only during growth on C-1 compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was induced during growth on glucose. Extracts of methane-grown cells contained low levels of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, relative to the levels found during growth on succinate. (+info)Inhibition of Bacillus subtilis spore germination by various hydrophobic compounds: demonstration of hydrophobic character of the L-alanine receptor site. (4/1378)
L-Alanine-initiated germination of Bacillus subtilis spores was inhibited by various kinds of hydrophobic compounds. Good correlation of inhibitory effect with hydrophobicity of the compound was demonstrated by using regression analysis in which the hydrophobic character was expressed by the partition coefficient in an octyl alcohol-water system. The correlation coefficient for 20 alcohols was 0.959, and that for 19 miscellaneous compounds was 0.906. Regression lines of the alcohols and other hydrophobic compounds were almost identical, showing that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in inhibition. Diphenylamine was one of the most effective inhibitors examined. n-Octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl alcohols were the most effective alcohols. The mode of inhibition by diphenylamine and n-octyl alcohol was a "mixed type" (competitive plus noncompetitive type) with respect to L-alanine; that by D-alanine was competitive inhibition. Sites for diphenylamine, n-octyl alcohol, and D-alanine may have overlapped. Inhibition was reversible by washing; heat resistance, stainability, and germination rate of the washed spores remained unaltered. Thus, we confirmed that the inhibition may occur before the initial trigger reaction of germination and that it may be due to the interaction between a hydrophobic compound and a hydrophobic region closely associated with the L-alanine receptor site on the spore. (+info)Total plasmalogens and O-(acylalkylglycerophosphoryl) ethanolamine from labelled hexadecanol and palmitate during hypoxia and anoxia in rat heart. (5/1378)
By the use of the Langendorff technique, surviving isolated rat hearts were perfused with [1-14 C] palmitate, [1-14C] hexadecanol or [1-14C,1-3H] hexadecanol under normal or anoxic conditions. After perfusion for 30min with either precursor, when oxygenated or in an hypoxic condition, or when 1mM-KCN was included in the system, the heart tissues showed no significant chemical changes in their content of total lipids, total phospholipids or total ethanolamine-containing phospholipids. Changes were observed in the ratio of alkyl-to alk-1-enyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in the tissue perfused with N2+CO1 plus CN-. A slight increase from 4.0+/-0.3 to 4.9+/-0.2% in alkyl derivatives and a decrease from 11.2+/-0.4 to 9.4+/-0.3% in alk-1-enyl derivatives was observed. The incorporation of the [14C] palmitate and the [14C] hexadecanol into the recovered phospholipids and plasmalogens was severely decreased in the tissues perfused with CN-: in the hypoxic state only a mild inhibition was observed compared with the oxygenated systems. Considerable 3H from [1-14C, 1-3H] hexadecanol was retained (25-35%) in the alk-1-enylether chains of plasmalogens under both the oxygenated conditions and with CN-, suggesting that the same mechanism of incorporation is operational at high or low O2 concentrations. The results are consistent with an O2-dependent, CN-sensitive step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens in the rat heart. (+info)Effects of short chain alkanols on the inducible nitric oxide synthase in a glial cell line. (6/1378)
1. Ethanol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in C6 glioma cells by an unknown mechanism. Because relatively high concentrations are needed for inhibition in drug-naive cells (IC50 approximately = to 150 mM), suppression due to cytotoxicity is one possible mechanism that has not been ruled out. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of ethanol and other alkanols on C6 glioma cell viability and iNOS activity to better understand the mechanism for inhibition. 2. iNOS expression was induced in cell culture with lipopolysaccharide and phorbol ester treatment. Nitrite accumulation in culture medium, the in vitro conversion of [3H]-L-arginine to [3H]-L-citrulline, and immunoblotting were used to quantify iNOS induction and activity. Trypan blue exclusion, extracellular release of lactate dehydrogenase, and quantity of total cell protein were used as measures of viability. 3. Short chain alkanols, methanol through 1-heptanol, concentration-dependently inhibited nitrite accumulation. Longer chain alkanols, 1-octanol and 1-decanol, did not except at cytotoxic concentrations. Experiments indicated short chain alkanol inhibition was not due to direct actions on iNOS catalytic activity, but that it transpires during iNOS induction. Immunoblots showed reduced iNOS protein levels. 4. Correlation analysis ruled out iNOS inhibition as being due to decreased cell number, total cell protein, or cell viability. In contrast, there was significant correlation with physical measures of lipophilicity. 5. In conclusion, inhibition of iNOS expression by ethanol and other short chain alkanols is not due to cytotoxicity. Instead, the strong correlation with lipophilicity suggests the inhibition derives from an interaction with unknown hydrophobic cellular sites. (+info)A low-molecular-mass protein from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is responsible for the regulation of formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in vitro. (7/1378)
An 8.6 kDa protein, which the authors call a modifin, has been purified from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and has been shown to alter the substrate specificity and kinetics of NAD+-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) isolated from the same organism. Purification methods for both the modifin and FDH are presented which reliably produced pure protein for further analysis. Analysis of the molecular mass and N-terminal sequence of both FDH and the modifin indicate that they are unique proteins and show no similarity to alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes isolated from methylotrophic bacteria. Substrate specificity studies demonstrated that FDH oxidized formaldehyde exclusively in the presence of the modifin; a diverse range of aldehydes and alcohols were oxidized by FDH in the absence of the modifin. No formaldehyde oxidation was detected in the absence of the modifin. Attempts to replace the modifin with glutathione or high concentrations of methanol to stimulate formaldehyde oxidation failed. With acetaldehyde as substrate, FDH showed standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics; interaction of FDH with the modifin using formaldehyde as substrate altered the kinetics of the reaction to sigmoidal. Kinetic analysis during turnover experiments indicated that the FDH may be associated with bound formaldehyde following enzyme isolation and that NAD may also be associated with the enzyme but in a form that is less tightly bound than found with the methanol dehydrogenase from Bacillus methanolicus. Data are presented which indicate that the modifin may play an important role in regulating formaldehyde concentration in vivo. (+info)Oxidation of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters by extracts of Aspergillus niger: enzymology and characterization of intermediates by HPLC. (8/1378)
The activities of beta-oxidation enzymes were measured in extracts of glucose- and triolein-grown cells of Aspergillus niger. Growth on triolein stimulated increased enzyme activity, especially for acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. No acyl-CoA oxidase activity was detected. HPLC analysis after incubation of triolein-grown cell extracts with decanoyl-CoA showed that beta-oxidation was limited to one cycle. Octanoyl-CoA accumulated as the decanoyl-CoA was oxidized. Beta-oxidation enzymes in isolated mitochondrial fractions were also studied. The results are discussed in the context of methyl ketone production by fungi. (+info)
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Does Alcohol Improve Sleep?Tertiary alcoholsFatty alcoholsIsopropylSpiritsMethanolDrinksType of alcoholConsumeIncreasesDrinkersSugarPrimaryBeerMoleculesDrinkingWaterDrinkCarbonConsumption of alcoholPoisoningTendDenatAlkylSugar alcoholsEthanolIsopropyl alcoholAmount of alcoholHydroxyl groupToxic alcoholsTertiary2018ReactionsBlood-alcohol concePhenolsEffects of alcoAmounts of alcoholCommonlyAlcoholismSorbitolOrganic2017Drug and AlcohoDrankFetalEpoxidesPoisonousAffectsLiverPrimaryEstersMisuseAlcoholic beveragesAbuseContentOccurTypes of alcoholPast 30 DaysSymptomsMarijuanaMainHydroxyPregnancyChemicalBehaviorLarge amountsHydrogen atomsSell alcoholContain alcoholPHENETHYL ALCOHOLUnderwentDepressantAbstain from alcoholHarm
Tertiary alcohols1
- Potential applications include resolution of labile secondary and tertiary alcohols, difficult by existing techniques, and enhancement of ees of chiral alcohols produced enzymatically or by synthetic catalytic methods. (bath.ac.uk)
Fatty alcohols3
- Have you heard of fatty alcohols? (naturallycurly.com)
- Fatty alcohols or long-chain alcohols that are derived from the fat (usually from coconut oil or palm oil) and they do not act like ethanol or isopropanol. (naturallycurly.com)
- Fatty alcohols or long-chain alcohols are derived from natural resources like coconut oil and are too big to penetrate the hair shaft. (naturallycurly.com)
Isopropyl1
- Isopropyl alcohol is used to absorb other substances into the hair follicles and is a common ingredient in hair color rinses and the absorption of dyes. (naturallycurly.com)
Spirits2
- What about different types of alcohol - beer, wine or spirits? (cancercouncil.com.au)
- Shot of spirits (single): 25ml x 40% ABV, divided by 1 000 = 1.0 units of alcohol. (thesouthafrican.com)
Methanol1
- Diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectra of methanol and ethanol on Amberlyst 15 and on a synthesized acidic resin catalyst indicate that alcohol molecules are adsorbed by forming hydrogen bridges with the -SO3H sites of the catalyst and among themselves. (metu.edu.tr)
Drinks2
- For people who drink alcohol, the recommendations are an average of no more than two standard drinks a day. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- Beginning with just one or two drinks, alcohol can produce detectable memory impairments. (bhwlawfirm.com)
Type of alcohol1
- The type of alcohol you drink doesn't appear to make any difference. (cancercouncil.com.au)
Consume2
- Drink driving limit in South Africa: How much alcohol can you consume? (thesouthafrican.com)
- You should only consume this amount of alcohol once every two hours, to be safe. (thesouthafrican.com)
Increases2
- Even drinking small amounts of alcohol increases the risk of cancer, and the more you drink, the greater the risk. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- As the dose of alcohol increases, the impairment increases and can culminate in blackouts. (bhwlawfirm.com)
Drinkers1
- Oral cancers are six times more common in alcohol drinkers than in non-drinkers. (cancercouncil.com.au)
Sugar2
- Younis, O S. / Sugar uptake and subsequent ester on higher alcohol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (hw.ac.uk)
- Stewart, GG & Younis, OS 1998, ' Sugar uptake and subsequent ester on higher alcohol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ', Journal of the Institute of Brewing , vol. 104, pp. 255-264. (hw.ac.uk)
Primary1
- Alcohol, affects all stages of the memory process, but the primary effect is on the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory storage. (bhwlawfirm.com)
Beer2
- Bottle of beer: 350ml x 5% ABV, divided by 1 000 = 1.75 units of alcohol. (thesouthafrican.com)
- Pint of beer: 500ml x 4.5%, divided by 1 000 = 2.25 units of alcohol. (thesouthafrican.com)
Molecules2
- Some of the alcohol molecules were found to be strongly chemisorbed by dissociation of one or two hydrogen atoms. (metu.edu.tr)
- Isobutylene was also found to be strongly adsorbed by forming a bridged structure between the adsorbed alcohol molecules and the -SO3H groups. (metu.edu.tr)
Drinking5
- Those who do not drink should not take up drinking alcohol. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- Drinking large amounts of alcohol at once (binge drinking) is not recommended. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- The combined effect of smoking and drinking alcohol greatly exceed the risk from either one of these factors alone. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- Combining fatty foods with alcohol is the worst combination of all for weight gain, so avoid high fat snacks such as chips while drinking. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- With the introduction of no-and-low alcohol beers - such as Castle Free and Hansa Golden Crisp - SAB is giving consumers more choice and smarter drinking options to pace oneself in between beers. (thesouthafrican.com)
Water1
- In shampoos and conditioners these alcohols primarily help to mix oil and water and sometimes are antiseptic. (naturallycurly.com)
Drink10
- Alcohol: Can You Buy and Drink It? (educaloi.qc.ca)
- Are people under 18 allowed to drink and buy alcohol? (educaloi.qc.ca)
- The law doesn't say that people under 18 can't drink alcohol. (educaloi.qc.ca)
- This means that it's up to young people and their parents to decide whether they are allowed to drink alcohol on certain occasions, according to what's best for them. (educaloi.qc.ca)
- But that doesn't mean that people under 18 can drink alcohol in these places! (educaloi.qc.ca)
- If you drink alcohol in addition to your normal dietary intake without reducing the kilojoules you eat, you may gain weight. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- When you drink alcohol you often become less aware of the food you are eating and can easily overeat. (cancercouncil.com.au)
- Here's how much alcohol you can legally drink before driving. (thesouthafrican.com)
- The legal drink driving limit is a breath alcohol content of 0.24mg per 1 000ml . (thesouthafrican.com)
- The formula for working out your unit consumption in relation to the drink driving limit is this: You multiply the volume of the drink (in millimetres/mm) by its percentage alcohol by volume (ABV) and divide by 1000, to determine the number of units of alcohol in the drink. (thesouthafrican.com)
Carbon1
- For curlies, most short-chained alcohols are considered bad, as they have very few carbon atoms in their backbones, which means they are liquids that can act as solvents and they can dissolve the natural protective oils in your skin and hair. (naturallycurly.com)
Consumption of alcohol1
- Blackouts are periods of amnesia, caused by excessive consumption of alcohol, during which a person actively engages in behaviors, but the brain's ability to create memories for what transpires is impaired or non-existent. (bhwlawfirm.com)
Poisoning1
- I had to help him throw it up, He had alcohol poisoning within a couple hours. (familyfriendpoems.com)
Tend1
- Short-chain alcohols are small enough to penetrate the hair shaft but tend to be drying for textured hair. (naturallycurly.com)
Denat1
Alkyl1
- Asymmetric alcohols were resolved as 1-α-O-alkyl-2,3-unsaturated hexosides. (bath.ac.uk)
Sugar alcohols37
- Sugar alcohols (also called polyhydric alcohols , polyalcohols , alditols or glycitols ) are organic compounds , typically derived from sugars , that comprise a class of polyols . (wikipedia.org)
- In commercial foodstuffs, sugar alcohols are commonly used in place of table sugar ( sucrose ), often in combination with high intensity artificial sweeteners to counter the low sweetness. (wikipedia.org)
- Xylitol and sorbitol are popular sugar alcohols in commercial foods. (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols have the general formula HOCH 2 (CHOH) n CH 2 OH. (wikipedia.org)
- The sugar alcohols differ in chain length. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike sugars, which tend to exist as rings, sugar alcohols do not. (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols occur naturally and at one time, mannitol was obtained from natural sources. (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols do not contribute to tooth decay . (wikipedia.org)
- Consumption of sugar alcohols affects blood sugar levels, although much less than does sucrose comparing by glycemic index. (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols, with the exception of erythritol , may also cause bloating and diarrhea when consumed in excessive amounts. (wikipedia.org)
- however, sugar alcohols derived from disaccharides (e.g. maltitol and lactitol) are not entirely hydrogenated because only one aldehyde group is available for reduction. (wikipedia.org)
- As a group, sugar alcohols are not as sweet as sucrose , and they have slightly less food energy than sucrose. (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols are not metabolized by oral bacteria, and so they do not contribute to tooth decay . (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to their sweetness, some sugar alcohols can produce a noticeable cooling sensation in the mouth when highly concentrated, for instance in sugar-free hard candy or chewing gum . (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols are usually incompletely absorbed into the blood stream from the small intestine which generally results in a smaller change in blood glucose than "regular" sugar ( sucrose ). (wikipedia.org)
- Sugar alcohols are made from adding hydrogen atoms to sugars. (howstuffworks.com)
- Sugar alcohols have about one-half to one-third fewer calories than regular sugar, because they convert to glucose more slowly. (howstuffworks.com)
- Some people with Type I diabetes have found that their blood sugars will rise if they consume sugar alcohols in large amounts. (howstuffworks.com)
- Some of the other sugar alcohols can have almost as many calories as sugar, so they're not necessarily used in 'diet' foods, but in sugar-free gum. (howstuffworks.com)
- This is because higher levels of sugar alcohols unabsorbed in the intestines can cause bloating, gas, and diarrhea. (howstuffworks.com)
- Sugar alcohols are not actually sugars, nor are they alcohols. (bellaonline.com)
- The only way to know how many sugar alcohols are in a given total carb count is if the maker of the product tells you what the actual net carbs of the food item are, doing that work for you. (bellaonline.com)
- Some common types of sugar alcohols include maltitol, sorbitol and isomalt. (bellaonline.com)
- Sugar alcohols are commonly used in sugar free products and diet products because they are very slow to be absorbed and do not cause the "sugar rush / blood sugar spike" that normal carbohydrates cause. (bellaonline.com)
- Many (if not most) people do not absorb sugar alcohols at all before they pass through the system. (bellaonline.com)
- Because sugar alcohols just slide through your digestive system, they can cause a laxitive effect if you eat too many of them. (bellaonline.com)
- When your intestines run into these sugar alcohols, they go a bit crazy :) Some people get a little farty. (bellaonline.com)
- If you've never tried sugar alcohols before, be sure to try them in SMALL amounts to see which group you fall into. (bellaonline.com)
- Do Sugar Alcohols Count? (bellaonline.com)
- Sugar alcohols don't cause a sugar rush, and are pretty much passed through your system. (bellaonline.com)
- So I would be cautious about eating too many sugar alcohols. (bellaonline.com)
- Some people complain - if sugar alcohols cause problems, why use them? (bellaonline.com)
- So for the 99% of the population which doesn't have reactions to sugar alcohols, these products are great. (bellaonline.com)
- If you're in the 1% that has tummy problems with sugar alcohols, you can eat the sugar-free items Splenda can be used to create. (bellaonline.com)
- For example, sugar alcohols are commonly used in sugar free candies because they mimic sugar so nicely in the baking process. (bellaonline.com)
- In general, sugar alcohols and any artificial sweeteners are good ways to wean yourself off of sugar - but remember that the end result of this process should be aiming to reduce your sweet tooth in general. (bellaonline.com)
- NOTE: I've heard from pet owners that pets can get very sick if they eat items with sugar alcohols. (bellaonline.com)
Ethanol19
- Alcohol in the form of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is found in alcoholic beverages, mouthwash, cooking extracts, some medications and certain household products. (mayoclinic.org)
- The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages. (wikipedia.org)
- An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members is the saturated straight chain alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. (wikipedia.org)
- The meaning of alcohol was extended to distilled substances in general, and then narrowed to ethanol, when "spirits" was a synonym for hard liquor. (wikipedia.org)
- The word's meaning became restricted to "spirit of wine" (the chemical known today as ethanol) in the 18th century and was extended to the class of substances so-called as "alcohols" in modern chemistry after 1850. (wikipedia.org)
- The simplest primary alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), for which R=H, and the next is ethanol, for which R=CH3, the methyl group. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcohols are a group of organic compounds, including ethanol ( drinking alcohol ) and methanol (wood alcohol) among many others. (wikimedia.org)
- For the specific type of alcohol known as ethanol, see Category:Ethanol . (wikimedia.org)
- For ethanol used as drinking alcohol, see Category:Alcohol . (wikimedia.org)
- For beverages containing ethanol as drinking alcohol, see Category:Alcoholic beverages . (wikimedia.org)
- When a hydroxyl group is joined to an alkane framework, an alcohol such as ethanol , is produced. (britannica.com)
- The common sources of methanol , ethanol , and isopropyl alcohol have been discussed above. (britannica.com)
- Almost one in five Europeans drinking alcohol ingested more than 60 g of pure ethanol on a single occasion at least once a month in 2014. (europa.eu)
- Ingestion of toxic alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol, or other glycols) might result in some signs and symptoms similar to those of ethanol inebriation (vomiting, lethargy, or coma). (cdc.gov)
- Professor David Nutt has been working on an alternative to alcohol for years, but it's not easy to displace ethanol in our culture (or in our legal regulations). (techdirt.com)
- Rubbing alcohol may contain either isopropyl alcohol or ethanol. (answers.com)
- Many alcohols exist, but by far the most common is ethanol , more commonly known just as alcohol, and probably the most widely used drug in the world. (everything2.com)
- Ethanol is usually made by fermentation of yeast , and other alcohols are made by hydrolysing alkenes . (everything2.com)
- Human stomachs and livers have an enzyme known as alcohol dehydrogenase that breaks down ethanol to make it less toxic for our bodies, said Atlanta gastroenterologist Dr. Preston Stewart. (cnn.com)
Isopropyl alcohol10
- Propyl alcohol may be n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on whether the hydroxyl group is bonded to the end or middle carbon on the straight propane chain. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl (OH) group, such as in isopropyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol (in alcoholic beverages). (cdc.gov)
- Rubbing alcohol is already a mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol. (answers.com)
- Rubbing alcohol is 'isopropyl' alcohol, not the same chemical as grain alcohol, ('ethyl' alcohol). (answers.com)
- Yes, rubbing alcohol is a common name for isopropyl alcohol. (answers.com)
- Can you use isopropyl alcohol for rubbing alcohol? (answers.com)
- Isopropyl alcohol and rubbing alcohol are not the same thing. (answers.com)
- Rubbing alcohol is a mixture of compounds (type of denatured alcohol) whereas isopropyl alcohol is not. (answers.com)
- Rubbing alcohol is called 2-propanol or isopropyl alcohol. (answers.com)
- No, Isopropyl Alcohol (also known as rubbing alcohol) isn't a carcinogen. (answers.com)
Amount of alcohol9
- If you know, be sure to tell hospital or emergency personnel the kind and amount of alcohol the person drank, and when. (mayoclinic.org)
- Alcohol poisoning occurs when a person drinks a toxic amount of alcohol, usually over a short period of time (binge drinking) . (www.nhs.uk)
- The amount of alcohol in your bloodstream, known as your blood alcohol concentration (BAC), will rise. (www.nhs.uk)
- There is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Binge drinking is when you drink an excessive amount of alcohol at one time. (familydoctor.org)
- You will be fine if thats the honest amount of alcohol you are consuming, Luvox is more dangerous than the 2 beers you have I would get off that ASAP I know its an OCD med but its not worth it. (drugs.com)
- As the amount of alcohol increases inside the brain, cells essentially shut down because they cannot receive signals. (everything2.com)
- However, you are not taking it for depression but for panic attacks , which unlike depression are likely to be eased by a small amount of alcohol rather than worsened as depression might be. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- Limit the amount of alcohol you keep at home. (healthfinder.gov)
Hydroxyl group3
- The hydroxyl group of alcohols and phenols is responsible for an interesting variety of physical and chemical properties. (britannica.com)
- The polar bonds of the hydroxyl group are responsible for the major reaction characteristics of alcohols and phenols. (britannica.com)
- Cholesterol, found in most animal tissues and in egg yolks, contains a hydroxyl group (―OH), making it a naturally occurring source of alcohol. (britannica.com)
Toxic alcohols3
- Chapter 107: Toxic Alcohols. (cdc.gov)
- Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning: methylpyrazole for toxic alcohols study group. (cdc.gov)
- Toxic alcohols are poisonous alcohols that can damage the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Tertiary4
- Alcohols are then classified into primary, secondary (sec-, s-), and tertiary (tert-, t-), based upon the number of carbon atoms connected to the carbon atom that bears the hydroxyl functional group. (wikipedia.org)
- A Grignard reagent adds to formaldehyde to give a primary alcohol with one additional carbon atom, to an aldehyde to give a secondary alcohol, and to a ketone to yield a tertiary alcohol. (britannica.com)
- This technique is valuable for making secondary and tertiary alcohols with two identical alkyl groups. (britannica.com)
- Model tertiary alcohols exhibited β-proton abstraction following breaking of the C-O bond, while model secondary and primary alcohols experienced an earlier β-proton abstraction, synchronic with the C-O bond cleavage. (springer.com)
20182
- The 2018 alcohol and tobacco compliance check results are now available at SAC - Survey for Alcohol Compliance and TCC - Tobacco Compliance Checks . (in.gov)
- John Crabbe , current Portland Alcohol Research Center (PARC) Co-Investigator and former Center Director, was elected as a 2018 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS) in recognition of extraordinary achievements in science. (ohsu.edu)
Reactions1
- Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful tools for organic synthesis, and the most common products of their reactions are alcohols. (britannica.com)
Blood-alcohol conce5
- A person who has drunk a heavy amount will have their BAC (which stands for blood-alcohol concentration) heightened to a lethal level, and this is what causes a fatal overdose. (google.com)
- 2. If one thinks in terms of blood alcohol concentration (BAC), it's really not surprising that women and men who stick to the low-risk drinking guidelines experience fewer negative alcohol-related consequences than their peers who drink more. (slideshare.net)
- Blood alcohol concentration rises as alcohol is consumed in large quantities and over short periods of time. (bgsu.edu)
- Binge drinking is drinking so much at once that your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level is 0.08% or more. (medlineplus.gov)
- Four drinks in 1 hour and you have a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.08, the legal limit in most states. (menshealth.com)
Phenols2
- Both alcohols and phenols are widespread in nature, with alcohols being especially ubiquitous . (britannica.com)
- Although ethers contain two polar carbon-oxygen bonds, they are much less reactive than alcohols or phenols. (britannica.com)
Effects of alco4
- Researchers analyzed information from 20 previously published studies that looked at the effects of alcohol on sleep . (livescience.com)
- At that level, the depressant effects of alcohol can simply slow the breathing and heart rate down to a point where a person enters a coma and may die. (bgsu.edu)
- Jim Koch (founder of Sam Adams beer) swears by a teaspoon of yeast to minimize the effects of alcohol, but a small sample test -- along with some microbiologists' opinions -- suggest that this is an urban legend. (techdirt.com)
- So what we just discussed accounts for the depressant effects of alcohol: it suppresses the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and increases the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. (forbes.com)
Amounts of alcohol8
- A newborn has a very immature liver, so minute amounts of alcohol would be more of a burden. (kellymom.com)
- One study showed changes in the infant's sleep-wake patterning after short-term exposure to small amounts of alcohol in breastmilk - infants whose mothers were light drinkers slept less (Mennella & Gerrish 1998). (kellymom.com)
- Alcohol poisoning is a serious - and sometimes deadly - consequence of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. (mayoclinic.org)
- The amount consumed and how long they have had the high amounts of alcohol in their system can be a determining factor in whether or not they survive. (google.com)
- Together, the studies included more than 500 people who drank low, moderate or high amounts of alcohol before going to bed, and underwent testing while they snoozed in a sleep lab. (livescience.com)
- Consuming these amounts of alcohol harms your health, relationships, work, and/or causes legal problems. (familydoctor.org)
- The small amounts of alcohol contained in that early beer was enough to keep the bacterial content to an acceptable limit. (everything2.com)
- My question is whether it is ok to drink moderate amounts of alcohol while taking this drug. (netdoctor.co.uk)
Commonly2
- This displacement reaction is not frequently used to synthesize alcohols, however, because alkyl halides are more commonly synthesized from alcohols rather than vice versa. (britannica.com)
- Binge drinking is commonly tied to alcohol poisoning. (familydoctor.org)
Alcoholism10
- Analyses of a national sample of individuals with alcohol dependence (alcoholism) reveal five distinct subtypes of the disease, according to a new study by scientists at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (nih.gov)
- However, recent reports from NIAAA's National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative epidemiological study of alcohol, drug, and mental disorders in the United States, suggest that only about one-fourth of individuals with alcoholism have ever received treatment. (nih.gov)
- Alcohol abuse can lead to physical dependency on alcohol, or alcoholism. (familydoctor.org)
- If you have a family history of alcoholism or alcohol abuse, you may have to work harder at resisting or limiting alcohol. (familydoctor.org)
- In New York and Massachusetts, two states that had no restrictions on alcohol consumption before 1920, hospital admissions for alcoholism declined sharply. (encyclopedia.com)
- Severe AUD is sometimes called alcoholism or alcohol dependence. (medlineplus.gov)
- One of 20 research centers funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism , the Portland Alcohol Research Center (PARC) focuses on uncovering the genetics of how the brain adapts to alcohol. (ohsu.edu)
- The Society promotes research, training, and dissemination of information on alcoholism and alcohol-related biomedical phenomena, for the benefit of individuals and to inform national and international agencies on alcohol-related research and policy. (ohsu.edu)
- Tamara Phillips , PARC Center Director, received the Bowles Lectureship Award from the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in recognition of her distinguished career and research on alcoholism and alcohol abuse. (ohsu.edu)
- According to results from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), alcoholism affects men more than women: About 10 percent of men, compared to 3 to 5 percent of women, become alcoholics over the course of their lifetime. (forbes.com)
Sorbitol1
- This sugarless gum uses sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, as a sweetener. (howstuffworks.com)
Organic4
- In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom. (wikipedia.org)
- thiols and sulfides Thiols are organic functional groups, similar in structure to alcohols but containing sulfur atoms in place of oxygen atoms. (britannica.com)
- Alcohol is a liquid , an organic substance. (everything2.com)
- It is therefore the main object of this invention to provide an improved hydroformylation process which yields alcohols containing more linear isomer and less organic carbonyl compounds as by-products than alcohols prepared by prior art processes. (google.com)
20173
- Per Hale (2017), "mothers who ingest alcohol in moderate amounts can generally return to breastfeeding as soon as they feel neurologically normal. (kellymom.com)
- Associated Alcohols & Breweries Ltd has informed BSE that the Register of Members & Share Transfer Books of the Company will remain closed from July 31, 2017 to August 05, 2017 (both days inclusive) for the purpose of Payment of Dividend & 28th Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Company to be held on August 05, 2017. (indiatimes.com)
- As of August 1, 2017, an Electronic Chain of Custody Form (eCCF) replaced the paper chain of custody forms for employees or prospective employees of Indiana state government who visit an approved testing/collection site for a drug or alcohol test. (in.gov)
Drug and Alcoho1
Drank6
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
- Regardless of how much people drank, alcohol reduced the time it took them to fall asleep. (livescience.com)
- Call 911, stay with the victim to prevent them from choking on vomit, and tell emergency personnel how much alcohol the victim drank. (etsu.edu)
- The health care provider will make a diagnosis by looking at the child's signs and symptoms and asking whether the mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
- An experiment with students showed that volunteers exposed to a film and commercials where alcohol featured predominately drank an average one-and-a-half bottles of beer more during the hour they were watching. (france24.com)
- The most alcohol anyone drank was four bottles and the least amount was none, the researchers said, adding it was not possible to tell whether watching alcohol on screen has any effect on long-term behaviour. (france24.com)
Fetal10
- In a majority of states, children with a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are immediately eligible for early intervention services. (cdc.gov)
- In 1973, fetal alcohol syndrome was first described as a specific cluster of birth defects resulting from alcohol exposure in utero. (aappublications.org)
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the general term that encompasses the range of adverse effects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. (aappublications.org)
- The diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome are specific, and comprehensive efforts are ongoing to establish definitive criteria for diagnosing the other FASDs. (aappublications.org)
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) is an overarching phrase that encompasses a range of possible diagnoses, including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). (aappublications.org)
- As it became evident that PAE resulted in a spectrum of lifelong manifestations, varying from mild to severe and encompassing a broad variety of physical defects and cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and adaptive functioning deficits, the term "fetal alcohol effects" was adopted to describe children who had PAE manifestations yet did not meet the FAS diagnostic criteria, primarily by lacking physical abnormalities associated with FAS. (aappublications.org)
- Drinking during pregnancy can cause a group of conditions called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). (medlineplus.gov)
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most serious type of FASD. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with fetal alcohol syndrome have facial abnormalities, including wide-set and narrow eyes, growth problems and nervous system abnormalities. (medlineplus.gov)
- What Is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) and Why Is It Important That I Know about It? (medlineplus.gov)
Epoxides1
- They also add to epoxides , yielding primary alcohols in which two additional carbon atoms have been added to the chain of the Grignard reagent. (britannica.com)
Poisonous3
- Rubbing alcohol is POISONOUS to drink! (answers.com)
- Rubbing alcohol is poisonous. (answers.com)
- This is when the level of alcohol in a person's blood is so high that it's considered poisonous. (familydoctor.org)
Affects7
- In fact, alcohol affects HDL levels just about as strongly as any other lifestyle factor. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- From my day-to-day experience of dealing with how alcohol affects young people, I can honestly say that this industry is a main factor in the breakdown of lives and society. (csmonitor.com)
- Alcohol affects your health in other ways, too. (familydoctor.org)
- We hear many different things about how alcohol affects the brain and body, most notably that it is a depressant. (forbes.com)
- Alcohol directly affects brain chemistry by altering levels of neurotransmitters -- the chemical messengers that transmit the signals throughout the body that control thought processes, behavior and emotion. (forbes.com)
- Alcohol affects both "excitatory" neurotransmitters and "inhibitory" neurotransmitters. (forbes.com)
- Ever since, humans have discovered that alcohol reduces their inhibitions, impairs their judgement , affects sexual desire and performance , creates beer bellies and leads to hangovers ( and dubious cures ). (newscientist.com)
Liver11
- Most alcohol is processed (metabolized) by your liver. (mayoclinic.org)
- Substances such as cholesterol , found in most animal tissues (and abundant in egg yolks), and retinol ( vitamin A alcohol), extracted from fish liver oils, are examples of naturally occurring sources of alcohols. (britannica.com)
- Your liver breaks down alcohol and some medications . (webmd.com)
- Every time you drink alcohol, your liver has to filter it out of your blood. (www.nhs.uk)
- Under Prohibition, deaths from alcohol-related diseases, such as cirrhosis of the liver, fell, and arrests for drunkenness decreased. (encyclopedia.com)
- Since mono often produces liver inflammation it is wise to avoid alcohol consumption while symptomatic. (drugs.com)
- Since alcohol is broken down by the liver, the illness can intensify the risk of liver injury by alcohol. (drugs.com)
- Blood absorbs alcohol much faster than the liver can eliminate it, which is why it takes an hour for the effects of each drink to wear off. (menshealth.com)
- Eventually the alcohol would still make its way to the liver, Stewart said, but the high alcohol content would overwhelm the organ. (cnn.com)
- Binge drinking is an ever-increasing health concern, and when not consumed in moderation, alcohol can lead to liver problems , brain damage and infertility. (newscientist.com)
- Drinking too much alcohol increases people's risk of injuries, violence, drowning, liver disease, and some types of cancer. (healthfinder.gov)
Primary11
- CDC is working to make alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) a routine element of health care in all primary care settings. (cdc.gov)
- The primary alcohols have general formulas RCH2OH. (wikipedia.org)
- A hydroxide ion can displace a halide ion from a primary alkyl halide (RCH 2 X, where X is a halogen ) to give an alcohol. (britannica.com)
- A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. (ebi.ac.uk)
- If your primary care doctor or other primary care practitioner determines you're misusing alcohol, you can get up to 4 brief face-to-face counseling sessions per year (if you're competent and alert during counseling). (medicare.gov)
- Wines and beers of varying strengths and description became the primary beverages among European populations confronted with unpotable drinking water, since the antiseptic power of alcohol, along with the natural acidity of wine and beer, killed many pathogens in the questionable water. (encyclopedia.com)
- A hydroformylation process for increasing the yield of straight chain unsubstituted primary alcohols from predominantly terminal olefins by contacting the olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a cobalt catalyst is characterized by the incorporation of aqueous base in a base to. (google.com)
- A hydroformylation process for increasing the yield of straight chain unsubstituted primary alcohols from predominantly terminal olefins by contacting the olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a cobalt catalyst is characterized by the incorporation of aqueous base in a base to cobalt molar ratio of about 10:1 to 20:1 in the reaction mixture before or after heating the same to reaction temperature. (google.com)
- The base introduced in the oxo reactor while hydroformylation is occurring continuously converts by-products acetals and esters to the corresponding primary alcohols, thereby considerably increasing the yield thereof. (google.com)
- This invention relates to a process for making primary alcohols characterized by the use of base to suppress formation of carbonyl reaction by-products to increase the yield of linear primary alcohols. (google.com)
- In the past, linear primary alcohols have been prepared by processes based on the oxo or hydroformylation reaction by treating olefinic compounds with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at elevated temperatures and pressure and in the presence of various cobalt-based catalyst. (google.com)
Esters1
- Grignard reagents add twice to esters to give alcohols (upon hydrolysis). (britannica.com)
Misuse5
- covers an alcohol misuse screening once per year if you're an adult (including pregnant women) who uses alcohol, but you don't meet the medical criteria for alcohol dependency. (medicare.gov)
- The treatment options for alcohol misuse depend on the extent of your drinking and whether you're trying to drink less (moderation) or give up drinking completely (abstinence). (www.nhs.uk)
- The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) recommends screening adults aged 18 years or older for alcohol misuse. (familydoctor.org)
- Government statistics show that these and other programs to prevent alcohol misuse could be paying off. (prweb.com)
- Sir, - Your report on alcohol-related deaths among people who were alcohol dependent (Home News, July 14th) yet again underlines the grave levels of alcohol misuse in this country. (irishtimes.com)
Alcoholic beverages2
- The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding notes: "ingestion of alcoholic beverages should be minimized and limited to an occasional intake but no more than 0.5 g alcohol per kg body weight, which for a 60 kg mother is approximately 2 oz liquor, 8 oz wine, or 2 beers. (kellymom.com)
- Distilled alcoholic beverages could pretend neither to nourishment nor to low alcohol content-but they became widely popular in some areas of Europe (for example, Russia), where they replaced wine and beer as the preferred beverages in daily life and in the celebration of church holidays and ceremonial occasions, such as births, christenings and baptisms, marriages, deaths, and wakes. (encyclopedia.com)
Abuse35
- Alcohol myopia is a cognitive - physiological theory on alcohol abuse in which many of alcohol 's social and stress -reducing effects, which may underlie its addictive capacity, are explained as a consequence of alcohol's narrowing of perceptual and cognitive functioning. (wikipedia.org)
- In May 1985, less than two months after becoming General Secretary of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev launched a campaign against alcohol abuse, backing it up with a series of measures to reduce alcohol production and sales. (archive.org)
- His or her alcohol and/or substance abuse problems, if any, are under control and are likely to remain under control. (michigan.gov)
- A relapse after an attempt to bring an alcohol and/or drug abuse problem under control. (michigan.gov)
- What is alcohol abuse? (familydoctor.org)
- Alcohol abuse is a serious problem. (familydoctor.org)
- You may be suffering from alcohol abuse if you drink too much alcohol at one time or too often throughout the week. (familydoctor.org)
- People abuse alcohol for many reasons. (familydoctor.org)
- How is alcohol abuse diagnosed? (familydoctor.org)
- Can alcohol abuse be prevented or avoided? (familydoctor.org)
- Avoid spending time with others who abuse alcohol. (familydoctor.org)
- Your doctor may screen for alcohol abuse. (familydoctor.org)
- If you are the one suffering from alcohol abuse, the first step is recognizing you need help. (familydoctor.org)
- Many studies show that people struggling with alcohol abuse can benefit from some form of treatment. (familydoctor.org)
- Behavioral therapy can be used to treat alcohol abuse. (familydoctor.org)
- Some prescription medicines can treat alcohol abuse by helping people stop or reduce their drinking. (familydoctor.org)
- A New Study Says Heavy Drinking Has Become a 'Public Health Crisis' Rates of alcohol abuse are on the rise, especially for women, minorities, and the elderly. (nymag.com)
- BGSU engages in multiple strategies in the prevention of alcohol and drug abuse. (bgsu.edu)
- How common is alcohol abuse? (webmd.com)
- It's estimated that between 18 million -- or one in 12 adults -- in the U.S. abuse alcohol or are chronic alcoholics. (webmd.com)
- Nearly 100,000 Americans die each year because of alcohol abuse, and alcohol is a factor in more than half of the country's homicides, suicides, and traffic accidents. (webmd.com)
- Alcohol Abuse , Psychiatric Annuls 2005. (webmd.com)
- Research shows that the earlier a child starts drinking, the greater the likelihood he or she will abuse alcohol later in life. (familydoctor.org)
- Talk about the dangers of underage drinking and alcohol abuse. (familydoctor.org)
- The PARC offers training opportunities to graduate and post-graduate students interested in alcohol-abuse research. (ohsu.edu)
- In keeping with its educational mission, the University assumes the responsibility to better inform the campus community about alcohol and substance abuse. (umsl.edu)
- But while the figures bring into the sharp relief the scale of the alcohol abuse problem in Ireland, they also point to a need for urgent action in relation to the promotion and marketing of alcohol. (irishtimes.com)
- Implementing effective measures to tackle the problem of alcohol abuse among younger, middle-aged and older people will take courage and persistence on the part of our Government. (irishtimes.com)
- Ultimately, alcohol abuse damages heart muscle, causing it to pump less efficiently. (menshealth.com)
- Long-term alcohol abuse depletes an important antioxidant in the lungs, leaving them vulnerable to permanent, life-threatening damage from pneumonia, sepsis, and other infections. (menshealth.com)
- The results of this survey may be shared to assess drug and alcohol abuse at Grant. (google.com)
- Do you feel like you know where to find resources about drug/alcohol abuse, overdoses, or counseling? (google.com)
- Please tell a story about an experience you or a friend have had with drug/alcohol abuse. (google.com)
- To spread the word and prevent alcohol abuse, [your organization] is joining other organizations across the country to honor Alcohol Awareness Month. (healthfinder.gov)
- 2007-02-05 17:49:00 PST SAN FRANCISCO -- San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom said today that he will seek treatment for alcohol abuse. (sfgate.com)
Content10
- Operating a vehicle with a bodily alcohol content [BAC] of .08 or higher. (michigan.gov)
- Operating a commercial vehicle with an alcohol content of .04 or higher. (michigan.gov)
- 1. Blood Alcohol Content Your BAC (Blood Alcohol Content) is the percentage of your blood volume that is alcohol. (slideshare.net)
- The US Postal Service (USPS) doesn't allow the shipment of intoxicating liquors containing 0.5% or more alcohol by content. (ebay.com)
- Collectible alcohol containers if they still contain any alcoholic content. (ebay.com)
- The powerful spirituous beverages aquavit and vodka-names that derive from the word "water" in Scandinavian languages and Russian, respectively-resulted from a process that used a boiling water-alcohol mixture to derive a condensation with a higher alcohol content than that of the starting liquid. (encyclopedia.com)
- The Volstead Act, unlike some state laws, permitted the manufacture of beer as long as the beer contained no more than 0.5 percent alcohol (this low-alcohol-content beer was called near beer). (encyclopedia.com)
- It is packaged with a bit of water, and the alcohol content varies from one manufacturer to another. (answers.com)
- Distillation increases the alcohol content of a drink by boiling an alcoholic mixture and collecting the alcohol as it evaporates. (ehow.com)
- The caloric content varies by specific sugar alcohol. (howstuffworks.com)
Occur1
- An alcohol binge can occur over hours or last up to several days. (mayoclinic.org)
Types of alcohol2
- We focus our review on four main types of alcohol regulations: price/tax restrictions, age-based availability restrictions, spatial availability restrictions, and temporal availability restrictions. (nber.org)
- At our discretion, we may permit sales of other types of alcohol by pre-approved sellers in designated categories. (ebay.com)
Past 30 Days2
- More than 60 percent of those surveyed said they had tried alcohol at least once, and 31.9 percent said they had consumed alcohol in the past 30 days, almost the same as in 2001. (washingtonpost.com)
- A highly regarded national study on the same topic in 2003 showed that 76.6 percent of seniors nationally reported having tried alcohol, and 47.5 percent said they had consumed alcohol in the past 30 days. (washingtonpost.com)
Symptoms2
- Had withdrawal symptoms when the alcohol was wearing off? (medlineplus.gov)
- What Are Symptoms of Alcohol Use Disorder? (medlineplus.gov)
Marijuana3
- Big Beer Takes on Little Weed at the Ballot Box The alcohol industry is bankrolling efforts to defeat this fall's ballot initiatives on marijuana legalization. (nymag.com)
- Results of a survey of Loudoun County youth this spring indicate that fewer students may be smoking cigarettes and marijuana than in the past but that alcohol use has remained essentially unchanged. (washingtonpost.com)
- Any level of use is disconcerting, especially so when you look at how many kids by the end of 12th grade report using marijuana and alcohol," said Douglas C. Holmes, Loudoun's assistant superintendent for pupil services. (washingtonpost.com)
Main1
Hydroxy1
- As described under systematic naming, if another group on the molecule takes priority, the alcohol moiety is often indicated using the "hydroxy-" prefix. (wikipedia.org)
Pregnancy4
- FASDs are preventable if a woman does not drink alcohol during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
- 1 The US Surgeon General issued the first public health advisory in 1981 (reissued in 2005) that alcohol during pregnancy was a cause of birth defects. (aappublications.org)
- It can damage your baby's health if you drink alcohol during pregnancy. (familydoctor.org)
- Alcohol can harm your baby at any stage during a pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Chemical4
- Rhazes (854 CE - 925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, and philosopher who discovered numerous compounds and chemicals including "alcohol" by developing several chemical instruments and methods of distillation. (wikipedia.org)
- GABA receptors contain a binding site for the chemical, GABA, a chloride ion channel, and an additional binding site for alcohol molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- A chemical test showing an alcohol level of .16 or higher. (michigan.gov)
- What is the chemical name for rubbing alcohol? (answers.com)
Behavior6
- By leading the brain to overreact to present cues and disregard the implications of one's actions, alcohol often provokes aggressive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcohol consumption can result in a "Jekyll and Hyde" effect in individuals who are typically amiable when sober but are perhaps predisposed to aggressive behavior. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, alcohol has a dramatic connection to criminal behavior, rage, physical destruction, and sexual assault. (wikipedia.org)
- It is important to note, however, that alcohol myopia's effects on excessive behavior do not incite aggression in all drinkers. (wikipedia.org)
- focused on changing the behavior of alcohol-impaired driving offenders. (cdc.gov)
- Newsom's chief political adviser, Eric Jaye , said, "Let's make it clear (the mayor) is not blaming alcohol for his bad behavior. (sfgate.com)
Large amounts1
Hydrogen atoms1
- The addition of two hydrogen atoms to a carbonyl group produces an alcohol. (britannica.com)
Sell alcohol4
- Beer and wine will be available to order from Aldi in 60 percent of its 1,400 stores that sell alcohol nationwide. (newsweek.com)
- These included limiting the kinds of shops permitted to sell alcohol, closing many vodka distilleries and destroying vineyards in the wine-producing republics of Moldavia, Armenia and Georgia, and banning the sale of alcohol in restaurants before two o'clock in the afternoon. (archive.org)
- Members outside the US aren't allowed to sell alcohol to members residing in the US. (ebay.com)
- Through the company's WE I.D. program, Anheuser-Busch and its nationwide network of wholesalers has distributed tools to help hundreds of thousands of retail accounts serve and sell alcohol responsibly, and post signage to remind consumers they will be asked to show a valid I.D. to purchase alcohol. (prweb.com)
PHENETHYL ALCOHOL5
- Techno-economic analyses of specific Phenethyl Alcohol production processes, presenting capital investment breakdown, raw materials consumed and operating costs. (slideshare.net)
- 1. Know the capital investment required Examine the operating costs & raw materials consumption Phenethyl alcohol is a colourless liquid widely found in nature in a variety of essential oils. (slideshare.net)
- The Intratec portfolio (www.intratec.us/our-portfolio) includes reports examining specific Phenethyl Alcohol production processes. (slideshare.net)
- For a 10-page description of our methodology, visit www.intratec.us/reports/industrial-processes-economics Reports Focused on Phenethyl Alcohol Production Economics ECONOMICS OF PHENETHYL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION PROCESS (PHENETHYL ALCOHOL E11A) This report presents the economics of a typical Phenethyl Alcohol production process from benzene, ethylene oxide, and aluminium chloride in the USA. (slideshare.net)
- ECONOMICS OF PHENETHYL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION PROCESS (PHENETHYL ALCOHOL E11C) The process analyzed in this report is the same examined in the report "Phenethyl Alcohol E11A" with the exception that the plant is located in China. (slideshare.net)
Underwent1
- Consistent with computed natural bond orbital charges, benzylic and propargylic alcohols underwent iodide anion quenching at the para position of phenyl and C-3, respectively. (springer.com)
Depressant2
- Hi, alcohol is a depressant, so it will go against the effects of the antidepressant/s. (drugs.com)
- Alcohol is a depressant, but it's also an indirect stimulant, and plays a few other roles that might surprise you. (forbes.com)
Abstain from alcohol1
- Alcohol-related birth defects and developmental disabilities are completely preventable when pregnant women abstain from alcohol use. (aappublications.org)
Harm3
- There is a 0.5 percent alcohol Beer & Wine in grocery stores that I doubt would cause any harm. (drugs.com)
- Significantly, the Health Research Board's report concludes that there is no published evidence that school-based education and information programmes reduce alcohol-related harm. (irishtimes.com)
- Reducing alcohol-related harm requires a robust public health policy. (irishtimes.com)
