Alcoholism: A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Alcohol Deterrents: Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.Temperance: Habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite, especially but not exclusively the consumption of alcohol.Child of Impaired Parents: Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.): Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts research focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems to reduce the health, social, and economic consequences of this disease. NIAAA, NIMH, and NIDA were created as coequal institutes within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration in 1974. It was established within the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH in 1992.Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.Central Nervous System Depressants: A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).Alcoholics: Persons who have a history of physical or psychological dependence on ETHANOL.Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System: Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.Alcoholic Intoxication: An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic: FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.Event-Related Potentials, P300: A late-appearing component of the event-related potential. P300 stands for a positive deflection in the event-related voltage potential at 300 millisecond poststimulus. Its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)Alcoholics Anonymous: An organization of self-proclaimed alcoholics who meet frequently to reinforce their practice of abstinence.Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium: An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)Antisocial Personality Disorder: A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)Behavior, Addictive: The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.70.Alcohol Dehydrogenase: A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Alcohol Amnestic Disorder: A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)Psychoses, Alcoholic: A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures: A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)Alcohol-Related Disorders: Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.Alcohol-Induced Disorders: Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.Marital Therapy: A form of psychotherapy involving the husband and wife and directed to improving the marital relationship.Father-Child Relations: Interaction between the father and the child.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Liver Diseases, Alcoholic: Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.OklahomaSubstance-Related Disorders: Disorders related to substance abuse.Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.Lipomatosis, Multiple Symmetrical: A condition characterized by the growth of unencapsulated masses of ADIPOSE TISSUE symmetrically deposited around the neck, shoulders, or other sites around the body.Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Fathers: Male parents, human or animal.Pellagra: A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).Narcotic Antagonists: Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.Family: A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.Taurine: A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.MMPI: A personality inventory consisting of statements to be asserted or denied by the individual. The patterns of response are characteristic of certain personality attributes.Genetic Linkage: The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Ethnology: The comparative and theoretical study of culture, often synonymous with cultural anthropology.Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride.Thiamine Deficiency: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to substance abuse and mental health. It is commonly referred to by the acronym SAMHSA. On 1 October 1992, the United States Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) became SAMHSA.Alcoholic Beverages: Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4: A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.Hepatitis, Alcoholic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.United States Dept. of Health and Human Services: A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to health and human services.Stress Disorders, Traumatic: Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic: Disease of CARDIAC MUSCLE resulting from chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Myocardial damage can be caused by: (1) a toxic effect of alcohol; (2) malnutrition in alcoholics such as THIAMINE DEFICIENCY; or (3) toxic effect of additives in alcoholic beverages such as COBALT. This disease is usually manifested by DYSPNEA and palpitations with CARDIOMEGALY and congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).Hydroxytryptophol: 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Wernicke Encephalopathy: An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)Gypsies: Ethnic group originating in India and entering Europe in the 14th or 15th century.Genome-Wide Association Study: An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.Psychiatric Status Rating Scales: Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.Endophenotypes: Measurable biological (physiological, biochemical, and anatomical features), behavioral (psychometric pattern) or cognitive markers that are found more often in individuals with a disease than in the general population. Because many endophenotypes are present before the disease onset and in individuals with heritable risk for disease such as unaffected family members, they can be used to help diagnose and search for causative genes.Delta Rhythm: Brain waves seen on EEG characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 Hz and below. They are considered the "deep sleep waves" observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Lod Score: The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."Substance Abuse Treatment Centers: Health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. Methadone distribution centers are included.Frontal Lobe: The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual.Cooperative Behavior: The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)Myelinolysis, Central Pontine: A demyelinating condition affecting the PONS and characterized clinically by an acute progressive QUADRIPLEGIA; DYSARTHRIA; DYSPHAGIA; and alterations of consciousness. Pathologic features include prominent demyelination in the central PONS with sparing of axons and neurons. This condition is usually associated with systemic disorders such as HYPONATREMIA; chronic ALCOHOLISM; LIVER FAILURE; severe BURNS; malignant NEOPLASMS; hemorrhagic PANCREATITIS; HEMODIALYSIS; and SEPSIS. The rapid medical correction of hyponatremia has been cited as a cause of this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1125-6)Indians, North American: Individual members of North American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia.
Lymphocyte proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF) in alcoholic liver disease. (1/5630)
Lymphocyte proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF) was determined in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic liver disease. PIF was assayed by determining inhibition of DNA synthesis in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts. A two-fold greater inhibition in thymidine incorporation into DNA by lung fibroblasts was observed in supernatants of PHA stimulated lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis or active Laennec's cirrhosis as compared with that found in control subjects or patients with fatty liver. It is suggested that decreased liver cell regeneration seen in some patients with alcoholic hepatitis may be due to increased elaboration of PIF. (+info)Antibodies against phospholipids and oxidized LDL in alcoholic patients. (2/5630)
Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) are a generic term describing antibodies that recognize various phospholipids. Hepatocyte damage is a cardinal event in the course of alcoholic liver injury and autoantibodies against phospholipids could play an important role in this process. APA in alcoholic patients seem to reflect membrane lesions, impairment of immunological reactivity, liver disease progression and they correlate significantly with disease severity. LDL oxidation is supposed to be one of the most important pathogenic mechanisms of atherosclerosis and antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are some kind of an epiphenomenon of this process. The scope of our study was to determine some autoantibodies (IgG-oxLDL and antiphospholipid antibodies) and their possible changes in alcoholic patients. We studied IgG-oxLDL and four APA - anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), antiphosphatidylserine antibodies (APSA) antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies (APE) and antiphosphatidylcholine antibodies (APCA) in 35 alcoholic patients with mildly affected liver function at the beginning of the abuse treatment. The control group consisted of 60 healthy blood donors. In the studied group, we obtained positive results concerning total ACA in 17.1 % of alcoholic patients (8.3 % in the control group), 11.4 % IgG-ACA (6.7 %), 8.6 % IgM-ACA (3.3 %), 14.3 % total APE (6.7 %), 14.3 % total APCA (8.3 %) and 20 % total APSA (8.3 % in the control group). The IgG-oxLDL (406.4+/-52.5 vs 499.9+/-52.5 mU/ml) was not affected in alcoholic patients. We conclude that the autoantibodies against oxLDL are present in sera of alcoholics and healthy blood donors. Based on our results which revealed a wide range of IgG-oxLDL titres in the healthy population, this parameter does not appear to be very promising for the evaluation of the risk of atherosclerosis. Alcoholics with only mild affection of liver functions did not exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of all studied antiphospholipid antibodies (ACA, APSA, APE, APCA) which could lead to membrane lesions in these patients. (+info)Involvement of cytochromes P-450 2E1 and 3A4 in the 5-hydroxylation of salicylate in humans. (3/5630)
Hydroxylation of salicylate into 2,3 and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids (2,3-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA) by human liver microsomal preparations was investigated. Kinetic studies demonstrated that salicylate was 5-hydroxylated with two apparent Km: one high-affinity Km of 606 microM and one low-affinity Km greater than 2 mM. Liver microsomes prepared from 15 human samples catalyzed the formation of 2,5-DHBA at metabolic rate of 21.7 +/- 8.5 pmol/mg/min. The formation of 2, 3-DHBA was not P-450 dependent. Formation of 2,5-DHBA was inhibited by 36 +/- 14% following preincubation of microsomes with diethyldithiocarbamate, a mechanism-based selective inhibitor of P-450 2E1. Furthermore, the efficiency of inhibition was significantly correlated with four catalytic activities specific to P-450 2E1, whereas the residual activity was correlated with three P-450 3A4 catalytic activities. Troleandomycin, a mechanism-based inhibitor selective to P-450 3A4, inhibited by 30 +/- 12% the 5-hydroxylation of salicylate, and this inhibition was significantly correlated with nifedipine oxidation, specific to P-450 3A4. The capability of seven recombinant human P-450s to hydroxylate salicylate demonstrated that P-450 2E1 and 3A4 contributed to 2, 5-DHBA formation in approximately equal proportions. The Km values of recombinant P-450 2E1 and 3A4, 280 and 513 microM, respectively, are in the same range as the high-affinity Km measured with human liver microsomes. The plasmatic metabolic ratio 2,5-DHBA/salicylate, measured 2 h after ingestion of 1 g acetylsalicylate, was increased 3-fold in 12 alcoholic patients at the beginning of their withdrawal period versus 15 control subjects. These results confirm that P-450 2E1, inducible by ethanol, is involved in the 5-hydroxylation of salicylate in humans. Furthermore, this ratio was still increased by 2-fold 1 week after ethanol withdrawal. This finding suggests that P-450 3A4, known to be also inducible by alcoholic beverages, plays an important role in this increase, because P-450 2E1 returned to normal levels in less than 3 days after ethanol withdrawal. Finally, in vivo and in vitro data demonstrated that P-450 2E1 and P-450 3A4, both inducible by alcohols, catalyzed the 5-hydroxylation of salicylate. (+info)The role of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcoholism: from animal to clinical studies. (4/5630)
Since its discovery nearly 40 years ago, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has attracted several waves of scientific interest due to new developments in the knowledge of its mechanisms of action and ideas for its potential use in clinical practice. Its effects have been claimed to treat different psychiatric conditions, but over time its use has become limited to a few specific situations (e.g. sedating patients in non-painful surgical procedures and narcolepsy). New interest in the drug derives from its potential use in the treatment of alcoholism. Recent studies demonstrated a marked effect of the substance in suppressing ethanol (ETOH) withdrawal symptoms and in reducing craving for alcohol, compared to other available drugs. However, GHB has to be given under very careful supervision because of its side-effects, including the risk of abuse and dependence and possible interference with the metabolic pathways of endogenous GHB and ETOH. This short review discusses these and related issues and we hope that it will stimulate further interest in GHB. (+info)The impact of Alcohol and Alcoholism among substance abuse journals. (5/5630)
This article concerns the question of journal impact factor and other bibliometric indicators made available by the Institute for Scientific Information in their Journal Citation Report for 1996. The impact factors of journals within the subject category 'substance abuse' are listed along with total citations, immediacy indices, and cited half-lives. The relationship between cited and citing journals is discussed with the main focus on the data available for Alcohol and Alcoholism. Some of the problems and limitations of bibliometric measures of productivity are dealt with, especially when these are used to evaluate the work of individual scientists. Although bibliometric measures are easy to compute, they become difficult to interpret, such as when dealing with collaborative research and the problem posed by multiple authorship. The need to adjust impact factors and citation counts for the number of co-authors in a paper becomes important when credit has to be attributed to one individual from a multi-author paper. This is often necessary in connection with grant applications and when making decisions about academic promotion and tenure. The impact factor of Alcohol and Alcoholism has increased steadily over the past 5 years, even after adjusting for the number of self-citations, which resulted in an even greater increase in impact. However, the impact factors of substance abuse journals are generally low, compared with disciplines such as immunology, genetics, and biochemistry. Some suggestions are made for increasing the impact factors of substance abuse journals if this is considered necessary. But instead of paying attention to the impact factor of a journal, scientists should give more consideration to the speed and efficiency of the editorial handling of their manuscripts and particularly to the quality and timeliness of the peer review. (+info)Enhancing the identification of excessive drinkers on medical wards: a 1-year follow-up study. (6/5630)
This paper describes a 1-year follow-up study examining whether hospital ward doctors and nurses continue to take quantitative alcohol histories and provide brief intervention to problem drinkers on general medical wards after the introduction of a simple protocol. Regular training in the use of this protocol was stipulated in the annual service contract between the Health Authority and the Hospital Trusts. Improvements in staff practice persisted at 1-year follow-up, although it fell from a peak at an earlier phase of the study. The positive role of state purchasers of health services in sustaining improvements in clinical practice is discussed. (+info)Urban-rural comparisons of drink-driving behaviour among late teens: a preliminary investigation. (7/5630)
A preliminary study was conducted to examine the nature and extent of urban-rural differences in self-reported drinking and driving among youths in Western Australia. A total of 102 youths aged 17, 18 and 19 years were surveyed via a random street sampling technique about their alcohol consumption and drink-driving behaviour. Analyses indicated that urban youths had a significantly higher level of self-reported drink-driving behaviour than their rural counterparts. Males indicated a higher level of self-reported drink-driving behaviour than females. This article also provides a review and summary of youth drink-driving literature with special focus on urban-rural comparisons. (+info)Alcohol consumption profile by time in middle-aged men: a longitudinal study based on three different diagnostic instruments. (8/5630)
This longitudinal study aimed at comparing aggregate measures of heavy or problem drinking and their variations across time among the same subjects. We examined middle-aged men participating in a health survey over a 5-year interval. Of the 133 consecutive men in the whole age group interviewed as 40-year-olds in 1989, 114 were reached and re-interviewed in 1994. Alcohol consumption was measured by self-report, Malmo-modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Mm-MAST), and serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). Self-reported alcohol consumption decreased with years (142 vs 105 g/week, P = 0.01), as did CDT (16.9 vs 14.4 U/l, P = 0.02), but there was no change in the Mm-MAST results. There was no significant difference in the number of heavy drinkers (either Mm-MAST score > or = 3, or by self-reported alcohol consumption > or = 280 g/week, or by CDT > or = 20 U/l) at 40 and 45 years of age (37 and 47% respectively). At the individual level, alcohol consumption both increased and decreased with age. At 45 years of age 5/114 (4%) of the men reported that they had increased their alcohol consumption by more than 80 g/week and 25/114 (22%) said that they had reduced their drinking by the same amount. The remaining 84 (74%) reported drinking the same amount as 5 years earlier (+/- 80 g/week). This indicates that alcohol drinking habits are not stable in middle age. Most heavy drinkers in both age groups were detected by Mm-MAST and this proportion increased with age while the proportion of positive self-reports and CDTs decreased. Thus, the social consequences, measured here by the Mm-MAST, may be more readily experienced with years even at smaller consumption levels. (+info)Alcoholism[edit]. At the same time, he developed a drinking problem, and a reputation for unreliability inevitably followed. A ...
"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 28 (11): 1629-1637. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000145789.55183.D4. PMC 1397913. PMID ... PROP sensitivity, supertasting, and alcoholism[edit]. The TAS2R38 protein also confers sensitivity to the bitter compound 6-n- ...
The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited[edit]. In the 1995 book The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited[24] Harvard ... 32nd International Congress on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. Warsaw, Poland.. *^ a b c "Comments On A.A. Triennial Surveys". ... Recent Developments in Alcoholism. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 18: 261-282. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77725-2_15. ISBN 978-0 ... "Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 38 (11): 2688-94. doi:10.1111/acer.12557. PMC 4285560. PMID 25421504.. ...
Drug addiction and alcoholism[edit]. Hamilton's struggles with drugs and alcohol are well documented. He finally got clean ...
Alcoholism[edit]. Main article: Alcohol and Native Americans. Another significant concern in Native American health is ... Rates of alcoholism of Native Americans are also greater than in the general population.[52] ... Alcoholism is often approached using the disease model of addiction, with biological, neurological, genetic, and environmental ... alcoholism. From 2006 to 2010, alcohol-attributed deaths accounted for 11.7 percent of all Native American deaths, more than ...
Views on alcoholism[edit]. Peele maintains that, depending on the person, abstinence or moderation are valid approaches to ... psychotherapist and the author of books and articles on the subject of alcoholism, addiction and addiction treatment.[1] ... "The limitations of control-of-supply models for explaining and preventing alcoholism and drug addiction," JSA, 48:61-77, 1987.[ ...
Alcoholism[edit]. Fraternity members are "much more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs than their non-Greek affiliated peers." ...
Odorless and Alcoholism. Added "odorless" (because pure alcohol is odorless) and the comment about alcoholism being hotly ... What do others say? Regarding alcoholism, the proper place for that discussion is probably the alcoholism page. This article is ... supposed to be about the functional group in organic chemistry, not about alcoholism! Thanks, Walkerma 01:12, 20 May 2006 (UTC) ...
Alcoholism. *Alcohol and Native Americans. *Alcoholism in adolescence. *Alcoholism in family systems ...
ALcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2007 Jan; 31 (1): 19-27. *^ a b c d e f Roehrs, T., and Roth, T. Sleep, ... Schuckit, M.A. Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Feb; 151(2):184-189. ...
Alcoholism. Note: see Template:Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses *Alcohol and Native Americans ...
Alcoholism. *Eating disorders (such as binge eating). *Genetic predisposition. *Hormonal imbalances (e.g. hypothyroidism) ...
Alcoholism. *Deficient intake. *Increased needs: pregnancy, infant, rapid cellular proliferation, and cirrhosis ...
Alcoholism. *Alcohol and Native Americans. *Alcoholism in adolescence. *Alcoholism in family systems ...
The Adult Children of Alcoholics movement: Help for the unseen victims of alcoholism. By: Carney, T.F., Guidance & Counseling, ... you will come to see parental alcoholism or family dysfunction for what it is: a disease that infected you as a child and ...
Alcohol and Alcoholism. 48 (4): 464-471. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt046. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-01.. ... "Alcohol and Alcoholism. 37 (2): 109-20. doi:10.1093/alcalc/37.2.109. PMID 11912065.. ... National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. July 1995.. *. Dowdall, George W. (2009). College Drinking: Reframing a ... Dec 2006). "Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcoholism: resilience vs. risk". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1094 ...
Alcoholism. Note: see Template:Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses *Alcohol and Native Americans ...
"Underage Drinking." National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pubs. ... People who receive multiple DUI offenses are often people struggling with alcoholism or alcohol dependence. ...
Alcoholism. Note: see Template:Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses *Alcohol and Native Americans ... "Underage Drinking." National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, pubs. ...
After publicly revealing struggles with alcoholism and bipolar disorder in the offseason, had a career-low 2.13 goals against ...
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- But none of the company's employees, not even "Dr. Doug," hold any doctorates or licenses to treat alcoholism, the state and FTC say. (courthousenews.com)
- NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Two drugs commonly used to treat alcoholism may be appropriate for people in different stages of recovery, a new analysis confirms - likely because they work differently in the brain. (reuters.com)
- Scientists have found that the epilepsy drug topiramate may help to treat alcoholism by boosting overall health as well as cutting cravings. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- A gene has been identified in a new mice study that acts as a target for the development of novel drugs to prevent and treat alcoholism. (medindia.net)
- Available at http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/gsr_2018/en/ . (medscape.com)
- President Donald Trump has donated his salary from the third-quarter of 2018 to the federal agency that researches alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. (usatoday.com)
- According to the theory, genes play a strong role in the development of alcoholism. (wikipedia.org)
- While consuming alcohol is, by definition, necessary to develop alcoholism, the use of alcohol by itself does not predict the development of alcoholism. (labtestsonline.org)
- The Here's To Never Growing Up hitmaker - who is married to Nickelback frontman Chad Kroeger - voiced her support for Deryck Whibley on Twitter after he opened up about his battle with alcoholism from his hospital bed. (news24.com)
- A number of methods to solve alcoholism are available for alcoholism, including faith in God, detoxification, psychotherapy , self-help groups, and medications. (conservapedia.com)
- Alcoholism recovery should begin with alcoholism detoxification, which is defined as a method of eliminating alcohol from the body. (drugstrategies.org)
- There are a lot of symptoms that are associated with alcoholism detoxification in order to go through the alcoholism recovery process. (drugstrategies.org)
- New York is especially conducive to functional alcoholism, Hershenson says. (nypost.com)
- See all of functional alcoholism , no other writeups in this node. (everything2.com)
- Functional alcoholism is a condition in which the alcoholic can steadily consume alcoholic beverages over the course of a day and remain sober enough to do most daily tasks. (everything2.com)
- After visiting a friend in Denver for her birthday some years ago, I began to understand what functional alcoholism is, and how frightening it can be. (everything2.com)
- A disease is a heath problem that is involuntary and drinking alcohol and developing alcoholism can be considered a voluntary action. (brightkite.com)
- In this book, Yari Garcia shares her own story of alcoholism, sobriety, relapse, and the way to finally break out of the relapse cycle to live a sober life. (smashwords.com)
- Since the consumption of alcohol is necessary to develop alcoholism, the availability of and attitudes towards alcohol in an individual's environment affect their likelihood of developing the disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Past studies have shown that people with a family history of alcoholism, especially men, are more likely to develop alcoholism than the general public, note Lovallo and colleagues. (webmd.com)
- The quantity, frequency, and regularity of alcohol consumption required to develop alcoholism varies greatly from person to person. (labtestsonline.org)
- The fact that men are twice as likely as women to develop alcoholism is common knowledge. (psychcentral.com)
- These symptoms can be uncomfortable and potentially hazardous, but that is why alcoholism recovery centers exist in the first place. (drugstrategies.org)
- There are many different types of treatment centers in Arizona for alcoholism, the one that will be. (drugstrategies.org)
- You can also try doing a general search for the terms 'sobriety' 'alcoholism' . (smashwords.com)
- As noted above, alcohol withdrawal is a primary feature of alcoholism. (conservapedia.com)
- When the body can receive some much needed relief from the physical withdrawal symptoms, this is when some true alcoholism recovery can begin to happen. (drugstrategies.org)
- Alcoholism leads to times of withdrawal and low self esteem. (brightkite.com)
- 2206 words - 9 pages Alcoholism Alcohol Dependence is a disease characterized by: a strong need or compulsion to drink, the frequent inability to stop drinking once a person has begun, the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms (nausea, sweating, shakiness) when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavy drinking, and the need for increasing amounts of alcohol in order to feel an affect. (brightkite.com)
- The side effects of alcoholism in death and damages run into billions annually. (latimes.com)
- A treatment professional will also help you choose medications and treatments for concurrent psychiatric illnesses, like depression or anxiety, if that is appropriate, or for a variety of health problems that often accompany alcoholism. (psychcentral.com)
- Depression, anxiety, and antisocial personality all are more common in persons with alcoholism than in the general population (20.5% vs 7.2%, 23.5% vs 11.1%, and 18.3% vs 3.6%, respectively). (medscape.com)
- Consuming yagé is believed to be a general cure-all for almost anything: cancer, depression, alcoholism , etc. (dictionary.com)
- Thapa S, Selya AS, Jonk Y. Time-Varying Effects of Parental Alcoholism on Depression. (cdc.gov)
- This treatment helps an individual to be aware of underlying issues that may have led or contributed to alcoholism (e.g., depression). (conservapedia.com)
- Chronic alcoholism is known to cause depression, as well as worsen existing depression. (miamiherald.com)
- Studies suggest that inflammation plays a bidirectional role in both depression and alcoholism. (miamiherald.com)
- More than half come from families with alcoholism, and about half have a psychiatric diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder. (nih.gov)
- Age-varying effects of parental alcoholism on lifetime major depressive disorder for respondents aged 18-90 years, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Wave III, 2012-2013. (cdc.gov)
- After adjusting for demographic characteristics, we examined the relationship between parental alcoholism and outcomes of 1) major depressive disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5) and 2) DSM-5 persistent depressive disorder. (cdc.gov)
- Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcoholism, now known as alcohol use disorder, is a condition in which a person has a desire or physical need to consume alcohol, even though it has a negative impact on their life. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) describes alcohol use disorder as "problem drinking that becomes severe. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The disease model also gives the false impression that alcoholism is solely a biological disorder, Young said, leading some researchers tend to adopt a narrow view, focusing on particular chemicals or brain cells that might be involved. (livescience.com)
- Alcohol use disorder or alcoholism is an inability to control drinking. (medindia.net)
- Clinicians have long recognized diverse manifestations of alcoholism," adds NIAAA Director Ting-Kai Li, M.D, "and researchers have tried to understand why some alcoholics improve with specific medications and psychotherapies while others do not. (nih.gov)
- In the elderly, medical researchers say, these can be signs of hidden alcoholism, a problem whose dimensions in the lives of men and women over 65 is little understood. (nytimes.com)
- Researchers say traditional approaches to treating alcoholism, which stress incentives of abstinence as a way of getting back jobs or the affections of loved ones, are unlikely to work with the elderly. (nytimes.com)
- CADMIUM, one of the metallic poisons that increasingly pollute the global food chain, may be a factor in inducing human alcoholism, Texas A&M researchers say. (orlandosentinel.com)
- The researchers defined family history of alcoholism as those teens with at least one biological parent with a history of alcohol abuse and/or alcohol dependence, or those with two or more second-degree relatives meeting this condition on either the maternal or paternal side of the family. (livescience.com)
- The researchers did not find significant differences in task performance among teens, regardless of their family history of alcoholism , but the fMRI scans showed that two areas of FHP teens' brains responded differently during the tasks. (livescience.com)
- The researchers suggest a weaker activation of these decision-making areas of the brain may pose an increased vulnerability toward risky decisions involving future alcohol use among FHP individuals who are already at risk for alcoholism. (livescience.com)
- In the first study, researchers found that 16 percent of liver transplant patients with a history of alcoholism started drinking again if they received substance-abuse treatment before and after the transplant. (medicinenet.com)
- 2001-2002 Survey Finds That Many Recover From Alcoholism - Researchers Identify Factors Associated with Abstinent and Non-Abstinent Recovery. (howstuffworks.com)
- As many as 30% of persons with alcoholism stop drinking. (medscape.com)
- Four clinical interview questions, the CAGE questions, have proved useful in helping to make a diagnosis of alcoholism. (nih.gov)
- Psychiatric disorders go hand in hand with the diagnosis of alcoholism. (drugstrategies.org)
- Lovallo's team searched for traits that might make a difference in alcoholism risk. (webmd.com)
- This identification of an in vivo neurochemical mechanism that could help explain the sex difference in alcoholism is an exciting step forward in alcoholism research. (psychcentral.com)
- FILE - In this 2013 file photo, U.S. District Court Judge Patricia Minaldi speaks during the Empowering Women Luncheon in Sulphur, La. Minaldi retired several months after taking medical leave for treatment of severe alcoholism, a court official said Wednesday, Aug. 2, 2017. (nationalpost.com)
- Risky behavior on the gambling test was more common among men with a family history of alcoholism, compared with those not from alcoholic families. (webmd.com)
- Alcoholism is an addictive disease, which results in the continued ingestion of alcoholic beverages of any type despite the negative consequences of the behavior. (drugstrategies.org)
- Alcoholism, or alcohol dependence, is a chronic disease, which is common in our world today. (bartleby.com)
- His older brother, Fred Jr., died in 1981 after struggling with alcoholism, and the president has said he learned from his brother's experience. (usatoday.com)
- In earlier times, alcoholism would have been habitual drunkenness or some such term. (dictionary.com)
- These include drunkenness or alcohol intoxication ( "acute" alcoholism ), alcohol abuse , and alcohol dependence ( "chronic" alcoholism ). (behavenet.com)
- Coping with alcoholism. (abovetopsecret.com)
- Alcoholism is the continued consumption of alcoholic beverages, even when it is negatively affecting your health, work, relationships and life. (dailystrength.org)
- Also, the tendency toward risky plays in the gambling test was only seen in men, not women, with a family history of alcoholism. (webmd.com)
- Two areas of the brain responded differently in teens with a family history of alcoholism during risky decision-making, the study shows. (livescience.com)
- While preceding studies have shown that adolescents with a family history of alcoholism (FHP) are at a risk for developing alcohol-abuse disorders and that drinking increases risky decision-making , the new study is the first to look at risk-taking behaviors among FHP teens who have never drunk alcohol themselves. (livescience.com)
- Chronic alcoholism usually results in liver and other organ damage, nutritional deficiencies and impaired social functioning. (dictionary.com)
- Taken together with other studies on FHP youth, these results suggest that atypical brain structure and function exist prior to any substance use, and may contribute to an increased vulnerability for alcoholism in these individuals,' Nagel said. (livescience.com)
- In this study, Pandey and colleagues worked with rats specially bred to be deficient in the CREB "alcoholism" gene. (webmd.com)
- This is the first direct evidence that a deficiency in the CREB gene is associated with anxiety and alcohol-drinking behaviors," said Subhash Pandey, associate professor of psychiatry and director of neuroscience alcoholism research at the UIC College of Medicine. (innovations-report.com)
- In 1968, it was renamed the Journal of Alcoholism, and in 1977, it was again renamed, this time to British Journal on Alcohol and Alcoholism. (wikipedia.org)
- It was established in 1963 as the Bulletin on Alcoholism, with H.D. Chalke as the founding editor. (wikipedia.org)
- Kudzu is an old remedy for alcoholism. (redorbit.com)
- Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% for environmental influences. (wikipedia.org)
- The severity of the problem and the willingness of the patient will determine the extent of treatment he or she will undergo.Though there are many aspects of alcoholism, a major issue at hand is whether or not alcoholism is a genetically inherited disease. (brightkite.com)
- Through research studies and surveys, it is evident that alcoholism is, in fact, genetically inherited. (brightkite.com)
- According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, an estimated 14 million Americans suffer from alcohol problems. (innovations-report.com)
- Alcoholism can also lead indirectly, through excess consumption, to physical dependence on alcohol, and diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver. (wikipedia.org)
- Alcoholism is marked by physical dependency and can cause disorders in many organs of the body, including the liver ( see cirrhosis ), stomach , intestines , and brain . (dictionary.com)
- Other chapters address issues such as prevention, fetal alcohol syndrome, the dually diagnosed patient, alcohol and HIV/AIDS, alcoholism in the elderly, and alcohol problems in women. (google.com)
- But a new study suggests that alcoholism can lead to a loss of the ability to express different emotions through tone of voice. (healthline.com)