Air Pollutants
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Bronchitis
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Hong Kong
Double-blind intervention trial on modulation of ozone effects on pulmonary function by antioxidant supplements. (1/3303)
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the acute effects of ozone on lung function could be modulated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a placebo-controlled study. Lung function was measured in Dutch bicyclists (n = 38) before and after each training session on a number of occasions (n = 380) during the summer of 1996. The vitamin group (n = 20) received 100 mg of vitamin E and 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 15 weeks. The average ozone concentration during exercise was 77 microg/m3 (range, 14-186 microg/m3). After exclusion of subjects with insufficient compliance from the analysis, a difference in ozone exposure of 100 microg/m3 decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 95 ml (95% confidence interval (CI) -265 to -53) in the placebo group and 1 ml (95% CI -94 to 132) in the vitamin group; for forced vital capacity, the change was -125 ml (95% CI -384 to -36) in the placebo group and -42 ml (95% CI -130 to 35) in the vitamin group. The differences in ozone effect on lung function between the groups were statistically significant. The results suggest that supplementation with the antioxidant vitamins C and E confers partial protection against the acute effects of ozone on FEV1 and forced vital capacity in cyclists. (+info)Asthma visits to emergency rooms and soybean unloading in the harbors of Valencia and A Coruna, Spain. (2/3303)
Soybean unloading in the harbor of Barcelona, Spain, has been associated with large increases in the numbers of asthma patients treated in emergency departments between 1981 and 1987. In this study, the association between asthma and soybean unloading in two other Spanish cities, Valencia and A Coruna, was assessed. Asthma admissions were retrospectively identified for the period 1993-1995, and harbor activities were investigated in each location. Two approaches were used to assess the association between asthma and soybean unloading: One used unusual asthma days (days with an unusually high number of emergency room asthma visits) as an effect measure, and the other estimated the relative increase in the daily number of emergency room visits by autoregressive Poisson regression, adjusted for meteorologic variables, seasonality, and influenza incidence. No association between unusual asthma days and soya unloading was observed in either Valencia or A Coruna, except for one particular dock in Valencia. When the association between unloaded products and the daily number of emergency asthma visits was studied, a statistically significant association was observed for unloading of soya husk (relative risk = 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.94) and soybeans (relative risk = 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.59) in A Coruna. In Valencia, a statistical association was found only for the unloading of soybeans at two particular docks. Although these findings support the notion that asthma outbreaks are not a common hidden condition in most harbors where soybeans are unloaded, the weak associations reported are likely to be causal. Therefore, appropriate control measures should be implemented to avoid soybean dust emissions, particularly in harbors with populations living in the vicinity. (+info)Quantitative structure-activity relationships for nasal pungency thresholds of volatile organic compounds. (3/3303)
A model was developed for describing the triggering of nasal pungency in humans, based on the partition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between the air phase and the biophase. Two partition parameters are used in the model: the water-air partition coefficient and the octanol-water partition coefficient. The model was validated using data from the literature, principally on alcohols, acetates and ketones. The model suggests that all test compounds, regardless of their chemical functional groups, bind to a common receptor site within the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer membrane of the trigeminal nerve endings. There is probably only a slight, non-specific interaction between the VOC molecule and the receptor molecule, whereas this type of non-specific interaction for the detection of odor is much stronger. In practical terms, the suggestion that all VOCs share a common irritation receptor site implies that nasal-pungency thresholds of individual VOCs may be additive. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for nasal-pungency thresholds were also developed from the model, which can be used to predict nasal-pungency thresholds of common VOCs. Although the present model does not offer additional precision over that of M.H. Abraham et al., 1996, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 71-76, it requires fewer descriptors and offers a physiological basis to the QSAR. Another advantage of the present model is that it also provides a basis for comparison between the olfactory process and nasal pungency. (+info)Indoor, outdoor, and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO4(2)-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, NH3, and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters. (4/3303)
Twenty-four-hour samples of PM10 (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm), PM2.5, (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm), particle strong acidity (H+), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonia (NH3), nitrous acid (HONO), and sulfur dioxide were collected inside and outside of 281 homes during winter and summer periods. Measurements were also conducted during summer periods at a regional site. A total of 58 homes of nonsmokers were sampled during the summer periods and 223 homes were sampled during the winter periods. Seventy-four of the homes sampled during the winter reported the use of a kerosene heater. All homes sampled in the summer were located in southwest Virginia. All but 20 homes sampled in the winter were also located in southwest Virginia; the remainder of the homes were located in Connecticut. For homes without tobacco combustion, the regional air monitoring site (Vinton, VA) appeared to provide a reasonable estimate of concentrations of PM2.5 and SO42- during summer months outside and inside homes within the region, even when a substantial number of the homes used air conditioning. Average indoor/outdoor ratios for PM2.5 and SO42- during the summer period were 1.03 +/- 0.71 and 0.74 +/- 0.53, respectively. The indoor/outdoor mean ratio for sulfate suggests that on average approximately 75% of the fine aerosol indoors during the summer is associated with outdoor sources. Kerosene heater use during the winter months, in the absence of tobacco combustion, results in substantial increases in indoor concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, and possibly H+, as compared to homes without kerosene heaters. During their use, we estimated that kerosene heaters added, on average, approximately 40 microg/m3 of PM2.5 and 15 microg/m3 of SO42- to background residential levels of 18 and 2 microg/m3, respectively. Results from using sulfuric acid-doped Teflon (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE) filters in homes with kerosene heaters suggest that acid particle concentrations may be substantially higher than those measured because of acid neutralization by ammonia. During the summer and winter periods indoor concentrations of ammonia are an order of magnitude higher indoors than outdoors and appear to result in lower indoor acid particle concentrations. Nitrous acid levels are higher indoors than outdoors during both winter and summer and are substantially higher in homes with unvented combustion sources. (+info)Short-term associations between outdoor air pollution and visits to accident and emergency departments in London for respiratory complaints. (5/3303)
Many epidemiological studies have shown positive short-term associations between health and current levels of outdoor air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between air pollution and the number of visits to accident and emergency (A&E) departments in London for respiratory complaints. A&E visits include the less severe cases of acute respiratory disease and are unrestricted by bed availability. Daily counts of visits to 12 London A&E departments for asthma, other respiratory complaints, and both combined for a number of age groups were constructed from manual registers of visits for the period 1992-1994. A Poisson regression allowing for seasonal patterns, meteorological conditions and influenza epidemics was used to assess the associations between the number of visits and six pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particles measured as black smoke (BS) and particles with a median aerodynamic diameter of <10 microm (PM10). After making an allowance for the multiplicity of tests, there remained strong associations between visits for all respiratory complaints and increases in SO2: a 2.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7-4.9) increase in the number of visits for a 18 microg x (-3) increase (10th-90th percentile range) and a 3.0% (95% CI 0.8-5.2) increase for a 31 microg x m(-3) increase in PM10. There were also significant associations between visits for asthma and SO2, NO2 and PM10. No significant associations between O3 and any of the respiratory complaints investigated were found. Because of the strong correlation between pollutants, it was difficult to identify a single pollutant responsible for the associations found in the analyses. This study suggests that the levels of air pollution currently experienced in London are linked to short-term increases in the number of people visiting accident and emergency departments with respiratory complaints. (+info)Fine particulate air pollution, resuspended road dust and respiratory health among symptomatic children. (6/3303)
The short-term association of particulate air pollution with peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) and respiratory symptoms was examined. Forty-nine children with chronic respiratory symptoms aged 8-13 yrs were followed daily for six weeks in spring, 1995, in Kuopio, Finland. Daily concentrations of particulate material with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm and < or = 2.5 microm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively), black carbon, and the number concentrations of particles from 0.01-10 microm diameter were measured. During the study period, PM10 were mainly resuspended soil and street dust, and the concentration was estimated using aluminum content of PM10 samples. No consistent effect of particles was found as the associations varied by lag. Of the lags examined, only 1-day lagged PM2.5 was statistically significantly associated with morning PEF (beta=-1.06, SE=0.52 (per interquartile increase in pollutant)). Evening PEF was significantly associated with the 1-day lagged number of particles in the size range 0.1-1.0 microm (beta=-1.56, SE=0.72). One-day lagged PM10, PM2.5-10, PM2.5 and resuspended PM10, and 4-day average of PM2.5 were significantly associated with increased risk of cough. Given the short duration of the study, separating the effects of different types of particles was difficult. The present study demonstrates the highly variable size and number distribution and chemical composition of particles in Finland, and underlines the importance of measuring the size and chemical composition of particles to determine which types of particles are associated with health effects. (+info)Asthma-like disease in the children living in the neighborhood of Mt. Sakurajima. (7/3303)
We conducted self-administered questionnaire surveys of school children living in the vicinity of Mt. Sakurajima using ATS-DLD questionnaire. In this paper, we report the results of analysis comparing the proportion of children with asthma-like disease in the area exposed to the volcanic ash and gases released by Mt. Sakurajima and control areas. Asthma-like disease was ascertained using ATS-DLD questionnaire and the definition proposed by the study group established by Environmental Protection Agency in Japan. The proportion of children with asthma-like disease was not different between the exposed and control groups. The odds ratio of asthma-like disease comparing the exposed and control groups was 1.1 and its 95% confidence interval was 0.7-1.8 (P = 0.583). When the exposed area was divided into Tarumizu city. Sakurajima town and Kagoshima city, none of them showed an elevated proportion of children with asthma-like disease when compared with the control area. In the entire study population including both the exposed and control groups, the proportion of children with asthma-like disease was 6 and 3% in boys and girls, respectively. These values were quite similar to those obtained from a survey of 45,674 school children in western districts in Japan in 1992. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the proportion of children with asthma-like disease is not elevated in the exposed area. Further investigations are necessary to confirm our conclusions. (+info)Cell proliferation in nasal respiratory epithelium of people exposed to urban pollution. (8/3303)
The nasal passages are a common portal of entry and are a prime site for toxicant-induced pathology. Sustained increases in regenerative cell proliferation can be a significant driving force in chemical carcinogenesis. The atmosphere in Mexico City contains a complex mixture of air pollutants and its residents are exposed chronically and sequentially to numerous toxicants and potential carcinogens. We were concerned that exposure to Mexico City's atmosphere might induce cytotoxicity and increase nasal respiratory epithelial cell proliferation. Nasal biopsies were obtained for DNA cell cycle analysis from 195 volunteers. The control population consisted of 16 adults and 27 children that were residents in a Caribbean island with low pollution. The exposed Mexico City population consisted of 109 adults and 43 children. Sixty-one of the adult subjects were newly arrived in Mexico City and were followed for 25 days from their arrival. Control children, control adult and exposed Mexico City children all had similar percentages of cells in the replicative DNA synthesis phase (S phase) of the cell cycle (%S). A significant increase in %S in nasal epithelial cells was seen in exposed adult residents in Mexico City biopsied at three different dates compared with control adults. Newly arrived adults exhibited a control level of cell turnover at day 2 after coming to the city. However, at days 7, 14 and 25 they exhibited significant increases in %S. These data demonstrate an increased and sustained nasal cell turnover rate in the adult population observable in as little as 1 week of residence in Mexico City. This increase in cell proliferation is in agreement with other reports of induced pathological changes in the nasal passages of Mexico City dwellers. These observations suggest an increased potential risk factor of developing nasal neoplasms for residents of large cities with heavy pollution. (+info)Some common examples of respiratory tract diseases include:
1. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
2. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways (bronchi) that can cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
3. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive condition that makes it difficult to breathe due to damage to the lungs over time.
5. Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and difficulty speaking.
7. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe, that can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
8. Croup: An infection of the throat and lungs that can cause a barky cough and difficulty breathing.
9. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleura) that can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Pertussis (whooping cough): An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that can cause coughing fits and difficulty breathing.
These are just a few examples of the many different types of respiratory tract diseases that exist. Each one has its own unique symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
Asthma can cause recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms occur when the muscles surrounding the airways contract, causing the airways to narrow and swell. This can be triggered by exposure to environmental allergens or irritants such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or respiratory infections.
There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Treatment typically includes inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to open up the airways, and rescue medications to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack.
Asthma is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the American Lung Association, more than 25 million Americans have asthma, and it is the third leading cause of hospitalization for children under the age of 18.
While there is no cure for asthma, early diagnosis and proper treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.
Some common examples of respiration disorders include:
1. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe, caused by exposure to pollutants such as cigarette smoke.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways that can cause coughing and difficulty breathing.
5. Emphysema: A condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep, leading to fatigue and other symptoms.
7. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system and digestive system, causing thick mucus buildup and difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
9. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
These are just a few examples of respiration disorders, and there are many other conditions that can affect the respiratory system and cause breathing difficulties. If you are experiencing any symptoms of respiration disorders, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
A blockage caused by air bubbles in the bloodstream, which can occur after a sudden change in atmospheric pressure (e.g., during an airplane flight or scuba diving). Air embolism can cause a variety of symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest pain, and stroke. It is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention.
Note: Air embolism can also occur in the venous system, causing a pulmonary embolism (blockage of an artery in the lungs). This is a more common condition and is discussed separately.
Some common types of lung diseases include:
1. Asthma: A chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive condition that causes chronic inflammation and damage to the airways and lungs, making it difficult to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
4. Bronchiectasis: A condition where the airways are damaged and widened, leading to chronic infections and inflammation.
5. Pulmonary Fibrosis: A condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff, making it difficult to breathe.
6. Lung Cancer: A malignant tumor that develops in the lungs, often caused by smoking or exposure to carcinogens.
7. Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that affects the respiratory and digestive systems, leading to chronic infections and inflammation in the lungs.
8. Tuberculosis (TB): An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
9. Pulmonary Embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, often caused by a blood clot that has traveled from another part of the body.
10. Sarcoidosis: An inflammatory disease that affects various organs in the body, including the lungs, leading to the formation of granulomas and scarring.
These are just a few examples of conditions that can affect the lungs and respiratory system. It's important to note that many of these conditions can be treated with medication, therapy, or surgery, but early detection is key to successful treatment outcomes.
Clinical Significance:
Respiratory sounds can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia. By listening to the sounds of a patient's breathing, healthcare providers can identify abnormalities in lung function, airway obstruction, or inflammation.
Types of Respiratory Sounds:
1. Vesicular Sounds:
a. Inspiratory wheeze: A high-pitched whistling sound heard during inspiration, usually indicative of bronchial asthma or COPD.
b. Expiratory wheeze: A low-pitched whistling sound heard during expiration, typically seen in patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.
c. Decreased vocal fremitus: A decrease in the normal vibratory sounds heard over the lung fields during breathing, which can indicate fluid or consolidation in the lungs.
2. Adventitious Sounds:
a. Crackles (rales): High-pitched, bubbly sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, indicating fluid or air in the alveoli.
b. Rhonchi: Low-pitched, harsh sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, often indicative of bronchitis, pneumonia, or COPD.
c. Stridors: High-pitched, squeaky sounds heard during breathing, commonly seen in patients with inflammatory conditions such as pneumonia or tuberculosis.
It's important to note that the interpretation of lung sounds requires a thorough understanding of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, as well as clinical experience and expertise. A healthcare professional, such as a nurse or respiratory therapist, should always be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
There are several types of hypersensitivity reactions, including:
1. Type I hypersensitivity: This is also known as immediate hypersensitivity and occurs within minutes to hours after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from immune cells, leading to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergies to pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Type II hypersensitivity: This is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity and occurs within days to weeks after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the immune system producing antibodies against specific proteins on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction. Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include blood transfusion reactions and serum sickness.
3. Type III hypersensitivity: This is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity and occurs when antigens bind to immune complexes, leading to the formation of deposits in tissues. Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
4. Type IV hypersensitivity: This is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity and occurs within weeks to months after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
The diagnosis of hypersensitivity often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and elimination diets or challenges. Treatment depends on the specific type of hypersensitivity reaction and may include avoidance of the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunomodulatory therapy.
Respiratory hypersensitivity can be diagnosed through medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Treatment options include avoidance of allergens, medication, such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunotherapy, which involves exposing the person to small amounts of the allergen over time to build up their tolerance.
Some people with respiratory hypersensitivity may experience more severe symptoms, such as asthma, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. It is important for individuals with respiratory hypersensitivity to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications.
1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can affect various aspects of the child's development, including:
1. Physical growth and development: PDEDs can lead to changes in the child's physical growth patterns, such as reduced birth weight, short stature, or delayed puberty.
2. Brain development: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect brain development, leading to learning disabilities, memory problems, and cognitive delays.
3. Behavioral and emotional development: Children exposed to PDEDs may exhibit behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Immune system functioning: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect the immune system's development, making children more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases.
5. Reproductive health: Exposure to certain chemicals during fetal development may disrupt the reproductive system, leading to fertility problems or an increased risk of infertility later in life.
The diagnosis of Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects often requires a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as specialized tests such as imaging studies or laboratory assessments. Treatment for PDEDs typically involves addressing the underlying cause of exposure and providing appropriate interventions to manage any associated symptoms or developmental delays.
In summary, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can have a profound impact on a child's growth, development, and overall health later in life. It is essential for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential risks and to monitor children exposed to substances during fetal development for any signs of PDEDs. With early diagnosis and appropriate interventions, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent some of these effects and improve outcomes for affected children.
Acute bronchitis is a short-term infection that is usually caused by a virus or bacteria, and can be treated with antibiotics and supportive care such as rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that is often associated with smoking and can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Bronchitis can cause a range of symptoms including:
* Persistent cough, which may be dry or produce mucus
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
* Fatigue and fever
* Headache and body aches
The diagnosis of bronchitis is usually made based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests. Treatment for bronchitis typically focuses on relieving symptoms and managing the underlying cause, such as a bacterial infection or smoking cessation.
Bronchitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Viral infections, such as the common cold or flu
* Bacterial infections, such as pneumonia
* Smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants
* Asthma and other allergic conditions
* Chronic lung diseases, such as COPD
Preventive measures for bronchitis include:
* Quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
* Getting vaccinated against flu and pneumonia
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Avoiding exposure to environmental pollutants
* Managing underlying conditions such as asthma and allergies.
Premature birth can be classified into several categories based on gestational age at birth:
1. Extreme prematurity: Born before 24 weeks of gestation.
2. Very preterm: Born between 24-27 weeks of gestation.
3. Moderate to severe preterm: Born between 28-32 weeks of gestation.
4. Late preterm: Born between 34-36 weeks of gestation.
The causes of premature birth are not fully understood, but several factors have been identified as increasing the risk of premature birth. These include:
1. Previous premature birth
2. Multiple gestations (twins, triplets etc.)
3. History of cervical surgery or cervical incompetence
4. Chronic medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes
5. Infections such as group B strep or urinary tract infections
6. Pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia and placenta previa
7. Stress and poor social support
8. Smoking, alcohol and drug use during pregnancy
9. Poor nutrition and lack of prenatal care.
Premature birth can have significant short-term and long-term health consequences for the baby, including respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity and necrotizing enterocolitis. Children who are born prematurely may also have developmental delays, learning disabilities and behavioral problems later in life.
There is no single test that can predict premature birth with certainty, but several screening tests are available to identify women at risk. These include ultrasound examination, maternal serum screening for estriol and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), and cervical length measurement.
While there is no proven way to prevent premature birth entirely, several strategies have been shown to reduce the risk, including:
1. Progesterone supplementation: Progesterone appears to help prevent preterm labor in some women with a history of previous preterm birth or other risk factors.
2. Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids given to mothers at risk of preterm birth can help mature the baby's lungs and reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome.
3. Calcium supplementation: Calcium may help improve fetal bone development and reduce the risk of premature birth.
4. Good prenatal care: Regular prenatal check-ups, proper nutrition and avoiding smoking, alcohol and drug use during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of premature birth.
5. Avoiding stress: Stress can increase the risk of premature birth, so finding ways to manage stress during pregnancy is important.
6. Preventing infections: Infections such as group B strep and urinary tract infections can increase the risk of premature birth, so it's important to take steps to prevent them.
7. Maintaining a healthy weight gain during pregnancy: Excessive weight gain during pregnancy can increase the risk of premature birth.
8. Avoiding preterm contractions: Preterm contractions can be a sign of impending preterm labor, so it's important to be aware of them and seek medical attention if they occur.
9. Prolonged gestation: Prolonging pregnancy beyond 37 weeks may reduce the risk of premature birth.
10. Cervical cerclage: A cervical cerclage is a stitch used to close the cervix and prevent preterm birth in women with a short cervix or other risk factors.
It's important to note that not all of these strategies will be appropriate or effective for every woman, so it's important to discuss your individual risk factors and any concerns you may have with your healthcare provider.
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Air pollutant emissions data viewer (LRTAP Convention) - Manual
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European Environment Agency
Broccoli Sprout Dose Response: Bioavailability and Effects of Air Pollutants - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Browsing Meeting reports by Subject "Air Pollutants"
Micro-scale Dispersion of Air Pollutants over an Urban Setup in a Coastal Region
Are Outdoor Pollens or Indoor Air Quality Pollutants Causing Your Allergy Symptoms?
Filter Pollutants with Air Purifier Cleaners With Sandium!
A new approach for indoor air pollutant measurements - White Rose University Consortium
Designing a scenario-modelling tool to inform policy on air pollutant emissions | Case studies | Ricardo
Direct toxicity of atmospheric pollutants | Air Pollution Information System
Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea | BMC Public Health...
Air Pollutant Report | ECHO | US EPA
EMF-Portal | Ecology of the cardiovascular system: Part II - A focus on non-air related pollutants
Short-lived Climate Pollutants in Countries' Nationally Determined Contributions | Climate & Clean Air Coalition
Filtrete™ Smart MPR 2200 Premium Allergen & Home Pollutants Air Filters | 3M United States
The Two Worst Indoor Air Pollutants
3 Types of Air Pollutants - Home of learning
Automobile Pollutants Archives - Air Filters for Clean Air
Download Organic Indoor Air Pollutants: Occurrence, Measurement, Evaluation 1999
Substance Optical Sensors for Biomaterials and Air Pollutants - Substance
Importance of individual air pollutants confirmed - Clean Air in London
Exposures to Air Pollutants during Pregnancy and Preterm Delivery
Details for:
Indoor air pollutants :
› WHO HQ Library catalog
Keeping Combustion Pollutants Out of Your Home - Lakeside Heating & Air Conditioning
Report: UK Emissions of Air Pollutants 1970 to 2002 - NAEI, UK
Emissions of air pollutants implied by global long-term energy scenarios
WHO announces stricter guidelines for air pollutants | IER Indiana Environmental Reporter
Hazardous air pollutants2
- Hypospadias Risk from Maternal Residential Exposure to Heavy Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants. (bvsalud.org)
- Investigate whether residential prenatal exposure to heavy metal hazardous air pollutants (HMHAPs) is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias . (bvsalud.org)
Carbon Monoxide6
- These six pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ground-level ozone, particle pollution (often referred to as particulate matter), and sulfur oxides. (cdc.gov)
- The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM 10 ), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, there is a knowledge gap regarding whether exposure to higher concentrations of air pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), and PM 10 in a residential district in South Korea over a long term, such as 19 years, would be associated with higher cardiopulmonary mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
- Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be present in the air even when there are no visible signs of combustion. (tripointrefrigeration.com)
- Under the B2 scenario global emissions of sulfur, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide decline continuously between 2000 and 2100, largely due to widespread implementation of air pollution control technologies. (iiasa.ac.at)
- Travelers should be mindful of, and limit exposures to, outdoor and indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide ( Table 4-02 ). (cdc.gov)
Pollution50
- The Trump administration might be weakening the case for future climate change policy by removing an important metric that lowers the cost of reducing carbon: simultaneous cuts to conventional air pollution. (eenews.net)
- For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-the-convention-on-long-range-transboundary-air-pollution-lrtap-convention-9/air-pollutant-emissions-data-viewer-lrtap-convention-manual or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)
- By keeping in view of the requirement for the micro-scale dispersion, a commercial CFD model PANACHE with PANEPR developed by Fluidyn is implemented to study the micro-scale dispersion of air pollution over an urban setup at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam a coastal station in the east coast of India under stable atmospheric conditions. (scirp.org)
- S. Madala, A. Satyanarayana and V. Prasad, "Micro-scale Dispersion of Air Pollutants over an Urban Setup in a Coastal Region," Open Journal of Air Pollution , Vol. 1 No. 2, 2012, pp. 51-58. (scirp.org)
- U. Leenes and A. Pinhas, "The Coastal Boundary Layer and Air Pollution-A High Temporal Resolution Analysis in the East Mediterranean Coast," Atmospheric Science Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012, pp. 9-18. (scirp.org)
- A. Bass, "Modeling Long-Range Transport and Diffu- sion," Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, New Orleans, 24-27 March 1980, pp. 193-215. (scirp.org)
- This collaboration brings together indoor and outdoor air pollution experts who can measure key pollutants that may impact health indoors, particularly the vulnerable. (whiterose.ac.uk)
- It also has ambitious plans to tackle a wide range of air pollution sources set out in the UK's Clean Air Strategy. (ricardo.com)
- It is a powerful tool for informing policy development at national and local scales, supporting delivery of objectives set out in the Clean Air Strategy and the National Air Pollution Control Plan. (ricardo.com)
- We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. (biomedcentral.com)
- This may be partly because collecting and analyzing long-term air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality data together are relatively difficult than collecting and analyzing short-term data together. (biomedcentral.com)
- Excessive concentration of foreign particles or substances into the air which adversely affects the atmosphere is known as air pollution. (homeoflearning.in)
- Smog is formed as a result of air pollution. (homeoflearning.in)
- Air pollution in London is two to three times World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended levels in some of the busiest streets and resulted in the deaths of over 1,000 people in 2005 (which is more than four times the number that died from road traffic accidents). (cleanair.london)
- For far too long, air pollution policy has failed to tackle air quality holistically (or fast enough). (cleanair.london)
- By confirming the importance of individual air pollutants and the need to adopt a comprehensive approach to address particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone if the health impacts of the pollution are to be eliminated, Dr Krzyzanowski has again made a major contribution to the understanding of crucial air quality issues. (cleanair.london)
- There is no longer any excuse for political leaders and other policy setters to fail to tackle air pollution urgently and holistically. (cleanair.london)
- The WHO Air Quality Guidelines address, traditionally, individual chemical compounds, such as ozone, or indicators of pollution mix, such as PM 10 or PM 2.5 . (cleanair.london)
- Throughout the year, using a gas stove can create indoor air pollution. (lakesideac.com)
- While you may believe that combustion pollutants are primarily an outdoor problem, the fact is that outdoor air pollution often contaminates buildings when windows and doors are left open. (lakesideac.com)
- The EPA highlights the importance of keeping sources of indoor air pollution properly maintained to reduce emissions. (lakesideac.com)
- Such a linkage is relevant for estimating impacts of global long-term climate change scenarios on local and regional air pollution in the next few decades. (iiasa.ac.at)
- We present a methodology for the linkage that combines results from two models developed at IIASA: the GAINS air pollution model and the MESSAGE model of long-term energy system dynamics. (iiasa.ac.at)
- We calculate for energy scenarios developed by the MESSAGE model future emissions of air pollutants (SO2, NOx, PM, BC/OC, NH3, VOC and CO), taking into account air pollution control legislation that is in place in the various countries. (iiasa.ac.at)
- These new AQGs provide clear evidence of the damage air pollution inflicts on human health, at concentrations even lower than previously understood. (who.int)
- Around 7 million people die every year from diseases and infections related to indoor and outdoor air pollution worldwide. (who.int)
- In 2016, about 425,000 deaths were attributable to ambient air pollution in the African region. (who.int)
- WHO has frequently highlighted that ambient air pollution is one of the strategic focal areas to combat root causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. (who.int)
- Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. (medlineplus.gov)
- Ozone , a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. (medlineplus.gov)
- When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. (medlineplus.gov)
- Air pollution isn't just outside - the air inside buildings can also be polluted and affect your health. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although air pollution has decreased in many parts of the world, it represents a major and growing health problem for the residents of some cities in certain industrializing countries. (cdc.gov)
- Conversely, those with preexisting heart and lung disease, children, and older adults have an increased risk for adverse health effects from even short-term exposure to air pollution. (cdc.gov)
- 80 countries around the world, and the World Health Organization posts historical data on outdoor air pollution in urban areas. (cdc.gov)
- Secondhand smoke from smoking tobacco is a primary contributor to indoor air pollution. (cdc.gov)
- Joint WHO/Convention Task Force on the Health Aspects of Air Pollution ( World Health Organization. (who.int)
- Air pollution level in Addis Ababa is presumed to be high due to the prevalence of old vehicles and substandard road infrastructures. (who.int)
- This study assessed CO concentration as a measure of traffic air pollution. (who.int)
- The consistency in spatial and temporal profiles and the variation on both on-road and road side traffic lines imply that vehicles are the main source of traffic air pollution. (who.int)
- Urban air pollutant as measured by pollution in Ethiopia. (who.int)
- The present study focused on the exploration of the level, inventories from world wide mega cities indicated that temporal, spatial variations of traffic air pollution as urban air pollution due to vehicular emissions is evident measured by CO in selected air sampling sites along the in developing countries (5). (who.int)
- was used as a cutoff for measuring traffic air pollution in The City had annual rainfall of 1175.8mm rainfall. (who.int)
- Air pollution in the United States poses a public health threat affecting potentially millions of people throughout the country. (cdc.gov)
- At a basic level, they let us know how clean or polluted the air is, help us track progress in reducing air pollution, and inform the public about air quality in their communities. (cdc.gov)
- CDC works closely with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), and the National Weather Service to provide air quality data on the Tracking Network and to better understand how air pollution affects our health. (cdc.gov)
- After careful study, EPA and CDC found that air pollution modeled predictions are very similar to actual monitor data in areas where the two can be compared. (cdc.gov)
- To calculate these data, CDC is using EPA's BenMAP with modeled air data for fine particulates, death data from CDC's National Center for Health Statistics , population data from the U.S. Census Bureau , and information from scientific literature about the relationship between change in air pollution and how that influences health effects. (cdc.gov)
- The forecasts included in this indicator can help decision-makers and other stakeholders anticipate harmful air pollution exposures several days in advance. (cdc.gov)
Concentrations8
- Dr Nicola Carslaw (York) is coordinating a team of researchers on a project which aims to measure the concentrations of key chemical and biological pollutants indoors, many of which have only previously been inferred by modelling studies. (whiterose.ac.uk)
- These concentrations will then be compared to those in a new and old building, as building practices (i.e. ventilation rates, materials) affect pollutant concentrations. (whiterose.ac.uk)
- Assessment of the direct toxicity to air pollutants is generally assessed by comparing measured pollutant air concentrations with "critical levels", which are set for a range of air pollutants. (apis.ac.uk)
- Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. (biomedcentral.com)
- For IHD, higher SO 2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO 2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations. (biomedcentral.com)
- The guidelines aim at the assessment of health hazards specific to each of these pollutants independently, and recommend that the air people breathe contains EACH of the pollutants in concentrations lower that the guideline level. (cleanair.london)
- Average exposure concentrations of HMHAPs were obtained from the 2005 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment and categorized into quintiles. (bvsalud.org)
Particles4
- They can trap most of the particles in your air. (sandium.com)
- Smog is an air pollutant that is a mixture of fog, smoke, and dust particles. (homeoflearning.in)
- PM2.5 particles are air pollutants with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometers. (cdc.gov)
- Wildfire smoke can affect people even if they are not near the fire source, due to exposure to particles of PM 2.5 , which are inhalable air pollutants with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 microns. (cdc.gov)
20161
- A 2017 update to a 2016 background paper prepared by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) for the CCAC Science Policy Dialogue in Washington DC, March 31, 2016. (ccacoalition.org)
Atmospheric pollutants1
- In the African region, the population lives in cities that already exceeded the 2005 WHO AQGs, and data released by WHO in 2018 show that the health burden attributable to exposure to atmospheric pollutants is serious. (who.int)
Airborne pollutants2
- These systems work with your heating and cooling system to trap and eliminate dirt, debris, and airborne pollutants from the air as it is being conditioned. (lakesideac.com)
- Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of many airborne pollutants emitted by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). (cdc.gov)
Concentration2
- This also means that achievement of the guideline level for one pollutant should NOT be done with an increase of other pollutant concentration above its guideline level. (cleanair.london)
- In some areas, the modeled data underestimates or overestimates the air pollutant concentration levels when compared to the Air Quality System (AQS) monitoring data. (cdc.gov)
Emissions data2
- The Air Pollutant Report presents ten years of EPA air emissions data from the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) , Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program , Toxics Release Inventory , and Clean Air Markets Programs for a selected facility. (epa.gov)
- By consolidating emissions data from four different EPA programs into one report, the Air Pollutant Report provides a single source for users looking to understand a facility's full suite of pollutants and the range of possible emissions associated with a given pollutant depending on the emissions program. (epa.gov)
19991
- Martoma witnessed that they have download Organic indoor air pollutants: occurrence, measurement, evaluation 1999 after details of the American Academy of Neurology. (congelasma.de)
Dusts1
- The mixing of gases and dusts with ventilating air, and dispersion of these pollutants in mine airways, are important flow or transfer problems. (cdc.gov)
Wildfire smoke1
- Exposure to air pollutants in wildfire smoke can irritate the lungs, cause inflammation, alter immune function, and increase susceptibility to respiratory infections, likely including COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
Irritate1
- The quality of the air that we breathe can drastically affect health-be it bringing in pollutants that irritate the respiratory system, or bacterias that can cause great damage to our overall health. (tripointrefrigeration.com)
Particulate3
- The monetized benefits from one of the pollutants being directly regulated (i.e., mercury) were significantly lower than the estimated costs of the rule, and the quantified benefits in the regulatory impact analysis outweighed the costs because of the benefits from reductions in ambient fine particulate matter,' officials wrote. (eenews.net)
- Ricardo is working with Defra to develop a scenario modelling tool (SMT) that enables policy makers to investigate the impact of different emissions reduction policy interventions on key air pollutants (ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter (PM2.5/PM10), sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds) and three of the main greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide). (ricardo.com)
- The Outdoor Air Quality - Fine Particulate Matter data available on CDC WONDER are geographically aggregated daily measures of fine particulate matter in the outdoor air, spanning the years 2003-2011. (cdc.gov)
Pollen2
- As the warming month of May causes flowers to bloom and trees, shrubs and all types of plants to release large amounts of pollen into the air, allergy sufferers recognize this as the height of the allergy season in many places. (emsl.com)
- Natural pollutants such as pollen grains and bacteria . (homeoflearning.in)
Combustion6
- What Are Combustion Pollutants? (lakesideac.com)
- Combustion pollutants are created when fuels are burned. (lakesideac.com)
- Indoor sources of combustion pollutants exacerbate the problem. (lakesideac.com)
- Fortunately, there are ways to improve indoor air quality by eliminating combustion pollutants from your home. (lakesideac.com)
- For more information about keeping your home free from combustion pollutants, check out Lakeside Heating & Air Conditioning's indoor air quality solutions or call (704) 285-1070. (lakesideac.com)
- Other potential sources of indoor air pollutants include cooking or combustion sources (e.g., kerosene, coal, wood, animal dung). (cdc.gov)
20213
- On 22 September 2021 WHO updated the Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs). (who.int)
- In this context, the 2021 WHO AQGs are a set of evidence-informed recommendations for specific air pollutants developed to help countries achieve air quality that protects public health. (who.int)
- As part of the capacity-building activities on air quality and health, WHO will host a virtual session on 02 November 2021 from 10:00 am - 11:15 am (Ghana time) to inform key actors and the public on the 2021 WHO AQGs. (who.int)
20001
- ATSDR reviewed outdoor air data gathered in 2000 and 2001 from several locations in the West Louisville area and screened more than 175 chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Gases1
- The chemicals used in construction materials and household objects can release irritating and possibly dangerous gases into the air in your home through a process called out-gassing. (sandium.com)
Exposure to air1
- Also, you can reduce exposure to air pollutants in the home, such as second-hand smoke, and people who are exposed to dust, chemicals, or fumes at work should always use the proper protective equipment. (cdc.gov)
Owning an air purifier1
- If you commonly find yourself suffering from allergy symptoms in your home, you could benefit from owning an air purifier. (sandium.com)
Symptoms2
- Are Outdoor Pollens or Indoor Air Quality Pollutants Causing Your Allergy Symptoms? (emsl.com)
- Classic symptoms of direct pollutant toxicity include leaf tip damage and speckly lesions, as well as decreasing in the vitality and loss of sensitive species, such as lichens. (apis.ac.uk)
Ventilation1
- In order to be able to design an adequate mine ventilation system it is necessary to understand how pollutant masses disperse into turbulent ventilation air streams. (cdc.gov)
Respiratory2
Amounts2
- Differences in pollutant amounts across data programs could be a function of those differing requirements. (epa.gov)
- ATSDR recommends that air pollutants in the Rubbertown industrial area be tracked to ensure chemical levels remain below amounts that can cause harmful noncancer health effects. (cdc.gov)
Toxics Assessment1
- Data from EPA's National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment ( NATA ) are used to develop the air toxics indicators for the Tracking Network. (cdc.gov)
Filters1
- Most ionic air filters release ozone into the air as a byproduct of the air purification process. (sandium.com)
Levels5
- The EPA has identified six pollutants as "criteria" air pollutants because it regulates them by developing human health-based and/or environmentally-based criteria (science-based guidelines) for setting permissible levels. (cdc.gov)
- With an air quality monitor, you can see the exact levels of pollutants which will allow you to address the issue in the appropriate manner. (tripointrefrigeration.com)
- The guidelines recommend new air quality levels to protect the health of populations by reducing levels of key air pollutants, some of which also contribute to climate change. (who.int)
- Wildfires produce high volumes of smoke each year, leading to unhealthy air quality levels, sometimes hundreds of miles away from the fire. (cdc.gov)
- Counseling patients on protective measures, including being aware of current and predicted air quality levels, staying indoors, using air filtration , and using properly fitted N95 respirators when outdoors is also important for mitigating adverse effects. (cdc.gov)
Harmful2
- Air purifiers have become a common household solution to removing harmful and irritating allergens and pollutants from the indoor air that you breath. (sandium.com)
- The report also finds long term exposure to chemicals in the air in the industrial area, individually and in combination, is unlikely to cause harmful noncancer health effects. (cdc.gov)
Estimates2
- Where the same pollutant exists in multiple programs, the Air Pollutant Report will list each program's emissions estimates. (epa.gov)
- The latest estimates of pollutant emissions to air in the UK (1970 - 2002), together with an overview of the major sources trends. (beis.gov.uk)
Dust1
- Dust masks, surgical masks, and bandanas offer limited protection against severely polluted air. (cdc.gov)
Breathe2
- If we've learned anything in the past three years, it's that the air we breathe is as important as any other health concern. (tripointrefrigeration.com)
- It's not all bad news, though- there are many things you can do to better the quality of the air that you breathe inside your home as we lay out in one of our most popular posts! (tripointrefrigeration.com)
Substance1
- Due to the small fibrils that are released into the air when the substance is under stress or agitated, breathing in these microscopic shards can severely damage the lungs. (tripointrefrigeration.com)
PM2.51
- Two sources of environmental data were used as input to the surfacing algorithm, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality System (AQS) PM2.5 in-situ data and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth remotely sensed data. (cdc.gov)
AirNow2
Filtration1
- Learn why eco-friendly buses equipped with commercial air filtration systems are being used as solutions to maintain good indoor air quality. (camfil.us)
Data4
- Ricardo's team includes data scientists, software developers and air quality experts who have in-depth experience of emission inventory development and air quality modelling in the UK, Europe and beyond. (ricardo.com)
- a total of 80 road side and 24 on-road daily traffic air samples during wet and dry seasons of 2007 and 2008, respectively, were taken using CO data logger. (who.int)
- The Tracking Network hosts and uses data from some of these sources to help paint a more complete picture of air quality in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Therefore, the best way to use modeled air data is in conjunction with actual monitoring data. (cdc.gov)
Include1
- Killing germs and bacteria can be accomplished using air filter systems that include and ultraviolet light. (sandium.com)
Impacts2
- The diverse skills of our team enabled us to create a scientifically robust, intuitive and technologically secure evidence platform for Defra to investigate the future impacts of policies and technologies on air quality. (ricardo.com)
- In principle, direct toxicity of air pollutants may be manifest in terms of different impacts to the indirect long-term effects. (apis.ac.uk)
Allergy sufferers1
- Many allergy sufferers swear by the effectiveness of ionic air purifiers. (sandium.com)
Asbestos1
- When under abrasion, asbestos will release microscopic fibrils into the air. (tripointrefrigeration.com)
Atmosphere1
- accumulated doses by deposition of pollutants from the atmosphere ( indirect effects ). (apis.ac.uk)
Efforts1
- ATSDR supports these efforts to improve air quality in the Rubbertown area. (cdc.gov)
Content1
- The purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss the Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) relevant content in the NDCs that have been submitted to the UNFCCC. (ccacoalition.org)
Types2
- Also, certain types of air quality benefits are harder to quantify and always have been. (eenews.net)
- There are 3 types of air pollutants. (homeoflearning.in)
Health effects1
- Indoor air pollutants : exposure and health effects, report on a WHO meeting, Nördlingen, 8-11 June 1982. (who.int)
Inflammation1
- Dry air may worsen inflammation, so the use of humidified oxygen or a room humidifier is recommended. (medscape.com)
Eliminate2
- Pinpointing the source of pollutants and taking steps to eliminate them from your home is the best way to improve indoor air quality and prevent your family from experiencing the negative consequences of dirty air. (lakesideac.com)
- The casinos should also eliminate smoking near building entrances and air intakes to prevent tobacco smoke from entering the work environment. (cdc.gov)
Source2
Outdoor1
- Federal, state, local, and tribal air agencies operate and maintain a wide variety of outdoor air monitoring systems across the United States. (cdc.gov)