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Alcohol DrinkingAlcoholsCentral Nervous SystemNervous SystemAlcoholismAlcohol DehydrogenaseBipolar DisorderEthanolMental DisordersCentral Nervous System DiseasesAnxiety DisordersMood DisordersPeripheral Nervous SystemFetal Alcohol Spectrum DisordersDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersAlcohol-Related DisordersBrainAlcoholic IntoxicationAlcoholic BeveragesAlcohol OxidoreductasesBenzyl AlcoholsEnteric Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System NeoplasmsSubstance-Related DisordersCentral Nervous System DepressantsAutonomic Nervous SystemNervous System DiseasesDepressive Disorder, MajorBenzyl AlcoholFatty AlcoholsSympathetic Nervous SystemAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityDepressive DisorderAlcohol DeterrentsNervous System Physiological PhenomenaNeuronsPolyvinyl AlcoholStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticCentral Nervous System InfectionsObsessive-Compulsive DisorderAutistic DisorderRisk FactorsPhobic DisordersNervous System NeoplasmsPsychotic DisordersChild Development Disorders, PervasivePsychiatric Status Rating ScalesTime FactorsTemperanceConduct DisorderAlcohol Withdrawal DeliriumQuestionnairesNerve Tissue ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataComorbidityCentral Nervous System Viral DiseasesPrevalenceCognition DisordersSpinal CordBinge DrinkingDisease Models, AnimalTic DisordersAlcohol-Induced DisordersSex FactorsAge FactorsCentral Nervous System AgentsNeurogliaCase-Control StudiesMutationBorderline Personality DisorderPropanolsVasculitis, Central Nervous SystemCross-Sectional StudiesMice, Inbred C57BLPhenotypeSomatoform DisordersPregnancyAxonsAnalysis of VarianceBeerSleep DisordersUnited StatesAmino Acid SequenceAmino AlcoholsSmokingGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalMagnetic Resonance ImagingImmunohistochemistryAlcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous SystemMovement DisordersInterview, PsychologicalMyelin SheathTrauma, Nervous SystemStudentsRats, Sprague-DawleyAutonomic Nervous System DiseasesLymphoproliferative DisordersLongitudinal StudiesImpulse Control DisordersAntisocial Personality DisorderIn Situ HybridizationSeverity of Illness IndexCells, CulturedCombat DisordersDose-Response Relationship, DrugDiagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)Follow-Up StudiesUniversitiesHealth SurveysPeripheral NervesSignal Transduction1-PropanolCentral Nervous System Fungal InfectionsProspective StudiesTreatment OutcomeRNA, MessengerSchizophreniaBase SequenceCohort StudiesAstrocytestert-Butyl AlcoholMice, KnockoutPeripheral Nervous System DiseasesBlood-Brain BarrierAttention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior DisordersBehavior, AnimalSpeech DisordersNeurodegenerative DiseasesAge of OnsetParasympathetic Nervous SystemImpulsive BehaviorSocial EnvironmentStress, PsychologicalMice, TransgenicBrain ChemistryAdolescent BehaviorDemyelinating DiseasesCentral Nervous System Bacterial InfectionsSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeCerebral CortexAnxietyGenotypeGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseAcetaldehydeLogistic ModelsLearning DisordersMarijuana AbuseCerebellumDysthymic DisorderRisk-TakingBrain DiseasesSyndromeDepressionOligodendrogliaBinge-Eating DisorderNeuropsychological TestsMotivationSocioeconomic FactorsGene Expression RegulationMyeloproliferative DisordersGene ExpressionNeuropeptidesAnimals, NewbornRats, WistarHippocampusDissociative DisordersMotor ActivityMultiple SclerosisTemporomandibular Joint DisordersRetrospective StudiesTuberculosis, Central Nervous SystemNeurogenesisCell DifferentiationChild of Impaired ParentsBehavior, AddictivePrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsWineEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalDrosophilaAffectPedigreePsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsDrosophila ProteinsBiological MarkersViolenceCerebrospinal FluidModels, BiologicalLiver Diseases, AlcoholicConversion DisorderNervous System MalformationsInfant, NewbornPentanolsAutoimmune Diseases of the Nervous SystemBrain NeoplasmsMicrogliaIncidenceTobacco Use DisorderTissue DistributionAutomobile DrivingNeurotransmitter Agents
Alcohol Drinking: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.Alcohols: Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Alcoholism: A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)Alcohol Dehydrogenase: A zinc-containing enzyme which oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals in the presence of NAD. In alcoholic fermentation, it catalyzes the final step of reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen.Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.Anxiety Disorders: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ETHANOL during pregnancy. It encompasses a phenotypic range that can vary greatly between individuals, but reliably includes one or more of the following: characteristic facial dysmorphism, FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, central nervous system abnormalities, cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction, BIRTH DEFECTS. The level of maternal alcohol consumption does not necessarily correlate directly with disease severity.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)Alcohol-Related Disorders: Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or mis-use of alcohol.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Alcoholic Intoxication: An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Alcoholic Beverages: Drinkable liquids containing ETHANOL.Alcohol Oxidoreductases: A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).Benzyl Alcohols: Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.Enteric Nervous System: Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)Central Nervous System Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.Substance-Related Disorders: Disorders related to substance abuse.Central Nervous System Depressants: A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.Depressive Disorder, Major: Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.Fatty Alcohols: Usually high-molecular-weight, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4 carbons, derived from natural fats and oils, including lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, and linoleyl alcohols. They are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, plastics, and lube oils and in textile manufacture. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.Alcohol Deterrents: Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.Nervous System Physiological Phenomena: Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products.Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic: A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.Autistic Disorder: A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.Nervous System Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplastic processes arising from or involving components of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, cranial nerves, and meninges. Included in this category are primary and metastatic nervous system neoplasms.Psychotic Disorders: Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)Child Development Disorders, Pervasive: Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.Psychiatric Status Rating Scales: Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Temperance: Habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite, especially but not exclusively the consumption of alcohol.Conduct Disorder: A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium: An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Nerve Tissue ProteinsMolecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.Central Nervous System Viral Diseases: Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Binge Drinking: Drinking an excessive amount of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES in a short period of time.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Tic Disorders: Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)Alcohol-Induced Disorders: Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Central Nervous System Agents: A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into "specific" agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and "nonspecific" agents, those producing effects on different target cells and acting by diverse molecular mechanisms. Those with nonspecific mechanisms are generally further classed according to whether they produce behavioral depression or stimulation. Those with specific mechanisms are classed by locus of action or specific therapeutic use. (From Gilman AG, et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p252)Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Borderline Personality Disorder: A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)Propanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).Vasculitis, Central Nervous System: Inflammation of blood vessels within the central nervous system. Primary vasculitis is usually caused by autoimmune or idiopathic factors, while secondary vasculitis is caused by existing disease process. Clinical manifestations are highly variable but include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; behavioral alterations; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; and BRAIN INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp856-61)Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Mice, Inbred C57BLPhenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Somatoform Disorders: Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.Sleep Disorders: Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)United StatesAmino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Amino Alcohols: Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System: Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.Interview, Psychological: A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.Trauma, Nervous System: Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.Students: Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Autonomic Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.Impulse Control Disorders: Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.Antisocial Personality Disorder: A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Combat Disorders: Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry): The co-existence of a substance abuse disorder with a psychiatric disorder. The diagnostic principle is based on the fact that it has been found often that chemically dependent patients also have psychiatric problems of various degrees of severity.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Universities: Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.Health Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.Central Nervous System Fungal Infections: MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.tert-Butyl AlcoholMice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders: Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.Age of Onset: The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.Stress, Psychological: Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Adolescent Behavior: Any observable response or action of an adolescent.Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections: Bacterial infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, including infections involving the perimeningeal spaces.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.Anxiety: Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Genetic Predisposition to Disease: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.Learning Disorders: Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.Marijuana Abuse: The excessive use of marijuana with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Dysthymic Disorder: Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.Syndrome: A characteristic symptom complex.Depression: Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.Oligodendroglia: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.Binge-Eating Disorder: A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.Motivation: Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Myeloproliferative Disorders: Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Tuberculosis, Central Nervous System: Tuberculosis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges (TUBERCULOSIS, MENINGEAL), most often caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and rarely by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The infection may be limited to the nervous system or coexist in other organs (e.g., TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY). The organism tends to seed the meninges causing a diffuse meningitis and leads to the formation of TUBERCULOMA, which may occur within the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal spaces. Tuberculous involvement of the vertebral column (TUBERCULOSIS, SPINAL) may result in nerve root or spinal cord compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-20)Neurogenesis: Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Child of Impaired Parents: Child with one or more parents afflicted by a physical or mental disorder.Behavior, Addictive: The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects: The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.Wine: Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental: An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Affect: The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.Pedigree: The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.Psychometrics: Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Violence: Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc.Cerebrospinal Fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Liver Diseases, Alcoholic: Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.Conversion Disorder: A disorder whose predominant feature is a loss or alteration in physical functioning that suggests a physical disorder but that is actually a direct expression of a psychological conflict or need.Nervous System Malformations: Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Pentanols: Isomeric forms and derivatives of pentanol (C5H11OH).Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System: Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.Tobacco Use Disorder: Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Automobile Driving: The effect of environmental or physiological factors on the driver and driving ability. Included are driving fatigue, and the effect of drugs, disease, and physical disabilities on driving.Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Neurofunctional effects of developmental alcohol exposure in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats. (1/84)

The neurofunctional effects of developmental alcohol exposure (3% v/v solution from day 15 of gestation to day 7 after parturition) have been investigated in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) and alcohol-nonpreferring (sNP) rat lines, selectively bred for opposite alcohol preference and consumption. Alcohol exposure significantly decreased the rate of ultrasonic emission in sP male pups; whereas, it did not affect this indicator of emotional reactivity in sNP animals. Perinatal alcohol intake did not influence either learning of an active avoidance task or hippocampal long-term potentiation in both offspring lines. Significant differences in time spent exploring novel objects were observed between control sP and sNP rats subjected to the novel exploration object test. Alcohol exposed sP rats, but not alcohol exposed sNP rats, apparently lost the capacity to discriminate between the novel and the familiar object, even though this difference is difficult to interpret because of the large differences in the respective responses to the novel objects. Neurochemical experiments have shown that basal levels of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were significantly higher in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) of sP rats with respect to sNP animals. Perinatal alcohol did not affect basal DA and HVA concentrations or amphetamine-induced DA increase and HVA decrease in the NAC of either sP or sNP offspring. These results suggest that subtle behavioral alterations induced by developmental exposure to low doses of alcohol, which do not cause malformations and/or overt neurotoxicity, may be associated with genetic factors, although not necessarily those responsible for differences in alcohol preference.  (+info)

Attributable risk of common and rare determinants of subarachnoid hemorrhage. (2/84)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Smoking, hypertension, alcohol consumption, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), and positive family history for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are well-known risk factors for SAH. For effective prevention, knowledge about the contribution of these risk factors to the overall occurrence of SAH in the general population is pivotal. We therefore investigated the population attributable risks of the risk factors for SAH. METHODS: We retrieved the relative risk and prevalence of established risk factors for SAH from the literature and calculated the population attributable risks of these risk factors. RESULTS: Drinking alcohol 100 to 299 g/wk accounted for 11% of the cases of SAH, drinking alcohol >/=300 g/wk accounted for 21%, and smoking accounted for 20%. An additional 17% of the cases could be attributed to hypertension, 11% to a positive family history for SAH, and 0.3% to ADPKD. CONCLUSIONS: Screening and preventive treatment of patients with familial preponderance of SAH alone will cause a modest reduction of the incidence of SAH in the general population. Further reduction can be achieved by reducing the prevalence of the modifiable risk factors alcohol consumption, smoking, and hypertension.  (+info)

Mechanisms of alcohol-induced damage to the developing nervous system. (3/84)

Numerous mechanisms likely contribute to the damaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing fetus and particularly the developing central nervous system (CNS). The coexistence of a multitude of mechanisms that may act simultaneously or consecutively and differ among various cell types poses particular challenges to researchers. To study alcohol's effects on the fetus more easily, investigators have used animal models and tissue-culture experiments. Such approaches have identified numerous potential mechanisms through which alcohol acts on the fetus, many of which result in cell death by necrosis or apoptosis. Among these mechanisms are increased oxidative stress, damage to the mitochondria, interference with the activity of growth factors, effects on glia cells, impaired development and function of chemical messenger systems involved in neuronal communication, changes in the transport and uptake of the sugar glucose, effects on cell adhesion, and changes in the regulation of gene activity during development.  (+info)

Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior. (4/84)

Children prenatally exposed to alcohol can suffer from serious cognitive deficits and behavioral problems as well as from alcohol-related changes in brain structure. Neuropsychological studies have identified deficits in learning and memory as well as in executive functioning both in children with fetal alcohol syndrome and in children with less severe impairments. Both groups of children also exhibit problem behaviors, such as alcohol and drug use, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and poor socialization and communication skills. Brain imaging studies have identified structural changes in various brain regions of these children--including the basal ganglia, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and hippocampus--that may account for the cognitive deficits. Functional brain imaging studies also have detected changes in alcohol-exposed children indicative of deficits in information processing and memory tasks.  (+info)

A 47-year-old alcoholic man with progressive abnormal gait. (5/84)

Central pontine myelinolysis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with a history of alcoholism and malnutrition presenting with ataxia, regardless of serum sodium values. T2-weighted images are the most sensitive imaging technique, but changes may not be evident for weeks after the insult, and in addition, the insult may not be known. Supportive care is important to prevent complications, but no treatment has been found to be effective in treating the illness. Patient outcomes vary considerably and are difficult to predict.  (+info)

Ethanol-induced apoptosis in the developing visual system during synaptogenesis. (6/84)

PURPOSE: Ethanol is known to have deleterious effects on the human fetal nervous system (fetal alcohol syndrome), including components of the visual system, but only modest progress has been made in understanding these effects. The authors have recently demonstrated that, during the period of synaptogenesis, a single episode of ethanol intoxication lasting for several hours triggers a massive wave of apoptotic neurodegeneration in several regions of the developing rat or mouse forebrain. The present study was undertaken to determine to what extent the developing visual system is vulnerable to the apoptogenic effects of ethanol. METHODS: Infant rats and mice at ages from birth to 21 days were treated subcutaneously with a single dose of ethanol or with two doses, 2 hours apart, on a single day. Blood alcohol levels were determined, and the retinas and visual centers in the brain were examined by light and electronmicroscopy at various times from 4 to 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS: Retinal ganglion cells and neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and visual cortex were all highly susceptible to ethanol's apoptogenic action, the period of peak sensitivity being postnatal days 1 to 4 for ganglion cells and 4 to 7 for the other visual neurons. A transient elevation of blood alcohol to approximately 120 mg/dL was sufficient to activate the cell death program in visual neurons. CONCLUSIONS: During synaptogenesis, a single ethanol intoxication episode triggers apoptotic cell death of neurons at all levels of the visual system from retina to the visual cortex.  (+info)

Signaling cascades regulating NMDA receptor sensitivity to ethanol. (7/84)

One of the major targets for ethanol (alcohol) in the brain is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a glutamate-gated ion channel. Intriguingly, the effects of ethanol on the NMDA receptor are not homogeneous throughout the brain. This review focuses on recent studies revealing molecular mechanisms that mediate the actions of ethanol on the NMDA receptor in different brain regions via changes in NMDA receptor phosphorylation and compartmentalization. Specifically, the role of the scaffolding protein RACK1 and the regulatory protein DARPP-32 in mediating the distinct effects of ethanol is presented.  (+info)

Temporally specific burst in cell proliferation increases hippocampal neurogenesis in protracted abstinence from alcohol. (8/84)

Adult neurogenesis is a newly considered form of plasticity that could contribute to brain dysfunction in psychiatric disease. Chronic alcoholism, a disease affecting over 8% of the adult population, produces cognitive impairments and decreased brain volumes, both of which are partially reversed during abstinence. Clinical data and animal models implicate the hippocampus, a region important in learning and memory. In a model of alcohol dependence (chronic binge exposure for 4 d), we show that adult neurogenesis is inhibited during dependence with a pronounced increase in new hippocampal neuron formation after weeks of abstinence. This increase is attributable to a temporally and regionally specific fourfold increase in cell proliferation at day 7 of abstinence, with a majority of those cells surviving and differentiating at percentages similar to controls, effects that doubled the formation of new neurons. Although increases in cell proliferation correlated with alcohol withdrawal severity, proliferation remained increased when diazepam (10 mg/kg) was used to reduce withdrawal severity. Indeed, those animals with little withdrawal activity still show a twofold burst in cell proliferation at day 7 of abstinence. Thus, alcohol dependence and recovery from dependence continues to alter hippocampal plasticity during abstinence. Because neurogenesis may contribute to hippocampal function and/or learning, memory, and mood, compensatory neurogenesis and the return of normal neurogenesis may also have an impact on hippocampal structure and function. For the first time, these data provide a neurobiological mechanism that may underlie the return of human cognitive function and brain volume associated with recovery from addiction.  (+info)

ALCOHOL REPORTS: Selective breeding for ethanol-related traits alters circadian phenotypeALCOHOL REPORTS: Selective breeding for ethanol-related traits alters circadian phenotype
Previous studies in mice and rats have shown that selective breeding for high and low ethanol preference results in divergence of circadian phenotype in the selected lines. These results indicate that some alleles influencing ethanol preference also contribute to circadian rhythm regulation. Selective breeding has also been used to produce lines of mice differing in a number of other ethanol-related traits, while studies of phenotypic and genetic correlation indicate that diverse ethanol-related traits are influenced by both shared and unshared genetics. ...
Plus itPlus it
Three-week dosing periods at one of six oral phenobarbital doses between 15 and 400 mg/day were used to achieve steady states for induction of plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration (AGP) in beagle dogs. In this way, the characteristics of the dose-response relationship between phenobarbital concentration and the extent of induction could be evaluated. With the 400 mg/day dose of phenobarbital, AGP increased nearly 13-fold. The response of AGP was found to depend on the square of the phenobarbital concentration. Analysis of the decay of AGP when phenobarbital dosing was discontinued showed a kinetic pattern governed by multiple rate processes. This was the result of persistence of the phenobarbital, the turnover of some metabolic precursor to AGP, and the turnover of AGP itself. ...
Ethanol OpinionsEthanol Opinions
A recent report by Boating Industry showed that a growing number of readers (boat dealers, manufacturers and marina personnel) are reporting ethanol-related problems, particularly with E15. According to the report, 92 percent of respondents said theyve seen damage to engines caused by ethanol. That was up from 87 percent last year and 73 percent in 2015. Eighty-five percent of readers said they are concerned with the use of E15. To view the report in its entirety, visit boatingindustry.com. ...
Overview of mouse assays of ethanol intoxication<...Overview of mouse assays of ethanol intoxication<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Overview of mouse assays of ethanol intoxication. AU - Crabbe, John C.. AU - Cameron, Andy J.. AU - Munn, Elizabeth. AU - Bunning, Mark. AU - Wahlsten, Douglas. PY - 2008/1/1. Y1 - 2008/1/1. N2 - There are many behavioral assays to assess sensitivity to ethanol intoxication in mice. Most are simple to implement, and are sensitive to a particular dose range of ethanol. Most reflect genetic influences, and each test appears to reflect the contribution of a relatively distinct collection of genes. This genetic heterogeneity implies that no single test can claim to capture the construct "ethanol intoxication" completely. Depending on the test, and when measurements are made, acute functional tolerance to even a single dose of ethanol must be considered as a contributing factor. Whether or not a test is conducted in naïvemice or as part of a test battery can influence sensitivity, and do so in a strain-dependent manner. This unit reviews existing tests and recommends several.. AB - ...
Longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging study of the alcohol-preferring rat. Part I: Adult brain growth<...Longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging study of the alcohol-preferring rat. Part I: Adult brain growth<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging study of the alcohol-preferring rat. Part I. T2 - Adult brain growth. AU - Sullivan, Edith V.. AU - Adalsteinsson, Elfar. AU - Sood, Rohit. AU - Mayer, Dirk. AU - Bell, Richard. AU - McBride, William. AU - Li, Ting Kai. AU - Pfefferbaum, Adolf. PY - 2006/7/1. Y1 - 2006/7/1. N2 - Background: The alcohol-preferring (P) rat, a Wistar strain selectively bred to consume large amounts of alcohol voluntarily, has been used as an animal model of human alcoholism for 3 decades. Heretofore, knowledge about brain morphology has been confined to postmortem examination. Quantitative neuroimaging procedures make it feasible to examine the potential longitudinal effects of alcohol exposure in vivo, while controlling modifying factors, such as age, nutrition, and exercise. To date, few imaging studies have considered what morphological changes occur with age in the rodent brain, and none has systematically applied quantitative neuroimaging approaches ...
Ethanol Intoxication / Sedation Caused By Adrenaline | Ray Peat ForumEthanol Intoxication / Sedation Caused By Adrenaline | Ray Peat Forum
I came across this during research into increasing dopaminergic activity without also increasing adrenergic tone. Apparently, the feeling of getting...
MPD: Data set: Crabbe4MPD: Data set: Crabbe4
Crabbe JC, Cotnam CJ, Cameron AJ, Schlumbohm JP, Rhodes JS, Metten P, Wahlsten D. Strain differences in three measures of ethanol intoxication in mice: the screen, dowel and grip strength tests. Genes Brain Behav. 2003 Aug;2(4):201-13. PubMed 12953786 ...
ethanol | Semantic Drupal Modules based on PoolParty Semantic Suiteethanol | Semantic Drupal Modules based on PoolParty Semantic Suite
етанол ethanol ethanol Ethanol αιθανόλη etanol etanool etanoli éthanol éthanol etanol etanol etanolo etanolis etanols ethanol ethanol etanol etanol etanol etanol etanol етанол etanol ...
Acute ethanol intoxication and endotoxemia after trauma<...Acute ethanol intoxication and endotoxemia after trauma<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Acute ethanol intoxication and endotoxemia after trauma. AU - Woodman, George E.. AU - Fabian, Timothy C.. AU - Croce, Martin A.. AU - Proctor, Kenneth G.. PY - 1996/7/1. Y1 - 1996/7/1. N2 - To determine actions of acute intoxication on pathophysiologic responses to trauma, anesthetized and ventilated mongrel pigs received a 20% solution of ethanol (EtOH) by an intravenous (IV group; 2 g/kg, n = 8) or an oral (PO group; 3 g/kg, n = 12 x 60 minutes) route of administration, or the lactated Ringers vehicle (LR group; n = 12). After 60 minutes, all were subjected to soft tissue injury and 30 to 35% hemorrhage, 60-minute shock, and then resuscitation, with shed blood plus supplemental LR. After 3 days, host defense was challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (1 μg/kg x 30-minutes IV). The supplemental resuscitation was identical (50-53 mL/kg/hours), but posttraumatic acidosis was observed in the IV group and the PO group (base deficit = 4.4 ± 1.3 and 5.5 ± 0.9 ...
Brain Sciences | Free Full-Text | Long-Lasting Neural Circuit Dysfunction Following Developmental Ethanol ExposureBrain Sciences | Free Full-Text | Long-Lasting Neural Circuit Dysfunction Following Developmental Ethanol Exposure
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a general diagnosis for those exhibiting long-lasting neurobehavioral and cognitive deficiencies as a result of fetal alcohol exposure. It is among the most common causes of mental deficits today. Those impacted are left to rely on advances in our understanding of the nature of early alcohol-induced disorders toward human therapies. Research findings over the last decade have developed a model where ethanol-induced neurodegeneration impacts early neural circuit development, thereby perpetuating subsequent integration and plasticity in vulnerable brain regions. Here we review our current knowledge of FASD neuropathology based on discoveries of long-lasting neurophysiological effects of acute developmental ethanol exposure in animal models. We discuss the important balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition in normal neural network function, and relate the significance of that balance to human FASD as well as related disease states. Finally, we postulate
New apps read blood alcohol levels | Health24New apps read blood alcohol levels | Health24
Before getting behind the wheel, drivers can test their blood alcohol level with new apps that not only give a blood alcohol reading, but also calls a cab.
Mouthwash ingestion leads to ethanol intoxication in a 33-month-old child | SpringerLinkMouthwash ingestion leads to ethanol intoxication in a 33-month-old child | SpringerLink
Mouthwash ingestion leads to ethanol intoxication in a 33-month-old child. React. Wkly. 18, 9 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03264549. Download ...
Nine of the Highest Blood Alcohol Levels of All Time | America Fun Fact of the DayNine of the Highest Blood Alcohol Levels of All Time | America Fun Fact of the Day
Im still in awe of how Im alive. Going away party turned bad for me. Im quite small, and drank a fifth to myself in less than 2 hours. Im still asking questions about what went on that night. I blacked out about an hour into drinking, and can only recall small bits over the next 7 hours. Five hours after I was done drinking, vomiting all over myself, (taking 2 men to drag my lifeless body to the car), and only one severely embarrassing act, my husband drove me home where I proceeded to sleep in the car for an hour before coming to and stumbling out of the car (in my driveway), I guess I didnt know where I was because I walked to the road the moment a cops passed and stopped. I blew a .99 a little over 5 hours after my last drink. The jail I was in had a nurse monitor me very closely, waking me up every 30-45 mins or so to make sure I was okay. I had to ask my husband how they had found out who i was, and he said i spilled off my name and birthday. Surprised me, because I didnt even know ...
Nine of the Highest Blood Alcohol Levels of All Time | America Fun Fact of the DayNine of the Highest Blood Alcohol Levels of All Time | America Fun Fact of the Day
Im still in awe of how Im alive. Going away party turned bad for me. Im quite small, and drank a fifth to myself in less than 2 hours. Im still asking questions about what went on that night. I blacked out about an hour into drinking, and can only recall small bits over the next 7 hours. Five hours after I was done drinking, vomiting all over myself, (taking 2 men to drag my lifeless body to the car), and only one severely embarrassing act, my husband drove me home where I proceeded to sleep in the car for an hour before coming to and stumbling out of the car (in my driveway), I guess I didnt know where I was because I walked to the road the moment a cops passed and stopped. I blew a .99 a little over 5 hours after my last drink. The jail I was in had a nurse monitor me very closely, waking me up every 30-45 mins or so to make sure I was okay. I had to ask my husband how they had found out who i was, and he said i spilled off my name and birthday. Surprised me, because I didnt even know ...
Estimate Alcohol LevelEstimate Alcohol Level
These resources provide information needed to estimate blood alcohol level, including variables like gender,weight, and amount consumed.
Season 6: Delivering Your Lost LuggageSeason 6: Delivering Your Lost Luggage
Seth/Chad: How can you not like an episode of Lost that includes James drinking himself to the point of acute ethanol toxicity while listening to the l ...
Genetic and Neural Mechanisms Underlying Ethanol-Related Behaviors in Drosophila melanogasterGenetic and Neural Mechanisms Underlying Ethanol-Related Behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster
Author(s): Devineni, Anita | Advisor(s): Heberlein, Ulrike | Abstract: Ethanol is one of the most widely used and abused drugs in the world. Ethanol consumption produces short-term changes in behavior as well as long-term adaptations that can lead to addiction. The mechanisms underlying both acute and chronic responses to ethanol are still not fully understood. Human and rodent studies have suggested that acute ethanol sensitivity may be related to risk of alcohol abuse, and that the same genes often regulate both types of behavior. In this thesis I have used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study the genetic and neural mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced behavior. In Chapter 2, I show that flies prefer to consume food containing ethanol and that this ethanol preference may represent a new model for studying addiction-related behavior. In Chapter 3, I examine the relationships between acute ethanol sensitivity, ethanol tolerance, and ethanol consumption preference by measuring these
Boating Industry Reader Survey Reports Ethanol Repairs Increasing : BoatUS Press RoomBoating Industry Reader Survey Reports Ethanol Repairs Increasing : BoatUS Press Room
ALEXANDRIA, Va. July 18, 2017 - A new survey by Boating Industry magazine says those in the boating industry that manufacture, sell, repair and store recreational vessels are seeing a growing number of problems caused by ethanol-related fuels. Said one Minnesota boat dealer in the survey, "Ethanol fuels are great for our service department but bad for our customers!". The reader survey results, which appear in the magazines July 2017 issue, report that 92 percent of survey respondents said "they have seen damage…caused by ethanol…and more business for the service department." The most recent results are up from 87 percent from a similar survey last year.. The July feature "Ethanol Still a Significant Challenge, Survey Says," also reported that "more than 15 percent of readers said that based on what they are seeing in their business, more than half of the necessary repairs are being caused by ethanol-related issues." Eighty-five percent of survey takers were "very concerned" about the use ...
Feeling tipsy? New apps read blood alcohol levels, hail a taxi - ReutersFeeling tipsy? New apps read blood alcohol levels, hail a taxi - Reuters
Before getting behind the wheel after a night out, a driver can test his blood alcohol level with new apps that not only give a reading but can call a cab.
The International Charter on Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | North West FASD NetworkThe International Charter on Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | North West FASD Network
The International Charter on Prevention of FASD has been published in The Lancet Global Health, one of the worlds most influential public-health journals. The Charter - also known as the
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Often Left Unnoticed in KidsFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Often Left Unnoticed in Kids
Children with FASD often go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed and grow up into adults with disabilities in growth, cognition and behavior.
The Webtender: IntoximeterThe Webtender: Intoximeter
With this gadget you can calculate your blood alcohol level (roughly). Different people use different time to get sober, so this is only meant as a funny gadget, not an exact measurement (in fact, it may not be that exact either as it doesnt take the time between the drinks into account).. How it works: The alcohol will add to the water in your body. An adult male consists of 60-80 percent water, and an adult female of 50-70 percent water. (That is why women get drunk quicker than men.) The blood alcohol level will be reduced by about 0.015 percent per hour. And please never drink and drive, even if you only had one beer it will affect your ability to drive safely. ...
9781284053302 - Evidence-Based Practice For Nurses: | eCampus.com9781284053302 - Evidence-Based Practice For Nurses: | eCampus.com
9781284053302 Our cheapest price for Evidence-Based Practice For Nurses: Appraisal and Application of Research is $22.24. Free shipping on all orders over $35.00.
Cost of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in CanadaCost of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in Canada
Background Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is underdiagnosed in Canada. The diagnosis of FASD is not simple and currently, the recommendation is that a comprehensive, multidisciplinary assessment of the individual be done. The purpose of this study was to estimate the annual cost of FASD diagnosis on Canadian society. Methods The diagnostic process breakdown was based on recommendations from the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Canadian Guidelines for Diagnosis. The per person cost of diagnosis was calculated based on the number of hours (estimated based on expert opinion) required by each specialist involved in the diagnostic process. The average rate per hour for each respective specialist was estimated based on hourly costs across Canada. Based on the existing clinical capacity of all FASD multidisciplinary clinics in Canada, obtained from the 2005 and 2011 surveys conducted by the Canada Northwest FASD Research Network, the number of FASD cases diagnosed per year in Canada was estimated. The
Subject: Alcohol Drinking and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - C. Everett Koop - Profiles in Science Search ResultsSubject: Alcohol Drinking and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - C. Everett Koop - Profiles in Science Search Results
You searched for: Subject Alcohol Drinking Remove constraint Subject: Alcohol Drinking Subject Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Remove constraint Subject: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ...
Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities<...Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities. AU - May, Philip A.. AU - Chambers, Christina D.. AU - Kalberg, Wendy O.. AU - Zellner, Jennifer. AU - Feldman, Haruna. AU - Buckley, David. AU - Kopald, David. AU - Hasken, Julie M.. AU - Xu, Ronghui. AU - Honerkamp-Smith, Gordon. AU - Taras, Howard. AU - Manning, Melanie A.. AU - Robinson, Luther K.. AU - Adam, Margaret P.. AU - Abdul-Rahman, Omar. AU - Vaux, Keith. AU - Jewett, Tamison. AU - Elliott, Amy J.. AU - Kable, Julie A.. AU - Akshoomoff, Natacha. AU - Daniel, Falk. AU - Arroyo, Judith A.. AU - Hereld, Dale. AU - Riley, Edward P.. AU - Charness, Michael E.. AU - Coles, Claire D.. AU - Warren, Kenneth R.. AU - Jones, Kenneth Lyons. AU - Hoyme, H. Eugene. PY - 2018/2. Y1 - 2018/2. N2 - IMPORTANCE Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are costly, life-long disabilities. Older data suggested the prevalence of the disorder in the United States was 10 per 1000 children; however, there are few current estimates ...
Development of an Epigenetic Biomarker for Prediction of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govDevelopment of an Epigenetic Biomarker for Prediction of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose birth mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy. The effects can include physical problems and/or difficulties with behavior and learning. When clinicians identify FASD early, intervention approaches can minimize the potential impact and lessen or even prevent disabilities. Thus, objective markers for prenatal alcohol exposure are desired.. Using dried blood spots from the umbilical cord and a heel stick of newborns, this study will use Phosphatidylethanol (PEth), a novel biomarker for alcohol exposure, to identify and characterize infants exposure to alcohol before birth. Additionally, the dried blood spots will used to validate the use of screening assays using epigenetic changes as markers for prenatal alcohol exposure. Epigenetic changes are heritable changes in DNA that affect DNA function but do not change DNA sequence. The use of PEth testing will allow for the correlation of prenatal ...
Most recent papers with the keyword Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | Read by QxMD
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a leading form of neurodevelopmental delay in Canada, affecting an estimated 3000 babies per year. FASD involves a range of disabilities that entail significant costs to affected individuals, families, and society. Exposure to alcohol in utero is a necessary factor for FASD development, and this has led to FASD being described as "completely preventable". However, there are significant ethical challenges associated with FASD prevention. These challenges revolve around 1) what should be communicated about the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, given some ongoing scientific uncertainty about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, and 2) how to communicate these risks, given the potential for stigma against women who give birth to children with FASD as well as against children and adults with FASD ...
Screening prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a region of the United Kingdom: a population-based birth-cohort...Screening prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in a region of the United Kingdom: a population-based birth-cohort...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are lifelong disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Prenatal alcohol use is common in the UK, but FASD prevalence was unknown. Prevalence estimates are essential for informing FASD prevention, identification and support. We applied novel screening algorithms to existing data to estimate the screening prevalence of FASD. Data were from a population-based cohort study (ALSPAC), which recruited pregnant women with expected delivery dates between 1991 and 1992 from the Bristol area of the UK. We evaluated different missing data strategies by comparing results from complete case, single imputation (which assumed that missing data indicated no exposure and no impairment), and multiple imputation methods. 6.0% of children screened positive for FASD in the analysis that used the single imputation method (total N = 13,495), 7.2% in complete case analysis (total N = 223) and 17.0% in the analysis with multiply imputed data (total N = 13,495). A positive ...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is one of the effects of prenatal exposure to drugs and alcohol. Learn more from Childrens Health.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
A baby born to a mother who drinks alcohol during pregnancy can have many problems. This is called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
Too Young To Drink - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum DisordersToo Young To Drink - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
The range of harm to an unborn baby due to drinking during pregnancy is called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Alcohol can hurt the babys brain, heart, eyes, and other organs. Children with FASD can have a hard time learning, controlling how they act, and making friends. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause lifelong harm to the unborn child.These nine months last a lifetime. Lets keep them alcohol-free. FASD affects us all, but it is 100% preventable.
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders | Health24Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders | Health24
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is a group of birth defects that is only found in babies of mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Clinical features and diagnosisFetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Clinical features and diagnosis
Prenatal exposure to alcohol is a leading preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term that is used to describe the range of effects that can occur in an individual who was prenat
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | IU HealthFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | IU Health
When alcohol is consumed during pregnancy, a child may suffer from Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, which include mental and health problems.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDCFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) | CDC
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders<B>Error processing SSI...Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders<B>Error processing SSI...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Learn more about signs, treatments, and what you can do about FASDs.
Functional and Neuropsychological Assessment in Adults With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | American Journal of Occupational...Functional and Neuropsychological Assessment in Adults With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | American Journal of Occupational...
Date Presented 4/1/2017. The first study to investigate functional abilities in adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder advanced knowledge in three ways: (1) Psychosocial skills have to be tested for guiding treatments, (2) functional skills explain the severity of disease, and (3) the psychosocial element has to be added to the diagnostic guidelines.. Primary Author and Speaker: Ada Leung. Additional Authors and Speakers: Sharon Brintnell. Contributing Authors: Monty Nelson, Joshua Kwon ...
September is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Awareness Month | Harbor Village - Harbor VillageSeptember is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Awareness Month | Harbor Village - Harbor Village
September is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Awareness Month. Heres what all mothers to be need to know about drinking and pregnancy.
Can Fetal Alcohol Damage Be Undone? | HealthyWomenCan Fetal Alcohol Damage Be Undone? | HealthyWomen
WEDNESDAY, July 19, 2017 (HealthDay News)-Animal research may have yielded a potential treatment for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in children. Two common medications reversed memory and learning problems in rats exposed to alcohol while in the womb, according to researchers at Northwestern University in Chicago.. "Weve shown you can interfere after the damage from alcohol is done. Thats huge," study senior author Eva Redei said in a university news release.. Currently, there is no treatment for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, added Redei, a professor of psychiatric diseases affecting children and adolescents. In the United States, 1 percent to 5 percent of children are born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The condition is linked with low IQ; learning, memory and behavioral problems; high risk of depression; and heart and other health problems.. For 10 days after birth, rat pups that were exposed to alcohol in the womb were given either the hormone thyroxine or the drug metformin. ...
Prevalence and Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Articles | PediatricsPrevalence and Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders | Articles | Pediatrics
RESULTS: Total dysmorphology scores differentiate significantly fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and partial FAS (PFAS) from one another and from unexposed controls. Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) is not as clearly differentiated from controls. Children who had FASD performed, on average, significantly worse on 7 cognitive and behavioral tests and measures. The most predictive maternal risk variables in this community are late recognition of pregnancy, quantity of alcoholic drinks consumed 3 months before pregnancy, and quantity of drinking reported for the index childs father. From the final multidisciplinary case findings, 3 techniques were used to estimate prevalence. FAS in this community likely ranges from 6 to 9 per 1000 children (midpoint, 7.5), PFAS from 11 to 17 per 1000 children (midpoint, 14), and the total rate of FASD is estimated at 24 to 48 per 1000 children, or 2.4% to 4.8% (midpoint, 3.6%). ...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | AFM - Addictions Foundation ManitobaFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | AFM - Addictions Foundation Manitoba
The William Potoroka Resource Collection holds the largest collection of FASD resources in the province, focusing on FASD research, prevention and awareness, as
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Forum | Ontario Health Promotion E-BulletinFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Forum | Ontario Health Promotion E-Bulletin
November 12, 2012. Join us in Waterloo Region to hear the world-renowned FASD Specialist Dan Dubovsky, from the SAMHSA FASD Centre of Excellence in Washington and Dr. Karen McLeod, registered clinical and forensic psychologist. The FASD Diagnostic team will close out the day.. Improving Outcomes for Individuals with an FASD, Their Families, and Those Who Serve Them. Learning Objectives Include:. ...
Over 400 conditions co-occur with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), study finds | ConductDisorders - A soft place to...Over 400 conditions co-occur with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), study finds | ConductDisorders - A soft place to...
[ATTACH] (Image credit: Epop - Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons) Most severe cases have high levels of hearing loss, impaired...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | Health PromotionFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder | Health Promotion
It is important to get an early diagnosis so that early interventions and support can be provided.. With the right support and early interventions, good outcomes across a range of life goals are more likely to be achieved.. A circle of collaboration between health professionals, the family, school and service providers ensures the best opportunities for people with FASD.. Read some of the common myths about alcohol use and pregnancy here ...
Commentary: Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Addiction Treatment | Addiction Prevention CoalitionCommentary: Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Addiction Treatment | Addiction Prevention Coalition
Addiction treatment professionals can play a vital role in preventing the leading known cause of intellectual disabilities, birth defects and neurobeh...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders - Daily PressFetal alcohol spectrum disorders - Daily Press
Diane Malbin has studied the disorder for more than 25 years and conducts seminars for everyone from teachers to prosecutors. She enlightened us on this common, but still misunderstood, disability.
Medical Home Portal - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum DisordersMedical Home Portal - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Information, Tools, and Resources to aid Primary Care Physicians in caring for Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) and providing a Medical Home for all of their patients.
Alcohol News: December 2016Alcohol News: December 2016
Alcoholism - Letter to the Editor Regarding Coles, Gailey, Mulle, Kable, Lynch, and Jones (2016): A Comparison Among 5 Methods for the Clinical Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum DisordersIN THIS LETTER to the Editor, I discuss a study conducted by Coles and colleagues (2016) that took on the important task of comparing the outcomes of 5 fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) diagnostic systems when retroactively applied to the records of 1,581 patients ...
Blood Alcohol Level Test StripBlood Alcohol Level Test Strip
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Imprinted Drunk Driving Pamphlet & Pocket Slider- Drinking And Driving: Blood Alcohol Level Calculator | geiger.comImprinted Drunk Driving Pamphlet & Pocket Slider- Drinking And Driving: Blood Alcohol Level Calculator | geiger.com
|span class=productSubhead>Gain exposure while giving them reasons to not drink and drive with this brochure! |/span>|br /> |span class=productSize>|/span>|br /> |span class=productBullet>• This brochure is designed to operate like a slide rule, match bullets for additional information.|/span>|br /> |span class=productBullet>• Made in the USA with information pertaining to the dangers of drinking and driving.|/span>|br /> |span class=productBullet>• Features a cost calculator to give an idea of how many drinks can be consumed before legally "drunk".|/span>|br /> |span class=productBullet>• Fits perfectly in a #10 envelope for the option to easily put in the mail.|/span>|br /> |span class=productSize>|/span>|br /> |span class=productSize>Size:|/span>|span class=productBullet> 3 3/4"W x 8 1/2"H |/span>|br /> |span class=productSize>Imprint:|/span>|span class=productBullet> One color. Multiple colors available for additional
Chronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Disrupts WNT Signaling In Adolescent Cerebella | OMICS InternationalChronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Disrupts WNT Signaling In Adolescent Cerebella | OMICS International
Background: In Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum persist through adolescence and beyond. We hypothesize th..
FASD: Advocacy Advice from the ExpertsFASD: Advocacy Advice from the Experts
by Vicky McKinney, from Spring 2004 Adoptalk Suppose you had a brain tumor. Would you want an operation performed by someone who has only read about brain surgery or would you seek an experienced neurosurgeon? In our world of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), treatment and care issues are similarly complicated, b
Drinking alcohol and pregnancy- more concernsDrinking alcohol and pregnancy- more concerns
Its a shocking number of diseases, 428. Thats the number of diseases determined to co-occur in people with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). FASD is a term used to describe a broad range of disabilities that can occur in people who were exposed to alcohol in the womb. Symptoms vary depending on such issues as…
Expert Info During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Now Available Via TextExpert Info During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Now Available Via Text
Brentwood, TN (PRWEB) September 08, 2015 -- As the world prepares to recognize Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Awareness Day on September 9th,
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According to the Congressional Caucus on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is the leading cause of mental
Will a person who drinks 10 shots of alcohol (eg bourbon)Will a person who drinks 10 shots of alcohol (eg bourbon)
straight have a higher blood alcohol level than if that same person was to drink it diluted (eg with coke)over the same time period ...
Ethanol Facts - HomeEthanol Facts - Home
Ethanol Facts - Learn about ethanol how it is made and the uses of Ethanol. Discover why ethanol is a very good sustainable fuel that used used in motor cars all over the world.
Ethanol Week - December 19, 2016Ethanol Week - December 19, 2016
Recent data from the U.S. Department of Energy shows that gasoline consumed in 25 states and the District of Columbia contained more than 10 percent ethanol on average in 2015, demonstrating that the so-called "E10 blend wall" continues to crumble. ...
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Valproate for Mood Swings and Alcohol Use Following Head Injury - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govValproate for Mood Swings and Alcohol Use Following Head Injury - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Dexmedetomidine (Precedex®) for Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) and Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium (AWD) - Full Text View...Dexmedetomidine (Precedex®) for Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) and Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium (AWD) - Full Text View...
Development of an Epigenetic Biomarker for Prediction of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govDevelopment of an Epigenetic Biomarker for Prediction of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
VRT as a Biomarker of Cerebellar Dysfunction in Chronic Cannabis Use - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govVRT as a Biomarker of Cerebellar Dysfunction in Chronic Cannabis Use - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
QuickStats: Rate of Alcohol-Induced Deaths Among Persons Aged ≥25 Years, by Age Group - National Vital Statistics System, 1999...QuickStats: Rate of Alcohol-Induced Deaths Among Persons Aged ≥25 Years, by Age Group - National Vital Statistics System, 1999...
Time-frequency visualization of alcohol withdrawal tremorsTime-frequency visualization of alcohol withdrawal tremors
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Frontiers | Eye movements reveal sexually dimorphic deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | NeuroscienceFrontiers | Eye movements reveal sexually dimorphic deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | Neuroscience
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Familial paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia: MedlinePlus GeneticsFamilial paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia: MedlinePlus Genetics
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Mental Disorders9
Dependence8
Alcoholism14
Addiction10
Abuse18
Prenatal alcohol8
Diseases4
Bipolar Disorder1
Mood disorders1
  • Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Ries Merikangas K. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. (aaem.pl)
Anxiety9
Fetal Alcohol S2
Brain25
  • Unfortunately, you already know how this ends, because once the alcohol hits your brain your resolution to drink in modest quantity quickly dissolves, consideration for tomorrow is gone and in the best case scenario you were just a bit hung-over at the meeting in the morning, whereas often the reality is generally much worse. (originsrecovery.com)
  • These advances have made it possible to visualize the effect of alcohol on the developing brain at all stages of life, from the prenatally affected child through the developmentally mature adult. (asu.edu)
  • In severe cases this decrease in brain size leads to microcephaly , a disorder in which the cranium of an individual is abnormally small (two standard deviations less than the developmental norm) due to stunted brain development. (asu.edu)
  • ER stress, a condition under which unfolded/misfolded protein accumulates in the ER, contributes to alcoholic disorders of major organs such as liver, pancreas, heart, and brain. (hindawi.com)
  • Effective screening tools that can accurately assess brain function in a non-invasive manner could facilitate the early and accurate identification of alcohol-exposed children. (frontiersin.org)
  • Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant drug that strongly activates certain systems in the brain. (uleth.ca)
  • Brain and Nervous System Cancer (incl. (healthgrades.com)
  • Pathways to alcohol-induced brain impairment in young people: A review. (edu.au)
  • Researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, have shown how acetate that is produced when the liver breaks down alcohol travels to the brain, where it is involved in epigenetic processes that impact on the expression of genes involved in learning and memory. (genengnews.com)
  • The findings also demonstrated that the acetate resulting from alcohol breakdown in pregnant rats is involved with histone acetylation in the developing fetal brain. (genengnews.com)
  • To our knowledge, this data provides the first empirical evidence indicating that a portion of acetate derived from alcohol metabolism directly influences epigenetic regulation in the brain. (genengnews.com)
  • Berger, together with colleagues including first authors Philipp Mews, PhD, who is now a postdoctoral fellow at the Friedman Brain Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, and Gabor Egervari, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the Berger lab, reported their studies in Nature , in a paper titled, " Alcohol metabolism contributes to brain histone acetylation . (genengnews.com)
  • For their current study the team was interested to discover whether acetate produced from the breakdown of alcohol directly contributes to acetylation of histones in the brain. (genengnews.com)
  • Histone acetylation in neurons may thus be under the influence of acetate that is derived from alcohol, with potential effects on alcohol-induced gene expression in the brain, and on behavior. (genengnews.com)
  • The team used isotopically labeled alcohol and advanced mass spectrometry to track where the alcohol and its breakdown products were transported to in the body and brain. (genengnews.com)
  • Their results showed that alcohol metabolism rapidly impacted histone acetylation in the hippocampus-the learning and memory center of the brain-by directly depositing alcohol-derived acetyl groups onto histones via the ACSS2 enzyme. (genengnews.com)
  • Here, using in vivo stable-isotope labeling in mice, we show that the metabolism of alcohol contributes to rapid acetylation of histones in the brain, and that this occurs in part through the direct deposition of acetyl groups that are derived from alcohol onto histones in an ACSS2-dependent manner," the investigators noted. (genengnews.com)
  • This finding represents a newly discovered route by which alcohol affects the brain and contributes to histone acetylation in neurons via ACSS2 enzyme, which plays an important role not only in gene expression but also in alcohol-related learning. (genengnews.com)
  • Professor Nazaraliev demonstrated to his American colleagues how a medically induced coma may correct impulses in the human brain and restructure hormonal imbalances. (nazaraliev.com)
  • Covering various drugs - including the major classes of medications working primarily on the brain, specifically antipsychotics and antidepressants - this all-encompassing review of medication-induced movement disorders aids early recognition and improved treatment. (ebooksmedicine.net)
  • It discusses the best options for evaluation and treatment, including medical imaging and deep brain stimulation, and guides the clinician in managing the disorder, making this a vital reference for medical specialists and consultants in neurology and neuropharmacology and any clinician seeing patients on medications crossing the blood brain barrier. (ebooksmedicine.net)
  • There are three types of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric) receptors in the brain: GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C. Benzodiazepines work in the central nervous system, selectively occupying certain protein areas in the brain called GABA-A receptors. (drugs.com)
  • Once alcohol is absorbed it is circulated throughout the body including the brain, where it slows down the Central Nervous System. (brighthubeducation.com)
  • Glutamate receptor subtype expression in human postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenics and alcohol abusers. (springer.com)
  • Davis S, Rodger J, Hicks A, Mallet J, Laroche S. Brain structure and task-specific increase in expression of the gene encoding syntaxin 1B during learning in the rat: a potential molecular marker for learning-induced synaptic plasticity in neural networks. (springer.com)
Seizure1
Mechanisms2
  • Potential mechanisms that trigger the alcoholic ER stress response are directly or indirectly related to alcohol metabolism, which includes toxic acetaldehyde and homocysteine, oxidative stress, perturbations of calcium or iron homeostasis, alterations of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, and abnormal epigenetic modifications. (hindawi.com)
  • The purpose of this review is to highlight phenomenological evidence for alcohol-induced ER stress in select organ disorders and to discuss potential molecular mechanisms causing alcoholic ER stress. (hindawi.com)
Central nervous sys2
Acute7
Prevalence3
Consumption10
FASD3
Seizures1
  • People with a history of seizures , heart disease , prostate enlargement, glaucoma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder should receive loxapine only after careful evaluation. (encyclopedia.com)
Psychotic disorder5
Dysfunction3
Withdrawal6
Medications3
Symptoms10
  • This observation suggests that TBI survivors represent a patient group for whom treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms following TBI may alleviate both TBI-related affect lability and also heavy ethanol use by treating the condition that is contextually related to excessive alcohol use. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • In general, two to three symptoms indicate a mild substance use disorder. (mentalhelp.net)
  • Four to five symptoms would ordinarily be called a moderate substance use disorder. (mentalhelp.net)
  • If six or more symptoms are present, this would be classified as a severe substance use disorder. (mentalhelp.net)
  • Individuals with familial paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia usually begin to show signs and symptoms of the disorder during childhood or their early teens. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The history (i.e., timing and duration of symptoms, provoking factors, associated signs and symptoms) and physical examination (especially of the head and neck and neurologic systems, as well as special tests such as the Dix-Hallpike maneuver) provide important clues to the diagnosis. (aafp.org)
  • Dipraglurant is an oral, small molecule allosteric modulator that inhibits selectively the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), a Class C G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR), with potential to be used in combination with levodopa or dopamine agonists or as a standalone treatment for Parkinson's disease levodopa-induced dyskinesia (PD-LID), motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. (fiercebiotech.com)
  • Librium is not known to cure any disorders, but rather helps individuals manage symptoms associated with an underlying disorder or condition. (solutions-recovery.com)
  • In Pure Autonomic Failure (PAF) other neurological systems are never affected, but in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Parkinsonian, pyramidal and/or cerebellar symptoms occur at some stage in the disease. (escardio.org)
  • In other parts of the world, however, hypotension is itself considered to be a disorder that can cause various symptoms, including depression, lethargy and fatigue. (digitalnaturopath.com)
Nerve4
Secondary3
Developmental5
Synaptic plasticity1
Deaths per 100,0001
Depressant4
Neuropsychiatric disorders2
  • This comprehensive review discusses STEP expression and regulation and highlights how disrupted STEP function contributes to the pathophysiology of diverse neuropsychiatric disorders. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Proteins enriched in presynaptic terminals are frequently used as postmortem markers for neural connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. (springer.com)
Toxicity1
Impairment4
Schizophrenia1
  • Studies of presynaptic proteins and their mRNAs in schizophrenia and affective disorders indicate that multiple proteins are abnormally expressed or regulated. (springer.com)
Delirium1
  • 4 Delirium has been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, whereas the prognosis of alcohol hallucinosis has been thought to be better. (rcpsych.org)
Syndrome5
Overdose2
  • The co-ingestion of alcohol with oxymorphone hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in an increase of plasma levels and potentially fatal overdose of oxymorphone. (aol.com)
  • In the past, benzodiazepines, especially when used as a sedative-hypnotic for sleep, were touted as safer alternatives to the older barbiturates , which could lead to fatal overdose, particularly when combined with alcohol. (drugs.com)
Hallucinosis1
Fooling the semicircular canals1
Drugs6
Disturbances3
Abnormalities1
  • Abnormalities in the CC have been observed in individuals with FAS as well as those with ArND, generally making it a reliable indicator of prenatal ethanol exposure even in the absence of other ethanol-induced abnormalities. (asu.edu)
Excessive4
Neurological1
Effects of alco1
Caffeine intoxication1
Occurs5
  • Sleepwalking disorder is seen in only 1-5% of children and occurs more frequently in boys. (minddisorders.com)
  • Gaze induced nystagmus occurs or is exacerbated as a result of changing one's gaze toward or away from a particular side which has an affected central apparatus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peripheral nystagmus occurs as a result of either normal or diseased functional states of the vestibular system and may combine a rotational component with vertical or horizontal eye movements and may be spontaneous, positional, or evoked. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cough-induced headache occurs with structural lesions of the posterior fossa, but in many instances no specific cause can be found. (mhmedical.com)
  • When this occurs, the microtubules disintegrate, destroying the structure of the cell's cytoskeleton which collapses the neuron's transport system. (cafedemarco.com)
Alcoholics1
  • Whether you are of the classic variety or the binge drinking variety, or some other unfortunate permutation, the tie that binds all alcoholics is the fact that once you ingest an amount of alcohol, you generally have no true idea of when you will actually stop drinking… if at all. (originsrecovery.com)
Orthostatic4
  • Orthostatic intolerance syndromes occur when the autonomic nervous system is incapacitated and fails to respond to the challenges imposed by the upright position. (escardio.org)
  • Drug-induced autonomic failure is probably the most frequent cause of orthostatic intolerance. (escardio.org)
  • Moreover, contrary to the other syndromes of orthostatic intolerance in which there is a failure of the autonomic nervous system to respond to upright position, in the reflex syncopes an "iperactive" reflex is generally thought to be triggered by various stimuli, among which standing is one of the most important. (escardio.org)
  • Any factors which increase venous pooling in the lower limb, such as, for example, hot weather or alcohol ingestion, also worsen orthostatic hypotension. (escardio.org)
Drug14
Liver6
Ethanol3
  • Ethanol-induced defects affecting CNS development can be observed through the use of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. (asu.edu)
  • These may be initiated by ethanol-induced alterations to DNA and histone methylation, particularly in imprinted regions of the genome, affecting transcription which is further fine-tuned by altered microRNA expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Academic Dissertations -- South Carolina;Ethanol Induced Nervous System Disorders;Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1. (musc.edu)
Intoxication1
Catapres-TTS-1 - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
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QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates Attributable to Alcohol-Induced Causes, by Race/Ethnicity - United States, 1999-2015 |...
QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates Attributable to Alcohol-Induced Causes, by Race/Ethnicity - United States, 1999-2015 |... (cdc.gov)
QuickStats: Rate of Alcohol-Induced Deaths Among Persons Aged ≥25 Years, by Age Group - National Vital Statistics System, 1999...
QuickStats: Rate of Alcohol-Induced Deaths Among Persons Aged ≥25 Years, by Age Group - National Vital Statistics System, 1999... (cdc.gov)
Faculty | Bioimaging Sciences
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Collections: Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 / Recently Added: Within 6 Months / Copyright: Public domain / Genre: Lecture...
Collections: Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920 / Recently Added: Within 6 Months / Copyright: Public domain / Genre: Lecture... (collections.nlm.nih.gov)
Alcoholism: A Multi-Systemic Molecular Insult to Organ Damage[v1] | Preprints
Alcoholism: A Multi-Systemic Molecular Insult to Organ Damage[v1] | Preprints (preprints.org)
Brain-Induced Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery - Full Text View -...
Brain-Induced Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery - Full Text View -... (clinicaltrials.gov)
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CYP2E1 polyclonal antibody - (PAB8667) - Products - Abnova
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Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic | Profiles RNS
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Alternative Ways to Treat Dementia - Flanders Health Blog
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