Alanine. Medical search

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that reversibly catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine. EC 5.1.1.1.

An NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible DEAMINATION of L-ALANINE to PYRUVATE and AMMONIA. The enzyme is needed for growth when ALANINE is the sole CARBON or NITROGEN source. It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Biosynthesis of GLUCOSE from nonhexose or non-carbohydrate precursors, such as LACTATE; PYRUVATE; ALANINE; and GLYCEROL.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions of amino acids.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between D-Alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form PYRUVATE and D-GLUTAMATE, respectively. It plays a role in the synthesis of the bacterial CELL WALL. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 2.6.1.10.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.

A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

Carbon 13 NMR study of nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with selected amino acids and of related reactions. (1/5406)

Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor the nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with glycine, alanine, valine, serine, and with several other model compounds. Isotopically enriched amino acids were employed so that low concentrations could be utilized while still allowing relatively rapid acquisition of spectral data. The results for alanine and serine are particularly noteworthy in that alanine is deaminated to pyruvate and pyruvate is aminated to alanine, but contrary to the enzymatic reactions of various serine dehydratases wherein serine is converted to pyruvate, the nonenzymatic reaction utilizing serine results in hydroxypruvate rather than pyruvate formation. In the reverse reaction, hydroxypyruvate is aminated to serine but very inefficiently relative to the amination of pyruvate to alanine. The experimental results have been formulated into a proposed reaction mechanism for deamination of amino acids by pyridoxal-P. (+info)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/5406)

PNU-151774E [(S)-(+)-2-(4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzylamino)propanamide methanesulfonate], a new anticonvulsant that displays a wide therapeutic window, has a potency comparable or superior to that of most classic anticonvulsants. PNU-151774E is chemically unrelated to current antiepileptics. In animal seizure models it possesses a broad spectrum of action. In the present study, the action mechanism of PNU-151774E has been investigated using electrophysiological and biochemical assays. Binding studies performed with rat brain membranes show that PNU-151774E has high affinity for binding site 2 of the sodium channel receptor, which is greater than that of phenytoin or lamotrigine (IC50, 8 microM versus 47 and 185 microM, respectively). PNU-151774E reduces sustained repetitive firing in a use-dependent manner without modifying the first action potential in hippocampal cultured neurons. In the same preparation PNU-151774E inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive fast sodium currents and high voltage-activated calcium currents under voltage-clamp conditions. These electrophysiological activities of PNU-151774E correlate with its ability to inhibit veratrine and KCl-induced glutamate release in rat hippocampal slices (IC50, 56.4 and 185.5 microM, respectively) and calcium inward currents in mouse cortical neurons. On the other hand, PNU-151774E does not affect whole-cell gamma-aminobutryic acid- and glutamate-induced currents in cultured mouse cortical neurons. These results suggest that PNU-151774E exerts its anticonvulsant activity, at least in part, through inhibition of sodium and calcium channels, stabilizing neuronal membrane excitability and inhibiting transmitter release. The possible relevance of these pharmacological properties to its antiepileptic potential is discussed. (+info)

Role of glutamine in human carbohydrate metabolism in kidney and other tissues. (3/5406)

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body and is involved in more metabolic processes than any other amino acid. Until recently, the understanding of many aspects of glutamine metabolism was based on animal and in vitro data. However, recent studies using isotopic and balance techniques have greatly advanced the understanding of glutamine metabolism in humans and its role in glucose metabolism in the kidney and other tissues. There is now evidence that in postabsorptive humans, glutamine is an important glucose precursor and makes a significant contribution to the addition of new carbon to the glucose carbon pool. The importance of alanine for gluconeogenesis, viewed in terms of the addition of new carbons, is less than previously assumed. It appears that glutamine is predominantly a renal gluconeogenic substrate, whereas alanine gluconeogenesis is essentially confined to the liver. As shown recently, renal gluconeogenesis contributes 20 to 25% to whole-body glucose production. Moreover, glutamine has been shown not only to stimulate net muscle glycogen storage but also to stimulate gluconeogenesis in normal humans. Finally, in humans with type II diabetes, conversion of glutamine to glucose is increased (more so than that of alanine). The available evidence on the hormonal regulation of glutamine gluconeogenesis in kidney and liver and its alterations under pathological conditions are discussed. (+info)

Structural determinants of the eosinophil: chemotactic activity of the acidic tetrapeptides of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. (4/5406)

The acidic tetrapeptides of ECF-A, Ala/Val-Gly-Ser-Glu, exhibit peak in vitro chemotactic activity for human eosinophils at concentrations of 3 X 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M, and rapidly deactivate eosinophils to homologous and other stimuli at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. The analogue Leu-Gly-Ser-Glu reaches peak activity at 10(-8)M-10(-7)M, while Phe-Gly-Ser-Glu requires 10(-4)M to elicit a peak response. Although inversion of the order of glycine and serine does not alter the eosinophil chemotactic activity of the tetrapeptides, deletion of glycine increases by 10-fold the concentration required for peak chemotactic activity, indicating the critical nature of the spacing between NH2- and COOH-terminal residues. The substituent COOH-terminal tripeptide, which is only marginally chemotactic, irreversibly suppresses eosinophil chemotactic responsiveness at a concentration 10,000-fold higher than concentrations necessary for deactivation by the intact tetrapeptide. The high concentration of tripeptide required for this cell directed effect, which is assumed to be analogous to deactivation, is attributed to the absence of the NH2-terminal residue which would facilitate effective interaction with the eosinophil. A substituent NH2-terminal tripeptide and amides of the NH2-terminal amino acids, which are devoid of chemotactic and deactivating activities, reversibly inhibit the tetrapeptide stimulus in a dose-response fashion. The additional finding that the NH2-terminal tripeptide protects the eosinophil from deactivation by the intact tetrapeptide confirms that the competitive interaction is stimulus specific. (+info)

Variants of ribonuclease inhibitor that resist oxidation. (5/5406)

Human ribonuclease inhibitor (hRI) is a cytosolic protein that protects cells from the adventitious invasion of pancreatic-type ribonucleases. hRI has 32 cysteine residues. The oxidation of these cysteine residues to form disulfide bonds is a rapid, cooperative process that inactivates hRI. The most proximal cysteine residues in native hRI are two pairs that are adjacent in sequence: Cys94 and Cys95, and Cys328 and Cys329. A cystine formed from such adjacent cysteine residues would likely contain a perturbing cis peptide bond within its eight-membered ring, which would disrupt the structure of hRI and could facilitate further oxidation. We find that replacing Cys328 and Cys329 with alanine residues has little effect on the affinity of hRI for bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), but increases its resistance to oxidation by 10- to 15-fold. Similar effects are observed for the single variants, C328A hRI and C329A hRI, suggesting that oxidation resistance arises from the inability to form a Cys328-Cys329 disulfide bond. Replacing Cys94 and Cys95 with alanine residues increases oxidation resistance to a lesser extent, and decreases the affinity of hRI for RNase A. The C328A, C329A, and C328A/C329A variants are likely to be more useful than wild-type hRI for inhibiting pancreatic-type ribonucleases in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that replacing adjacent cysteine residues can confer oxidation resistance in a protein. (+info)

Multiplex sequence analysis demonstrates the competitive growth advantage of the A-to-G mutants of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori. (6/5406)

Clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to point mutation within the 23S rRNA. We examined the growth rates of different types of site-directed mutants and demonstrated quantitatively the competitive growth advantage of A-to-G mutants over other types of mutants by a multiplex sequencing assay. The results provide a rational explanation of why A-to-G mutants are predominantly observed among clarithromycin-resistant clinical isolates. (+info)

The Escherichia coli Ada protein can interact with two distinct determinants in the sigma70 subunit of RNA polymerase according to promoter architecture: identification of the target of Ada activation at the alkA promoter. (7/5406)

The methylated form of the Ada protein (meAda) activates transcription from the Escherichia coli ada, aidB, and alkA promoters with different mechanisms. In this study we identify amino acid substitutions in region 4 of the RNA polymerase subunit sigma70 that affect Ada-activated transcription at alkA. Substitution to alanine of residues K593, K597, and R603 in sigma70 region 4 results in decreased Ada-dependent binding of RNA polymerase to the alkA promoter in vitro and impairs alkA transcription both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that these residues define a determinant for meAda-sigma70 interaction. In a previous study (P. Landini, J. A. Bown, M. R. Volkert, and S. J. W. Busby, J. Biol. Chem. 273:13307-13312, 1998), we showed that a set of negatively charged amino acids in sigma70 region 4 is involved in meAda-sigma70 interaction at the ada and aidB promoters. However, the alanine substitutions of positively charged residues K593, K597, and R603 do not affect meAda-dependent transcription at ada and aidB. Unlike the sigma70 amino acids involved in the interaction with meAda at the ada and aidB promoters, K593, K597, and R603 are not conserved in sigmaS, an alternative sigma subunit of RNA polymerase mainly expressed during the stationary phase of growth. While meAda is able to promote transcription by the sigmaS form of RNA polymerase (EsigmaS) at ada and aidB, it fails to do so at alkA. We propose that meAda can activate transcription at different promoters by contacting distinct determinants in sigma70 region 4 in a manner dependent on the location of the Ada binding site. (+info)

CPCCOEt, a noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, inhibits receptor signaling without affecting glutamate binding. (8/5406)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors characterized by a large, extracellular N-terminal domain comprising the glutamate-binding site. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological profile and site of action of the non-amino-acid antagonist 7-hydroxyiminocyclopropan[b]chromen-1a-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (CPCCOEt). CPCCOEt selectively inhibited glutamate-induced increases in intracellular calcium at human mGluR1b (hmGluR1b) with an apparent IC50 of 6.5 microM while having no agonist or antagonist activity at hmGluR2, -4a, -5a, -7b, and -8a up to 100 microM. Schild analysis indicated that CPCCOEt acts in a noncompetitive manner by decreasing the efficacy of glutamate-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis without affecting the EC50 value or Hill coefficient of glutamate. Similarly, CPCCOEt did not displace [3H]glutamate binding to membranes prepared from mGluR1a-expressing cells. To elucidate the site of action, we systematically exchanged segments and single amino acids between hmGluR1b and the related subtype, hmGluR5a. Substitution of Thr815 and Ala818, located at the extracellular surface of transmembrane segment VII, with the homologous amino acids of hmGluR5a eliminated CPCCOEt inhibition of hmGluR1b. In contrast, introduction of Thr815 and Ala818 at the homologous positions of hmGluR5a conferred complete inhibition by CPCCOEt (IC50 = 6.6 microM), i.e., a gain of function. These data suggest that CPCCOEt represents a novel class of G protein-coupled receptor antagonists inhibiting receptor signaling without affecting ligand binding. We propose that the interaction of CPCCOEt with Thr815 and Ala818 of mGluR1 disrupts receptor activation by inhibiting an intramolecular interaction between the agonist-bound extracellular domain and the transmembrane domain. (+info)

Fermentation routes to L-alanine are complicated by alanine racemase. Racemic alanine can be prepared by the condensation of ... is so-called alanine scanning, where every position in turn is mutated to alanine. Hydrogenation of alanine gives the amino ... forming alanine and α-ketoglutarate. The alanine enters the bloodstream, and is transported to the liver. The alanine ... Alanine (symbol Ala or A), or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine

L-alanine dehydrogenase, NAD+-linked alanine dehydrogenase, alpha-alanine dehydrogenase, NAD+-dependent alanine dehydrogenase, ... alanine oxidoreductase, and NADH-dependent alanine dehydrogenase. T Alanine dehydrogenase contains both a N-terminus and C- ... Alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-alanine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (deaminating). Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_dehydrogenase

... (ALT) is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2). It is also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT or ALAT) and ... Alanine+transaminase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ALT: analyte monograph; The ... It catalyzes the two parts of the alanine cycle. Serum ALT level, serum AST (aspartate transaminase) level, and their ratio ( ... ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-alanine to α-ketoglutarate, the products of this reversible transamination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase

... α-alanine). The IUPAC name for β-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid. Unlike its counterpart α-alanine, β-alanine has no ... histidine and β-alanine. Hence, by weight, only about 40% of the dose is available as β-alanine. Because β-alanine dipeptides ... β-alanine > taurine ≫ alanine, L-serine > proline). β-alanine has five known receptor sites, including GABA-A, GABA-C a co- ... β-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-Alanine

Watanabe Y, Iwaki-Egawa S, Mizukoshi H, Fujimoto Y (July 1995). "Identification of an alanine aminopeptidase in human maternal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_aminopeptidase

This enzyme is also called L-alanine racemase. This enzyme participates in alanine and aspartate metabolism and D-alanine ... D-alanine Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-alanine, and one product, D-alanine. This enzyme belongs to the family of ... The D-alanine produced by alanine racemase is used for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Peptidoglycan is found in the cell walls of ... Alanine racemase can be found in some invertebrates. Bacteria can have one (alr gene) or two alanine racemase genes. Bacterial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_racemase

This is predicted by the Alanine-World model. Morrison KL, Weiss GA (June 2001). "Combinatorial alanine-scanning". Curr Opin ... and 3 in domain II with alanine. A bioassay Culex pipiens was followed to test the activities. The alanine scanning method ... In addition, alanine scanning is also used to determine which functional motif of Cry4Aa has the mosquitocidal activity. Cry4Aa ... In molecular biology, alanine scanning is a site-directed mutagenesis technique used to determine the contribution of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_scanning

... (EC 3.4.17.6, N-benzoyl-L-alanine-amidohydrolase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following ... Alanine+carboxypeptidase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 3.4.17). ... 3. An enzyme specific for N-acyl linkages to alanine". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244 (16): 4467-72. PMID 5806587. ... Miyagawa, E.; Takahiro, H.; Yoshinobu, M. (1986). "Purification and properties of N-benzoyl-L-alanine amidohydrolase from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_carboxypeptidase

... alanine-transfer RNA ligase, alanine transfer RNA synthetase, alanine tRNA synthetase, alanine translase, alanyl-transfer ... In enzymology, an alanine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-alanine:tRNAAla ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include alanyl- ... Webster GC (1961). "Isolation of an alanine-activating enzyme from pig liver". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 49: 141-152. doi:10.1016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine—tRNA_ligase

a 206-418-1 EINECS for D-alanine ^a 200-273-8 EINECS for L-alanine ^a CID 602 from PubChem ^a CID 5950 from PubChem (PubChem ID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_(data_page)

... may refer to: Alanine transaminase, an enzyme 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, an enzyme This set ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine_aminotransferase

Other names in common use include alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase, L-alanine-ketomalonate transaminase, and alanine- ... In enzymology, an alanine-oxomalonate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.47) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-alanine:oxomalonate aminotransferase. ... the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and oxomalonate, whereas its two products are pyruvate and aminomalonate. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine—oxomalonate_transaminase

Other names in common use include AGT, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, alanine-glyoxylic aminotransferase, and L-alanine- ... In enzymology, an alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.44) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine + ... Noguchi T, Okuno E, Takada Y, Minatogawa Y, Okai K, Kido R (1978). "Characteristics of hepatic alanine-glyoxylate ... This enzyme participates in alanine and aspartate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It employs one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine—glyoxylate_transaminase

Other names in common use include beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase, and beta-alanine-alpha-alanine transaminase. This ... In enzymology, a beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine ... the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 3-oxopropanoate, whereas its two products are pyruvate and beta-alanine. ... HAYAISHI O, NISHIZUKA Y, TATIBANA M, TAKESHITA M, KUNO S (1961). "Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of beta-alanine". J. Biol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

... beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme participates in beta-alanine metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. ... In enzymology, a pantoate-β-alanine ligase (EC 6.3.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + (R)-pantoate + ... Maas WK (1956). "Mechanism of the enzymatic synthesis of pantothenate from beta-alanine and pantoate". Fed. Proc. 15: 305-306. ... and beta-alanine, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and (R)-pantothenate. This enzyme belongs to the family of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoate—beta-alanine_ligase

In enzymology, a D-alanine 2-hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5,10- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:D-alanine 2-hydroxymethyltransferase. This enzyme is ... D-alanine, and H2O, whereas its two products are tetrahydrofolate and 2-methylserine. This enzyme belongs to the family of ... methylenetetrahydrofolate + D-alanine + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } tetrahydrofolate + 2-methylserine The 3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-alanine_2-hydroxymethyltransferase

... is the ethyl ester of the non-essential amino acid β-alanine. It would be expected to hydrolyse within ... Part I. Glycine ethyl ester, β-alanine ethyl ester, acetylcholine, and methylbetaine methyl ester". Journal of the Chemical ... the body to form β-alanine. Kodaira, Toshiyuki; Miyake, Hideo; Hayashi, Koichiro; Okamura, Seizo (1965). "The Synthesis and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-Alanine_ethyl_ester

D-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } NH3 + gamma-L-glutamyl-D-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L- ... glutamine and D-alanine, whereas its two products are NH3 and gamma-L-glutamyl-D-alanine. This enzyme belongs to the family of ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamine:D-alanine gamma-glutamyltransferase. Kawasaki Y, Ogawa T, Sasaoka K ( ... In enzymology, a D-alanine gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-alanine_gamma-glutamyltransferase

D. (1989). "Neurotoxicity of β -N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and β-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine (BOAA) on cultured cortical ... β-Methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria. BMAA is a neurotoxin and its ... BMAA is a derivative of the amino acid alanine with a methylamino group on the side chain. This non-proteinogenic amino acid is ... Karlsson, O. (2011). Distribution and Long-term Effects of the Environmental Neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA): Brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine

Other names in common use include L-alanine-alpha-keto acid aminotransferase, leucine-alanine transaminase, alanine-keto acid ... In enzymology, an alanine-oxo-acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine + a 2 ... Sallach HJ (1956). "Formation of serine from hydroxypyruvate and L-alanine" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 223 (2): 1101-1108. Wilson DG ... This enzyme participates in alanine and aspartate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate. ALTENBERN RA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine—oxo-acid_transaminase

... ribosomal-protein L-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine Thus, the two ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:ribosomal-protein-L-alanine N-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also ... In enzymology, a ribosomal-protein-alanine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.128) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... whereas its two products are CoA and ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal-protein-alanine_N-acetyltransferase

The enzyme 3-chloro-D-alanine dehydrochlorinase (EC 4.5.1.2) catalyzes the reaction 3-chloro-D-alanine + H2O = pyruvate + ... "Synthesis of D-cysteine from 3-chloro-D-alanine and hydrogen sulfide by 3-chloro-D-alanine hydrogen chloride-lyase (deaminating ... Other names in common use include β-chloro-D-alanine dehydrochlorinase, and 3-chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating). It ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-chloro-D-alanine chloride-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-chloro-D-alanine_dehydrochlorinase

... (EC 6.1.2.1, VanA, VanB, VanD) is an enzyme with systematic name D-alanine:(R)-lactate ligase (ADP ... D-alanine---(R)-lactate+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology v t e (EC ... This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction D-alanine + (R)-lactate + ATP ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D- ... The product of this enzyme can be incorporated into the peptidoglycan pentapeptide instead of the usual D-alanyl-D-alanine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-alanine—(R)-lactate_ligase

... (EC 6.3.2.35, VanC, VanE, VanG) is an enzyme with systematic name D-alanine:D-serine ligase (ADP- ... "Sequence of the vanC gene of Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174 encoding a D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-related protein necessary for ... D-alanine-D-serine+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology v t e ( ... can be incorporated into the peptidoglycan pentapeptide instead of the usual D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptide. Dutka-Malen S, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-alanine—D-serine_ligase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is N-acetyl-beta-alanine amidohydrolase. This enzyme participates in beta-alanine ... beta-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-acetyl-beta-alanine and H2O, whereas its two products are acetate ... In enzymology, a N-acetyl-beta-alanine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.21) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction N-acetyl- ... Fujimoto D, Koyama T, Tamiya N (1968). "N-Acetyl-beta-alanine deacetylase in hog kidney". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 167: 407-413 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetyl-beta-alanine_deacetylase

N-acylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, acetylmuramoyl-alanine amidase, N-acetylmuramic acid L-alanine amidase, acetylmuramyl-alanine ... Other names in common use include acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, ... In enzymology, a N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28) is an enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction that cleaves ... Herbold DR, Glaser L (1975). "Interaction of N-acetylmuramic acid L-alanine amidase with cell wall polymers". J. Biol. Chem. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine_amidase

In enzymology, a D-alanine-D-alanine ligase (EC 6.3.2.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + 2 D-alanine ... D-alanine ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include alanine:alanine ligase (ADP-forming), and alanylalanine ... The N-terminal region of the D-alanine-D-alanine ligase is thought to be involved in substrate binding, while the C-terminus is ... the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and D-alanine, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and D-alanyl-D-alanine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-alanine—D-alanine_ligase

... may refer to: Beta-pyrazolylalanine synthase, an enzyme Pyrazolylalanine synthase, an enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-(1-pyrazolyl)alanine_synthase

4-phosphopantoate-beta-alanine+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... 4-Phosphopantoate-β-alanine ligase (EC 6.3.2.36, phosphopantothenate synthetase, TK1686 protein) is an enzyme with systematic ... β-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate The conversion of (R)-pantoate ... name (R)-4-phosphopantoate:beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction ATP + (R)-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-phosphopantoate—beta-alanine_ligase

D-alanine: membrane acceptor ligase, D-alanine-D-alanyl carrier protein ligase, D-alanine-membrane acceptor ligase, and D- ... This enzyme participates in d-alanine metabolism. BADDILEY J, NEUHAUS FC (1960). "The enzymic activation of D-alanine". Biochem ... In enzymology, a D-alanine-poly(phosphoribitol) ligase (EC 6.1.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + D- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-alanine:poly(phosphoribitol) ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-alanine—poly(phosphoribitol)_ligase

The alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test measures the level of the enzyme ALT in the blood. ... Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, alanine transaminase, SGPT) - serum. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and ... The alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test measures the level of the enzyme ALT in the blood. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003473.htm

An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test helps doctors diagnose problems with the liver, such as hepatitis or liver disease. ... What is an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test?. Medically reviewed by J. Keith Fisher, M.D. - By Jenna Fletcher on ... The liver makes several enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase, or ALT. These enzymes help break down proteins so that the ... Ruhl, C. E., & Everhart, J. E. (2013, December 15). The association of low serum alanine aminotransferase activity with ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324159?utm_source=ReadNext

Labcorp test details for Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT) ... Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT). TEST: 001545 Test number ... and genetic variation in hepatitis C virus sequences amplified from the plasma of blood donors with elevated alanine ...

https://www.labcorp.com/tests/001545/alanine-aminotransferase-alt-sgpt

LYSOZYME

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/pdb/1FLU

... *Formula: C16H23NO4 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C16H23NO4/c1-4-5-6-11-21-16

CSI is an importer and distributor of bulk beta-alanine. Mark A. LeDoux, NAIs CEO and Chairman of the Board, said that NAI ... The complaint further alleges that DNP falsely advertised in 2009 that it was the only source for Japanese beta-alanine in the ... In support of its asserted claims, NAI has also alleged that recent DNP public statements and marketing related to beta-alanine ... NAI will not stand by and allow third-parties to intentionally mislead current and future customers of CarnoSyn® beta-alanine ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20110812/NAI-reaches-settlement-with-VPX-over-beta-alanine-patent-litigation.aspx

Learn about alanines claims, recommended intake, and warnings. ... Alanine. Other name(s):. a-alanine, a-amino-propionic acid, b- ... Alanine is an amino acid that is used to make proteins. It is used to break down tryptophan and vitamin B-6. It is a source of ... Alanine may help treat diabetes. This is because it helps the body use glucose. It helps prevent low blood sugar (hypoglycemia ...

https://www.ahealthyme.com/InteractiveTools/RiskAssessments/19,Alanine

beta-Alanine metabolism - Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download KGML , ...

https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?ath00410+AT2G42490

... cell culture media or cell/tissue extracts with Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit ab105134. Sensitivity , 10 mU/well. ... Assay Alanine Transaminase Activity in 1 hr 20 min in biofluids, ... Alanine transaminase is also called alanine aminotransferase or ... This kit allows for the detection of alanine but works on the same principle as ab105134. It uses ALT to convert alanine to ... Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric/Fluorometric). See all Alanine Transaminase kits. ...

https://www.abcam.com/alanine-transaminase-activity-assay-kit-colorimetricfluorometric-ab105134.html

... beta-Alanine, 3-Aminopropanoic acid) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of ... Tags: buy β-Alanine , β-Alanine supplier , purchase β-Alanine , β-Alanine cost , β-Alanine manufacturer , order β-Alanine , β- ... β-Alanine (beta-Alanine, 3-Aminopropanoic acid) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of ... β-Alanine (beta-Alanine, 3-Aminopropanoic acid) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of ...

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/beta-alanine.html

D-alanine-poly(phosphoribitol) ligase (Bacillus cereus). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/3DHV_A

... has said that fresh comments regarding its rejected health claim opinion for beta-alanine and physical performance do not ... "EFSAs assessment of beta-alanine is just flat-out wrong," said Jose Antonio, co-founder of the ISSN. "The data on beta- ... alanines ergogenic effects are quite robust." . "Certainly there are more than a dozen studies showing that beta-alanine is ... Fresh comments on rejected beta-alanine opinion have no effect, says EFSA. By Nathan Gray ...

https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2015/02/03/Fresh-comments-on-rejected-beta-alanine-opinion-have-no-effect-says-EFSA

NOW Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by muscle cells to synthesize Carnosine. Buy NOW Beta Alanine today ... NOW Beta-Alanine Powder. $25.99. Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by muscle cells to synthesize ... Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by muscle cells to synthesize Carnosine. Carnosine is the dipeptide ( ... Beta-alanine may cause a harmless, temporary tingling sensation on the skin for some individuals. After a few weeks of ...

https://illpumpyouup.com/now-beta-alanine-powder/

An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test is often part of an initial screening for liver disease. ... Alanine aminotransferase (AL-uh-neen uh-mee-no-TRANS-fur-ace), or ALT, is an enzyme that helps the liver convert food into ...

https://www.teenshealth.org/en/parents/test-alt.html

Beta Alanine, Creatine, Caffeine, Electrolytes - 20 Servings - Grape Berry Crush on Amazon.com ✓ FREE SHIPPING on qualified ... ENHANCE RECOVERY - Beta Alanine, Creatine Monohydrate, L-Leucine, and more help cut down on recovery time and increase ATP ... This item: NutraBio PRE Workout Powder - Sustained Energy, Mental Focus, Endurance - Clinically Dosed Formula - Beta Alanine, ... This item NutraBio PRE Workout Powder - Sustained Energy, Mental Focus, Endurance - Clinically Dosed Formula - Beta Alanine, ...

https://www.amazon.com/NutraBio-PRE-Workout-V5-Grape/dp/B07VF9N6JC

... alanine ([3,2]Tpa) which doesnot sustain cell growth in the culture. We have demonstrated that cellular toxicityof [3,2]Tpa for ... We apply the assembly of the otherwise toxic amino acidl-β-(thieno[3,2-b]pyrrolyl)alanine ([3,2]Tpa)37 (Fig. 1b) to an evolved ... Proteins with beta-(thienopyrrolyl)alanines as alternative chromophores and pharmaceutically active amino acids. Protein Sci. ... alanine ([3,2]Tpa) which doesnot sustain cell growth in the culture. We have demonstrated that cellular toxicityof [3,2]Tpa for ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep33447?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e9130dc3-3ae4-4f90-b127-cdd3c2078c19

Beta alanine is a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid that is converted to other chemicals that can then affect ... The group taking the beta alanine saw the most significant gains in lean body mass as well as reduction of body fat percentage. ... The dose of beta alanine shown to be effective is between four and five grams per day. "However, side effects occur at this ... Where it comes from: Beta alanine is a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid that is converted to other chemicals that ...

https://www.mensjournal.com/food-drink/beta-alanine-supplement/

Timeline for Protein D-alanyl-D-alanine-endopeptidase MepA from d.65.1.3: MepA-like: *Protein D-alanyl-D-alanine-endopeptidase ... Protein D-alanyl-D-alanine-endopeptidase MepA from d.65.1.3: MepA-like appears in SCOPe 2.06. *Protein D-alanyl-D-alanine- ... Lineage for Protein: D-alanyl-D-alanine-endopeptidase MepA. *Root: SCOPe 2.07 *. Class d: Alpha and beta proteins (a+b) [53931 ... More info for Protein D-alanyl-D-alanine-endopeptidase MepA from d.65.1.3: MepA-like. ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=111020&ver=2.07

... N-Methyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-beta-alanine methyl ester ... beta-ALANINE, N-(2-CHLOROETHYL)-N-METHYL-, METHYL ESTER, HYDROCHLORIDE Molecular Formula: C7H15Cl2NO2 ... N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-methyl-beta-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride 2-chloroethyl-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-methyl-azanium ...

https://sci-toys.com/scichem/jqp025/56014.html

Recent research has demonstrated that 6.4 g x day(-1) of beta-alanine (beta-ala) can significantly increase skeletal muscle ... beta-Alanine supplemented subjects increased M-[Carn] by 12.81 +/- 7.97 mmol x kg(-1) dry muscle whilst there was no change in ... Recent research has demonstrated that 6.4 g x day(-1) of beta-alanine (beta-ala) can significantly increase skeletal muscle ... The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18175046/

Additionally, the effects on phosphate transport of deleting glucose or alanine occur independent of any changes in net sodium ... These differences may relate to the observations that the transport of glucose and alanine is electrogenic while that of ... Sodium, phosphate, glucose, bicarbonate, and alanine interactions in the isolated proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit ... Sodium, phosphate, glucose, bicarbonate, and alanine interactions in the isolated proximal convoluted tubule of the rabbit ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/109140/scanned-page/397

Shop for Optimum Nutrition Beta-Alanine Powder Unflavored (75 Servings) at Pick n Save. Find quality health products to add to ... Packed with Beta-Alanine, Histidine and Phosphates our Beta-Alanine Powder formula is designed to help boost your intramuscular ... Beta-alanine (As Carnosyn) , L-Histidine . Other Ingredients : Silicon Dioxide . ...

https://www.picknsave.com/p/optimum-nutrition-beta-alanine-powder-unflavored/0074892702094

Supplementation of L-alanine helps support energy metabolism, as well as helping assist the body in disposing of excess ...

https://purebulk.com/collections/digestion/products/l-alanine-bulk

So how does beta-alanine work? By buffering the build-up of what us science types call hydrogen ions or H+. For instance, ... Whats the difference between beta-alanine and L-alanine? Beta-Alanine. beta-Alanine is the only naturally occurring beta amino ... L-Alanine. L-Alanine (Ala) is a non-essential-amino acid. L-alanine is one of the 20 amino acids most widely used in protein ... Recently, a study in mice looked at supplementation with beta-alanine (3%) in drinking water for one week. Beta-alanine intake ...

https://www.prosource.net/blogs/blog-1/beta-alanine-the-ultimate-protection-and-performance-enhancer

1. Take beta-alanine before you work out. It is a great time to take beta-alanine before you work out because it can help to ... 2. Take beta-alanine after you work out. Beta-alanine is also great to take after you work out because it can help to increase ... 3. Use beta-alanine with other supplements. You can also use beta-alanine with other supplements to help you build muscles. ... How long does it take for beta-alanine to kick in?. It can take a little while for beta-alanine to kick in. Most people find ...

https://www.rebelliouspixels.com/lifestyle/6-ways-to-use-beta-alanine-to-build-muscles/

Carnosine is a dipeptide (Beta-Alanine plus Histidine) that functions as a buffer for the hydrogen ions (acid) produced during ... High Potency A Dietary Supplement Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by muscle cells to synthesize ... Decrease quantity for Beta Alanine 750mg 120 capsules Increase quantity for Beta Alanine 750mg 120 capsules ... Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by muscle cells to synthesize Carnosine. Carnosine is a dipeptide (Beta ...

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... a patented form of beta-alanine that has been clinically tested and shown to increase muscle carnosine content, allowing ... Beta-Alanine 750 mg 120 caps By Now Click or scroll to zoom ... Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by ... Beta-alanine may cause a harmless, temporary tingling sensation on the skin for some individuals. After a few weeks of ... NOW Sports Beta-Alanine is backed by scientific research demonstrating that CarnoSyn supplementation results in delayed muscle ...

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Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download KGML , Image file , Help ...

https://www.kegg.jp/pathway/rn00250+R01083

Re: Some questions on the Deca-Alanine ABF tutorial. From: Jérôme Hénin (jerome.henin_at_ibpc.fr). Date: Thu May 19 2016 - 02: ... Next in thread: sunyeping: "Re: Some questions on the Deca-Alanine ABF tutorial" *Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ ... Next in thread: sunyeping: "Re: Some questions on the Deca-Alanine ABF tutorial" *Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ ... Previous message: sunyeping: "Re: Some questions on the Deca-Alanine ABF tutorial" *In reply to: sunyeping: "Re: Some questions ...

http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/namd/mailing_list/namd-l.2016-2017/0530.html

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, alanine transaminase, SGPT) - serum. (medlineplus.gov)
What is an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood test? (medicalnewstoday.com)
The liver makes several enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase, or ALT. (medicalnewstoday.com)
This product is manufactured by BioVision, an Abcam company and was previously called K752 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) Activity Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit. (abcam.com)
Alanine transaminase is also called alanine aminotransferase or serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT, ALAT, SGPT). (abcam.com)
Alanine aminotransferase (AL-uh-neen uh-mee-no-TRANS-fur-ace), or ALT, is an enzyme that helps the liver convert food into energy. (teenshealth.org)
PubChem:Alanine ] Alanine acts as a substrate for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an enzyme commonly measured to determine liver health. (loinc.org)
ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT ( alanine transaminase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). (nih.gov)
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 is a severe kidney stone disease caused by abnormalities of the peroxisomal alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). (nih.gov)
An enzyme trafficking defect in two patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1: peroxisomal alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase rerouted to mitochondria. (rupress.org)
Most patients with the autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) have a complete deficiency of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein. (rupress.org)
Alanine aminotransferase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver diseases (e.g. viral hepatitis and cirrhosis) and heart diseases. (cdc.gov)
The dates of onset (defined by occurrence of symptoms or first abnormal alanine aminotransferase {ALT} value) for suspected cases were from October 1993 through June 1994 ( Figure 1 . (cdc.gov)
Liver function enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities including total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and globulin were not changed by BV supplementation. (blogspot.com)
On the fifth day of hospitalization (day 7 of il ness) notransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). (who.int)
Metabolic and genetic markers' associations with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase in adolescents. (cdc.gov)

It has been suggested that beta alanine has additional benefits, including a reduction in feelings of fatigue and an improvement in cognitive function. (zshare.net)

The alanine transaminase (ALT) blood test measures the level of the enzyme ALT in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric/Fluorometric) ab105134 is a rapid and simple assay used to quantify alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in mammalian samples. (abcam.com)
Determination of ALT activity using ab105134 Alanine Transaminase Activity Assay Kit Waller-Evans H et al. (abcam.com)
glutamic--alanine transaminase. (expasy.org)
beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" by people in this website by year, and whether "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "beta-Alanine-Pyruvate Transaminase" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)

A concentrated solution of amino acids including betaine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, serine, arginine, proline, lysine HCI and threonine, come together in this system designed to deliver beneficials without barrier ingredients getting in the way of performance. (pacificabeauty.com)

Packed with Beta-Alanine, Histidine and Phosphates our Beta-Alanine Powder formula is designed to help boost your intramuscular buffering system so you train harder, longer. (picknsave.com)
Carnosine is a dipeptide (Beta-Alanine plus Histidine) that functions as a buffer for the hydrogen ions (acid) produced during strenuous exercise, thus helping to maintain optimum muscular pH. (bayho.com)

Bidirectional MR suggested a unidirectional effect of insulin resistance on isoleucine, leucine and valine and a unidirectional effect of alanine on insulin resistance. (medscape.com)

β-Alanine (beta-Alanine, 3-Aminopropanoic acid) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. (selleckchem.com)
Additionally, supplementation with beta alanine may improve the muscular endurance of older adults, as carnosine declines with age. (mensjournal.com)
Beta-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is used by muscle cells to synthesize Carnosine. (bayho.com)
NOW uses CarnoSyn®, a patented form of Beta-Alanine that has been clinically tested and shown to increase muscle Carnosine content, allowing muscles to work harder and longer during intense exercise. (bayho.com)
Clinical studies suggest that Beta-Alanine supplementation can increase muscle Carnosine content and delay muscle fatigue. (vitaglo.com)
Beta-alanine is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine, anserine and balenine. (who.int)
Supplementation with beta-alanine leads to an increased production of the peptide carnosine, which is found in high concentrations in the skeletal muscle of both vertebrates and non-vertebrates. (who.int)
ABSTRACT ß- Alanine supplementation has been shown to increase muscle carnosine levels and exercise performance. (bvsalud.org)
Extreme Edge Pre Workout ignites explosive energy and sharpens mental focus by exploiting the proven power of CarnoSyn, the patented and most studied form of beta-alanine, to increase the concentration of carnosine in the muscles, preparing them for extreme performance while decreasing fatigue. (vitacart.com)

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-ALANINE to 3-oxopropanoate to generate PYRUVATE and BETA-ALANINE. (ucdenver.edu)

NOW® Beta-Alanine is backed by scientific research demonstrating that CarnoSyn® supplementation results in delayed muscle fatigue and rapid recovery time, thereby helping you attain your strength and endurance training goals. (bayho.com)
This bodes well for NAI's flagship CarnoSyn and SR CarnoSyn beta-alanine ingredients, which LeDoux said he expects to see significant business gains for in both the sports nutrition and healthy aging markets moving forward. (nai-online.com)

However, most people find that taking between 2 and 4 grams of beta-alanine each day effectively builds muscle. (rebelliouspixels.com)
However, you should not take more than 4 grams of beta-alanine each day. (rebelliouspixels.com)

After a few weeks of supplementation with Beta-Alanine, this sensation normally lessens or subsides. (bayho.com)
We are not aware of any data indicating that children and adolescents are more vulnerable than adults for supplementation with beta-alanine on a per kg bw basis. (who.int)

Alanine is one of the primary amino acids (secondary to leucine) used for protein construction. (loinc.org)
Robert W. Holley was an American biochemist who was conferred with the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the structure of the alanine transfer RNA, linking DNA and protein synthesis. (thefamouspeople.com)

The authors conclude that a significant risk of overexposure to cadmium dust did exist at this facility and that subclinical effects such as significant increases in mean levels of urinary tubular enzymes alanine-aminopeptidase and N-acetyl- glucosaminidase are apparent in cadmium exposed workers with urine cadmium levels above 10microg/g of creatinine compared to those below this level. (cdc.gov)

The European food science agency said that the European Commission had asked it to review the scientific comments that had been received on the back of it's 2014 scientific opinion that ruled a cause and effect relationship could not be established between the intake of beta-alanine and increased physical performance during short-term, high-intensity exercise. (nutraingredients.com)
Research suggests that, during high intensity weight training or sprint work, beta alanine can reduce the symptoms of fatigue. (mensjournal.com)
Effects of β-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval trai" by Abbie E. Smith, Ashley A. Walter et al. (unl.edu)
Concurrent high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and β-alanine supplementation may result in greater adaptations than HIIT alone. (unl.edu)
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of combining β-alanine supplementation with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on endurance performance and aerobic metabolism in recreationally active college-aged men. (unl.edu)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ß- alanine supplementation on muscle function during recovery from a single session of high-intensity RE. (bvsalud.org)
In conclusion, our data indicate that ß- alanine supplementation does not improve muscle recovery following a high-intensity RE session in untrained young adults . (bvsalud.org)

Finding the best beta alanine supplement can be difficult for people who have never used dietary supplements in the past. (zshare.net)
Athletes and bodybuilders frequently make use of dietary supplements containing beta alanine in an effort to improve their performance. (zshare.net)
Because there is such a diverse selection of beta alanine supplements on the market right now, it can be difficult to choose which one to buy. (zshare.net)
Some Beta Alanine supplements can be quite expensive. (zshare.net)
When it comes to supplements containing beta alanine, there are several distinct varieties from which you can select the one that is most appropriate for your needs. (zshare.net)
Because there are such a wide variety of beta alanine supplements available today, it can be challenging to figure out which one is ideal for your specific needs. (zshare.net)
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use alanine supplements. (ahealthyme.com)
Certainly there are more than a dozen studies showing that beta-alanine is one of the most effective sports supplements on the market. (nutraingredients.com)
The group that took the beta alanine supplements had a lower fatigue rate and a higher training volume throughout the exercises.In a double-blind 2007 Belgium study, fifteen male sprint-trained competitive athletes were either given beta alanine supplements or placebos for four weeks. (mensjournal.com)
You can also use beta-alanine with other supplements to help you build muscles. (rebelliouspixels.com)
The present report is a risk assessment of specified doses of beta-alanine in food supplements, and it is based on previous risk assessments and articles retrieved from literature searches. (who.int)
According to information from NFSA, beta-alanine is an ingredient in food supplements sold in Norway. (who.int)
NSFA has requested a risk assessment of beta-alanine: 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/day from food supplements. (who.int)
VKM concludes that: In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/day of beta-alanine in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects provided that beta-alanine is consumed with maximum 5 mg/kg bw per intake and a minimum of 2 hours between the intakes. (who.int)

Mycobacterium smegmatis alr insertion mutants are not dependent on d -alanine for growth and display a metabolic pattern consistent with an alternative pathway for d -alanine biosynthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This MR study elucidated the causal impact of lower birthweight on subsequent risk of NAFLD, independently of later-life adiposity and identified mediators including insulin resistance, branched-chain amino acids, alanine and MUFA in this association pathway. (medscape.com)

The cycad neurotoxic amino acid, beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), elevates intracellular calcium levels in dissociated rat brain cells. (semanticscholar.org)

The primary route of d -alanine biosynthesis in eubacteria is the enantiomeric conversion from l -alanine, a reaction catalysed by d -alanine racemase (Alr). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Bacteria can have one ( alr gene ) or two alanine racemase genes. (ichacha.net)
The traditional mechanism attributed to an alanine racemase reaction is that of a two-base mechanism with a PLP-stabilized carbanion intermediate. (ichacha.net)
Bacterial species with two genes for alanine racemase have one that is continually expressed and one that is inducible, which makes it difficult to target both genes for drug studies. (ichacha.net)
It's difficult to find alanine racemase in a sentence. (ichacha.net)

Alanine is an amino acid that is used to make proteins. (ahealthyme.com)

Alanine aminotransferases (ALT) is a liver enzyme that is released when the liver is injured. (liversupport.com)

Click the button below to add the DL-Alanine benzyl ester 4-toluenesulfonate salt 5 g to your wish list. (p212121.com)

Creating an alanine scanning library, alanine systematically substitutes the residues at each amino acid position of the original peptide i.e. identified epitope (= alanine walk ). (jpt.com)

Athletes and bodybuilders often use beta-alanine as a dietary supplement, as it is a well-known amino acid with many health benefits. (zshare.net)

Disturbances of beta-alanine metabolism in the human AD brain detected by high resolution LC-qTof-MS metabolomics. (qub.ac.uk)
Most People Don't Know How Important Alanine is For The Body Alanine Has a Very Important Role in Glucose Metabolism, Having Energy, Building Muscle, Having Low Cholesterol, Having Good Immunity, Keeping Your Prostate Healthy, and Much More. (wordpress.com)

Best Beta alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid, but it is not necessary for humans to have in order to survive. (zshare.net)
Beta alanine is a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid that is converted to other chemicals that can then affect muscles. (mensjournal.com)
Beta-alanine is a non-essential, non-proteogenic naturally occurring beta amino acid. (who.int)

In this study, we demonstrate that the M. smegmatis alr insertion mutant TAM23 can synthesize d -alanine at lower levels than the parental strain. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Recent research has demonstrated that 6.4 g x day(-1) of beta-alanine (beta-ala) can significantly increase skeletal muscle Carn concentrations (M-[Carn]) whilst the resultant change in buffering capacity has been shown to be paralleled by significant improvements in anaerobic and aerobic measures of exercise performance. (nih.gov)
beta-Alanine supplemented subjects increased M-[Carn] by 12.81 +/- 7.97 mmol x kg(-1) dry muscle whilst there was no change in PLG subjects. (nih.gov)
Beta-alanine is also great to take after you work out because it can help to increase your muscle mass. (rebelliouspixels.com)
Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle function during recovery from resistance exercise in young adults. (bvsalud.org)
So maybe creatine and beta alanine was out of the muscle too. (musculardevelopment.com)

In Addition, Porter's Five Forces analysis demonstrates the five forces i.e. buyers bargaining power, suppliers bargaining power, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, and degree of competition in Beta-Alanine Market. (kdmarketinsights.com)

Interactions among the transport systems involved with sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, phosphate, and alanine absorption in isolated segments of the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule were examined with radioisotopic techniques to measure glucose, phosphate, and fluid absorption rates. (jci.org)
Additionally, the effects on phosphate transport of deleting glucose or alanine occur independent of any changes in net sodium transport and are opposite the effects of deleting bicarbonate. (jci.org)
These differences may relate to the observations that the transport of glucose and alanine is electrogenic while that of bicarbonate is not. (jci.org)
Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine neurotoxicity: requirement for bicarbonate as a cofactor. (semanticscholar.org)

The dose of beta alanine shown to be effective is between four and five grams per day. (mensjournal.com)
When you take a supplement, it will help to ensure that you are getting the correct dose of beta-alanine each day. (rebelliouspixels.com)

This article will assist you in finding an efficient beta alanine supplement that meets your requirements and will guide you through the selection process. (zshare.net)
What is Beta Alanine? (zshare.net)
Make sure the supplement contains pure beta alanine. (zshare.net)
What are the benefits of Beta Alanine? (zshare.net)
How to pick the best Beta Alanine supplement for beginners? (zshare.net)
When purchasing a Beta Alanine supplement for the first time, there are a few key considerations that should guide your decision-making process. (zshare.net)
The second step is to figure out how much beta alanine is in each individual serving. (zshare.net)
When present in high enough concentrations, beta-alanine is known to wreak havoc on the gastrointestinal tract.The next thing to do is look into how much it will cost. (zshare.net)
Last but not least, consult a nutritionist or a medical professional to find out whether or not taking a Beta Alanine supplement would be beneficial to you. (zshare.net)
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has said that fresh comments regarding its rejected health claim opinion for beta-alanine and physical performance do not change its conclusion. (nutraingredients.com)
"EFSA's assessment of beta-alanine is just flat-out wrong," said Jose Antonio, co-founder of the ISSN. (nutraingredients.com)
Commenting on the 'missed study' EFSA added that the findings of the cited research were 'inconsistent' - noting that there was no statistically significant link between beta-alanine and many of the primary outcomes reported in the study. (nutraingredients.com)
Beta alanine is a relative newcomer to the sports scene," says Anding. (mensjournal.com)
A 2008 study at The College of New Jersey examined collegiate football players on a 30-day schedule of beta alanine supplementation. (mensjournal.com)
A handful of additional studies have found similar results and beta alanine is generally considered effective for offsetting feelings of fatigues. (mensjournal.com)
Another study at The College of New Jersey (this one, performed in 2006) looked at the effects of beta alanine when combined with creatine. (mensjournal.com)
During a 10-week resistance-training program, 33 college football players took either creatine, creatine plus beta-alanine or a placebo. (mensjournal.com)
The group taking the beta alanine saw the most significant gains in lean body mass as well as reduction of body fat percentage. (mensjournal.com)
No long-term studies have been performed on beta alanine supplementation, although studies up to eight weeks showed no adverse effects. (mensjournal.com)
If you want to build muscles, you may consider using beta-alanine. (rebelliouspixels.com)
It is a great time to take beta-alanine before you work out because it can help to improve your performance. (rebelliouspixels.com)
If you want to take advantage of all the benefits that beta-alanine offers, you may want to try a beta-alanine supplement. (rebelliouspixels.com)
It is also essential to drink plenty of water when taking beta-alanine. (rebelliouspixels.com)
Does it matter when you take beta-alanine? (rebelliouspixels.com)
How much beta-alanine should you take for effectiveness? (rebelliouspixels.com)
How long does it take for beta-alanine to kick in? (rebelliouspixels.com)
It can take a little while for beta-alanine to kick in. (rebelliouspixels.com)
Can you overdose on beta-alanine? (rebelliouspixels.com)
Are there any side effects associated with beta-alanine? (rebelliouspixels.com)
Beta-alanine is a great supplement to use if you want to build muscles. (rebelliouspixels.com)
Use beta-alanine today to see the benefits for yourself! (rebelliouspixels.com)
Caution: Beta-Alanine may cause a harmless, temporary tingling sensation on the skin for some individuals. (bayho.com)
1+1 Zadarmo: Beta Alanine od Best Nutrition 250 kaps. (surf.sk)
Beta-Alanine 500 g (17.6 oz. (vitaglo.com)
Conclusion: Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation at 6.4 g * d-1 improved endurance capacity. (biomedcentral.com)
The beta-alanine market is primed for growth, bolstered by consumers' increased focus on health and wellness in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the company said. (nai-online.com)
Global Beta-Alanine Market , 2020-2025, is a market research report by KD Market Insights that offers extensive and highly detailed current and future market trends in the global and regional/market. (kdmarketinsights.com)
Global Beta-Alanine Market was held at USD XXX Million in 2018 and is expected to garner USD XXX Million by the end of 2025. (kdmarketinsights.com)
The report also offers value chain analysis for the Beta-Alanine Market. (kdmarketinsights.com)
The report reviews the preliminary estimates for 2019 and forecasts for growth in Beta-Alanine Market demand for 2020-2025. (kdmarketinsights.com)
The report also highlights the competitive landscape of the global Beta-Alanine Market, positioning of all the major players in industry. (kdmarketinsights.com)
The research study includes profiles of leading companies operating in the Beta-Alanine Market. (kdmarketinsights.com)
Data suggest that beta-alanine functions as a small molecule neurotransmitter and should join the ranks of the other amino acid neurotransmitters. (who.int)
Single doses of beta-alanine of 10 mg/kg bw (700 mg in a 70 kg person) or more provoked transient paraesthesia. (who.int)
Didnt take any supps like beta alanine , preworkout stims which include creatine, just some BCAA pills and the usual fiber. (musculardevelopment.com)
Beta-alanine of pharmaceutical grade is present in this formulation. (geminahealth.com)

Twenty-four untrained young adults (22.1 ± 4.6 years old) were assigned to one of two groups (N = 12 per group) a placebo-supplement group (4.8 g/day) or an ß- alanine -supplement group (4.8 g/day). (bvsalud.org)

To investigate this, the researchers engineered mice in which one of the two copies of the BRCA1 gene harbored a mutation that replaced an isoleucine in the RING domain with an alanine. (the-scientist.com)

Increased alanine levels are seen in patients with lactic acidosis, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, histidinemia, hyperprolinemia, and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. (loinc.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms4

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs71

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes33

Information Science3

Health Care1

Carbon 13 NMR study of nonenzymatic reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with selected amino acids and of related reactions. (1/5406)

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on the mechanism of action of PNU-151774E, a novel antiepileptic compound. (2/5406)

Role of glutamine in human carbohydrate metabolism in kidney and other tissues. (3/5406)

Structural determinants of the eosinophil: chemotactic activity of the acidic tetrapeptides of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. (4/5406)

Variants of ribonuclease inhibitor that resist oxidation. (5/5406)

Multiplex sequence analysis demonstrates the competitive growth advantage of the A-to-G mutants of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori. (6/5406)

The Escherichia coli Ada protein can interact with two distinct determinants in the sigma70 subunit of RNA polymerase according to promoter architecture: identification of the target of Ada activation at the alkA promoter. (7/5406)

CPCCOEt, a noncompetitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, inhibits receptor signaling without affecting glutamate binding. (8/5406)

Alanine

Alanine Transaminase

Alanine Racemase

Alanine Dehydrogenase

Amino Acid Sequence

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Molecular Sequence Data

Aspartate Aminotransferases

Amino Acids

Amino Acid Substitution

Serine

Mutation

Liver

Transaminases

Binding Sites

Glutamine

Kinetics

Models, Molecular

Aspartic Acid

Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Structure-Activity Relationship

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Glycine

Recombinant Proteins

Protein Binding

Threonine

Base Sequence

Protein Conformation

Escherichia coli

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Cysteine

gamma-Glutamyltransferase

Point Mutation

Liver Function Tests

Phosphorylation

Protein Structure, Secondary

Gluconeogenesis

Mutagenesis

Proline

Leucine

RNA, Transfer, Ala

Glutamates

Pyruvic Acid

Histidine

Pyruvates

Substrate Specificity

Catalysis

Lactates

Amino Acid Motifs

Lysine

Peptides

Cell Line

Ammonia

Conserved Sequence

Sequence Alignment

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Alanine-tRNA Ligase

Glutamic Acid

Liver Diseases

Cycloserine

Valine

COS Cells

Glucose

Phenylalanine

Circular Dichroism

Nitrogen

Bacterial Proteins

Arginine

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Cloning, Molecular

Isoleucine

Catalytic Domain

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Lactic Acid

Mutant Proteins

Transfection

DNA Primers

Hyperoxaluria, Primary

Nitrogen Isotopes

Fatty Liver