Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Method for determining the circulating blood volume by introducing a known quantity of foreign substance into the blood and determining its concentration some minutes later when thorough mixing has occurred. From these two values the blood volume can be calculated by dividing the quantity of injected material by its concentration in the blood at the time of uniform mixing. Generally expressed as cubic centimeters or liters per kilogram of body weight.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
Enlargement of air spaces distal to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES where gas-exchange normally takes place. This is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. Pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Volume of circulating ERYTHROCYTES . It is usually measured by RADIOISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE.
Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Volume of PLASMA in the circulation. It is usually measured by INDICATOR DILUTION TECHNIQUES.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.
The volume of the HEART, usually relating to the volume of BLOOD contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is STROKE VOLUME.
Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)
Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.
Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
The act of BREATHING in.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.
The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.
The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
The rate of airflow measured during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination.
Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.
The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Lung volume measurements are clinical tests that determine the amount of air inhaled, exhaled, and present in the lungs at different times during the breathing cycle. These measurements include:

1. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, usually around 500 mL in resting adults.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration, approximately 3,000 mL in adults.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration, about 1,000-1,200 mL in adults.
4. Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, approximately 1,100-1,500 mL in adults.
5. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total amount of air the lungs can hold at full inflation, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV + RV, around 6,000 mL in adults.
6. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration, equal to ERV + RV, about 2,100-2,700 mL in adults.
7. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration, equal to TV + IRV, around 3,500 mL in adults.
8. Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration, calculated as IC + ERV, approximately 4,200-5,600 mL in adults.

These measurements help assess lung function and identify various respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Whole-body plethysmography is a non-invasive medical technique used to measure changes in the volume of air in the lungs and chest during breathing. It is often utilized in the diagnosis and assessment of various respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

During whole-body plethysmography, the patient enters a sealed, clear chamber, usually in a standing or sitting position. The patient is instructed to breathe normally while the machine measures changes in pressure within the chamber as the chest and abdomen move during respiration. These measurements are then used to calculate lung volume, airflow, and other respiratory parameters.

This technique provides valuable information about the functional status of the lungs and can help healthcare providers make informed decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment planning, and disease monitoring.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Blood volume determination is a medical procedure that involves measuring the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system. This measurement is typically expressed in milliliters (mL) or liters (L) and provides important information about the person's overall cardiovascular health and fluid status.

There are several methods for determining blood volume, including:

1. Direct measurement: This involves withdrawing a known volume of blood from the body, labeling the red blood cells with a radioactive or dye marker, reinfusing the cells back into the body, and then measuring the amount of marked cells that appear in subsequent blood samples over time.
2. Indirect measurement: This method uses formulas based on the person's height, weight, sex, and other factors to estimate their blood volume. One common indirect method is the "hemodynamic" calculation, which takes into account the individual's heart rate, stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat), and the concentration of hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
3. Bioimpedance analysis: This non-invasive technique uses electrical signals to measure the body's fluid volumes, including blood volume. By analyzing changes in the body's electrical conductivity in response to a small current, bioimpedance analysis can provide an estimate of blood volume.

Accurate determination of blood volume is important for assessing various medical conditions, such as heart failure, shock, anemia, and dehydration. It can also help guide treatment decisions, including the need for fluid replacement or blood transfusions.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging in medicine refers to the use of technologies and techniques that generate a 3D representation of internal body structures, organs, or tissues. This is achieved by acquiring and processing data from various imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or confocal microscopy. The resulting 3D images offer a more detailed visualization of the anatomy and pathology compared to traditional 2D imaging techniques, allowing for improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and minimally invasive interventions.

In 3D imaging, specialized software is used to reconstruct the acquired data into a volumetric model, which can be manipulated and viewed from different angles and perspectives. This enables healthcare professionals to better understand complex anatomical relationships, detect abnormalities, assess disease progression, and monitor treatment response. Common applications of 3D imaging include neuroimaging, orthopedic surgery planning, cancer staging, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction, and interventional radiology procedures.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal expiration during quiet breathing. It represents the sum of the residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). The FRC is approximately 2.5-3.5 liters in a healthy adult. This volume of air serves to keep the alveoli open and maintain oxygenation during periods of quiet breathing, as well as providing a reservoir for additional ventilation during increased activity or exercise.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air that can be contained within the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It includes all of the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. TLC can be measured directly using gas dilution techniques or indirectly by adding residual volume to vital capacity. Factors that affect TLC include age, sex, height, and lung health status.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system at any given time. It is the combined volume of both the plasma (the liquid component of blood) and the formed elements (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the blood. In a healthy adult human, the average blood volume is approximately 5 liters (or about 1 gallon). However, blood volume can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Blood volume plays a critical role in maintaining proper cardiovascular function, as it affects blood pressure, heart rate, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. Changes in blood volume can have significant impacts on an individual's health and may be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure, and liver disease. Accurate measurement of blood volume is essential for diagnosing and managing these conditions, as well as for guiding treatment decisions in clinical settings.

Airway resistance is a measure of the opposition to airflow during breathing, which is caused by the friction between the air and the walls of the respiratory tract. It is an important parameter in respiratory physiology because it can affect the work of breathing and gas exchange.

Airway resistance is usually expressed in units of cm H2O/L/s or Pa·s/m, and it can be measured during spontaneous breathing or during forced expiratory maneuvers, such as those used in pulmonary function testing. Increased airway resistance can result from a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Decreased airway resistance can be seen in conditions such as emphysema or after a successful bronchodilator treatment.

Observer variation, also known as inter-observer variability or measurement agreement, refers to the difference in observations or measurements made by different observers or raters when evaluating the same subject or phenomenon. It is a common issue in various fields such as medicine, research, and quality control, where subjective assessments are involved.

In medical terms, observer variation can occur in various contexts, including:

1. Diagnostic tests: Different radiologists may interpret the same X-ray or MRI scan differently, leading to variations in diagnosis.
2. Clinical trials: Different researchers may have different interpretations of clinical outcomes or adverse events, affecting the consistency and reliability of trial results.
3. Medical records: Different healthcare providers may document medical histories, physical examinations, or treatment plans differently, leading to inconsistencies in patient care.
4. Pathology: Different pathologists may have varying interpretations of tissue samples or laboratory tests, affecting diagnostic accuracy.

Observer variation can be minimized through various methods, such as standardized assessment tools, training and calibration of observers, and statistical analysis of inter-rater reliability.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. This results in loss of elastic recoil, which leads to trappling of air within the lungs and difficulty exhaling. It is often caused by cigarette smoking or long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. The disease is part of a group of conditions known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes chronic bronchitis.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

Lung compliance is a measure of the ease with which the lungs expand and is defined as the change in lung volume for a given change in transpulmonary pressure. It is often expressed in units of liters per centimeter of water (L/cm H2O). A higher compliance indicates that the lungs are more easily distensible, while a lower compliance suggests that the lungs are stiffer and require more force to expand. Lung compliance can be affected by various conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Airway remodeling is a term used to describe the structural changes that occur in the airways as a result of chronic inflammation in respiratory diseases such as asthma. These changes include thickening of the airway wall, increased smooth muscle mass, and abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix components. These alterations can lead to narrowing of the airways, decreased lung function, and increased severity of symptoms. Airway remodeling is thought to be a major contributor to the persistent airflow obstruction that is characteristic of severe asthma.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhale, also known as the "expiratory reserve volume." It is the lowest lung volume that can be reached during a forced exhalation and cannot be completely emptied due to the presence of alveoli that are too small or too far from the airways. This volume is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the lungs and preventing their collapse. Any additional air that enters the lungs after this point will increase the total lung capacity. The normal residual volume for an average adult human is typically around 1 to 1.5 liters.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

Computer-assisted image processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer systems and specialized software to improve, analyze, and interpret medical images obtained through various imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and others.

The process typically involves several steps, including image acquisition, enhancement, segmentation, restoration, and analysis. Image processing algorithms can be used to enhance the quality of medical images by adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness, as well as removing noise and artifacts that may interfere with accurate diagnosis. Segmentation techniques can be used to isolate specific regions or structures of interest within an image, allowing for more detailed analysis.

Computer-assisted image processing has numerous applications in medical imaging, including detection and characterization of lesions, tumors, and other abnormalities; assessment of organ function and morphology; and guidance of interventional procedures such as biopsies and surgeries. By automating and standardizing image analysis tasks, computer-assisted image processing can help to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency, while reducing the potential for human error.

A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed. This type of surgery is typically performed as a treatment for certain types of lung cancer, although it may also be used to treat other conditions such as severe damage or infection in the lung that does not respond to other treatments. The surgery requires general anesthesia and can be quite complex, with potential risks including bleeding, infection, pneumonia, and air leaks. Recovery from a pneumonectomy can take several weeks, and patients may require ongoing rehabilitation to regain strength and mobility.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Erythrocyte volume, also known as red cell volume or hematocrit, is the proportion of whole blood that is made up of erythrocytes or red blood cells. It is typically expressed as a percentage and can be measured using a centrifuge to separate the components of a blood sample by density.

The erythrocyte volume is an important clinical parameter because it can provide information about a person's health status, such as their hydration level, altitude acclimatization, and the presence of certain medical conditions like anemia or polycythemia. Changes in erythrocyte volume can also have significant effects on the body's oxygen-carrying capacity and overall cardiovascular function.

Enophthalmos is a medical term that refers to the abnormal positioning of the eyeball within its socket, resulting in a posterior or backward displacement of the eye. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, surgical procedures, or diseases that affect the orbital tissues, including cancer, inflammation, or infection. Enophthalmos may lead to cosmetic concerns and visual disturbances, depending on its severity. A thorough examination by an ophthalmologist or an oculoplastic surgeon is necessary for accurate diagnosis and management of this condition.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

Plasma volume refers to the total amount of plasma present in an individual's circulatory system. Plasma is the fluid component of blood, in which cells and chemical components are suspended. It is composed mainly of water, along with various dissolved substances such as nutrients, waste products, hormones, gases, and proteins.

Plasma volume is a crucial factor in maintaining proper blood flow, regulating body temperature, and facilitating the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other essential components throughout the body. The average plasma volume for an adult human is approximately 3 liters, but it can vary depending on factors like age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Changes in plasma volume can have significant effects on an individual's cardiovascular function and fluid balance. For example, dehydration or blood loss can lead to a decrease in plasma volume, while conditions such as heart failure or liver cirrhosis may result in increased plasma volume due to fluid retention. Accurate measurement of plasma volume is essential for diagnosing various medical conditions and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Tidal volume (Vt) is the amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs during normal, resting breathing. It is the difference between the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration and the volume at the end of a normal inspiration. In other words, it's the volume of each breath you take when you are not making any effort to breathe more deeply.

The average tidal volume for an adult human is around 500 milliliters (ml) per breath, but this can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, size, and fitness level. During exercise or other activities that require increased oxygen intake, tidal volume may increase to meet the body's demands for more oxygen.

Tidal volume is an important concept in respiratory physiology and clinical medicine, as it can be used to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

Cardiac volume refers to the amount of blood contained within the heart chambers at any given point in time. It is a measure of the volume of blood that is being moved by the heart during each cardiac cycle, which includes both systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases.

There are several types of cardiac volumes that are commonly measured or estimated using medical imaging techniques such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These include:

1. End-diastolic volume (EDV): This is the volume of blood in the heart chambers at the end of diastole, when the heart chambers are fully filled with blood.
2. End-systolic volume (ESV): This is the volume of blood in the heart chambers at the end of systole, when the heart chambers have contracted and ejected most of the blood.
3. Stroke volume (SV): This is the difference between the EDV and ESV, and represents the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart with each beat.
4. Cardiac output (CO): This is the product of the stroke volume and heart rate, and represents the total amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in one minute.

Abnormalities in cardiac volumes can indicate various heart conditions such as heart failure, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.

Helium is not a medical term, but it's a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It's a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gases section of the periodic table. In medicine, helium is sometimes used in medical settings for its unique properties, such as being less dense than air, which can help improve the delivery of oxygen to patients with respiratory conditions. For example, heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, may be used to reduce the work of breathing in patients with conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Additionally, helium is also used in cryogenic medical equipment and in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to cool the superconducting magnets.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Radio-iodinated serum albumin refers to human serum albumin that has been chemically bonded with radioactive iodine isotopes, typically I-125 or I-131. This results in a radiolabeled protein that can be used in medical imaging and research to track the distribution and movement of the protein in the body.

In human physiology, serum albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma, synthesized by the liver, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting various molecules in the bloodstream. Radio-iodination of serum albumin allows for non-invasive monitoring of its behavior in vivo, which can be useful in evaluating conditions such as protein losing enteropathies, nephrotic syndrome, or liver dysfunction.

It is essential to handle and dispose of radio-iodinated serum albumin with proper radiation safety protocols due to its radioactive nature.

Computer-assisted image interpretation is the use of computer algorithms and software to assist healthcare professionals in analyzing and interpreting medical images. These systems use various techniques such as pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to help identify and highlight abnormalities or patterns within imaging data, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound images. The goal is to increase the accuracy, consistency, and efficiency of image interpretation, while also reducing the potential for human error. It's important to note that these systems are intended to assist healthcare professionals in their decision making process and not to replace them.

Lung injury, also known as pulmonary injury, refers to damage or harm caused to the lung tissue, blood vessels, or air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, exposure to harmful substances, or systemic diseases. Common types of lung injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and chemical pneumonitis. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, cough, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

"Bronchi" are a pair of airways in the respiratory system that branch off from the trachea (windpipe) and lead to the lungs. They are responsible for delivering oxygen-rich air to the lungs and removing carbon dioxide during exhalation. The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left, and they further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles within the lungs. Any abnormalities or diseases affecting the bronchi can impact lung function and overall respiratory health.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

Inhalation is the act or process of breathing in where air or other gases are drawn into the lungs. It's also known as inspiration. This process involves several muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs, working together to expand the chest cavity and decrease the pressure within the thorax, which then causes air to flow into the lungs.

In a medical context, inhalation can also refer to the administration of medications or therapeutic gases through the respiratory tract, typically using an inhaler or nebulizer. This route of administration allows for direct delivery of the medication to the lungs, where it can be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and exert its effects.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

Computer-assisted radiographic image interpretation is the use of computer algorithms and software to assist and enhance the interpretation and analysis of medical images produced by radiography, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans. The computer-assisted system can help identify and highlight certain features or anomalies in the image, such as tumors, fractures, or other abnormalities, which may be difficult for the human eye to detect. This technology can improve the accuracy and speed of diagnosis, and may also reduce the risk of human error. It's important to note that the final interpretation and diagnosis is always made by a qualified healthcare professional, such as a radiologist, who takes into account the computer-assisted analysis in conjunction with their clinical expertise and knowledge.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Stroke volume is a term used in cardiovascular physiology and medicine. It refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction (systole). Specifically, it is the difference between the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (when the ventricle is filled with blood) and the volume at the end of systole (when the ventricle has contracted and ejected its contents into the aorta).

Stroke volume is an important measure of heart function, as it reflects the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. A low stroke volume may indicate that the heart is not pumping efficiently, while a high stroke volume may suggest that the heart is working too hard. Stroke volume can be affected by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and physical fitness level.

The formula for calculating stroke volume is:

Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume

Where end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole.

The Respiratory System is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to facilitate the process of breathing, which involves the intake of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide. This system primarily includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm.

The nostrils or mouth take in air that travels through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs. Within the lungs, the trachea divides into two bronchi, one for each lung, which further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of these bronchioles are tiny air sacs known as alveoli where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses through the walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, moves from the blood to the alveoli and is exhaled out of the body.

The diaphragm, a large muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the chest cavity, thereby allowing air to flow in and out of the lungs. Overall, the Respiratory System is essential for maintaining life by providing the body's cells with the oxygen needed for metabolism and removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

Spirometry is a common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures how well your lungs work. This is done by measuring how much air you can exhale from your lungs after taking a deep breath, and how quickly you can exhale it. The results are compared to normal values for your age, height, sex, and ethnicity.

Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory diseases that cause narrowing of the airways. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The test is non-invasive, safe, and easy to perform.

Respiratory muscles are a group of muscles involved in the process of breathing. They include the diaphragm, intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), scalene muscles (located in the neck), and abdominal muscles. These muscles work together to allow the chest cavity to expand or contract, which draws air into or pushes it out of the lungs. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing, contracting to increase the volume of the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs during inhalation. The intercostal muscles help to further expand the ribcage, while the abdominal muscles assist in exhaling by compressing the abdomen and pushing up on the diaphragm.

A diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the process of breathing as it contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs (inhalation) and relaxes and returns to its domed shape to expel air out of the lungs (exhalation).

In addition, a diaphragm is also a type of barrier method of birth control. It is a flexible dome-shaped device made of silicone that fits over the cervix inside the vagina. When used correctly and consistently, it prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Pulmonary gas exchange is the process by which oxygen (O2) from inhaled air is transferred to the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of metabolism, is removed from the blood and exhaled. This process occurs in the lungs, primarily in the alveoli, where the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries allow for the rapid diffusion of gases between them. The partial pressure gradient between the alveolar air and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries drives this diffusion process. Oxygen-rich blood is then transported to the body's tissues, while CO2-rich blood returns to the lungs to be exhaled.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces called alveoli in the lungs, accompanied by destruction of their walls. This results in loss of elasticity and decreased gas exchange efficiency, causing shortness of breath and coughing. It is often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants. The damage to the lungs is irreversible, but quitting smoking and using medications can help alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity, also known as pulmonary diffusion capacity, is a measure of the ability of the lungs to transfer gas from the alveoli to the bloodstream. It is often used to assess the severity of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis.

The most common measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), which reflects the transfer of carbon monoxide from the alveoli to the red blood cells in the capillaries. The DLCO is measured during a spirometry test, which involves breathing in a small amount of carbon monoxide and then measuring how much of it is exhaled.

A reduced DLCO may indicate a problem with the lung's ability to transfer oxygen to the blood, which can be caused by a variety of factors including damage to the alveoli or capillaries, thickening of the alveolar membrane, or a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange.

It is important to note that other factors such as hemoglobin concentration, carboxyhemoglobin level, and lung volume can also affect the DLCO value, so these should be taken into account when interpreting the results of a diffusing capacity test.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal tidal exhalation. It is the difference between the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the residual volume (RV). In other words, ERV is the extra volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal breath out, when one tries to empty the lungs as much as possible. This volume is an important parameter in pulmonary function tests and helps assess lung health and disease. A decreased ERV may indicate restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis or neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Forced expiratory flow rates (FEFR) are measures of how quickly and efficiently air can be exhaled from the lungs during a forced breath maneuver. These measurements are often used in pulmonary function testing to help diagnose and monitor obstructive lung diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

FEFR is typically measured during a forced expiratory maneuver, where the person takes a deep breath in and then exhales as forcefully and quickly as possible into a mouthpiece connected to a spirometer. The spirometer measures the volume and flow rate of the exhaled air over time.

There are several different FEFR measurements that can be reported, including:

* Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) 25-75%: This is the average flow rate during the middle half of the forced expiratory maneuver.
* Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR): This is the maximum flow rate achieved during the first second of the forced expiratory maneuver.
* Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1): This is the volume of air exhaled in the first second of the forced expiratory maneuver.

Abnormal FEFR values can indicate obstruction in the small airways of the lungs, which can make it difficult to breathe out fully and quickly. The specific pattern of abnormalities in FEFR measurements can help doctors differentiate between different types of obstructive lung diseases.

Plethysmography is a non-invasive medical technique used to measure changes in volume or blood flow within an organ or body part, typically in the lungs or extremities. There are several types of plethysmography, including:

1. **Whole Body Plethysmography (WBP):** This type of plethysmography is used to assess lung function and volumes by measuring changes in pressure within a sealed chamber that contains the patient's entire body except for their head. The patient breathes normally while wearing a nose clip, allowing technicians to analyze respiratory patterns, airflow, and lung volume changes.
2. **Segmental or Local Plethysmography:** This technique measures volume or blood flow changes in specific body parts, such as the limbs or digits. It can help diagnose and monitor conditions affecting peripheral circulation, like deep vein thrombosis, arterial occlusive disease, or Raynaud's phenomenon.
3. **Impedance Plethysmography (IPG):** This non-invasive method uses electrical impedance to estimate changes in blood volume within an organ or body part. By applying a small electrical current and measuring the opposition to flow (impedance), technicians can determine variations in blood volume, which can help diagnose conditions like deep vein thrombosis or heart failure.
4. **Optical Plethysmography:** This technique uses light to measure changes in blood volume, typically in the skin or mucous membranes. By shining a light on the area and analyzing the reflected or transmitted light, technicians can detect variations in blood volume related to cardiac output, respiration, or other physiological factors.

Overall, plethysmography is an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions affecting circulation, respiratory function, and organ volumes.

Lung transplantation is a surgical procedure where one or both diseased lungs are removed and replaced with healthy lungs from a deceased donor. It is typically considered as a treatment option for patients with end-stage lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, who have exhausted all other medical treatments and continue to suffer from severe respiratory failure.

The procedure involves several steps, including evaluating the patient's eligibility for transplantation, matching the donor's lung size and blood type with the recipient, and performing the surgery under general anesthesia. After the surgery, patients require close monitoring and lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the new lungs.

Lung transplantation can significantly improve the quality of life and survival rates for some patients with end-stage lung disease, but it is not without risks, including infection, bleeding, and rejection. Therefore, careful consideration and thorough evaluation are necessary before pursuing this treatment option.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

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This was followed in 1916 by a study of pulmonary statics, with measurements of pressure in the airways at various lung volumes ... based on detailed measurements of the pulmonary airways. ... Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 317 (6): L785-L790. doi ... In 1915 he published an analysis of the flow of air in the human lung and its relationship to pressure, ...
... which allowed the measurement of vital capacity of the lungs. However, his spirometer could only measure volume, not airflow. ... Thus, airway remodelling with narrowing of peripheral airway and emphysema are responsible for the alteration of lung function ... Some people may benefit from long-term oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction and lung transplantation. In those who have ... January 2023). "Small airways obstruction and its risk factors in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study: a ...
Work has been done to correlate survival rates to ultrasound measurements of the lung volume as compared to the baby's head ... The first step in management is orogastric tube placement and securing the airway (intubation). Ideally, the baby will never ... Pulmonary hypoplasia or decreased lung volume is directly related to the abdominal organs presence in the chest cavity which ... The first condition is a restriction of blood flow through the lungs thought to be caused by defects in the lung. ...
... lung compliance MeSH E01.370.386.700.485 - lung volume measurements MeSH E01.370.386.700.485.750 - total lung capacity MeSH ... airway resistance MeSH E01.370.386.700.100 - blood gas analysis MeSH E01.370.386.700.100.600 - oximetry MeSH E01.370.386.700. ... expiratory reserve volume MeSH E01.370.386.700.485.750.275.650 - residual volume MeSH E01.370.386.700.485.750.900 - vital ... inspiratory reserve volume MeSH E01.370.386.700.485.750.900.350.750 - tidal volume MeSH E01.370.386.700.615 - plethysmography, ...
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Calculating compliance on minute volume (VE: ΔV is always defined by tidal volume (VT), but ΔP is different for the measurement ... Lung compliance Chest wall compliance Airway resistance Lung compliance is influenced by a variety of primary abnormalities of ... Alterations in airway resistance, lung compliance and chest wall compliance influence Cdyn. C s t a t = V T P p l a t − P E E P ... Pplat is never > PIP and is typically < 3-5 cmH2O lower than PIP when airway resistance is normal. Pressure measurement ...
Measuring pulmonary mechanics assesses the ability of the lungs to move huge volumes of air quickly through the airways to ... The plethysmography technique applies Boyle's law and uses measurements of volume and pressure changes to determine total lung ... There are four lung volumes and four lung capacities. A lung's capacity consists of two or more lung volumes. The lung volumes ... expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV). The four lung capacities are total lung capacity (TLC), inspiratory ...
Lung volume at any given pressure during inhalation is less than the lung volume at any given pressure during exhalation. ... Measurement of transpulmonary pressure assists in spirometry in availing for calculation of static lung compliance. John B. ... The alveolar pressure is estimated by measuring the pressure in the airways while holding one's breath. The intrapleural ... For a given lung volume, the transpulmonary pressure is equal and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung. The ...
... measuring pressure and volume. Lung volume measurements taken with cabinless plethysmography are considered equivalent to body ... With only a thoracic signal, all parameters can be obtained except for specific airway resistance (SRaw) and specific airway ... Once the new volume is found, the original volume minus the new volume is the change in volume in the box and also the change ... of the lungs-the volume in the lungs when the muscles of respiration are relaxed-and total lung capacity. In a traditional ...
Static lung compliance is the change in volume for any given applied pressure. Dynamic lung compliance is the compliance of the ... During this maneuver, airflow is transiently (~0.5 sec) discontinued, which eliminates the effects of airway resistance. Pplat ... In clinical practice it is separated into two different measurements, static compliance and dynamic compliance. ... Compliance is highest at moderate lung volumes, and much lower at volumes which are very low or very high. The compliance of ...
... fluids or total parenteral nutrition Bronchoscopy to look at lungs and airways and sample fluid within the lungs Pulmonary ... lungs round the clock. At this time, Carl-Gunnar Engström had developed one of the first artificial positive-pressure volume- ... Arterial line to directly monitor blood pressure and obtain arterial blood gas measurements Blood draws or venipucture to ... Volume 148, Issue 11. pp. 801-809. "Physician burnout: It's not you, it's your medical specialty". American Medical Association ...
Lung compliance is defined as the volume change per unit of pressure change across the lung. Measurements of lung volume ... To facilitate recruitment of collapsed airways. Alveoli can be compared to gas in water, as the alveoli are wet and surround a ... the surface tension varies according to the volume of air in the lungs, which protects them from atelectasis at low volumes and ... The lung's compliance, and ventilation decrease when lung tissue becomes diseased and fibrotic. As the alveoli increase in size ...
... lung volumes and airway resistance in normal children ages 5 to 18". Br J Dis Chest. 64 (1): 15-24. doi:10.1016/S0007-0971(70) ... Measurements may be based on 1 second or less but are usually reported as a volume per minute. Electronic devices will sample ... Peak flow readings are often classified into 3 zones of measurement according to the American Lung Association; green, yellow, ... and lower when the airways are constricted. From changes in recorded values, patients and doctors may determine lung ...
The lungs expand and contract during the breathing cycle, drawing air in and out of the lungs. The volume of air moved in or ... The inflow of air into the lungs occurs via the respiratory airways (Fig. 2). In a healthy person, these airways begin with the ... and total lung capacity of about 6 liters) can therefore also not be measured by spirometry. Their measurement requires special ... If the volume of the lungs were to be instantaneously doubled at the beginning of inhalation, the air pressure inside the lungs ...
... not only in patients with neuromuscular disease but also in patients with primary disease of the lung parenchyma or airways. ... Measurement of respiratory muscle function is important in the diagnosis of respiratory muscle disease, or respiratory muscle ... This test is performed at RV (Residual Volume) patient exhales fully in preparation for performing the test and then inhales as ... In lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and COPD, inspiratory muscle weakness is often present. When patients are ...
... because increasing lung volume tends to increase airway caliber and can reduce the resistive work of breathing. However, in ... "Measurement of air trapping, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure, and dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated ... The phenomenon that occurs when a new breath begins before the lung has reached the static equilibrium volume is called dynamic ... leading to a build-up of air in the lungs, and causing breathing in and out to take place when the lung is nearly full. Dynamic ...
qDEEL quantitative difference of end expiratory lung volume is a change in the level of end expiratory lung volume and may be ... Konno K, and Mead J. (1967) measurement of the separate volume changes of rib cage and abdomen during breathing. J Appl Physiol ... Low values may reflect severe airways obstruction and can also occur during speech. Higher values are observed when snoring. ... The %RCi contribution to Tidal Volume ratio is obtained by dividing the inspired volume in the RC band by the inspired volume ...
Measurement of the vena cava during the breathing cycle can help assess volume status. A point-of-care echocardiogram can also ... A chest X-ray can rapidly identify a pneumothorax, seen as absence of lung markings. Ultrasound can show the lack of lung ... Resuscitation addresses the ABC's - airway, breathing, and circulation. Supplemental oxygen is given, and intubation is ... Thus, a lung exam is important. Other findings may include decreased chest mobility and air underneath the skin (subcutaneous ...
Once expiration begins to occur, the lung volume decreases as air is forced out the respiratory tract. The volume of CO 2 that ... When the measurement is taken at the end of a breath (exhaling), it is called "end tidal" CO 2 (PETCO2). The capnogram is a ... Assessing Airway Integrity Confirmation of Endotracheal Tube Placement Predictor of Outcomes in the Intensive Care Unit ... Ventilation refers to the mechanical process of which the lungs expand and exchange volumes of gasses, however respiration ...
A shunt is a perfusion without ventilation within a lung region.[citation needed] Low tidal volume ventilation was the primary ... "Airway pressure release ventilation increases cardiac performance in patients with acute lung injury/adult respiratory distress ... Its measurement is recommended in the treatment of people who have ARDS, especially when using high-frequency (oscillatory/jet ... Ventilation strategies include using low volumes and low pressures. If oxygenation remains insufficient, lung recruitment ...
... biopsy of lung (33.27) Closed endoscopic biopsy of lung (33.28) Open biopsy of lung (33.29) Other diagnostic procedures on lung ... Insertion of nasopharyngeal airway (96.02) Insertion of oropharyngeal airway (96.03) Insertion of esophageal obturator airway ( ... Other nonoperative genitourinary system measurements (89.3) Other anatomic and physiologic measurements and manual examinations ... Other excision of lung (33) Other operations on lung and bronchus (33.0) Incision of bronchus (33.1) Incision of lung (33.2) ...
... resulting in massive shunting within the lung. The collapse of the air sacs and small airways interferes with the process of ... As the loss of aeration and the underlying disease progress, the end tidal volume grows to a level incompatible with life. Thus ... with the ARDSnet protocol is attenuated by a physiologic approach to PEEP setting based on the stress index measurement. If the ... a lung right-to-left shunting occurs within the lungs since some blood from the right side of the heart will enter capillaries ...
... where blood vessels and airways enter the lung) with 2 cm as the cutoff, while American guidelines state that the measurement ... Importantly, the volume of the pneumothorax may not be well correlated with the intensity of the symptoms experienced by the ... The lungs are fully inflated within the cavity because the pressure inside the airways (intrapulmonary pressure) is higher than ... Very rarely, both lungs may be affected by a pneumothorax. It is often called a "collapsed lung", although that term may also ...
Like other types of asthma, it is characterized by airway inflammation, reversible airways obstruction, and bronchospasm, but ... A spirometer is a device used to measure timed expired and inspired volumes, and can be used to help diagnose asthma. Peak ... It is an occupational lung disease and a type of work-related asthma. Agents that can induce occupational asthma can be grouped ... Other tests such as skin prick test, serum immunologic testing and measurement of sputum eosinophils can also be useful in ...
In COPD, there is an increase in airway resistance, shown by a decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ... Spirometry, a measurement of lung function, can provide an assessment of the severity, reversibility, and variability of ... Severe emphysema has been treated with lung volume reduction surgery, with in carefully chosen cases. Lung transplantation is ... Asthma is an obstructive lung disease where the bronchial tubes (airways) are extra sensitive (hyperresponsive). The airways ...
... protects allergic cynomolgus monkeys from allergen-induced airways hyper-responsiveness and lung eosinophilia in ... Decreases in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) after allergen challenge after 4 weeks of inhalation of pitrakinra supports ... In addition to improvements in the late asthmatic response, measurement of Fractional Expiratory Nitric Oxide (FENO) indicates ... Pitrakinra may down-regulate baseline Th2 inflammation in the asthmatic lung while not interfering with the lung's natural ...
... the amount of air remaining in the lungs beyond that of the residual volume when the flow from the lower sections of the lungs ... Individuals with high resistance in their airways can take longer than seven minutes to remove all the nitrogen. A nitrogen ... Newth, C. J. L.; Enright, P.; Johnson, R. L. (1997). "Multiple-breath nitrogen washout techniques: including measurements with ... but the multiple-breath test more accurately measures absolute lung volumes. The following describes a single-breath nitrogen ...
Buteyko uses a measurement called the Control Pause (CP), the amount of time between breaths that an individual can comfortably ... The Buteyko method is one of a number of breathing retraining methods in use for treating lung diseases, including conventional ... These effects include widespread spasms of the muscle in the airways (bronchospasm), disturbance of cell energy production via ... The core Buteyko exercises involve breath control: consciously reducing either breathing rate or breathing volume. Many ...
Esophageal measurements are the most accurate and are recommended once a person is intubated. Other methods of measurement such ... The rates of these can be affected by body mass index, body surface area to volume ratios, clothing and other environmental ... In severe cases resuscitation begins with simultaneous removal from the cold environment and management of the airway, ... and lungs (10%). Heat production may be increased two- to four-fold through muscle contractions (i.e. exercise and shivering). ...
Plethysmographic measurements of lung volume and airway resistance. J. Stocks, S. Godfrey, C. Beardsmore, E. Bar-Yishay, R. ... Plethysmographic measurements of lung volume and airway resistance. J. Stocks, S. Godfrey, C. Beardsmore, E. Bar-Yishay, R. ... Plethysmographic measurements of lung volume and airway resistance. J. Stocks, S. Godfrey, C. Beardsmore, E. Bar-Yishay, R. ... Plethysmographic measurements of lung volume and airway resistance Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...
Additional work during tidal breathing was derived by comparing change in airway pressure with change in tidal volume. Seven ... we used a lung model to simulate spontaneous breathing. ... To determine work-of breathing with continuous positive airway ... Inspiratory work and airway pressure with continuous positive airway pressure delivery systems Chest. 1985 Oct;88(4):519-26. ... To determine work-of breathing with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivery systems, we used a lung model to ...
Airway resistance. Bronchodilator agents. Cholinergic antagonists. Cystic fibrosis/therapy. Lung volume measurements. ... total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), RV/TLC ratio, conductance and resistance of the airways and inspiratory ... Medidas de volume pulmonar. Pletismografia. Resistência das vias respiratórias. Testes de função respiratória. ... forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/CVF ratio, average peak expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the FVC ...
... specific airway resistance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume at which different measurements of airway ... Due to the elastic nature of the tissue that supports the small airways airway resistance changes with lung volume. It is not ... Similarly to specific airway resistance, specific airway conductance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume. ... An individual small airway has much greater resistance than a large airway, however there are many more small airways than ...
Peslin R, Gallina C, Rotger M. Methodological factors in the variability of lung volume and specific airway resistance measured ... DEFINITIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS OF LUNG VOLUME. The term "lung volume" usually refers to the volume of gas within the lungs, as ... Measurements of absolute lung volumes, residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) ... and include the volume of tissue (normal and abnormal), as well as the lung gas volume. Lung volumes derived from computed ...
Inspiratory capacity (IC), residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC) measurements were also obtained at these time ... Our study design therefore allowed a comprehensive assessment of airway conductance, airflow and lung volumes. ... including airway conductance and lung volumes. Triple therapy also led to patient related benefits by improving TDI and use of ... 21 Pulmonary function measurements of spirometry and lung volumes were also performed, and symptom scores were evaluated. ...
Measurements of spirometric parameters, static lung volumes, and exercise capacity were made one and six hours after a single ... Volume 51, Issue 7 *Effects of regular salmeterol on lung function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive ... This was not associated with improvements in static lung volumes or exercise capacity, but there was some symptomatic benefit ... There were no significant differences in static lung volumes or exercise capacity after single or chronic dosing with ...
Lung volume measurement Lung volume measurements reflect the stiffness or elasticity of the lungs and rib cage as well as the ... decreasing the volume of air in the lungs. Increased stiffness of the lungs causes lower lung volume measurements. In disorders ... Lung flow rate measurements The assessment of a lung disorder often involves testing how much air the lungs can hold (lung ... Lung volume measurements made using spirometry are only estimates. More accurate measurements can be made using ...
... analysis of the lung function measurements done by NIOSH showed significant decrease in Forced Expiratory Volume in one second ... FEV1) and in the ratio of FEV1 and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC: this pattern is suggestive of airway obstruction. The ... Respiratory symptoms and lung function monitoring currently done at ChemDesign provide an opportunity to utilize the data for ... Chronic lung function effects were also found. A high percentage of the participants (18%) had mild airflow obstruction ...
Lung 33% * Lung Volume Measurements 20% * Airway Resistance 19% 1 Scopus citations ... Sample size estimation for comparing rates of change in K-group repeated binary measurements studies. Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Ahn ...
... researchers found that lying face down was better for the lungs. The research letter was published online in the American ... Oxygen flow, lung volume and airway pressure were measured by devices on patients ventilators. Other measurements were taken, ... "It is only a small number of patients, but our study shows that many patients did not re-open their lungs under high positive ... Lung Recruitability in SARS-CoV-2 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Single-center, Observational Study. ...
Tidal airway closure during bronchoconstriction in asthma: usefulness of lung volume measurements. 104 ... Methods for Measuring Lung Volumes: Is There a Better One? 109 Exercise tolerance in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH), ... Consequences of SARS-COV-2 Pneumonia on Lung function 49 Long-term physical training leads to airway remodelling in animal ... Tidal airway closure in asthma and COPD 74 Do GOLD stages of COPD severity really correspond to differences in health status? ...
The COSMED body box provides "gold standard" measurement of lung volumes (TGV), airway resistance (RAW), and spirometry. ...
Extrathoracic Airways Changes During Plethysmographic Measurements of Lung-volume Rodenstein, Daniel[UCL] Goncette, Louis[UCL] ...
In the control lungs, mean shortening was , or = 10% in all groups except the liquid-filled lungs at low lung volumes [33 +/- ... The effects of lung volume in liquid-filled lungs and the differences in response between gas- and liquid-filled lungs ... At high lung volume, less shortening was observed in the methacholine-stimulated lungs, either liquid (34 +/- 17%) or gas ... 12% (SD)]. In the methacholine-stimulated lungs, mean shortening was between 45 and 56% at medium and low lung volumes in gas- ...
Recruitment-to-inflation Ratio Assessed through Sequential End-expiratory Lung Volume Measurement in Acute Respiratory Distress ... A1233 AIRWAY PRESSURE RELEASE VENTILATION: IMPORTANCE OF EXPIRATORY (RELEASE) TIME D. Smith, M.D.; D. Smith, M.D. ... D. Smith, M. Leon, T. Diaz, N. Rachman; A1233 AIRWAY PRESSURE RELEASE VENTILATION: IMPORTANCE OF EXPIRATORY (RELEASE) TIME. ... 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway ...
... the FVC being an estimate of the individuals effective lung volume. The "Spirometric Measurements Section" of the NHANES 2011- ... a marker of airways inflammation, is also measured. The objective of the Spirometry data collection is to provide health ... SPXNEV - Baseline Extrapolated Volume (mL). Variable Name: SPXNEV. SAS Label: Baseline Extrapolated Volume (mL). English Text: ... This allows estimates for lung volume and air flow rates to be made. Results from Spirometry testing are one key element (among ...
Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation determined by measurement of respiratory system ... Correlation between change in LUS scores and total lung volume. X-axis; LUS score, Y-axis; total lung volume (ml/kg). LUS, lung ... Cross-sectional imaging from EIT correlates with lung volume in preterm infants and EIT measurements of lung recruitment have ... Lung ultrasound of the dependent lung detects real-time changes in lung volume in the preterm lamb ...
... airway closure in healthy lungs and that lung volume should be carefully considered for reliable longitudinal measurements of % ... Imaging at each of the lung volumes was repeated twice on the same day with corresponding 1H lung anatomical images. Percentage ... In this study, the effect of lung volume on quantitative measures of lung ventilation was investigated using MRI with ... Six volunteers were imaged with hyperpolarized 3He at five different lung volumes (residual volume (RV), RV+1L, functional ...
Measurement of lung volumes is more difficult than measurement of flow, particularly in community settings and even more so in ... The realisation that it is the size of the lung and not the size of the airway that is at the centre of the problem opens up a ... The origins of low lung volumes. If a common standard for low lung volume is adopted, a high prevalence of low FVC is almost ... the more complete assessment of lung volume (the total lung capacity) has been shown to be an even better predictor of ...
The key measurements are the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV(1)) and the maximum exhaled volume (vital ... Using this measurement can diagnose the presence and severity of airway obstruction. This can be used to guide therapies and ... In obstructive lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the characteristic changes in spirometry are ... Using spirometry to screen for obstructive lung disease, however, can be problematic, and the effect of screening on outcomes ...
In patients diagnosed with COPD, less oxygen flows in and out of the lungs airways because the airways and sacs lose their ... This is a measurement taken when the responders exhale the air in their lungs as forcefully as possible. NYPD researchers found ... disaster and included 10,641 New York City firefighters who underwent a baseline measure for forced expiratory volume in one ... Chronic airways disease was the main lung injury seen in firefighters with respiratory symptoms referred for evaluation within ...
Spirometry gives an objective measurement of airflow and lung volume when assessing lung function. It will distinguish between ... assessing and monitoring chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD). ... different types lung diseases and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing, ...
Lung volume measurement in mechanically ventilated patients. Speaker : Dr. Saumy Johnson PhD, RPSGT, FIARC. Associate professor ... Managing difficult airway in ICU: Protocolized approach. Speaker : Ms. Abidas R.J. MSc. RT. Asst Professor and Clinical In- ... Couse Description;The one-day Lung ultrasound workshop provides comprehensive training on lung ultrasound. ... Airway clearance: What is new?. Speaker : Mrs. Bijula T VBSc. RT. Senior Respiratory Therapist, Mahavir Jain Hospital,Bangalore ...
Lung volume analysis. *Lung diffusion studies. *Airway resistance measurement. *Respiratory muscular strength assessment ...
Further tests, such as static lung volumes and diffusion measurements (called complete series of pulmonary function tests) may ... Airway obstruction occurs in emphysema because the alveoli that normally support the airways open cannot do so during ... Surgical procedures such as lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation may be helpful for some cases of COPD. ... it difficult to empty air out of the lungs. This difficulty in emptying air out of the lungs (airflow obstruction) can lead to ...
Venous blood gas measurement showed a pH of 7.30, a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 7.19 kPa, and a partial oxygen pressure ... Lung examination found rales in both basal fields, with a loose cough. The leukocyte count was 26.8 cells/mm3, with 51% ... despite continuous positive airway pressure (fraction of inspired oxygen 50%) and increased leukocyte count (64 cells/mm3). The ... Volume 18, Number 6-June 2012 Dispatch. Macrolide-Resistant Bordetella pertussis Infection in Newborn Girl, France On This Page ...
At a corrected age of 1 year, measurements of lung volume [functional residual capacity (FRC)pleth] and airway resistance (R(aw ... and lung volume was also assessed by helium gas dilution (FRC(He)). Before the measurements, parents completed diary cards for ... The RSV-positive group compared with the rest of the cohort had similar lung volumes, but significantly higher R(aw) (P = 0.002 ... Lung function in prematurely born infants after viral lower respiratory tract infections.. Simon Broughton, Karl P Sylvester, ...
The measurement of Static Lung Volumes (TLC, RV, ITGV) and Airway Resistance and Conductance (RAW, GAW) with the body ... Q-Box is a variable-pressure body plethysmograph that includes all the hardware and software required for Lung Volumes, Airways ... The Q-Box is the new generation body-box from COSMED for Gold Standard thoracic gas volume measurements. ... Comfort and accessibility. Large cabin volume provides comfort and ease-to-access both for adult and special population. ...
Michigan Instruments Test Lung Simulators provide a dynamic simulation and response to mechanical ventilation and other ... Medical professionals count on the accurate measurement of delivered lung volumes, lung pressures, and airway pressures using ... Tags: Lung simulation, test lung simulator. Share this entry. *Share on Facebook ... Ventilator Management with Lung Simulators How Long Does it Take to Resuscitate Someone? ...
  • Inspired and expired lung volumes measured by spirometry are useful for detecting, characterising and quantifying the severity of lung disease. (ersjournals.com)
  • Lung function assessment included plethysmography and spirometry. (bmj.com)
  • Spirometry is used to test lung function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The COSMED body box provides "gold standard" measurement of lung volumes (TGV), airway resistance (RAW), and spirometry. (cosmed.com)
  • This is defined in spirometry as a reduction in the ratio of the expiratory volume measured in the 1st second of a forceful exhalation (FEV1) to the total volume of air exhaled in the forced expiration (FVC), the FVC being an estimate of the individual's effective lung volume. (cdc.gov)
  • The "Spirometric Measurements Section" of the NHANES 2007-8 Respiratory Health Spirometry Procedures Manual contains a basic explanation of interpreting spirometry data. (cdc.gov)
  • Spirometry is one of two NHANES 2007-8 components on respiratory health sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institute of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Health Statistics and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (cdc.gov)
  • Then a selected subsample of participants whose Baseline 1st Test Spirometry results showed a FEV1/FVC ratio below the lower limit of normal and/or below 70% were asked to repeat spirometry after inhaling a β2-adrenergic bronchodilator medication to open up their airways. (cdc.gov)
  • In obstructive lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the characteristic changes in spirometry are a reduction in the FEV(1) with respect to the vital capacity (FEV(1)/VC ratio). (duke.edu)
  • Using spirometry to screen for obstructive lung disease, however, can be problematic, and the effect of screening on outcomes has yet to be demonstrated. (duke.edu)
  • Spirometry gives an objective measurement of airflow and lung volume when assessing lung function. (vicparkmed.co.nz)
  • Spirometry is a simple test that measures airway obstruction and is the cornerstone of the diagnosis of COPD. (vittorakis.com)
  • Q-Box is a variable-pressure body plethysmograph that includes all the hardware and software required for Lung Volumes, Airways Resistance, Spirometry and Respiratory Mechanics (MIP/MEP, PO.1) tests. (chsltd.com)
  • Long-term outcomes after lung transplantation are often limited by the development of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), which is clinically defined using spirometry as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). (derby.ac.uk)
  • Lung clearance index (LCI), derived from multiple breath washout (MBW) testing, is a global measure of ventilation heterogeneity that has previously been shown to be a more sensitive measure of obstructive small airway diseases than spirometry. (derby.ac.uk)
  • BOS grades were derived from serial spirometry according to International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria and, where available, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) evidence of OB was recorded. (derby.ac.uk)
  • They may include spirometry, lung volume measurements, and diffusion capacity measurements. (marham.pk)
  • 2 After an appropriate history has been obtained and a physical examination performed, the recommended diagnostic testing methods include spirometry (preferred), serial peak flow measurements and provocational challenges. (cmaj.ca)
  • Identification of airway hyperresponsiveness thus has clinical value, particularly in the diagnosis of asthma in people with normal spirometry results or with symptoms uncharacteristic of asthma. (cmaj.ca)
  • This measurement from spirometry may potentially shorten the diagnostic delay of SGS patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, lung function testing including spirometry is standard of care for a patient presenting with dyspnea symptoms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The flow-volume (FV) curves derived from standard spirometry, have long been described as a tool for detecting intra- or extra thoracal fixed upper airway obstructions [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A spirometry test measures how much air you breathe out and how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lung function was measured by spirometry. (who.int)
  • 4 ings highlight the critical need for spirometry services to identify lung abnormalities in patients with chronic res- piratory symptoms. (who.int)
  • It is important for interpreting volume-dependent pulmonary mechanics such as airway resistance or forced expiratory flows, and for defining normal lung growth. (ersjournals.com)
  • This method has the further advantage that with suitable adaptations to the equipment, simultaneous measurements of airway resistance can also be obtained. (ersjournals.com)
  • The aim of this paper is to summarize what is currently seen to be good laboratory practice, and to provide recommendations for both users and manufacturers of infant lung function equipment and software with respect to plethysmographic measurements of lung volume and airway resistance in infants. (ersjournals.com)
  • In respiratory physiology, airway resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Airway resistance can be measured using plethysmography. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are several important determinants of airway resistance including: The diameter of the airways Whether airflow is laminar or turbulent In fluid dynamics, the Hagen-Poiseuille equation is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid flowing through a long cylindrical pipe. (wikipedia.org)
  • An individual small airway has much greater resistance than a large airway, however there are many more small airways than large ones. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of upper airway obstruction the development of turbulent flow is a very important mechanism of increased airway resistance, this can be treated by administering Heliox, a breathing gas which is much less dense than air and consequently more conductive to laminar flow. (wikipedia.org)
  • Airway resistance is not constant. (wikipedia.org)
  • As shown above airway resistance is markedly affected by changes in the diameter of the airways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, diseases affecting the respiratory tract can increase airway resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Airway resistance can also change over time. (wikipedia.org)
  • During an asthma attack the airways constrict causing an increase in airway resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Airway resistance can also vary between inspiration and expiration: In emphysema there is destruction of the elastic tissue of the lungs which help hold the small airways open. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore during expiration, particularly forced expiration, these airways may collapse causing increased airway resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is simply the mathematical inverse of airway resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also called volumic airway resistance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the elastic nature of the tissue that supports the small airways airway resistance changes with lung volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is not practically possible to measure airway resistance at a set absolute lung volume, therefore specific airway resistance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume at which different measurements of airway resistance were made. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similarly to specific airway resistance, specific airway conductance attempts to correct for differences in lung volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fidelity of training scenarios in simulated clinical settings related to lung compliance and resistance. (michiganinstruments.com)
  • The Q-Box is the standalone body-box from COSMED for Gold Standard measurement of Static Lung Volumes (TLC, RV, TGV) and Airway Resistance and Conductance (RAW, GAW) through the body plethysmography technique. (cosmed.com)
  • Regression analysis also identified that hMPV LRTI was associated with elevated airways resistance at follow-up. (qxmd.com)
  • The measurement of Static Lung Volumes (TLC, RV, ITGV) and Airway Resistance and Conductance (RAW, GAW) with the body plethysmography technique guarantees highly accurate results and has become a necessity for any high-level respiratory pathophysiology laboratory. (chsltd.com)
  • Asthma is an inflammatory disease 13 associated with symptoms resulting from abnormalities of airway function, in particular wide, short-term variations in airflow resistance in the intrapulmonary airways. (cmaj.ca)
  • PAV was applied at flow assist (FA) 40-90% of resistance (Rrs) and volume assist (VA) 40-90% of elastance (Ers). (medscimonit.com)
  • In addition, airway conductance is increased and total pulmonary resistance is reduced, possibly as a result of the influence of progesterone. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is persistent narrowing (blocking, or obstruction) of the airways occurring with emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, or both disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Up until the mid-1970s the generally held view was that inhaled irritants - mostly cigarette smoke and smoke from domestic chimneys - led to chronic mucus hypersecretion, which in turn led to infective episodes, destruction and scarring of the lungs and airflow obstruction. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Inhaled irritants cause inflammation, which causes lung damage and airflow obstruction, eventually leading to respiratory failure and death. (rcpjournals.org)
  • 8 This perspective has some points in common with what Charles Fletcher named the 'Dutch hypothesis', which suggested a common origin for airway obstruction in both asthma and COPD. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Using this measurement can diagnose the presence and severity of airway obstruction. (duke.edu)
  • This difficulty in emptying air out of the lungs ( airflow obstruction ) can lead to shortness of breath or feeling tired because you are working harder to breathe. (vittorakis.com)
  • Airway obstruction occurs in chronic bronchitis because the swelling and extra mucus causes the inside of the breathing tubes to be smaller than normal. (vittorakis.com)
  • Airway obstruction occurs in emphysema because the alveoli that normally support the airways open cannot do so during inhalation or exhalation. (vittorakis.com)
  • Scientists have identified diverse pathways associated with normal lung function, as well as with airflow obstruction and emphysema, by data-mining large-scale genetic information from over 50,000 subjects. (uw.edu)
  • The paper, "Integrated Pathway Genomics of Lung Function and Airflow Obstruction" is featured on the cover of the December issue of the journal. (uw.edu)
  • Cover image in Human Molecular Genetics for the paper, "Integrative Pathway Genomics of Lung Function and Airflow Obstruction. (uw.edu)
  • An acquired benign subglottic stenosis in adults (SGS) is a rare condition that causes airway obstruction and may lead to severe respiratory distress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This index is based on the alteration in the flow-volume curve if an upper airways obstruction is present [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Asthma is a clinical syndrome characterized by episodic reversible airway obstruction, increased bronchial reactivity, and airway inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Asthma Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow-usually reversibly-in response to certain stimuli. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tidal airway closure during bronchoconstriction in asthma: usefulness of lung volume measurements. (unibs.it)
  • Asthma is also a disease where it is difficult to empty the air out of the lungs, but asthma is not included in the definition of COPD. (vittorakis.com)
  • This 14-year-old girl with a long history of well-controlled asthma experiences a breakthrough cough and declining lung function as a result of non-adherence. (medpagetoday.com)
  • This involves evaluating lung function and oxygen levels during physical activity, which can help diagnose exercise-induced asthma or other respiratory conditions. (marham.pk)
  • The presence of certain key symptoms may suggest the presence of asthma, but can also result from airway inflammation alone, from chronic rather than reversible airflow limitation, or from other respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions. (cmaj.ca)
  • Moreover, asthma symptoms correlate poorly with abnormalities of lung function 9 and airway inflammation, 10 , 11 and thus in isolation may suggest a less severe form of the disease than is actually present. (cmaj.ca)
  • Although many clinicians diagnose asthma on the basis of a trial of therapy, objective measurements are necessary to confirm the clinical diagnosis. (cmaj.ca)
  • Thus, a conclusive diagnosis of asthma is based on tests designed to detect rapid changes in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) or peak expiratory flow. (cmaj.ca)
  • The chronic inflammation of asthma is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent symptoms, yet lung function may nevertheless remain normal. (cmaj.ca)
  • Measurement of sputum eosinophilia has been proposed for clinical use in the diagnosis of asthma. (cmaj.ca)
  • Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • Those diseases have been characterized as irritant-induced asthma, chronic nonspecific bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis/small airway disease, and aggravated preexistent chronic obstructive lung disease (most frequently chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also asthma), with the expected overlapping features among them. (cdc.gov)
  • Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to multiple stimuli. (medscape.com)
  • Increasing age, exertional breathlessness, prior diagnosis of asthma, BMI, and clinically diagnosed COPD and asthma were independently associated with obstructed lung function. (who.int)
  • The primary end point was post-dose specific airways conductance (sGaw) area under the curve (AUC 0-4 h ) on day 14. (bmj.com)
  • The advantages of triple therapy are observed across a range of physiologically important parameters, including airway conductance and lung volumes. (bmj.com)
  • Individual Exhaled Nitrous Oxide (ENO), a marker of airways inflammation, is also measured. (cdc.gov)
  • 1992). Nanosized parti- of products manufactured from nanomaterial increases the pos- cles induce more intense airway inflammation than similar mass sibility of exposure to airborne nanomaterials. (cdc.gov)
  • Lung collapse is caused by inflammation in the alveoli due to the primary disease, but is also aggravated by fluid overload, prolonged supine positioning, controlled mechanical ventilation, obesity, and high FiO2. (mdccare.com)
  • In this project, we study innate host defense, with a focus on roles for chemokines and innate antibiotics during airway inflammation. (lu.se)
  • It will distinguish between different types lung diseases and is considered the gold standard for diagnosing, assessing and monitoring chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD). (vicparkmed.co.nz)
  • A pulmonologist is a medical doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases and conditions affecting the lungs and respiratory system. (marham.pk)
  • Lung diseases that cause abnormalities in alveolar gas exchange do not typically result in alveolar hypoventilation. (medscape.com)
  • They may be used with other tests and information to help diagnose and monitor certain lung diseases . (medlineplus.gov)
  • To summarize the knowledge about the occupational lower airway diseases that seem related to exposures at the World Trade Center disaster site. (cdc.gov)
  • Longitudinal studies suggest that both the incidence and the associated functional decline of these predominantly obstructive lung diseases stabilized several years ago, but longer follow-up is clearly necessary. (cdc.gov)
  • have described a spectrum of presumably related chronic inflammatory conditions of the upper and lower airway, as well as other diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • In this review, we summarize those findings (with a focus on lower airway diseases, LADs), and what WTC-related clinical studies and follow-up epidemiologic surveys have begun to contribute to the understanding of inhalation injuries. (cdc.gov)
  • Introduction: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the airways and lung parenchyma. (who.int)
  • This study aimed to characterize the common chronic respiratory diseases, along with their lung function and possible determinants in symptomatic patients attending clinics at Bishoftu General Hospital, Ethiopia. (who.int)
  • Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of such as age above 50years, being a smoker, being the respiratory airways and lung parenchyma. (who.int)
  • These diseases have in common that they start at the airway mucosal surfaces and inflammatory bouts (exacerbations) are to a large extent triggered by infections. (lu.se)
  • Volume effect and exertional dyspnoea after bronchodilator in patients with COPD with and without expiratory flow limitation at rest. (unibs.it)
  • Early screening can identify COPD before major loss of lung function occurs. (vittorakis.com)
  • Surgical procedures such as lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplantation may be helpful for some cases of COPD. (vittorakis.com)
  • Take advantage of CT Lung Nodule CAD³ along with other applications to perform a variety of tasks, such as measure and track COPD, detect pulmonary emboli, and perform calcium scoring. (philips.com.au)
  • The role of lung volume measurements in the assessment of disease severity, functional disability, course of disease and response to treatment remains to be determined in infants, as well as in children and adults. (ersjournals.com)
  • The assessment of a lung disorder often involves testing how much air the lungs can hold (lung volume) as well as how much and how quickly air can be exhaled (airflow). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Assessment of the influence of lung inflation state on the quantitative parameters derived from hyperpolarized gas lung ventilation MRI in healthy volunteers. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Body plethysmography is a fundamental method for the assessment of static lung volumes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The approach used in the proposed model is rec- ommended for more realistic assessment of regional deposition of diffusion-dominated particles in the lung, as it provides a means to more accurately relate exposure and dose to lung injury and other biological responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of potential toxic effects, it is critical to have a re- alistic assessment of the regional deposition of nanoparticles in the lung. (cdc.gov)
  • The CT Lung Nodule Assessment (LNA) application streamlines your workflow with a comprehensive set of automatic and semi-automatic features as well as a unique risk assessment tool¹ for clinical decision support. (philips.com.au)
  • Alveolar patency at end expiration, as evaluated by measurement of lung gas volumes, histological assessment of alveolar expansion and determination of alveolar volume density, was lower in the animals treated with synthetic surfactant than in those receiving modified natural surfactant. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Pulmonary function test measurements are required for the diagnosis of obstructive lung disease and for assessment of the severity of disease. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, lung volumes derived from conventional chest radiographs are usually based on the volumes within the outlines of the thoracic cage, and include the volume of tissue (normal and abnormal), as well as the lung gas volume. (ersjournals.com)
  • Lung volumes derived from computed tomography (CT) scans can include estimates of abnormal lung tissue volumes, in addition to normal lung tissue volumes and the volume of gas within the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
  • The effects of lung volume in liquid-filled lungs and the differences in response between gas- and liquid-filled lungs demonstrate, respectively, that both lung tissue recoil and surface forces act to oppose shortening of maximally stimulated smooth muscle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube into the airways to examine the lungs and collect tissue samples for analysis. (marham.pk)
  • Some of the benefits of sWBP in the context of respiratory disease are that host breath monitoring comes the closest of any physiologic measurement at assessing dysfunction of the primary infected tissue, namely, the lung. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recruitment is calculated as the change in non-aerated lung tissue between the two conditions [5]. (mdccare.com)
  • A lung malformation is a mass of disorganized lung tissue that forms as the lungs of the fetus develop in the womb. (mottchildren.org)
  • Lung tissue compliance (also usually cm H 2 O. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • Measurements of absolute lung volumes, residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) are technically more challenging, which limits their use in clinical practice. (ersjournals.com)
  • Pulmonary edema-defined as excessive extravascular water in the lungs-is a common and serious clinical problem. (thoracickey.com)
  • Traditionally, response to therapy is monitored only by evaluation of clinical signs and radiographic examination of the lungs. (bvsalud.org)
  • At three time points (day 0, 14, and 60), a standardised owner questionnaire, a clinical examination and BWBP measurements were carried out. (bvsalud.org)
  • The physiological basis and clinical significance of lung volume measurements. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • Often, the tests are repeated after a person takes a drug that opens the airways of the lungs (bronchodilator). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Before the measurements, parents completed diary cards for 1 month documenting on a daily basis whether their infant wheezed, coughed, or required bronchodilator therapy. (qxmd.com)
  • Due to her atypical presentation, a methacholine bronchoprovocation test was requested, demonstrating severe bronchial reactivity and a forced expiratory volume in the first second PC 20 of 0.8 mg/mL. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Airway hyperresponsiveness is usually measured using direct stimuli, such as methacholine or histamine, that act by stimulating specific receptors on the bronchial smooth muscle to cause contraction and narrowing of the airways. (cmaj.ca)
  • Your airways are the parts of your body that carry air to your lungs, including your nose, throat, trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes that connect your windpipe to each lung. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This leads to a reduction in airway diameter caused by smooth muscle contraction, vascular congestion, bronchial wall edema, and thick secretions. (medscape.com)
  • Effects of regular salmeterol on lung function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. (bmj.com)
  • The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from the end-expiratory level during tidal breathing ( i.e. from the FRC). (ersjournals.com)
  • METHODS: Twenty nine patients of mean (SE) age 64 (1.5) years, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 42(3)% of predicted, and 5-15% reversibility to salbutamol 200 micrograms were randomised to receive four weeks treatment with salmeterol 50 micrograms twice daily or placebo in a double blind crossover fashion with a one week washout period in between. (bmj.com)
  • 4 Some years later, Richard Peto, Charles Fletcher and others also showed that mortality in a number of occupational cohorts was strongly associated with the 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ) but that it was not associated with the presence of chronic mucus hypersecretion when the association with ventilatory function had been taken into account. (rcpjournals.org)
  • Plethysmographic measurements in six healthy volunteers exposed to hemp-dust extract confirmed the results obtained in textile workers, that is, that TLC does not change significantly during dust-induced airway constriction and that maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% VC (MEF50%) is a more sensitive test than FEV1-0 in detecting acute ventilatory changes caused by the dust extract. (bmj.com)
  • Measurement of the forced expiratory flow volume curve is the mainstay for diagnosing chronic obstructive lung disease and quality standards for its measurement have been well established and updated [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, an expiratory curve-derived screening parameter was proposed to detect an upper airway stenosis by Empey et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They presented the 'Expiratory Disproportion Index' (EDI), containing the ratio of the expiratory curve derived parameters FEV 1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s) and PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow rate) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pulmonary auscultation reveals inspiratory and expiratory wheezing scattered throughout both lung fields. (cdc.gov)
  • TLC: total lung capacity. (ersjournals.com)
  • Six volunteers were imaged with hyperpolarized 3He at five different lung volumes (residual volume (RV), RV+1L, functional residual capacity (FRC), FRC+1L and total lung capacity (TLC)), and three were also imaged with hyperpolarized 129Xe. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • It is a straightforward test that has the patient maximally exhale from total lung capacity. (duke.edu)
  • There was a statistically significant increase in residual volume (RV) with very small and insignificant changes in total lung capacity (TLC). (bmj.com)
  • RV refers to the volume of gas remaining in the lung after maximal exhalation (regardless of the lung volume at which exhalation was started). (ersjournals.com)
  • 2004), manufactured fusion and secondarily by thermophoretic effects in the first few nanoparticles may be biopersistant and remain intact and cause airways of the lung during exhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional work" during tidal breathing was derived by comparing change in airway pressure with change in tidal volume. (nih.gov)
  • The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during the respiratory cycle is called the tidal volume (TV or V T ). (ersjournals.com)
  • Pressure-support ventilation (PSV) and proportional-assist ventilation (PAV) were set to obtain similar tidal volume (VT). (medscimonit.com)
  • Protocolized APRV Versus Assist Control for ARDS A recently published, randomized trial compared APRV versus the current standard of care, low-tidal-volume ventilation. (medscape.com)
  • Few Eligible ARDS Patients Receive Low Tidal Volume Ventilation Dr Holley summarizes a survey reporting that while a majority of physicians support use of low tidal volume ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome, few initiate it. (medscape.com)
  • Achieving Patient/Ventilator Synchrony -- Good Luck Dr Aaron Holley comments on a study that characterizes the effects of ventilator mode and tidal volume on patient/ventilator synchrony. (medscape.com)
  • While the respiratory rate and vital capacity does not change in pregnancy, tidal volume, minute ventilation (40%), and minute oxygen uptake (20%) increase, with a resultant decrease in functional residual capacity and residual volume of air as a consequence of the elevated diaphragm. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single and chronic dosing with salmeterol on exercise capacity and lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (bmj.com)
  • The results suggest that imaging patients at different lung volumes may help to elucidate obstructive disease pathophysiology and progression. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The size of the problem and the failure of current hypotheses to explain the distribution of chronic lung disease make the lack of funding in this area surprising. (rcpjournals.org)
  • However, Charles Fletcher - who had been largely responsible for elaborating this 'British hypothesis' - subsequently showed that there was very little association between the exacerbations of disease in men with chronic bronchitis and the decline in their lung function. (rcpjournals.org)
  • In the general population, spirometric test results showing impaired pulmonary function can indicate lung disease and predict future lung ailments and mortality. (uw.edu)
  • Airway remodeling and destruction is a characteristic finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (uw.edu)
  • OBJECTIVES: Feline lower airway disease (FLAD) is a common respiratory condition in cats. (bvsalud.org)
  • We provide advanced testing to evaluate the type and extent of a child's lung disease or disorder. (chrichmond.org)
  • Inhalation of butter flavoring chemical mixtures, including diacetyl, has been associated with severe obstructive lung disease popularly know as "popcorn lung. (cdc.gov)
  • Accurate measurement of diacetyl exposures is likely to be helpful in preventing flavorings-related lung disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Using these simple engineering controls can markedly decrease exposure to diacetyl and butter flavorings and hopefully reduce the risk of flavorings-related lung disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Novel imaging techniques document changes in the small airways related to age or disease. (medscape.com)
  • Assess Those Small Airways With FEV3 The COPDGene study produces valuable data on use of a novel spirometric method to identify a subset of current or former smokers with small airway disease. (medscape.com)
  • The term "lung volume" usually refers to the volume of gas within the lungs, as measured by body plethysmography, gas dilution or washout. (ersjournals.com)
  • Static lung volumes and capacities based on a volume-time spirogram of an inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). (ersjournals.com)
  • The maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from FRC is referred to as the inspiratory capacity (IC). (ersjournals.com)
  • The inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level during tidal breathing. (ersjournals.com)
  • Inspiratory capacity measurements also showed significant benefits for triple therapy over individual components on day 14. (bmj.com)
  • However, even with optimal coaching it's hard for patients to perform a reproducible forced inspiratory volume curve [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study assessed lung models for the influence of respiratory mechanics and inspiratory effort on breathing pattern and simulator-ventilator cycling synchronization in non-invasive ventilation. (medscimonit.com)
  • Objective To determine the ability of lung ultrasound (LUS) of the dependent region to detect real-time changes in lung volume, identify opening and closing pressures of the lung, and detect pulmonary hysteresis. (bmj.com)
  • Lung ultrasound is able to detect a re-aeration of the lung after recruitment and PEEP setting, but is not able to partition between the recruitment of collapsed alveoli and the inflation of poorly-aerated alveoli [6]. (mdccare.com)
  • In addition, lung ultrasound does not provide a quantitative measurement of lung aeration and cannot assess overinflation [7]. (mdccare.com)
  • A special measurement called the CVR (CCAM-volume-ratio) is done with the ultrasound. (mottchildren.org)
  • Ultrasound to Assess Volume Status--Why Bother? (medscape.com)
  • This narrative review describes the main applications of de la ultrasonografía en ultrasound in anesthesia, ultrasound-guided techniques, and current trends in the perioperative anesthetic management of anestesia the surgical patient. (bvsalud.org)
  • In anesthesiology, rapid and accurate the main applications of ultrasound in anes- diagnostic tools are for surgical emergen- thesia as airway evaluation, vascular access, cies, and ultrasound has become a neces- regional anesthesia, pulmonary ultrasound, sary and routine tool2. (bvsalud.org)
  • In "Lung Recruitability in SARS -- CoV-2 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Single-Center, Observational Study," Haibo Qiu, MD, Chun Pan, MD, and co-authors report on a retrospective study of the treatment of 12 patients in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, China, with severe COVID-19 infection-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who were assisted by mechanical ventilation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This study is the first description of the behavior of the lungs in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation and receiving positive pressure," said Dr. Qiu, professor, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhangda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Background Effective lung protective ventilation requires reliable, real-time estimation of lung volume at the bedside. (bmj.com)
  • Lung protective ventilation strategies require reliable estimation of lung volume at the bedside. (bmj.com)
  • In this study, the effect of lung volume on quantitative measures of lung ventilation was investigated using MRI with hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Increased ventilation heterogeneity, quantified by reduced %VV and increased Hscore, was observed at lower lung volumes with the least ventilation heterogeneity observed at TLC. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The good repeatability of 3He %VV found here supports prior publications showing that percentage lung ventilated volume is a robust method for assessing global lung ventilation. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • The greater ventilation heterogeneity observed at lower lung volumes indicates that there may be partial airway closure in healthy lungs and that lung volume should be carefully considered for reliable longitudinal measurements of %VV and Hscore. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Although not a medical device, the Michigan Instruments Test Lung Simulator and PneuView training systems are designed to raise the bar on the quality and reliability of lung simulators as well as respiratory and ventilation care of patients. (michiganinstruments.com)
  • Michigan Instruments Test Lung Simulators provide a dynamic simulation and response to mechanical ventilation and other therapies, making them ideal tools for teaching, testing, training, and research. (michiganinstruments.com)
  • Our single and dual adult test lung simulator models also allow educators and medical researchers to test new ideas and mechanisms of ventilation as ventilation and ventilator technologies are developed and introduced. (michiganinstruments.com)
  • The second article is "Engineering Case Reports: Evaluation of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System for Controlling Exposures During Liquid Flavoring Production" (Volume 5 (11), D103-D110, 2008). (cdc.gov)
  • Why Volume-Controlled Ventilation May Not Be Safe Dr Holley reviews a new study that investigated volume-controlled ventilation in animal models and one patient case. (medscape.com)
  • The increased minute ventilation and improved pulmonary function in pregnancy promote more efficient gas exchange from the maternal lungs to the blood. (medscape.com)
  • The present document integrates and consolidates the recommendations of the current American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society Task Force on pulmonary function standards, and the recommendations from an earlier National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) workshop convened by the ATS. (ersjournals.com)
  • Pulmonary function tests measure the lungs' capacity to hold air, to move air in and out, and to absorb oxygen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The onsite medical evaluation consisted of a questionnaire interview, lung function testing, and a blood sample collection. (cdc.gov)
  • Three patients received both prone positioning and ECMO (life support, replacing the function of heart and lungs). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Further tests, such as static lung volumes and diffusion measurements (called complete series of pulmonary function tests) may be necessary and can only be performed in highly equipped offices. (vittorakis.com)
  • Lung function in prematurely born infants after viral lower respiratory tract infections. (qxmd.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the impact of viral LRTI on lung function at follow-up of prematurely born infants. (qxmd.com)
  • RSV and hMPV LRTIs in prematurely born infants are associated with abnormal lung function at follow-up. (qxmd.com)
  • There are several diagnostic methods that a pulmonologist may use to evaluate a patient's lung function and diagnose respiratory problems. (marham.pk)
  • These tests evaluate lung function and measure how much air a person can inhale and exhale. (marham.pk)
  • The researchers analyzed data from several genome-wide association studies of lung function by using pathway-based computational approaches. (uw.edu)
  • Their work identified a large repertoire of more than one hundred gene sets associated with spirometric measures of lung function. (uw.edu)
  • By grouping functionally similar pathways, the scientists were able to dissect biological processes linked to lung function, such as cell adhesion, movement, proliferation, and signaling, as well as those regulating immunity and development. (uw.edu)
  • Lung function in textile workers. (bmj.com)
  • Accumulation of fluid has serious consequences on lung function because gas exchange is greatly impaired in fluid-filled alveoli. (thoracickey.com)
  • During normal ventilator function, breath occlusions are repeated at different volumes, with normal breaths in between. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • Lung function tests are a group of tests that check how well your lungs are working. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are many types of lung function tests. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lung function tests also help check the health of your airways. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This lung function test is used the most. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your health care provider may order one or more lung function tests, depending on the reason you need to be tested. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Why do I need a lung function test? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Lung function tests are done for many different reasons. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your provider may also order a lung function test as part of your routine exam. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What happens during lung function testing? (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are different ways to do each type of lung function test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Classification of lung function revealed 23 (15%) normal, 29 (19%) obstructive, 36(23.5%) restrictive and 61(39.9%) mixed obstructive/ restrictive patterns. (who.int)
  • Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high burden of abnormal lung function in patients attending clinics due to chronic respiratory symptoms. (who.int)
  • In contrast to the relative simplicity of spirometric volumes, a variety of disparate techniques have been developed for the measurement of absolute lung volumes. (ersjournals.com)
  • Measurements of spirometric parameters, static lung volumes, and exercise capacity were made one and six hours after a single dose, and six hours after the final dose of salmeterol or placebo. (bmj.com)
  • Several spirometric measurements of the volume of exhaled air and lung capacity are inherited traits. (uw.edu)
  • Oxygen flow, lung volume and airway pressure were measured by devices on patients' ventilators. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Venous blood gas measurement showed a pH of 7.30, a carbon dioxide partial pressure of 7.19 kPa, and a partial oxygen pressure of 4.14 kPa. (cdc.gov)
  • On day 5, the patient underwent a 300-mL volume exchange transfusion because of increasing oxygen requirement, despite continuous positive airway pressure (fraction of inspired oxygen 50%) and increased leukocyte count (64 cells/mm 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These tests measure the blood's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, which can help evaluate how well the lungs work. (marham.pk)
  • This test measures how well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood from the air you breathe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Patients who did not receive prone positioning had poor lung recruitability, while alternating supine (face upward) and prone positioning was associated with increased lung recruitability. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Methods LUS was performed on preterm lambs (n=20) during in vivo mapping of the pressure-volume relationship of the respiratory system using the super-syringe method. (bmj.com)
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by lung collapse that decreases the size of the aerated lung (baby lung concept [1]), resulting in decreased respiratory system compliance and impaired oxygenation. (mdccare.com)
  • Pressure-volume curves of the respiratory system. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • Nevertheless, in particular circumstances, measurements of lung volume are strictly necessary for a correct physiological diagnosis 1 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Lung diffusion capacity test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • How to Interpret a Diffusion Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide Can POC tests provide reliable hemoglobin measurements for DLCO calculation? (medscape.com)
  • In the methacholine-stimulated lungs, mean shortening was between 45 and 56% at medium and low lung volumes in gas- and liquid-filled lungs, respectively, and approximated the degree of shortening required to cause airway closure. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This recruited volume divided by the effective pressure change, taking into account the presence of complete airway closure, if any, calculates the compliance of the recruited lung. (mdccare.com)
  • Because rational and effective therapy depends on understanding basic principles of normal and abnormal liquid, solute, and protein transport in the lungs, this chapter begins with a brief overview of the major factors that govern fluid and protein filtration in healthy lungs before focusing on the pathophysiology of pulmonary edema. (thoracickey.com)
  • Lung structure relevant to the forces governing fluid and protein movement in healthy lungs and lungs with pulmonary edema has been the subject of classic and more recent reviews. (thoracickey.com)
  • The lungs were inflated via the trachea with gas or Krebs solution (n = 12 each) to volumes equivalent to gas inflation pressures of 5 (low), 15 (medium), and 25 (high) cmH2O (n = 4 each). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Conclusion LUS was able to detect large changes in total and regional lung volume in real time and correctly identified opening and closing pressures but lacked the precision to detect small changes in lung volume. (bmj.com)
  • Medical professionals count on the accurate measurement of delivered lung volumes, lung pressures, and airway pressures using analog gauges and printed scales on these devices. (michiganinstruments.com)
  • The pumping action of the heart causes blood to flow through the lungs and generates the microvascular hydrostatic pressure that establishes the steady-state values of the other driving pressures that cause filtration of fluid. (thoracickey.com)
  • Conclusions: These data suggest that SP-C33 is similarly efficient as the native peptide in improving surface properties of phospholipids mixtures and in increasing lung compliance in surfactant-deficient states, but that other components are needed to maintain alveolar stability at low airway pressures. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the only static lung volume that can be measured routinely in infants. (ersjournals.com)
  • Despite requiring complex equipment, the plethysmographic method for measuring FRC is very simple to apply and, unlike the gas dilution techniques, enables repeat measures of lung volume to be obtained within a few minutes. (ersjournals.com)
  • The aim of this paper is to provide recommendations pertaining to equipment requirements, study procedures and reporting of data for plethysmographic measurements in infants. (ersjournals.com)
  • Since this term is too nonspecific, it is recommended that its use should be discontinued and replaced with more specific terminology, for example, plethysmographic lung volume (abbreviated at V L,pleth ), and FRC by body plethysmography or TGV at FRC (FRC pleth ). (ersjournals.com)
  • Chapters 6 and 9 also provide additional information about the regulation of fluid balance in the lungs, and Chapter 100 includes details about the onset and management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as currently defined and subsequently discussed. (thoracickey.com)
  • Methods for Measuring Lung Volumes: Is There a Better One? (unibs.it)
  • Methods: Airway administration of VEGF siRNAs were done in C57BL/6 mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Used in conjunction with lung imaging, these bedside methods serve to strengthen the prediction of recruitment potential in early-onset ARDS patients. (mdccare.com)
  • Methods for assessing recruitability are based on performing a trial to increase the aerated volume of the lung by increasing pressure and then measuring the change in volume, either by means of lung imaging or using the ventilator's flow sensor. (mdccare.com)
  • Field Evaluation of Diacetyl Sampling and Analytical Methods" (Volume 5 (11), D11-D16, 2008) reports on problems with NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Method 2557 , used to monitor diacetyl in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is considered a non-invasive, well-tolerated form of measuring airway reactivity in cats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lung volume test , also called as body plethysmography. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There were no significant differences in static lung volumes or exercise capacity after single or chronic dosing with salmeterol compared with placebo. (bmj.com)
  • This was not associated with improvements in static lung volumes or exercise capacity, but there was some symptomatic benefit in that patients were able to walk the same distance in six minutes with less perceived exertion. (bmj.com)
  • Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to the walls of the air sacs ( alveoli ) of the lung. (vittorakis.com)
  • Results: Airway administration of VEGF siRNAs induced transient air space enlargement in the mouse lung morphologically resembling the previously reported models of pulmonary emphysema. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, the amount of potentially recruitable lung (which equates to the degree of so-called lung recruitability) varies widely in ARDS patients and is difficult to predict using the normal ARDS severity criteria, such as the PaO2/FiO2 ratio or static compliance [3]. (mdccare.com)
  • Radford Jr, E. P. "Static mechanical properties of mammalian lungs. (derangedphysiology.com)
  • To determine work-of breathing with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivery systems, we used a lung model to simulate spontaneous breathing. (nih.gov)
  • There is always a net outward flux of fluid and protein crossing from the vascular space into the interstitium in the lungs, first, because the prevailing driving forces normally cause filtration out of the bloodstream and, second, because the microvascular endothelium is a permeable barrier that varies in its leakiness. (thoracickey.com)
  • Our lung simulation systems are designed to simulate the characteristics of patients of a wide range of ages, shapes, sizes and lung/chest conditions. (michiganinstruments.com)
  • Chest X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans to diagnose lung conditions and evaluate the severity of respiratory problems. (marham.pk)
  • In many symptomatic individuals exposed to flavoring who have undergone lung biopsy, an irreversible type of lung damage called constrictive bronchiolitis has been found. (cdc.gov)
  • The scores were compared with total and regional lung volumes, and differences in LUS scores between pressure increments were calculated. (bmj.com)
  • There are other lung malformations with some differences. (mottchildren.org)
  • The thoracic gas volume (TGV or V TG ) is the absolute volume of gas in the thorax at any point in time and any level of alveolar pressure. (ersjournals.com)
  • The Q-Box is the new generation body-box from COSMED for Gold Standard thoracic gas volume measurements. (chsltd.com)
  • It also measures the amount of air that remains in your lungs after you exhale as much as you can. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other measurements were taken, including the aeration of their airway passages and calculations were done to measure recruitability. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Lung malformations, including congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM, formerly called CCAM) and bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), are uncommon disorders that can cause a wide range of problems, including breathing difficulties, recurrent infection, and more rarely, cancer. (mottchildren.org)
  • Occasionally, lung malformations are found after birth by x-rays or CT scans when patients are evaluated for breathing problems or recurrent lung infections. (mottchildren.org)
  • TLC refers to the volume of gas in the lungs after maximal inspiration, or the sum of all volume compartments. (ersjournals.com)
  • Effects of lung volume and surface forces on maximal airway smooth muscle shortening. (ox.ac.uk)
  • As a result, the biological variability of our measurement data was reduced. (researchgate.net)
  • In a new study of patients with severe COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) hospitalized on ventilators, researchers found that lying face down was better for the lungs. (sciencedaily.com)