Alanine Racemase
Racemases and Epimerases
Alanine
Amino Acid Isomerases
Alanine Dehydrogenase
An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Burkholderia mallei
Stereoisomerism
Pyridoxal Phosphate
This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).
Isomerases
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Amino Acid Sequence
Frankia
Alnus
Myrica
Authorship
Knowledge Bases
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Solvents
Cobalt
Bacillaceae
Geobacillus
Serine C-Palmitoyltransferase
Ceramides
Models, Molecular
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Biological Science Disciplines
All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.
PubMed
A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central.
Directories as Topic
Publishing
Markov Chains
Databases, Protein
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium bovis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus
Enterococcus faecium
Acetoin
Acinetobacter baumannii
Crystallography, X-Ray
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase: conformational change in the flexible region around Arg334 is required during the transaldimination process. (1/84)
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) catalytic mechanism has been proposed to proceed through two consecutive intermediates (i.e., Michaelis complex and the external aldimine). Limited proteolysis of AADC that preferentially digested at the C-terminal side of Arg334 was slightly retarded in the presence of dihydroxyphenyl acetate that formed a stable Michaelis complex. On the contrary, AADC was scarcely digested in the presence of L-dopa methyl ester that formed a stable external aldimine. Similar protection by the substrate analogs was observed in the chemical modification experiment. From these results, we concluded that the region around Arg334 must be exposed and flexible in the unliganded state, and forming the Michaelis complex generated a subtle conformational change, then underwent marked conformational change during the subsequent transaldimination process prerequisite to forming the external aldimine. For further analyses, we constructed a mutant gene encoding in tandem the two peptides of AADC cleaved at the Asn327-Met328 bond inside the putative flexible region. The gene product, fragmentary AADC, was still active with L-dopa as substrate, but its k(cat) value was decreased 57-fold, and the Km value was increased 9-fold compared with those of the wild-type AADC. The absorption spectra of the fragmentary AADC in the presence of L-dopa methyl ester showed shift in the equilibrium of the transaldimination from the external aldimine to the Michaelis complex. Tryptic digestion of the fragmentary AADC removed seven amino acid residues, Met328-Arg334, and resulted in complete inactivation. Susceptibility of the fragmentary enzyme to trypsin was not changed by L-dopa methyl ester revealing the loss of appropriate conformational change in the flexible region induced by substrate binding. From these results we propose that the conformational change in the flexible region is required during the transaldimination process. (+info)Role of tyrosine 265 of alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. (2/84)
Tyrosine 265 (Y265) of Bacillus stearothermophilus is believed to serve as a catalytic base specific to the L-enantiomer of a substrate amino acid by removing (or returning) an alpha-hydrogen from (or to) the isomer on the basis of the X-ray structure of the enzyme [Stamper, C.G., Morollo, A.A., and Ringe, D. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 10438-10443]. We found that the Y265-->Ala mutant (Y265A) enzyme is virtually inactive as a catalyst for alanine racemization. We examined the role of Y265 further with beta-chloroalanine as a substrate with the expectation that the Y265A mutant only catalyzes the alpha,beta-elimination of the D-enantiomer of beta-chloroalanine. However, L-beta-chloroalanine also served as a substrate; this enantiomer was rather better as a substrate than its antipode. Moreover, the mutant enzyme was as equally active as the wild-type enzyme in the elimination reaction. These findings indicate that Y265 is essential for alanine racemization but not for beta-chloroalanine elimination. (+info)Transcriptional control of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis during sporulation in Bacillus sphaericus. (3/84)
Synthesis of enzymes functional in the synthesis of nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan ceases upon initiation of sporulation in Bacillus sphaericus. During sporulation, two periods of synthesis of these enzymes occur. The first starts at spore septum formation and is conincident with forespore engulfment; it involves the synthesis of those enzymes required for making the precursor of vegetative-type peptidoglycan, including L-lysyl ligase but no mesodiaminopimelyl ligase. The second period occurs shortly before the appearance of cortex. It involves the synthesis of diaminopimelyl ligase and the other enzymes needed for making the precursor of cortical peptidoglycan, but not lysyl ligase. Both events are a consequence of derepression at the level of transcription. Neither period of synthesis occurs in asporogenous mutants whose morphological block is at the point of spore septum formation. (+info)Tyrosine 265 of alanine racemase serves as a base abstracting alpha-hydrogen from L-alanine: the counterpart residue to lysine 39 specific to D-alanine. (4/84)
Alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus has been proposed to catalyze alanine racemization by means of two catalytic bases: lysine 39 (K39) abstracting specifically the alpha-hydrogen of D-alanine and tyrosine 265 (Y265) playing the corresponding role for the antipode L-alanine. The role of K39 as indicated has already been verified [Watanabe, A., Kurokawa, Y., Yoshimura, T., Kurihara, T., Soda, K., and Esaki, N. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4189-4194]. We here present evidence for the functioning of Y265 as the base catalyst specific to L-alanine. The Y265-->Ala mutant enzyme (Y265A), like Y265S and Y265F, was a poor catalyst for alanine racemization. However, Y265A and Y265S catalyzed transamination with D-alanine much more rapidly than the wild-type enzyme, and the bound coenzyme, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), was converted to pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). The rate of transamination catalyzed by Y265F was about 9% of that by the wild-type enzyme. However, Y265A, Y265S, and Y265F were similar in that L-alanine was inert as a substrate in transamination. The apo-form of the wild-type enzyme catalyzes the abstraction of tritium non-specifically from both (4'S)- and (4'R)-[4'-(3)H]PMP in the presence of pyruvate. In contrast, apo-Y265A abstracts tritium virtually from only the R-isomer. This indicates that the side-chain of Y265 abstracts the alpha-hydrogen of L-alanine and transfers it supra-facially to the pro-S position at C-4' of PMP. Y265 is the counterpart residue to K39 that transfers the alpha-hydrogen of D-alanine to the pro-R position of PMP. (+info)A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis. (5/84)
The cyclic tetrapeptide HC-toxin is an essential virulence determinant for the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum and an inhibitor of histone deacetylase. The major form of HC-toxin contains the D-isomers of Ala and Pro. The non-ribosomal peptide synthetase that synthesizes HC-toxin has only one epimerizing domain for conversion of L-Pro to D-Pro; the source of D-Ala has remained unknown. Here we present the cloning and characterization of a new gene involved in HC-toxin biosynthesis, TOXG. TOXG is present only in HC-toxin-producing (Tox2(+)) isolates of C. carbonum. TOXG is able to support D-Ala-independent growth of a strain of Escherichia coli defective in D-Ala synthesis. A C. carbonum strain with both of its copies of TOXG mutated grows normally in culture, and although it no longer makes the three forms of HC-toxin that contain D-Ala, it still makes a minor form of HC-toxin that contains Gly in place of D-Ala. The addition of D-Ala to the culture medium restores production of the D-Ala-containing forms of HC-toxin by the toxG mutant. The toxG mutant has only partially reduced virulence. It is concluded that TOXG encodes an alanine racemase whose function is to synthesize D-Ala for incorporation into HC-toxin. (+info)The manifold of vitamin B6 dependent enzymes. (6/84)
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (vitamin B6) binding enzymes form a large superfamily that contains at least five different folds. The availability of an increasing number of known three-dimensional structures for members of this superfamily has allowed a detailed structural classification. Most progress has been made with the fold type I or aspartate aminotransferase family. (+info)Serine and alanine racemase activities of VanT: a protein necessary for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174. (7/84)
Vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus gallinarum results from the production of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ser]. VanT, a membrane-bound serine racemase, is one of three proteins essential for this resistance. To investigate the selectivity of racemization of L-Ser or L-Ala by VanT, a strain of Escherichia coli TKL-10 that requires D-Ala for growth at 42 degrees C was used as host for transformation experiments using plasmids containing the full-length vanT from Ent. gallinarum or the alanine racemase gene (alr) of Bacillus stearothermophilus: both plasmids were able to complement E. coli TKL-10 at 42 degrees C. No alanine or serine racemase activities were detected in the host strain E. coli TKL-10 grown at 30, 34 or 37 degrees C. Serine and alanine racemase activities were found almost exclusively (96%) in the membrane fraction of E. coli TKL-10/pCA4(vanT): the alanine racemase activity of VanT was 14% of the serine racemase activity in both E. coli TKL-10/pCA4(vanT) and E. coli XL-1 Blue/pCA4(vanT). Alanine racemase activity was present mainly (95%) in the cytoplasmic fraction of E. coli TKL-10/pJW40(alr), with a trace (1.6%) of serine racemase activity. Additionally, DNA encoding the soluble domain of VanT was cloned and expressed in E. coli M15 as a His-tagged polypeptide and purified: this polypeptide also exhibited both serine and alanine racemase activities; the latter was approximately 18% of the serine racemase activity, similar to that of the full-length, membrane-bound enzyme. N-terminal sequencing of the purified His-tagged polypeptide revealed a single amino acid sequence, indicating that the formation of heterodimers between subunits of His-tagged C-VanT and endogenous alanine racemases from E. coli was unlikely. The authors conclude that the membrane-bound serine racemase VanT also has alanine racemase activity but is able to racemize serine more efficiently than alanine, and that the cytoplasmic domain is responsible for the racemase activity. (+info)Functional characterization of alanine racemase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe: a eucaryotic counterpart to bacterial alanine racemase. (8/84)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe has an open reading frame, which we named alr1(+), encoding a putative protein similar to bacterial alanine racemase. We cloned the alr1(+) gene in Escherichia coli and purified the gene product (Alr1p), with an M(r) of 41,590, to homogeneity. Alr1p contains pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a coenzyme and catalyzes the racemization of alanine with apparent K(m) and V(max) values as follows: for L-alanine, 5.0 mM and 670 micromol/min/mg, respectively, and for D-alanine, 2.4 mM and 350 micromol/min/mg, respectively. The enzyme is almost specific to alanine, but L-serine and L-2-aminobutyrate are racemized slowly at rates 3.7 and 0.37% of that of L-alanine, respectively. S. pombe uses D-alanine as a sole nitrogen source, but deletion of the alr1(+) gene resulted in retarded growth on the same medium. This indicates that S. pombe has catabolic pathways for both enantiomers of alanine and that the pathway for L-alanine coupled with racemization plays a major role in the catabolism of D-alanine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae differs markedly from S. pombe: S. cerevisiae uses L-alanine but not D-alanine as a sole nitrogen source. Moreover, D-alanine is toxic to S. cerevisiae. However, heterologous expression of the alr1(+) gene enabled S. cerevisiae to grow efficiently on D-alanine as a sole nitrogen source. The recombinant yeast was relieved from the toxicity of D-alanine. (+info)
New Classes of Alanine Racemase Inhibitors Identified by High-Throughput Screening Show Antimicrobial Activity against...
Structural insights into the alanine racemase from Enterococcus faecalis<...
Alanine racemase elisa and antibody
Silica-immobilized His(6)-tagged enzyme : Alanine racemase in hydrophobic solvent
Active site of A. baumannii alanine racemase. (a) 2Fo | Open-i
Alanine racemase C-terminal domain-like superfamily
EC 5.1.1.1
Global D-Alanine Racemase Market Research Report 2018 Share, Size, Analysis and Forecast 2023 - Market Research Reports and...
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WikiGenes - dadX - alanine racemase
Sequence Similarity Search - BLAST
Sequence Similarity Search - BLAST
alanine racemase [Frankia sp. CcI3] - Protein - NCBI
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Essentiality of Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-alanine racemase - Ofelia Chacon
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Regulation of the dauBAR operon and characterization of d-amino acid dehydrogenase DauA in arginine and lysine catabolism of...
Permalien vers Combined approaches for drug design points the way to novel proline racemase inhibitor candidates to fight...
dadA - D-amino acid dehydrogenase - Escherichia coli (strain K12) - dadA gene & protein
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D-ALANINE (3-13C, 99%) - Creative Proteomics
D-alanine | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
Diaminopimelate decarboxylase
DAPDC is a PLP-dependent enzyme belonging to the alanine racemase family. This enzyme is generally dimeric with each monomer ... "Functional classification of amino acid decarboxylases from the alanine racemase structural family by phylogenetic studies". ...
Ciclosporin
The racemization of L-Ala to D-Ala by alanine racemase is pyridoxal phosphate-dependent. The formation of butenyl-methyl-L- ... Of these 12 genes, SimA (Q09164) is the cyclosporin synthetase, SimB (CAA02484.1) is the alanine racemase, and SimG (similar to ... di Salvo ML, Florio R, Paiardini A, Vivoli M, D'Aguanno S, Contestabile R (January 2013). "Alanine racemase from Tolypocladium ... Cyclosporin synthetase substrates include L-valine, L-leucine, L-alanine, glycine, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-methylthreonine, and ...
Tolypocladium inflatum
The expression levels of alanine racemase affects the level of cyclosporine production by T. inflatum. Ciclosporin A was first ... "Alanine racemase from Tolypocladium inflatum: A key PLP-dependent enzyme in cyclosporin biosynthesis and a model of catalytic ...
Pyridoxal phosphate
AlaP (alanine phosphonate) inhibits alanine racemases, but its lack of specificity has prompted further designs of ALR ... Fold Type I - aspartate aminotransferase family Fold Type II - tryptophan synthase family Fold Type III - alanine racemase ... 2011). Ahmed N (ed.). "New classes of alanine racemase inhibitors identified by high-throughput screening show antimicrobial ... liver cysteine desulfhydrase activity disappears and serine and threonine dehydrase and alanine glutamate transaminase ...
D-threonine aldolase
"Threonine aldolase and alanine racemase: novel examples of convergent evolution in the superfamily of vitamin B6-dependent ...
Dan T. Major
"A Combined Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical Study of the Reaction Mechanism and α-Amino Acidity in Alanine Racemase ...
Exosporium
Seven proteins have been identified in washed exosporium: alanine racemase, inosine hydrolase, ExsF, CotY, ExsY, CotB, and a ...
Serine dehydratase
D-alanine aminotransferase family and the alanine racemase family. An example of the evolutionary similarity in the Beta family ...
Orientia tsutsugamushi
... alr encodes an enzyme L-alanine racemase, which converts L-alanine to D-alanine in the first step of peptidoglycan synthesis ...
Cycloserine
... alanine racemase (Alr) and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (Ddl). The first enzyme is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme ... Lambert MP, Neuhaus FC (June 1972). "Mechanism of D-cycloserine action: alanine racemase from Escherichia coli W". Journal of ... If both of these enzymes are inhibited, then D-alanine residues cannot form and previously formed D-alanine molecules cannot be ... Prosser GA, de Carvalho LP (February 2013). "Kinetic mechanism and inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-alanine:D-alanine ...
List of MeSH codes (D08)
... alanine racemase MeSH D08.811.399.894.500 - carbohydrate epimerases MeSH D08.811.399.894.500.700 - UDP-glucose 4-epimerase MeSH ... beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.347 - d-alanine transaminase MeSH D08.811.913.477.700.470 - ... alanine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.100 - arginine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.150 - aspartate-tRNA ligase ... alanine dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.664.500.125 - d-amino-acid oxidase MeSH D08.811.682.664.500.261 - d-aspartate oxidase ...
List of EC numbers (EC 5)
EC 5.1.1.1: alanine racemase EC 5.1.1.2: methionine racemase EC 5.1.1.3: glutamate racemase EC 5.1.1.4: proline racemase EC 5.1 ... allantoin racemase EC 5.1.99.4: a-methylacyl-CoA racemase EC 5.1.99.5: hydantoin racemase EC 5.1.99.6: NAD(P)H-hydrate ... serine racemase EC 5.1.2.1: lactate racemase EC 5.1.2.2: mandelate racemase EC 5.1.2.3: 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA epimerase EC 5.1. ... arginine racemase EC 5.1.1.10: amino-acid racemase EC 5.1.1.11: phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing) EC 5.1.1.12: ornithine ...
Enterococcus faecalis
D-alanine-D-serine ligase, alanine racemase, phosphate acetyltransferase, NADH peroxidase,Phosphopantetheine ... Glutamate racemase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, topoisomerase DNA gyrase B, ...
Alanine
Fermentation routes to L-alanine are complicated by alanine racemase. Racemic alanine can be prepared by the condensation of ... is so-called alanine scanning, where every position in turn is mutated to alanine. Hydrogenation of alanine give the amino ... forming alanine and α-ketoglutarate. The alanine enters the bloodstream, and is transported to the liver. The alanine ... Alanine is an aliphatic amino acid, because the side-chain connected to the α-carbon atom is a methyl group (-CH3); alanine is ...
Aspartate racemase
It was then determined that aspartate racemase also racemizes L-alanine around half as quickly as it does L-aspartate, but does ... proline racemase, and hydroxyproline-2-epimerase. Mammalian aspartate racemase, in contrast with bacterial aspartate racemase, ... First, D-aspartate is isomerized to L-aspartate by aspartate racemase, followed by decarboxylation to form L-alanine. D-amino ... Notably, aspartate racemase in E. coli is also able to catalyze the racemization of glutamate. In 2004, an aspartate racemase ...
Alanine racemase
... can be found in some invertebrates. Bacteria can have one (alr gene) or two alanine racemase genes. Bacterial ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is alanine racemase. This enzyme is also called L-alanine racemase. This enzyme ... The D-alanine produced by alanine racemase is used for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of ... In enzymology, an alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...
Category:Protein pages needing a picture
Alanine racemase. *Alanine transaminase. *Alcohol dehydrogenase. *Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase. *Aldehyde oxidase. * ...
Epimerase and racemase
Human epimerases include methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, involved in the metabolic breakdown of the amino acids alanine, ... Racemases catalyze the stereochemical inversion around the asymmetric carbon atom in a substrate having only one center of ... Epimerases and racemases are isomerase enzymes that catalyze the inversion of stereochemistry in biological molecules. ... medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/racemase http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epimerase Entry+Term+ ...
D-Amino acid
The D-alanine in peptidoglycans that comprise bacterial cell walls helps its host resist attack by proteolytic enzymes. Several ... D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via the formation of the alpha-iminoacids, where the ...
D-Amino acid
D-alanine. L-alanine. L- and D-amino acids are usually enantiomers. The exceptions are two amino acids with two stereogenic ... D-Amino-acid racemase, a PLP-dependent enzyme, racemizes amino acids via the formation of the alpha-iminoacids, where the ... The D-alanine in peptidoglycans that comprise bacterial cell walls helps its host resist attack by proteolytic enzymes. Several ...
NMDA receptor
Some known NMDA receptor agonists include: Alanine (D-alanine, L-alanine) - endogenous glycine site agonist Aspartic acid ( ... It is produced by serine racemase, and is enriched in the same areas as NMDA receptors. Removal of D-serine can block NMDA- ...
D-amino-acid transaminase
Other names in common use include D-aspartate transaminase, D-alanine aminotransferase, D-aspartic aminotransferase, D-alanine- ... "Characterization of the genes encoding D-amino acid transaminase and glutamate racemase, two D-glutamate biosynthetic enzymes ... In enzymology, a D-amino-acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.21) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: D-alanine + 2- ... Martinez-Carrion M, Jenkins WT (1965). "D-Alanine-D-glutamate transaminase. I. Purification and characterization". J. Biol. ...
List of enzymes
EC 5.1.1 Amino-acid racemase: Phenylalanine racemase (ATP-hydrolysing) Serine racemase Category:EC 5.1.2 Mandelate racemase ... EC 2.6.1 Alanine transaminase EC 2.6.1.2 Aspartate transaminase EC 2.6.1.1 Category:EC 2.7.2 Butyrate kinase (EC 2.7.2.7) EC ... D-alanine-D-alanyl-carrier protein ligase EC 6.2.1.55: E1 SAMP-activating enzyme Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) ... EC 3.4.11 Alanine aminopeptidase Category:EC 3.4.15 Angiotensin converting enzyme Category:EC 3.4.21 Serine protease ...
Glutamic acid
Examples are as follows: Alanine + α-ketoglutarate ⇌ pyruvate + glutamate Aspartate + α-ketoglutarate ⇌ oxaloacetate + ... which can manufacture it from the l form with the enzyme glutamate racemase) and the liver of mammals. Although they occur ...
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Examples include β-alanine, GABA, and δ-aminolevulinic acid. β-alanine: an amino acid produced by aspartate 1-decarboxylase and ... serine racemase from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174". Molecular Microbiology. 31 (6): 1653-1664. doi: ... alanine aminoisobutyric acid dehydroalanine A subset of L-α-amino acids are ambiguous as to which of two ends is the α-carbon. ... This compound is similar to alanine, but possesses an additional methyl group on the α-carbon instead of a hydrogen. It is ...
List of enzymes
Category:EC 5.1 (racemases and epimerases)Edit. *Category:EC 5.1.1. *Amino-acid racemase: Phenylalanine racemase (ATP- ... EC 6.2.1.54: [[D-alanine--[D-alanyl-carrier protein] ligase]]. *EC 6.2.1.55: [[E1 SAMP-activating enzyme] ...
Morpheein
Ashiuchi, M.; Kuwana, E; Yamamoto, T; Komatsu, K; Soda, K; Misono, H (2002). "Glutamate Racemase is an Endogenous DNA Gyrase ... Schulz, Ju¨Rgen; Sparmann, Gisela; Hofmann, Eberhard (1975). "Alanine-mediated reversible inactivation of tumour pyruvate ... Ashiuchi, M.; Tani, K.; Soda, K.; Misono, H. (1998). "Properties of Glutamate Racemase from Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336 ... 2007). "Structural and Functional Analysis of Two Glutamate Racemase Isozymes from Bacillus anthracis and Implications for ...
Glutamic acid
Alanine + α-ketoglutarate ⇌ pyruvate + glutamate. Aspartate + α-ketoglutarate ⇌ oxaloacetate + glutamate. Both pyruvate and ... l form with the enzyme glutamate racemase) and the liver of mammals.[10][11] ...
Alanine racemase - Wikipedia
Alanine racemase can be found in some invertebrates. Bacteria can have one (alr gene) or two alanine racemase genes. Bacterial ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is alanine racemase. This enzyme is also called L-alanine racemase. This enzyme ... The D-alanine produced by alanine racemase is used for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of ... In enzymology, an alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...
alanine racemase [Frankia sp. CcI3] - Protein - NCBI
Species: Alanine racemase, N-terminal (IPR001608) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Alanine racemase, pyridoxal-phosphate attachment site (IPR020622) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Short name: Ala_racemase_pyridoxalP-BS Description. Alanine racemase catalyses the pyridoxal-dependent conversion of L-alanine ... amino acid racemase is structurally and functionally related to alanine racemase. The 3D-structure of the dimeric alanine ... functions in L-alanine catabolism. By contrast with dadB and alr, both of which are monomeric enzymes, the alanine racemase of ... This pattern signature contains the lysine residue of alanine racemase that acts as the attachment site for the pyridoxal- ...
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Alanine racemase - Q4ADX2 (Q4ADX2 PSEFL)
RCSB PDB - 1L6F: Alanine racemase bound with N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-L-alanine
Alanine racemase bound with N-(5-phosphopyridoxyl)-L-alanine. *DOI: 10.2210/pdb1L6F/pdb ... The crystal structures of alanine racemase bound with reaction intermediate analogs, N-(5-phosphopyridoxyl)-L-alanine (PLP-L- ... The crystal structures of alanine racemase bound with reaction intermediate analogs, N-(5-phosphopyridoxyl)-L-alanine (PLP-L- ... alanine racemase. A, B. 388. Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Mutation(s): 1 Gene Names: alr, dal. EC: 5.1.1.1. ...
WikiGenes - dadX - alanine racemase
Cloning of alanine racemase genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens strains and oligomerization states of gene products expressed in ... Identification of the dadX gene coding for the predominant isozyme of alanine racemase in Escherichia coli K12. Wild, J., ... Mutant analysis shows that alanine racemases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are dimeric. Strych, U., Benedik ... The pathogenicity island begins 7 bp downstream of dadX (catabolic alanine racemase; 26.55 min) and ends at a position in the K ...
IUCr) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of a thermostable alanine racemase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4....
Silica-immobilized His(6)-tagged enzyme : Alanine racemase in hydrophobic solvent
Alanine Racemase from Staphylococcus aureus: Conformation of Its Substrates and Its Inhibitor, D-Cycloserine | Molecular...
Alanine Racemase from Staphylococcus aureus: Conformation of Its Substrates and Its Inhibitor, D-Cycloserine. ULDIS ROZE and ... Alanine Racemase from Staphylococcus aureus: Conformation of Its Substrates and Its Inhibitor, D-Cycloserine. ULDIS ROZE and ... Alanine Racemase from Staphylococcus aureus: Conformation of Its Substrates and Its Inhibitor, D-Cycloserine. ULDIS ROZE and ... D-Cycloserine is a competitive inhibitor of alanine racemase for which its Ki is 100 times smaller than the Km for either of ...
New Classes of Alanine Racemase Inhibitors Identified by High-Throughput Screening Show Antimicrobial Activity against...
Alanine racemase and L-alanine dehydrogenase assay adaptation to 384-well format. The coupled alanine racemase assay of Esaki ... The first assay is based on the Esaki and Walsh reaction where the conversion of D-alanine to L-alanine by alanine racemase is ... The assay was modified by varying the concentrations of alanine racemase, D-alanine, NAD, and L-alanine dehydrogenase in a ... alanine racemase plays an essential role in cell wall synthesis as it racemizes L-alanine into D-alanine, a key building block ...
Alanine racemase elisa and antibody
Recombinant Protein and Alanine racemase Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are ... Alanine racemase 1. Alanine racemase 1 ELISA Kit. Alanine racemase 1 Recombinant. Alanine racemase 1 Antibody. Catalyzes the ... Alanine racemase 2. Alanine racemase 2 ELISA Kit. Alanine racemase 2 Recombinant. Alanine racemase 2 Antibody. Catalyzes the ... Alanine racemase 3. Alanine racemase 3 ELISA Kit. Alanine racemase 3 Recombinant. Alanine racemase 3 Antibody. Catalyzes the ...
l-Threonine aldolase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase and fungal alanine racemase. A subgroup of strictly related enzymes...
The construction of three-dimensional homology models of l-threonine aldolase from E. coli and alanine racemase from ... fungal alanine racemase, an extremely close relative of l-threonine aldolase, also appears to be a member of the same subgroup ... racemase, aminotransferase and decarboxylase reactions. This apparent lack of specificity is probably a consequence of the ... l-Threonine aldolase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase and fungal alanine racemase. A subgroup of strictly related enzymes ...
Alanine racemase C-terminal domain-like superfamily
The SCOP classification for the Alanine racemase C-terminal domain-like superfamily including the families contained in it. ... Alanine racemase plays a role in providing the D-alanine required for cell wall biosynthesis by isomerising L-alanine to D- ... Alanine racemase. 0. 2.652. --. DIRECT. Enzyme Commission (EC). Carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase. 0.00000004634. 2.652. --. ... Alanine racemase C-terminal domain-like superfamily. SCOP classification Root: SCOP hierarchy in SUPERFAMILY [. 0] (11) ...
Molecular dynamics studies of alanine racemase: A structural model for drug design
Alanine racemase-like, N-terminal domain family
The SCOP classification for the Alanine racemase-like, N-terminal domain family. Additional information, provided for both this ... Alanine racemase-like, N-terminal domain family. SCOP classification Root: SCOP hierarchy in SUPERFAMILY [. 0] (11) ... Racemases and epimerases. 0. Informative. Direct. Enzyme Commission (EC). Acting on amino acids and derivatives. 0. Highly ... Racemases and epimerases. 0. Informative. Direct. Enzyme Commission (EC). Acting on amino acids and derivatives. 0. Highly ...
Essentiality of Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-alanine racemase - Ofelia Chacon
... we expect to determine the relevance of D-alanine racemase and related pathways of D-alanine biosynthesis to serve as targets ... The enzyme Dalanine racemase (Alr) catalyzes the primary route of D-alanine biosynthesis in mycobacteria and the alr gene is ... D-alanine plays a role in the cross-linking of nascent PG strands and our central hypothesis is that D-alanine is an essential ... Essentiality of Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-alanine racemase Chacon, Ofelia University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, ...
Identification of a new alanine racemase in Salmonella Enteritidis and its contribution to pathogenesis | Gut Pathogens | Full...
We have shown SEN3897 to function as a unique alanine racemase in S. Enteritidis which displayed essential alanine racemase ... However, Alr complementation in d-alanine auxotrophic strain restored the alanine racemase deficiency. The Km and Vmax of ... alanine racemase is a key enzyme facilitating bacterial survival. This study aims at understanding the contribution of alanine ... This study identified a third alanine racemase gene unique in S. Enteritidis which had a potential effect on survival and ...
S. aureus alanine racemase: "A target for structure-based drug design"
There are two alanine racemase isozymes in S. aureus; Alr, which is constitutively expressed, and a catabolic alanine racemase ... and had the weakest affinity for both enantiomers of alanine out of all the published alanine racemases. Interestingly, the ... S. aureus alanine racemase: "A target for structure-based drug design". Scaletti, Emma Rose ... Cite this item: Scaletti, E. R. (2014). S. aureus alanine racemase: A target for structure-based drug design (Thesis, Doctor ...
Structural insights into the alanine racemase from Enterococcus faecalis<...
title = "Structural insights into the alanine racemase from Enterococcus faecalis",. abstract = "Alanine racemase (AlaR) is a ... N2 - Alanine racemase (AlaR) is a bacterial enzyme that belongs to the fold-type III group of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)- ... AB - Alanine racemase (AlaR) is a bacterial enzyme that belongs to the fold-type III group of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)- ... Alanine racemase (AlaR) is a bacterial enzyme that belongs to the fold-type III group of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent ...
The X-ray Crystal Structure of Alanine Racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii
Alanine racemase is a pyridoxal 5-phosphate dependent enzyme, responsible for racemisation between enantiomers of alanine. As ... Cite this item: Davis, E. (2015). The X-ray Crystal Structure of Alanine Racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii (Thesis, Master ... The Vmax and Km for the L-alanine to D-alanine reaction were found to be 220.5 U/mg and 1.56 mM, respectively. The Vmax and Km ... In this study, A. baumannii alanine racemase (AlrAba) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A purification protocol was ...
Active site of A. baumannii alanine racemase. (a) 2Fo | Open-i
... baumannii alanine racemase. (a) 2Fo− Fc electron-density map of the active site contoured at 1.0σ with isomesh map shown (1.6 Å ... The structure of alanine racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii. Davis E, Scaletti-Hutchinson E, Opel-Reading H, Nakatani Y, ... The structure of alanine racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii. Davis E, Scaletti-Hutchinson E, Opel-Reading H, Nakatani Y, ... fig5: Active site of A. baumannii alanine racemase. (a) 2Fo− Fc electron-density map of the active site contoured at 1.0σ with ...
nature.com search
Function of alanine racemase in the physiological activity and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans *Shiyu Liu ... Alanine racemase is essential for the growth and interspecies competitiveness of Streptococcus mutans *Yuan Wei ... Rights & permissionsfor article Function of alanine racemase in the physiological activity and cariogenicity of ,i, ... Rights & permissionsfor article Alanine racemase is essential for the growth and interspecies competitiveness of ,i, ...
nature.com search
A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis<...
A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis. / Cheng, Yi Qiang; Walton, Jonathan D. ... A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 Feb 18;275(7 ... Cheng, Y. Q., & Walton, J. D. (2000). A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis. Journal of ... Cheng, Yi Qiang ; Walton, Jonathan D. / A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis. In: Journal ...
SWISS-MODEL Template Library | 6q70.1
Crystal structure of the alanine racemase Bsu17640 from Bacillus subtilis in the presence of HEPES ... Crystal structure of the alanine racemase Bsu17640 from Bacillus subtilis in the presence of HEPES. Coordinates. PDB Format ... Bernardo-Garcia, N. et al., Cold-induced aldimine bond cleavage by Tris in Bacillus subtilis alanine racemase. Org.Biomol.Chem ...
Characterization of Lactobacillus salivarius alanine racemase: short-chain carboxylate-activation and the role of A131<...
... l-alanine (100d/d, l-alanine). We characterized the L. salivarius alanine racemase (ALR) likely responsible for this d-alanine ... l-alanine (100d/d, l-alanine). We characterized the L. salivarius alanine racemase (ALR) likely responsible for this d-alanine ... l-alanine (100d/d, l-alanine). We characterized the L. salivarius alanine racemase (ALR) likely responsible for this d-alanine ... l-alanine (100d/d, l-alanine). We characterized the L. salivarius alanine racemase (ALR) likely responsible for this d-alanine ...
Thermostable Alanine Racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: Molecular Cloning of the Gene, Enzyme Purification, and...
A coupled assay method with L-alanine dehydrogenase and tetrazolium salts was used to detect visually the alanine racemase ... A coupled assay method with L-alanine dehydrogenase and tetrazolium salts was used to detect visually the alanine racemase ... A coupled assay method with L-alanine dehydrogenase and tetrazolium salts was used to detect visually the alanine racemase ... A coupled assay method with L-alanine dehydrogenase and tetrazolium salts was used to detect visually the alanine racemase ...
SWISS-MODEL Repository | A0QKR9
D-Serine metabolism in C6 glioma cells: Involvement of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2) and serine racemase (SRR)...
... in which the alanine-serine-cysteine transporter ASCT2 is implicated. Here we report studies in C6 glioma cells, which ... It is synthesized from L-serine by serine racemase (SRR), but many aspects of its metabolism remain unclear, especially in the ... D-Serine metabolism in C6 glioma cells: Involvement of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2) and serine racemase (SRR) ... D-Serine metabolism in C6 glioma cells: Involvement of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2) and serine racemase (SRR) ...
EnzymeBacillusBiosynthesisThermostable alanine racemaseSubstratePyridoxalMycobacteriumInhibitorsGeneCharacterization of Alanine racemasePseudomonasStructuralGenesSerineBaumannii alanine racemaseCatabolic alanine racemaseBacterial alanine racemasesProteinCycloserineEnzymesMetabolismCatalyzesReactionEpimerasesCrystal structureColiInhibitorDecarboxylaseIsozymeSupplementationBacteriaCofactorSynthesisInterconversionStrainAcinetobacterAcidMycobacteriaAbsenceDehydrogenase
Enzyme37
- In enzymology, an alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-alanine Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-alanine, and one product, D-alanine. (wikipedia.org)
- This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
- The systematic name of this enzyme class is alanine racemase. (wikipedia.org)
- This enzyme is also called L-alanine racemase. (wikipedia.org)
- This enzyme participates in alanine and aspartate metabolism and D-alanine metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- At least two compounds, 3-Fluoro-D-alanine and D-Cycloserine are known to inhibit this enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
- The enzyme is absent in higher eukaryotes but found everywhere in prokaryotes, making alanine racemase a great target for antimicrobial drug development. (wikipedia.org)
- The enzyme Alanine racemase (AlaR) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus was cloned, overexpressed and then immobilized on a silica-coated thin-layer chromatography plate to create an enzyme surface. (diva-portal.org)
- To obtain non-substrate alanine racemase inhibitors, we developed a high-throughput screening platform and screened 53,000 small molecule compounds for enzyme-specific inhibitors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- We identified seventeen novel non-substrate alanine racemase inhibitors that are structurally different than any currently known enzyme inhibitors. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- This enzyme catalyzes the racemization of L-alanine to D-alanine, which is an essential precursor for the pentapeptide cross-bridge of the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell wall [15] , [16] . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The enzyme Dalanine racemase (Alr) catalyzes the primary route of D-alanine biosynthesis in mycobacteria and the alr gene is dispensable for growth in Mycobacterium smegmatis, even in the absence of D-alanine. (grantome.com)
- An important player, alanine racemase is a key enzyme facilitating bacterial survival. (biomedcentral.com)
- Alanine racemase (Alr) is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate dependent enzyme which catalyzes reversible racemization between enantiomers of alanine. (otago.ac.nz)
- Current Alr inhibitors such as D-cycloserine are reminiscent of the alanine substrate and inhibit the enzyme by binding covalently to the enzymes' PLP cofactor. (otago.ac.nz)
- Comparison of AlrSas with various alanine racemases demonstrated a conserved overall fold with the enzyme sharing most similarity with those from other Gram-positive bacteria. (otago.ac.nz)
- Alanine racemase (AlaR) is a bacterial enzyme that belongs to the fold-type III group of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. (elsevier.com)
- Alanine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme, responsible for racemisation between enantiomers of alanine. (otago.ac.nz)
- We characterized the L. salivarius alanine racemase (ALR) likely responsible for this d-alanine production and found that the enzyme was activated by carboxylates, which is an unique characteristic among ALRs. (elsevier.com)
- At the optimum temperature (50 °C), the enzyme has a specific activity of 1800 units/mg (V max , D-to L-alanine). (elsevier.com)
- Resolution and reconsititution experiments together with the absorption spectrum of the enzyme clearly indicate that alanine racemase of B. stearothermophilus is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzyme. (elsevier.com)
- It is synthesized from L-serine by serine racemase (SRR), but many aspects of its metabolism remain unclear, especially in the forebrain, which lacks active D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), the major D-serine degradative enzyme. (ox.ac.uk)
- The enzyme was therefore designated Ala/Ser racemase (ASR). (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- The fold-type III PLP-dependent enzyme family is primarily comprised of decarboxylases and alanine racemases. (springer.com)
- In the development of a multiple structural alignment database (3DM) for the enzyme family, a large subset of 5666 uncharacterized proteins with high structural, but low sequence similarity to alanine racemase and decarboxylases was found. (springer.com)
- Azam MA, Jayaram U (2016) Inhibitors of alanine racemase enzyme: a review. (springer.com)
- In the second step, the amino group of the newly-formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an aminotransferase enzyme, regenerating the α-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. (wikipedia.org)
- The addition of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine, an activator of the E.coli enzyme affected the CD and fluorescence spectra of the E.coli enzyme. (nii.ac.jp)
- The conformation of the E.coli enzyme is converted to a similar form to that of the Pediococcus enzyme by the addition of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine. (nii.ac.jp)
- The D-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase enzyme is essential for virulence in the Schu S4 strain of Francisella tularensis and a dacD mutant is able to provide protection against a pneumonic challenge. (bioportfolio.com)
- It is synthesized by the enzyme-catalyzed condensation of β-alanine and pan. (bioportfolio.com)
- The modified materials were used to specifically anchor a histidine tagged form of the enzyme, alanine racemase (HT-AlaR). (diva-portal.org)
- With the D-alanine racemase enzyme, it is known that the drug forms a molecular bond with a chemical group required for the enzyme activity, stopping it from working. (newswise.com)
- The researchers have observed, for the first time, how D-cycloserine inhibits the D-alanine-D-alanine ligase enzyme. (newswise.com)
- In this new discovery, we see that D-cycloserine binds to the D-alanine-D-alanine ligase enzyme and becomes chemically modified on the enzyme. (newswise.com)
- However, in E. coli , the physiologically relevant racemase activity is not carried out by CBL but by a different enzyme, alanine racemase (ALR), suggesting that the ra-ce-mase activity of CBL is vestigial and probably phy-siologically immaterial (Figure 1). (asmblog.org)
- At 37°C, expression of each enzyme rescued an alanine ra-cemase knockout strain, E. coli MB2795, as quickly as expressing E. coli ALR itself. (asmblog.org)
Bacillus12
- The structure of alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (Geobacillus stearothermophilus) was determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.9 A. The alanine racemase monomer is composed of two domains, an eight-stranded alpha/beta barrel at the N terminus, and a C-terminal domain essentially composed of beta-strand. (wikipedia.org)
- The 3D-structure of the dimeric alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus has been determined to a resolution of 1.9 A [ PMID: 9063881 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Determination of the structure of alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus at 1.9-A resolution. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Cold-induced aldimine bond cleavage by Tris in Bacillus subtilis alanine racemase. (expasy.org)
- The alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1) gene of a thermophilic bacterium, Bacillus stearothermophilus, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli C600 with vector plasmid pICR301, which was constructed from pBR322 and the L-alanine dehydrogenase gene derived from B. stearothermophilus. (elsevier.com)
- By coupling a dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) using an N -acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR) and an L-selective aminoacylase from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius with a stereoselective isoleucine dioxygenase from Bacillus thuringiensis , diastereomerically pure oxidized amino acids were produced from racemic N -acetylamino acids. (frontiersin.org)
- Limited Proteolysis of Thermostable Alanine Racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus. (nii.ac.jp)
- We studied the role of Lys39 of the thermostable alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus, which is bound to the cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) , and suggested this residue to be a catalytic base by site-directed mutagenesis. (nii.ac.jp)
- Publications] Yoko Okubo: 'Alanine Racemase Gene Fragments as Probes for Detecting Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus in Foods. (nii.ac.jp)
- Publications] Yoko Okubo: 'Characterization of Psychrophilic Alanine Racemase from Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus'Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. (nii.ac.jp)
- gerR , a novel ger operon involved in l-alanine- and inosine-initiated germination of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Chesnokova ON, McPherson SA, Steichen CT and Turnbough CL (2009) The spore‐specific alanine racemase of Bacillus anthracis and its role in suppressing germination during spore development. (els.net)
Biosynthesis16
- The D-alanine produced by alanine racemase is used for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- In Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of TB, alanine racemase plays an essential role in cell wall synthesis as it racemizes L-alanine into D-alanine, a key building block in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- In this context, our long term goal is to perform molecular genetics and biochemical analyses of the D-alanine pathway of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in Mtb, identify drug targets, and develop novel, effective, safer inhibitors to treat TB in AIDS patients. (grantome.com)
- Thus, for mycobacteria to survive, D-alanine must be provided in the growth medium and efficiently internalized, or made by endogenous biosynthesis. (grantome.com)
- This project will also address the issue of whether or not there is an alternative pathway of D-alanine biosynthesis in Mtb, thus exploring the existence of a novel source of targets for further drug and/or vaccine development. (grantome.com)
- As an outcome of the proposed studies, we expect to determine the relevance of D-alanine racemase and related pathways of D-alanine biosynthesis to serve as targets of drug design and/or vaccine development. (grantome.com)
- AlaR catalyzes the interconversion between l- and d-alanine, which is important for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. (elsevier.com)
- Cheng, YQ & Walton, JD 2000, ' A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis ', Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 275, no. 7, pp. 4906-4911. (unthsc.edu)
- Impairment of d -alanine biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis determines decreased intracellular survival in human macrophages. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Alanine (symbol Ala or A) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Alanine is one of the twenty canonical α-amino acids used as building blocks (monomers) for the ribosome-mediated biosynthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- D-Alanine is a necessary precursor in the biosynthesis of cell wall in this bacterium. (proteinlounge.com)
- Impairment of D-alanine biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis " by Ofelia Barletta-Chacon, Luiz E. Bermudez et al. (unl.edu)
- The primary route of d-alanine biosynthesis in eubacteria is the enantiomeric conversion from l-alanine, a reaction catalyzed by d-alanine racemase (Alr). (unl.edu)
- Mycobacterium smegmatis alr insertion mutants are not dependent on d-alanine for growth and display a metabolic pattern consistent with an alternative pathway for d-alanine biosynthesis. (unl.edu)
- One such known en-zyme is E. coli 's cysta-thio-nine beta-lyase (CBL), which, in addition to being responsible for a late step in methionine biosynthesis (making homocysteine), also has alanine racemase activity (the in-terconversion of L- into the D-alanine required for peptidoglycan biosynthesis). (asmblog.org)
Thermostable alanine racemase1
- IUCr) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of a thermostable alanine racemase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4. (iucr.org)
Substrate7
- Comparison of AlrAba with alanine racemases from closely related bacteria demonstrated a conserved overall fold, substrate entryway and active site. (otago.ac.nz)
- As D-alanine is an essential component of the bacterial cell wall, its inhibition is lethal to prokaryotes, making it an excellent antibiotic drug target.The substrate entryway and active site of the enzymes were shown to be highly conserved.The structure of AlrAba will provide the template required for future structure-based drug-design studies. (nih.gov)
- We recently identified and characterized a novel broad substrate specificity amino acid racemase (BAR) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- In this work, these four template proteins were solubly expressed in Escherichia coli , purified, and their substrate profiles were evaluated by HPLC analysis for racemase activity using a broader range of amino acids. (springer.com)
- Broad specificity amino acid racemase (E.C. 5.1.1.10) from Pseudomonas putida IFO 12996 (BAR) is a unique racemase because of its broad substrate specificity. (semanticscholar.org)
- First characterization of an archaeal amino acid racemase with broad substrate specificity from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus horikoshii OT-3. (semanticscholar.org)
- Crystalline amino acid racemase with low substrate specificity. (semanticscholar.org)
Pyridoxal5
- Alanine racemase catalyses the pyridoxal-dependent conversion of L-alanine into D-alanine, a key component of bacterial peptidoglycan [ PMID: 2197992 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
- This pattern signature contains the lysine residue of alanine racemase that acts as the attachment site for the pyridoxal-phosphate group. (ebi.ac.uk)
- In this study, we detected pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent amino acid racemase activity in the protein encoded by PH0782. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
- The structure showed significant similarity to type III pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent alanine racemases, which are essential for peptidoglycan synthesis. (asm.org)
- It catalyzes the racemization of L-Alanine and D-Alanine, using Pyridoxal 5 -Phosphate (Vitamin-B6) as a cofactor and is involved in the reaction where L-Alanine is converted to D-Alanine i.e. the laevorotatory form of alanine is configured to dextrorotatory form. (proteinlounge.com)
Mycobacterium3
- In order to get an unambiguous answer on the essentiality of Alr in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and validate it as a drug target in vitro and in vivo , we have inactivated the alr gene of M. tuberculosis and found that it was not possible to generate an alr knockout in the absence of a complementing gene copy or d -alanine in the growth medium. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Mycobacterium smegmatis d -alanine racemase mutants are not dependent on d -alanine for growth. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Anthony KG, Strych U, Yeung KR, Shoen CS, Perez O, Krause KL, Cynamon MH, Aristoff PA, Koski RA (2011) New classes of alanine racemase inhibitors identified by high-throughput screening show antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis . (springer.com)
Inhibitors2
- We studied detailed mechanisms of alanine racemase, D-amino acid aminotransferase, and glutamate racemase, to develop the meachanism-based inhibitors for these enzymes. (nii.ac.jp)
- A structure-based design approach for the identification of novel inhibitors: application to an alanine racemase. (proteinlounge.com)
Gene9
- Bacteria can have one (alr gene) or two alanine racemase genes. (wikipedia.org)
- However, knockout studies have shown that without the alr gene being expressed, the bacteria would need an external source of D-alanine in order to survive. (wikipedia.org)
- Cloning of alanine racemase genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens strains and oligomerization states of gene products expressed in Escherichia coli. (wikigenes.org)
- Identification of the dadX gene coding for the predominant isozyme of alanine racemase in Escherichia coli K12. (wikigenes.org)
- Interestingly, the sole presence of this gene in alr dadX double mutant showed a strict dependence on d -alanine supplementation both in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study identified a third alanine racemase gene unique in S . Enteritidis which had a potential effect on survival and pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
- Publications] Kumio Yokoigawa: 'Evaluation of an Alanine Racemase Gene as an Indicator for the Detection of Various Escherichia coli : Reactivity of the Gene Fragment with Various E.coli O157: H7 Isolates. (nii.ac.jp)
- Publications] Kumio Yokoigawa: 'Primers for Amplifying an Alanine Racemase Gene Fragment to Detect E.coli strains in Foods. (nii.ac.jp)
- We have found in L. monocytogenes two genes that control the synthesis of this compound, an alanine racemase gene ( dal ) and a d -amino acid aminotransferase gene ( dat ). (asm.org)
Characterization of Alanine racemase1
- Expression, purification, and characterization of alanine racemase from Pseudomonas putida YZ-26. (semanticscholar.org)
Pseudomonas4
- In Pseudomonas putida, a broad-specificity amino acid racemase is structurally and functionally related to alanine racemase. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Mutant analysis shows that alanine racemases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are dimeric. (wikigenes.org)
- The structure was initially solved to 1.9 Å resolution via molecular replacement using the monomer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alanine racemase as the search model. (otago.ac.nz)
- Inactivation of the Pseudomonas striata broad specificity amino acid racemase by D and L isomers of beta-substituted alanines: kinetics, stoichiometry, active site peptide, and mechanistic studies. (semanticscholar.org)
Structural7
- D-alanine plays a role in the cross-linking of nascent PG strands and our central hypothesis is that D-alanine is an essential structural component of PG. (grantome.com)
- Our results provide structural insights into AlaR that may be used for the development of new antibiotics targeting the alanine racemase in pathogenic bacteria. (elsevier.com)
- In this model the selection of monomers (i.e. amino acids) for ribosomal protein synthesis is rather limited to those Alanine derivatives that are suitable for building α-helix or β-sheet secondary structural elements. (wikipedia.org)
- Comparative structural analysis between VanT G and alanine racemases as well as site-directed mutagenesis identified three specific active site positions centered around Asn 696 which are responsible for the l -amino acid specificity. (asm.org)
- Structural evidence that alanine racemase from a D-cycloserine-producing microorganism exhibits resistance to its own product. (proteinlounge.com)
- The drug attacks bacteria by inhibiting two separate enzymes ( D-alanine racemase and D-alanine-D-alanine ligase ) each required to build and maintain the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls. (newswise.com)
- D-alanine is a structural component of mycobacterial peptidoglycan. (unl.edu)
Genes3
- Bacterial species with two genes for alanine racemase have one that is continually expressed and one that is inducible, which makes it difficult to target both genes for drug studies. (wikipedia.org)
- This study aims at understanding the contribution of alanine racemase genes alr , dadX and SEN3897 to Salmonella survival in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
- By inactivating both genes, we produced an organism that could be grown in the laboratory when supplemented with d -alanine but was unable to grow outside the laboratory, particularly in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells, the natural habitat of this organism during infection. (asm.org)
Serine7
- l-Threonine aldolase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase and fungal alanine racemase. (semanticscholar.org)
- D-Serine metabolism in C6 glioma cells: Involvement of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter (ASCT2) and serine racemase (SRR) but not D-amino acid oxidase (DAO). (ox.ac.uk)
- Candidate mechanisms include SRR operating in alpha,beta-eliminase mode (converting D-serine to pyruvate) and regulation by serine transport, in which the alanine-serine-cysteine transporter ASCT2 is implicated. (ox.ac.uk)
- They were found active only against alanine or serine, where they exhibited Michaelis constants within the range of typical bacterial alanine racemases, but with significantly lower turnover numbers. (springer.com)
- Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive bacteria results from the replacement of the d -alanyl- d -alanine target of peptidoglycan precursors with d -alanyl- d -lactate or d -alanyl- d -serine ( d -Ala- d -Ser), to which vancomycin has low binding affinity. (asm.org)
- This analysis also suggested that VanT racemases evolved from regular alanine racemases by acquiring additional selectivity toward serine while preserving that for alanine. (asm.org)
- However, bacteria have evolved a sophisticated mechanism which remodels the drug target, the d -alanine ending precursors in cell wall synthesis, into precursors terminating with d -lactate or d -serine, to which vancomycin has less affinity. (asm.org)
Baumannii alanine racemase3
- In this study, A. baumannii alanine racemase (AlrAba) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. (otago.ac.nz)
- Active site of A. baumannii alanine racemase. (nih.gov)
- The crystal structure of A. baumannii alanine racemase (AlrAba) from the highly antibiotic-resistant NCTC13302 strain has been solved to 1.9 Å resolution. (nih.gov)
Catabolic alanine racemase2
- Organization and expression of the Escherichia coli K-12 dad operon encoding the smaller subunit of D-amino acid dehydrogenase and the catabolic alanine racemase. (wikigenes.org)
- Alr, which is constitutively expressed, and a catabolic alanine racemase (DadX), which is inducible by L-alanine. (otago.ac.nz)
Bacterial alanine racemases1
- VanT is composed of two domains, an N-terminal membrane-bound domain, likely involved in l -Ser uptake, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic catalytic domain which is related to bacterial alanine racemases. (asm.org)
Protein2
- The methyl side-chain of alanine is non-reactive and is therefore hardly ever directly involved in protein function. (wikipedia.org)
- First, DAla is activated as alanyl adenylate by the D-alanyl-D-alanine carrier protein ligase Del and then transferred to the DAla carrier protein Dcp. (asmscience.org)
Cycloserine6
- D-Cycloserine is a competitive inhibitor of alanine racemase for which its K i is 100 times smaller than the K m for either of the substrates, D- and L-alanine. (aspetjournals.org)
- Unfortunately, current studies in Mtb are insufficient to determine whether Alr is an essential function of Mtb and the lethal target of the prototype inhibitor D- cycloserine (DCS), a D-alanine analog. (grantome.com)
- Additionally, reversal of d -cycloserine inhibition in the presence of d -alanine in M. tuberculosis suggested that Alr is the primary target of d -cycloserine. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- d -alanine ligase, a target of the antituberculosis drug d -cycloserine. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- A side reaction of alanine racemase: transamination of cycloserine. (proteinlounge.com)
- This composition contains the compound D-cycloserine and D-alanine and provides reduced adverse side effects typically associated with chronic D-cycloserine use. (google.com)
Enzymes7
- By contrast with dadB and alr, both of which are monomeric enzymes, the alanine racemase of Bacillaceae are homodimers. (ebi.ac.uk)
- DadXSas was one of the slowest enzymes, and had the weakest affinity for both enantiomers of alanine out of all the published alanine racemases. (otago.ac.nz)
- As the already described racemases were proposed to be active and appeared to be monomers as judged from their crystal structures, we also investigated this aspect for the four new enzymes. (springer.com)
- Here, size exclusion chromatography indicated the presence of oligomeric states of the enzymes and a native-PAGE in-gel assay showed that the racemase activity was present only in an oligomeric state but not as monomer. (springer.com)
- Alanine is broken down by oxidative deamination, the inverse reaction of the reductive amination reaction described above, catalyzed by the same enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, the enzymes of P.pentosaceus and L.brevis were not activated by UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine. (nii.ac.jp)
- Given that so many enzymes are in fact multifunctional, the authors propose that examples of pri-mordial-like en-zymes are abundant. (asmblog.org)
Metabolism1
- The proposed studies will provide fundamental knowledge on D-alanine metabolism in Mtb. (grantome.com)
Catalyzes3
- Catalyzes the interconversion of L-alanine and D-alanine. (rcsb.org)
- The Leu 201 residue probably regulates the function of cofactor during the conversion of PMP to PLP.Glutamate racemase catalyzes the racemization of glutamate to produce D-glutamate. (nii.ac.jp)
- Alanine racemase, for example, catalyzes the conversion of L -alanine into its isomeric (mirror-image) form, D -alanine. (britannica.com)
Reaction5
- The traditional mechanism attributed to an alanine racemase reaction is that of a two-base mechanism with a PLP-stabilized carbanion intermediate. (wikipedia.org)
- The crystal structures of alanine racemase bound with reaction intermediate analogs, N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-L-alanine (PLP-L-Ala) and N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-D-alanine (PLP-D-Ala), were determined at 2.0-A resolution with the crystallographic R factor of 17.2 for PLP-L-Ala and 16.9 for PLP-D-Ala complexes. (rcsb.org)
- The Vmax and Km for the L-alanine to D-alanine reaction were found to be 220.5 U/mg and 1.56 mM, respectively. (otago.ac.nz)
- Racemic alanine can be prepared by the condensation of acetaldehyde with ammonium chloride in the presence of sodium cyanide by the Strecker reaction, or by the ammonolysis of 2-bromopropanoic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Alanine s catabolic pathway involves a simple Aminotransferase reaction that directly produces Pyruvate. (proteinlounge.com)
Epimerases1
- The different subclasses of isomerases according to the EC Number classification: EC 5.1 (racemases and epimerases, e.g. alanine racemase, methionine racemase, lactate racemase, etc. (biology-online.org)
Crystal structure1
- We have previously reported the crystal structure of the M. tuberculosis alanine racemase [17] . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Coli3
- b) Superposition of the active-site residues of alanine racemases from A. baumannii (green), B. henselae (blue), P. aeruginosa (red) and E. coli (orange). (nih.gov)
- Glutamate racemase of E.coli was not inhibited by hemin in the absence of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine, but strongly inhibited in the presence of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine. (nii.ac.jp)
- Publications] Ashiuchi Makoto: 'In Vivo Effect of GroESL on the Folding of Gltamate Racemase of Eschirichia coli. (nii.ac.jp)
Inhibitor1
- This study highlights the feasibility of obtaining novel alanine racemase inhibitor lead compounds by high-throughput screening for development of new anti-TB agents. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Decarboxylase1
- L-Alanine is produced industrially by decarboxylation of L-aspartate by the action of aspartate 4-decarboxylase. (wikipedia.org)
Isozyme1
- In addition, the second alanine racemase isozyme from S. aureus (DadXSas) was studied. (otago.ac.nz)
Supplementation1
- d-alanine supplementation considerably increased TAM23 viability in nutritionally deficient media and within macrophages. (unl.edu)
Bacteria2
- Analysis of phenotype in mice suggested that non-availability of d -alanine in mice leads to clearance of bacteria followed by stabilization of bacterial number in lungs and spleen. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- d -Alanine is required for the synthesis of the mucopeptide component of the cell walls of virtually all bacteria and is found almost exclusively in the microbial world. (asm.org)
Cofactor1
- As mentioned in §3.1, the active site of AlrAba is composed of residues from both monomers, several of which are involved in a hydrogen-bond network with the PLP cofactor (Figs. 2 ▶ and 5 ▶a) and are conserved between alanine racemases (Fig. 5 ▶b). (nih.gov)
Synthesis1
- Dipeptides complemented defects in d -alanine synthesis or ligation and were present in lipid-linked peptidoglycan precursors. (elifesciences.org)
Interconversion1
- To catalyze the interconversion of D and L alanine, Alanine racemase must position residues capable of exchanging protons on either side of the alpha carbon of alanine. (wikipedia.org)
Strain3
- However, Alr complementation in d -alanine auxotrophic strain restored the alanine racemase deficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
- Further, this study also showed attenuation of d -alanine auxotrophic strain in vivo for the development of potential targets against Salmonella that can be investigated further. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we demonstrate that the M. smegmatis alr insertion mutant TAM23 can synthesize d-alanine at lower levels than the parental strain. (unl.edu)
Acinetobacter1
- The structure of alanine racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii. (nih.gov)
Acid6
- Listeria monocytogenes ) can utilize d -amino acid transaminase (Dat) to generate d -alanine, which renders Alr non-essential. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Survival kinetics of the mutant in the absence of d -alanine indicated that depletion of this amino acid results in rapid loss of viability. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- alanine is the simplest α-amino acid after glycine. (wikipedia.org)
- Alanine is a nonessential amino acid, meaning it can be manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained through the diet. (wikipedia.org)
- Because transamination reactions are readily reversible and pyruvate is present in all cells, alanine can be easily formed and thus has close links to metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- This makes Alanine a glucogenic amino acid. (proteinlounge.com)
Mycobacteria1
- Characterization of the alanine racemases from two mycobacteria. (proteinlounge.com)
Absence1
- Due to its essential nature, coupled with the absence of a human homolog, alanine racemase has long been an attractive drug target. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Dehydrogenase1
- A coupled assay method with L-alanine dehydrogenase and tetrazolium salts was used to detect visually the alanine racemase activity in the clones. (elsevier.com)