Aids related opportunistic infections. Medical search

An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.

Exuberant inflammatory response towards previously undiagnosed or incubating opportunistic pathogens. It is frequently seen in AIDS patients following HAART.

A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.

Reproducible depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent.

A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)

Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)

Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.

B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.

A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Infection with a fungus of the species CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS.

Infections with FUNGI of the phylum MICROSPORIDIA.

A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)

Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting humans and causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA. It also occasionally causes extrapulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients. Its former name was Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.

Infections with bacteria of the genus NOCARDIA.

Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.

Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.

Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).

The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.

A genus of ascomycetous FUNGI, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales. It includes various host-specific species causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in humans and other MAMMALS.

Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek.

An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.

An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same SEX.

A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

The prototype species of PNEUMOCYSTIS infecting the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus (RATS). It was formerly called Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. Other species of Pneumocystis can also infect rats.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the West African green monkey and the Asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.

Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.

Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.

A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.

Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.

This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.

A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.

Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order Mucorales (e.g., Absidia, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.) There are many clinical types associated with infection of the central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an opportunistic infection in patients with a chronic debilitating disease, particularly uncontrolled diabetes, or who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; SPIROCHAETALES INFECTIONS; fungal infections; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; HELMINTHIASIS; and PRION DISEASES may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process.

Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than HIV infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).

Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.

An order of parasitic FUNGI found mostly in ARTHROPODS; FISHES; and in some VERTEBRATES including humans. It comprises two suborders: Pansporoblastina and APANSPOROBLASTINA.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.

A species of parasitic FUNGI. This intracellular parasite is found in the BRAIN; HEART; and KIDNEYS of several MAMMALS. Transmission is probably by ingestion of the spores (SPORES, FUNGAL).

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Infection with FUNGI of the genus ENCEPHALITOZOON. Lesions commonly occur in the BRAIN and KIDNEY tubules. Other sites of infection in MAMMALS are the LIVER; ADRENAL GLANDS; OPTIC NERVES; RETINA; and MYOCARDIUM.

Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.

A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)

The use of chemical compounds to prevent the development of a specific disease.

A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia.

The study of plant lore and agricultural customs of a people. In the fields of ETHNOMEDICINE and ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, the emphasis is on traditional medicine and the existence and medicinal uses of PLANTS and PLANT EXTRACTS and their constituents, both historically and in modern times.

Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.

A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.

Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.

Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.

Substances that are destructive to protozoans.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Postmortem examination of the body.

A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.

The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Emergency care or treatment given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured before full medical services become available.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).

The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.

A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man.

Drugs that are used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.

Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.

A species of the fungus CRYPTOCOCCUS. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella neoformans.

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

Formerly known as Siam, this is a Southeast Asian nation at the center of the Indochina peninsula. Bangkok is the capital city.

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.

Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.

Recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. These may be mandated by PL93-641 and issued by the Department of Health and Human Services for use by state and local planning agencies.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.

Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.

Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.

An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.

Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.

Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.

A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.

A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.

The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.

A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.

The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Serum containing GAMMA-GLOBULINS which are antibodies for lymphocyte ANTIGENS. It is used both as a test for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY and therapeutically in TRANSPLANTATION.

A characteristic symptom complex.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.

Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).

Persistent damage to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with persistent symptomatic relief, after combined furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. (1/2982)

AIM: To investigate morphological changes in Enterocytozoon bieneusi and the duration of symptomatic relief after combination treatment with furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. METHODS: Four severely immunocompromised AIDS patients with symptomatic E bieneusi infection of the gut received an 18 day course of combined furazolidone and albendazole (500 + 800 mg daily). All patients were monitored for parasite shedding in stool by light microscopy at the end of treatment and monthly during follow up. At the end of treatment, duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from three patients were studied by transmission electron microscopy by two pathologists blind to the patients' treatment or clinical outcome. Duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from one of the patients two months after completion of treatment were also studied electronmicroscopically. RESULTS: All patients had long lasting symptomatic relief, with a major decrease--or transient absence--of spore shedding in stools from completion of treatment. After treatment, changes in faecal spores were persistently found by light microscopy in all cases, and there was evidence of both a substantial decrease in the parasite load and ultrastructural damage in the parasite in all biopsy specimens. The treatment was well tolerated, and no patient had clinical or parasitological relapse during follow up (up to 15 months). CONCLUSIONS: The long lasting symptomatic relief observed in all four treated patients correlated with the persistent decrease in parasite load both in tissue and in stool, and with the morphological changes observed in the life cycle of the protozoan. These data suggest that combined treatment with furazolidone and albendazole is active against E bieneusi and may result in lasting remission even in severely immunocompromised patients. (+info)

Tuberculous meningitis in South African urban adults. (2/2982)

We retrospectively reviewed 56 adults with culture-proven tuberculous meningitis (TBM), investigating clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings and outcome. There were 50 patients, aged 18-59 years, 39 with and 11 without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Six were aged 60 years or older. Neurological signs of TBM in 18-59-year-olds were unaffected by HIV serostatus while, compared to those > or = 60 years of age, there were more patients with meningism (86.0% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.011) and fewer with seizures (12.0% vs. 50.0%; p = 0.046). The HIV-infected 18-59-year-olds had significantly more extrameningeal tuberculosis compared to the non-HIV-infected (76.9% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.0001) and 23.1% had 'breakthrough' TBM. CSF analysis revealed 12 patients (21.4%) with acellular fluid (more common in those > or = 60 years of age, p = 0.016), of whom three had completely normal CSF. A neutrophil predominance was found in 22 patients (39.3%). Only three patients (5.4%) had a positive CSF smear for acid-fast bacilli. In-hospital mortality occurred in 39 patients (69.1%), was similar in all study groups, and was not related to neurological stage. The diagnosis of TBM can be masked by lack of meningism in the elderly and by atypical CSF findings. (+info)

Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. (3/2982)

Genotyping at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear rRNA operon was performed on isolates of P. carinii sp. f. hominis from three clusters of P. carinii pneumonia among eight patients with haematological malignancies and six with HIV infection. Nine different ITS sequence types of P. carinii sp. f. hominis were identified in the samples from the patients with haematological malignancies, suggesting that this cluster of cases of P. carinii pneumonia was unlikely to have resulted from nosocomial transmission. A common ITS sequence type was observed in two of the patients with haematological malignancies who shared a hospital room, and also in two of the patients with HIV infection who had prolonged close contact on the ward. In contrast, different ITS sequence types were detected in samples from an HIV-infected homosexual couple who shared the same household. These data suggest that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii sp. f. hominis may occur from infected to susceptible immunosuppressed patients with close contact within hospital environments. However direct transmission between patients did not account for the majority of cases within the clusters, suggesting that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii sp. f. hominis infection may be a relatively infrequent event and does not constitute the major route of transmission in man. (+info)

Epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Texas. (4/2982)

During 1987-1996, over 22,000 tuberculosis cases were reported in Texas, at an average annual incidence rate of 12.5 cases per 100,000 population. Counties with the highest rates were located along the Mexico-Texas border and in northwestern Texas. Nine percent of cases were resistant to at least one of the five first-line antituberculosis drugs used for treatment. Almost 5 percent (4.6%) were resistant to isoniazid, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics; 2.3% were resistant to rifampin; and only 1.3% were resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin. Being a recurrent case, being foreign-born, being 20-39 years of age, and residing in a Mexico-Texas border county were independent risk factors for isoniazid resistance and rifampin resistance. Tuberculosis patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were more likely to have rifampin resistance and less likely to have isoniazid resistance than patients without HIV infection. Factors associated with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis included a history of previous tuberculosis (relative risk (RR) = 4.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5-6.8), non-US birth (RR = 2.69, 95% CI 2.1-3.5), age younger than 20 years (RR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.1-3.5), age 20-39 years (RR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), and residence in a Mexico-Texas border county (RR = 2.33, 95% CI 1.8-3.1). (+info)

Clinical experience and choice of drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease. (5/2982)

To determine if providers experienced in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease preferred different treatment regimens than providers with less experience, we analyzed data from a national survey of primary care providers' preferred regimens for the management of 30 HIV-related medical conditions. We mailed questionnaires to 999 correct addresses of providers in > 20 cities in the United States in May 1996. We received 524 responses (response rate, 52%). We found a statistically significant association between the number of HIV-infected patients cared for by the provider and the likelihood that the provider would report prescribing highly active antiretroviral therapy and multidrug combinations for treatment of opportunistic infections. Providers with few HIV-infected patients were substantially less likely to report using new therapeutic regimens or new diagnostic tools. We concluded that the preferred regimens of experienced providers are more likely to be consistent with the latest information on treatment for HIV disease than are those of less experienced providers. (+info)

Early mycological treatment failure in AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. (6/2982)

Cryptococcal meningitis causes significant morbidity and mortality in persons with AIDS. Of 236 AIDS patients treated with amphotericin B plus flucytosine, 29 (12%) died within 2 weeks and 62 (26%) died before 10 weeks. Just 129 (55%) of 236 patients were alive with negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures at 10 weeks. Multivariate analyses identified that titer of cryptococcal antigen in CSF, serum albumin level, and CD4 cell count, together with dose of amphotericin B, had the strongest joint association with failure to achieve negative CSF cultures by day 14. Among patients with similar CSF cryptococcal antigen titers, CD4 cell counts, and serum albumin levels, the odds of failure at week 10 for those without negative CSF cultures by day 14 was five times that for those with negative CSF cultures by day 14 (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-10.9). Prognosis is dismal for patients with AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis. Multivariate analyses identified three components that, along with initial treatment, have the strongest joint association with early outcome. Clearly, more effective initial therapy and patient management strategies that address immune function and nutritional status are needed to improve outcomes of this disease. (+info)

Issues in the treatment of active tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. (7/2982)

Most HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis can be treated satisfactorily with standard regimens with expectations of good results. Treatment of tuberculosis in these patients has been complicated by the introduction of HAART, which relies on drugs that interfere with the most potent class of antituberculous medications. Rifampin-free regimens or regimens that employ rifabutin may be acceptable strategies for patients who are receiving protease inhibitors, although these regimens have not been rigorously evaluated in patients with AIDS. At present, there is good reason to believe that a 6-month course of a rifabutin-containing regimen or a 9-12-month course of a regimen of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide should be adequate therapy for most patients with drug-susceptible disease. As the treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral agents evolves, the treatment of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS is likely to evolve as well. This will require careful coordination of antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapies. (+info)

Successful short-term suppression of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in AIDS. California Collaborative Treatment Group. (8/2982)

During a randomized study of clarithromycin plus clofazimine with or without ethambutol in patients with AIDS and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) bacteremia, eight participants received additional antimycobacterial drugs following the detection of a clarithromycin-resistant isolate (MIC, > 8 micrograms/mL). A macrolide (seven received clarithromycin, one azithromycin) and clofazimine were continued; additional treatment included various combinations of ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and rifabutin. After the detection of a resistant isolate and before receipt of additional antimycobacterials, the median peak MAC colony count in blood was 105 cfu/mL (range, 8-81,500 cfu/mL). After additional antimycobacterials, the median nadir MAC colony count was 5 cfu/mL (range, 0-110 cfu/mL). Five (63%) of eight patients had a > or = 1 log10 decrease, including two who achieved negative blood cultures; all of these responses occurred in patients originally assigned to clarithromycin plus clofazimine. Treatment of clarithromycin-resistant MAC bacteremia that emerges during clarithromycin-based treatment can decrease levels of bacteremia and transiently sterilize blood cultures. (+info)

"AIDS Related Opportunistic Infections Report, 1998". Treatment Action Group. Retrieved 2020-03-14. v t e (Chem-molar-mass both ... "A Study of Lobucavir in Patients With AIDS - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-14. ... Lobucavir has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against herpesvirus, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and human cytomegalovirus. ... HIV/AIDS and cytomegalovirus. It initially demonstrated positive results in human clinical trials against hepatitis B with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobucavir

... organism is endemic to southeast Asia where it is an important cause of opportunistic infections in those with HIV/AIDS-related ... of patients in Hong Kong get talaromycosis as an AIDS-related illness. Cases of T. marneffei human infections (talaromycosis) ... An increase in global travel and migration means it will be of increased importance as an infection in AIDS sufferers. ... Lo Y, Tintelnot K, Lippert U, Hoppe T (2000). "Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in an African AIDS patient". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei

AIDS-related encephalomyelitis, caused by opportunistic Human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. Chronic ... MD Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV‐III infection Neurology April 1987 vol. 37 no. 4 562 doi:10.1212 ... possibly triggered by viral infection. Encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis. AntiMOG associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalomyelitis

Because of this, opportunistic infections are a leading cause of HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Since opportunistic infections can ... December 1999). "AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss ... As immune function declines and HIV-infection progresses to AIDS, individuals are at an increased risk of opportunistic ... An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection

He then returned to his native Zambia to work on AIDS-related opportunistic infections at the University Teaching Hospital in ... HIV/AIDS, tropical diseases, respiratory infections (and rapid diagnostics thereof), endocarditis, biomarkers, and transrenal ... with a special interest in HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections (including COVID-19 and Tuberculosis), and diseases of poverty. He ... "Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): A double-blind ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimuddin_Zumla

... preclinical data on small molecules with potential therapeutic action against HIV/AIDS and related opportunistic infections. ... The ChemDB HIV, Opportunistic Infection and Tuberculosis Therapeutics Database is a publicly available tool developed by the ... Databases & Open Chemistry". The NIAID ChemDB HIV/AIDS Database. "Division of AIDS Anti-HIV/OI/TB Therapeutics Database". User ... "Division of AIDS Anti-HIV/OI/TB Therapeutics Database". National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIAID_ChemDB

... and prevention of HIV infection, AIDS, and AIDS-related opportunistic infections. The FDA also works with the blood banking ... NCI) When a point of view prevents impartial judgment on issues relating to the subject of that point of view. In clinical ... ICH E9) Monitoring Report A written report from the monitor to the sponsor after each site visit and/or other trial-related ... A patient advocate helps resolve issues about health care, medical bills, and job discrimination related to a patient's medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research

... an AIDS-related opportunistic infection four months after taking ill, on 18 January 1993 at his home in Philadelphia. He was ... Although he was never formally diagnosed with AIDS, Burgess took ill soon after Labor Day in 1992. It was then that he was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Burgess_(producer)

... considered an opportunistic fungal pathogen of immunocompromised individuals and has been reported in AIDS-related infections. ... It has also been reported in AIDS-related infections. The fungus exists predominantly in the asexual state as a unicellular, ... Clinical infections due to Sporobolomyces salmonicolor are rare and there are currently no standard therapies for infection. ... Workers in these settings should consider the proper use of masks to avoid infection. If individuals show atopic symptoms, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporidiobolus_salmonicolor

... opportunistic infections AIDS-related lymphoma or metastasis of other AIDS-related cancers direct effects of HIV in the brain ... Children with AIDS appear to have neurological diseases as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. In HIV-1 infected newborn and ... HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is not a true opportunistic infection; it is one of the few conditions caused directly by HIV ... HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are neurological disorders associated with HIV infection and AIDS. It is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder

"Foundation for Integrative AIDS Research Report on the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February ... Broad-Spectrum Micronutrient Supplementation in HIV-infected Patients With Dideoxynucleoside-related Peripheral Neuropathy: A ... medical strategies to prevent new HIV infections and better treatments for people living with HIV/AIDS. From 1989 to 2015, ARAA ... The University Wide AIDS Research Program [the University of California], the Division of AIDS [NIH], Until There is a Cure, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Research_Alliance

Opportunistic pathogen. Clinically indistinguishable from generalised infections in patients with AIDS due to M. avium complex ... Closely related to M. simiae by evaluation of 16S rDNA sequences. ... strains, but more related to gastro-intestinal disorders. Most common cause of mycobacterial disease in parrots and parakeets. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_genavense

... focal infection, dental MeSH C01.539.597.050 - aids-related opportunistic infections MeSH C01.539.597.880 - superinfection MeSH ... bacteroides infections MeSH C01.252.400.126 - bartonellaceae infections MeSH C01.252.400.126.100 - bartonella infections MeSH ... moraxellaceae infections MeSH C01.252.400.560.022 - acinetobacter infections MeSH C01.252.400.610 - mycoplasmatales infections ... salmonella infections, animal MeSH C01.252.400.310.821.873 - typhoid fever MeSH C01.252.400.310.850 - serratia infections MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C01)

... playing a major role in setting standards of care for HIV infection and opportunistic diseases related to HIV and AIDS in the ... for many opportunistic infections and malignancies. In 1986, the original AIDS Treatment and Evaluation Units were established ... The AIDS Clinical Trials Group network (ACTG) is one of the largest HIV clinical trials organizations in the world, ... In 1987, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) was established by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group

... aids dementia complex MeSH C20.673.480.080 - aids-related complex MeSH C20.673.480.100 - aids-related opportunistic infections ... aids-related MeSH C20.683.515.761.480.150.570 - lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MeSH C20.683.515.761.480.150.700 - ... aids arteritis, central nervous system MeSH C20.673.480.050 - aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C20.673.480.070 - ... htlv-i infections MeSH C20.673.483.470.300 - leukemia-lymphoma, t-cell, acute, htlv-i-associated MeSH C20.673.483.480 - htlv-ii ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C20)

... opportunistic infections and generalized lymphadenopathy.[citation needed] "Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex ... AIDS-related complex (ARC) was introduced after discovery of the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) when the medical community ... AIDS). The necessity for doctors to quickly and accurately understand the specific needs of unknown patients with AIDS in an ... ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS-related_complex

... and opportunistic infections in AIDS, but lowered risk for cancers. It is also associated with membranous glomerulonephritis ... Mann DL, Murray C, O'Donnell M, Blattner WA, Goedert JJ (1990). "HLA antigen frequencies in HIV-1-related Kaposi's sarcoma". J ... AIDS) patients with opportunistic infections". Hum. Immunol. 11 (2): 99-103. doi:10.1016/0198-8859(84)90048-X. PMID 6333416. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DR3

... different results in most cases people infected with HIV go on to develop AIDS and ultimately die of opportunistic infections ... which is most commonly a result of an infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two closely related types of HIV ... In this process HIV-1 integrase is essential and therefore a very promising target for anti-AIDS drug design. Selective drug ... Dubey, S; Satyanarayana, YD; Lavania, H (Sep 2007). "Development of integrase inhibitors for treatment of AIDS: an overview". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_integrase_inhibitors

Maggiore herself died in December 2008 from AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Eighteen scientists interviewed in the film ... The film also interviews Christine Maggiore, a prominent AIDS denialist who later died following AIDS-related conditions. Leung ... Maggiore's daughter died in September 2005 of AIDS-related infections, although Maggiore rejected the cause of death and argued ... Rather, she believed that the medication itself caused AIDS. Maggiore's relative health, despite years of infection, is used by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Numbers:_Anatomy_of_an_Epidemic

She developed opportunistic infections including tuberculosis and meningitis, as a result of which she became blind and deaf in ... and it was from him that she learned that her mother had died due to HIV/AIDS related illness, and that she herself had ... HIV/AIDS activists, 21st-century Zambian women, Year of birth missing (living people), People with HIV/AIDS, People from Lusaka ... After discovering her health status as being HIV positive, Sampa began to advocate for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Sampa was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsofwa_Petronella_Sampa

HIV-related cardiomyopathy is often not associated with any specific opportunistic infection, and approximately 40% of patients ... AIDS 2003;17:Suppl 1:S46-50. Barbarini G, Barbaro G. Incidence of the involvement of the cardiovascular system in HIV infection ... Toxoplasma gondii is the most common opportunistic infectious agent associated with myocarditis in AIDS occurring in 12% of ... AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14:1071-7. Klatt EC. Cardiovascular pathology in AIDS. Adv Cardiol 2003;40:23-48. Barbaro et.al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_associated_cardiomyopathy

... and that anti-HIV medication decreases mortality and opportunistic infection in people with AIDS. In the 9 December 1994 issue ... Use of potent anti-HIV combination therapies has contributed to dramatic reductions in the incidence of AIDS and AIDS-related ... 2005). "HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Senegal". AIDS. 19 (18): 2133-40. ... HIV/AIDS denialism Inventing the AIDS Virus Duesberg P, Koehnlein C, Rasnick D (2003). "The chemical bases of the various AIDS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesberg_hypothesis

... allowing for potentially fatal opportunistic infections. Initially, the researchers termed the disease Gay-Related Immune ... AIDS) as a new disease, and for his HIV/AIDS research, HIV/AIDS activism, and philanthropic efforts associated with HIV/AIDS ... He served on the boards of AIDS Project Los Angeles (APLA), the Pasadena AIDS Services Center and the Global AIDS Interfaith ... "HIV/AIDS - the discovery of an unknown, deadly virus", Infectious Disease News, June 1, 2006 "Dr. Joel D. Weisman dies at 66; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Gottlieb

... aids-related complex MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.100 - aids-related opportunistic infections MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.400 - hiv- ... aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C02.800.801.400.070 - aids dementia complex MeSH C02.800.801.400.080 - aids-related complex ... hiv infections MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.040 - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.048 - aids arteritis ... hiv infections MeSH C02.800.801.400.040 - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C02.800.801.400.048 - aids arteritis, central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C02)

Other researches focusing on the prevalence of different diseases or opportunistic infections and nutritional status[citation ... Studies that aim to assess pregnancy-related conditions and diseases were among maternal health-related researches. The support ... Since then, the focus of the NLM changed to training medical specialists in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, construction of training ... "Prevalence of Opportunistic Intestinal Parasites and Associated Factors among HIV Patients while Receiving ART at Arba Minch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba_Minch_General_Hospital

Coffin was programme committee chair for the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in 2011. Coffin ... Coffin's HIV/AIDS research reflects his interests in molecular biology, virus-host relationships, pathogenesis and viral ... He has advised policy committees at the national level regarding retrovirus-related matters. ... HIV/AIDS researchers, Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, Fellows of the American Academy of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coffin_(scientist)

Death results from opportunistic infections secondary to disruption of the immune system caused by AIDS. Some viral virulence ... Ewald Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli Virulence factor Antivirulence Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virulence. ... They determine whether infection occurs and how severe the resulting viral disease symptoms are. Viruses often require receptor ... Virulent viruses such as HIV, which causes AIDS, have mechanisms for evading host defenses. HIV infects T-helper cells, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence

... and treatment of opportunistic infections. Her other area of interest is in medical education related to continuing education ... Anita Rachlis, M.D. is a Canadian HIV/AIDS researcher and is the principal author of the HIV treatment guidelines in Canada. ... Her research interests are in the care and treatment of patients with HIV infection. She has been involved in clinical research ... "Ministerial Advisory Council on the Federal Initiative to Address HIV/AIDS in Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Rachlis

In 2013, TASO rolled out services in the treatment and diagnosis of other opportunistic infections such as cervical cancer and ... to support AIDS Service Organisations in Sub Saharan Africa to build their capacity in offering HIV related services.) SCOT[ ... Facts about HIV infection and disease. Kampala: TASO Uganda. 1995. Janie Hampton (1991). Living Positively with AIDS (Revised ... AIDS Control Programme, TASO, UNICEF, WHO (March 1991). Living with AIDS in the Community. A book to help people make the best ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_AIDS_Support_Organization

... is described as an opportunistic infection in severe immunodeficiency, as in AIDS. But human infection are ... It is related to Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, and to Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. It is commonly found in the ... "Subcutaneous Taenia crassiceps infection in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75 (1): 108-11. doi: ... and some with intraocular infections. Rodents are natural intermediate hosts, and they harbor the cyst-like larvae ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia_crassiceps

... an emergent opportunistic yeast with reduced susceptibility to antifungals". Emerging Microbes & Infections. 7 (1): 24. doi: ... Candida blankii has been tested as an aid for the degradation of hemicellulose hydrolycates. C. blankii "cultivated on a ... which is related to Cellulosic ethanol (i.e., ethanol production). This yeast is one of several studied extensively for use in ... Azole-resistant Candida blankii as a newly recognized cause of bloodstream infection". New Microbes and New Infections. 26: 25- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_blankii

As it is highly preventable and many risk factor are related to our lifestyle like; smoking, obesity, unhealthy diet, etc. So, ... A large section of the population, particularly those living in rural poverty, are at risk of infection and mortality by ... The goal 3.3 within the goal 3 of Sustainable Development Goals states "end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and ... africanum and occasionally by opportunistic Mycobacteria which are: M. Kansaii, M. malmoense, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M. xenopi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Nepal

This change usually constitutes an opportunistic infection by normally harmless micro-organisms because of local (i.e., mucosal ... and this helps prevent recurrence of candidal infections. Patients who are immunocompromised, either with HIV/AIDS or as a ... Candida is associated with about 90% of cases of denture related stomatitis. This is an elliptical or rhomboid lesion in the ... The host defenses against opportunistic infection of candida species are The oral epithelium, which acts both as a physical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

ANUG is an opportunistic infection that occurs on a background of impaired local or systemic host defenses. The predisposing ... NYS Department of Health AIDS Institute. "Clinical Manifestations and Management of HIV-Related Periodontal Disease". Oral ... viral respiratory infections and immune defects, such as in HIV/AIDS. Uncommon, except in lower socioeconomic classes, this ... Untreated, the infection may lead to rapid destruction of the periodontium and can spread, as necrotizing stomatitis or noma, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_necrotizing_ulcerative_gingivitis

DR1 and DR2 Fic motifs aid in cell infection by transmigration by causing retraction of respiratory cells. H. somni has the ... Genomic studies related to this bacteria have enabled scientist to pin point antibiotic resistance genes. Histophilus somni is ... Histophilus somni can be characterized as an opportunistic pathogen and successful disease can be established because of poor ... The goal is to reduce the onset of BRD or other clinical presentations of H. somni infections. Like other bacterial infections ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histophilus_somni

Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) can cause a related salivary gland ... Oral candidiasis - A loss of the antimicrobial actions of saliva may also lead to opportunistic infection with Candida species ... Physiologic age-related changes in salivary gland tissues may lead to a modest reduction in salivary output and partially ... Xerostomia may be a consequence of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a rare cause of salivary gland dysfunction may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia

Gay-related films, HBO Films films, HIV/AIDS in American films, HIV/AIDS in television, LGBT-related films based on actual ... Dale Lawrence, a member of the CDC's Task Force on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections Neal Ben-Ari as Dr. Tom Spira ... Don Francis, an epidemiologist, HIV/AIDS researcher, and one of the first scientists to suggest that AIDS was caused by an ... an investigator of the HIV/AIDS epidemic for the CDC Donal Logue as Bobbi Campbell, an AIDS activist B. D. Wong as Kico ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On_(film)

... and is an important opportunistic pathogen in people immunocompromised by HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, or CD4+ T-lymphocyte ... The unidentified infection of these pigs amplified the force of infection, transmitting the virus to farmers, and eventually ... ISBN 978-0-393-34661-9. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zoonoses. Look up zoonosis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Close contact with cattle can lead to cutaneous anthrax infection, whereas inhalation anthrax infection is more common for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis

... a common opportunistic infection of AIDS. But at the end of the day, his immune system was compromised." Pictures, Twin Palms, ... AIDS-related deaths in California, Album-cover and concert-poster artists, American erotic photographers, American music video ... Signorile, Michelangelo (January 22, 2001). "Ritts Coverage: Don't Hide the AIDS Truths". windycitymediagroup.com. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Ritts

Outside the US, however, diagnosis with a listed opportunistic infection is still required.[citation needed] It has been ... HIV-related) Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (for more than 1 month); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis ... AIDS-defining clinical conditions (also known as AIDS-defining illnesses or AIDS-defining diseases) is the list of diseases ... and used worldwide as a guideline for AIDS diagnosis. CDC exclusively uses the term AIDS-defining clinical conditions, but the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2014 Chicago Bears season. Official website Chicago Bears Report at ESPN Chicago Chicago ... Fishbain, Kevin (September 22, 2014). "Notebook: Opportunistic Bears take 'W' from Jets". Chicago Football. Retrieved September ... the score was aided by a roughing the punter while the Bears were punting on fourth-and-23. In the fourth quarter, Prater's 37- ... Kyle Long missed the seven practices due to a viral infection. Chris Conte and Craig Steltz did not participate on the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Chicago_Bears_season

Bacteria found in the gut may be related to colon cancer but may be more complicated due to the role of chemoprotective ... Watanabe T, Tada M, Nagai H, Sasaki S, Nakao M (September 1998). "Helicobacter pylori infection induces gastric cancer in ... While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer ... determination of actinomycin in urine and cultures as an aid to diagnosis and prognosis". Journal of the American Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria

... and reduced resistance to disease led to death by opportunistic infections. Second, the social disruption and dismal conditions ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1943 Bengal famine. Wikiquote has quotations related to Bengal famine of 1943. Bengal ... To aid food purchases in the rest of India, the Indian government placed price controls on Punjabi wheat. The response was ... A related argument, present since the days of the famine but expressed at length by Madhusree Mukerjee, accuses key figures in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943

... see opportunistic infection). In macrobiology, opportunist behaviour by an organism generally means that it is able to seize ... Sometimes expectations of behavior are made explicit by the organization with the aid of formal rules communicated to members. ... In this context, the spiritual opportunist may engage in various actions, themselves not directly related to the spiritual ... see also opportunistic pathogens, opportunistic predation, phoresis, and parasitism). In microbiology, opportunism refers to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunism

... of an occult opportunistic infection. The second is the "paradoxical" symptomatic relapse of a prior infection despite ... HIV/AIDS, Immune system disorders, Virus-related cutaneous conditions, Syndromes). ... Not only does this make it more difficult to fight the infection, it may mean that a level of infection that would normally ... acquired opportunistic infection with an overwhelming inflammatory response that paradoxically makes the symptoms of infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_reconstitution_inflammatory_syndrome

There have been cases of Serratia non-human animal infections. One case of a non-nosocomial infection in animals was found in ... Several species related to Serratia have also been identified on Smyrna figs and its fig wasps. Only one species of Serratia, S ... Endonucleases, such as DNAse, may aid in scavenging activity, allowing them to exploit the environment and maximize ... S. marcescens and S. proteamaculans are considered to be opportunistic plant pathogens. S. marcescens causes cucurbit yellow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia

This severe infection may occur regardless of whether the infection began from contaminated food or an open wound. Among ... The capsule also aids the bacteria in escaping opsonization. Different strains of the bacteria are capable of shifting through ... Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, V. vulnificus is related to V. cholerae, ... Baker-Austin, Craig; Oliver, James D. (February 2018). "Vibrio vulnificus: new insights into a deadly opportunistic pathogen". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ron DeSantis. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ron DeSantis. Official Florida ... He also asked for federal aid ahead of time. On October 5, after Ian deserted Florida, President Joe Biden arrived in Florida ... "opportunistic activists" at the expense of "illegal immigrants". In March 2020, DeSantis decided against declaring a state of ... setting a new daily case record on July 30 and accounting for around 1 in 5 new infections in the country. Amid the resurgence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_DeSantis

People with chronic maladies, including cancer and diabetes, are also especially susceptible to infection. These opportunistic ... The M-protein aids in immune evasion by inhibiting phagocytosis and inactivating the complement system. Furthermore, ... Equi (horse) similis (like) infers similarity to the closely related species, Streptococcus equi. Streptococcus dysgalactiae ... Less commonly it can present as pneumonia, endocarditis, genital or intra-abdominal infections. Primary bacteraemia, infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae

It also revealed a very atypical immune response to the infection. Unlike modern reptilians where solid fibrous masses are ... This combination of characteristics aided in determining that P. lutugini was indeed a species of Prognathodon, since some ... Prognathodon overtoni, likely similar in ecology to other species of the genus, was thus likely an opportunistic predator ... Russell (1967) retained Prognathodon within the Plioplatecarpinae, but erected a tribe for the genus and the related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognathodon

... of relapse compared to topical glucocorticoid treatment and may be associated with a higher rate of opportunistic infection. ... Those peptides expressing a drug-related, non-self epitope on their HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DM, HLA-DO, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, or HLA ... New strategies are in use or development to screen individuals at risk for DRESS to aid them in avoiding medications that ... The drug or metabolite covalently binds with a host protein to form a non-self, drug-related epitope. An antigen-presenting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_reaction_with_eosinophilia_and_systemic_symptoms

A phosphorothioate antisense drug named fomivirsen has been introduced, used to treat opportunistic eye infections in AIDS ... Akay S, Karasu Z (November 2008). "Hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV-related liver transplantation". Expert Opin Biol Ther ( ... Bai J, Rossi J, Akkina R (March 2001). "Multivalent anti-CCR ribozymes for stem cell-based HIV type 1 gene therapy". AIDS Res. ... Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug

It can cause infections as innocuous as yeast infections or thrush and it can cause infections as serious as systemic ... This specific type of commensal/pathogen hybrid is called an opportunistic pathogen. Not all commensals are opportunistic ... However, if a person is in chemo therapy or has HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system (thus compromising it), Candida ... Genetic differences between the four groups revealed significant findings related to virulence. The authors saw that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_adaptation

and flew to Haiti on an AIDS-related project. She completed her psychiatry residency at the New York State Psychiatric ... for summer research placement in Haiti at the Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Y._Collins

Record numbers of infections and daily deaths were recorded in the UK throughout January, and the government began exploring ... The defence secretary Ben Wallace said on 25 April that the UK had provided £200m in military aid to Ukraine. On 3 May, Johnson ... "Mummy found in Basel church is related to Boris Johnson". swissinfo.ch. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 ... "opportunistic - some might say pragmatic - approach to politics". During his tenure as London Mayor, Johnson gained a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson

Biofilm formation plays a major role in the infection rates of C. freundii demonstrating different modes of infection that ... Toxigenic C. freundii appears to be rare, and its main influence on human health is as an opportunistic pathogen. As such, C. ... These antioxidant properties are related to many different physical and chemical properties. C. freundii can also have a ... freundii strains are shown to create strong biofilms which aid in the persistence of this strain in hospital-like environments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii

... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. ... Meeting on the Revised Regional Framework on TB-HIV Co-Infection, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 18-21 February 2008 ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/197911/browse?authority=AIDS-Related+Opportunistic+Infections&type=mesh

Browsing by Subject "AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U ... Fight AIDS, fight TB, fight now : [‎TB/HIV information pack]‎ UNAIDS; Stop TB Partnership; Treat 3 Million by 2005 Initiative ... Facilitators guide for IMAI TB infection control training at health facilities World Health Organization (‎World Health ... Appel pour une action intensifiée pour la prévention du VIH et la lutte contre la co-infection tuberculose/VIH dans la Région ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=AIDS-Related+Opportunistic+Infections&type=mesh

This can lead to serious infections that are called opportunistic infections (OIs). Read more. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (National Institutes of Health) Journal Articles References and ... What Is an Opportunistic Infection? (National Institutes of Health, Office of AIDS Research) Also in Spanish ... HIV/AIDS and Fungal Infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * HIV/AIDS and Oral Health (National Institute of ...

https://medlineplus.gov/hivandinfections.html

Results of search for su:{AIDS-related opportunistic infections.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently ... AIDS and AIDS-related infections : current strategies for prevention and therapy : based on a meeting of the British Society ... HIV-related opportunistic diseases. by UNAIDS.. Series: UNAIDS best practice collection. Technical updateMaterial type: Text; ... Guidelines on standard operating procedures for laboratory diagnosis of HIV-opportunistic infections / edited by Sudarshan ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BAIDS-related%20opportunistic%20infections.%7D

Trends in AIDS-related opportunistic infections among men who have sex with men and among injecting drug users, 1991-1996. J ... Temporal trends of opportunistic infections and malignancies in homosexual men with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1994;170:198-202. ... Opportunistic diseases reported in AIDS patients: frequencies, associations, and trends. AIDS 1987;1:175-82. ... Estimating the number of AIDS-defining opportunistic illness diagnoses from data collected under the 1993 AIDS surveillance ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056917.htm

AIDS Serodiagnosis [‎1]‎. AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections [‎2]‎. Air Pollutants [‎1]‎. * * Browsing Meeting reports by ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/handle/10665/197911/browse?type=mesh

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections * Adolescent * Adult * Aged * Anti-Retroviral Agents / therapeutic use* ... Recommendations for special populations and in the settings of opportunistic infections and concomitant conditions are provided ... 9 AIDS Research Consortium of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.. *10 Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston ... When used effectively, currently available ARVs can sustain HIV suppression and can prevent new HIV infection. With these ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27404187/?dopt=Abstract

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections [‎2]‎. Alcohol Drinking [‎2]‎. Alcoholic Beverages [‎1]‎. Alcoholism [‎1]‎. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/1638/browse?rpp=20&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=K&starts_with=A&order=ASC

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections [‎3]‎. Air [‎1]‎. Air Pollution [‎3]‎. Alcohol Drinking [‎8]‎. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/197910/browse?rpp=20&offset=20&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=A&order=ASC

Categories: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=AIDS-Related+Opportunistic+Infections&parentid=18723&catid=31260

Listing of Chemical-related topic pages on the NIOSH Web site. ... AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / complications; Hearing ... AIDS-virus; AIDS; Hearing-impairment; Hearing-disorders; Hearing-loss; Sociological-factors; Author Keywords: ... should examine the need for hearing-related services among HIV/AIDS patients in order to reduce the impact of the disease on ... leaving affected individuals more susceptible to illness and opportunistic infections. As the disease progresses, structures ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=181&RecNo=1806&View=f&

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=Hearing%2A&f1=%2A&s2=&PageNo=73&RecNo=728&View=f&

... is a demyelinating disease of the CNS characterized by widespread lesions due to infection of oligodendrocytes by a human ... Like other HIV/AIDS-related opportunistic tumors and infections, the incidence of PML has decreased in the HAART era. [23, 24] ... non-AIDS-related PML ) in whom 85% mortality rate was expected in 1 year. [44] Cytosine arabinoside, however, failed in AIDS ... Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1167145

Central nervous system infections; AIDS-related opportunistic infections; Tropical medicine; Travel medicine; Cost ... DHHS-IDSA Opportunistic Infections Guideline Panel for invasive fungal infection, 2018-2022 ... the second most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and the most common cause of adult ... DHHS-IDSA Working Group on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Exposed and HIV- ...

https://med.umn.edu/bio/micab/david-boulware

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, HIV, Leishmaniasis/epidemiology, Epidemiology The identification and variability of the ... HIV, Anti-HIV Agents/standards, Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control, ... AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Leishmaniasis/epidemiology, Acquired ... AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Leishmaniasis/epidemiology, Acquired ...

https://bvsalud.org/portal-lis/en/lis-search?q=VIH+AND+sida&filter=descriptor:AIDS-Related+Opportunistic+Infections

HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retrovir... ... In general, all patients remain at a relatively high risk for opportunistic infections and other AIDS-related events for the ... Many opportunistic infections and conditions are used to mark when HIV infection has progressed to AIDS. The general frequency ... encoded search term (HIV Infection and AIDS) and HIV Infection and AIDS What to Read Next on Medscape ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/211316-6038/what-is-the-relationship-between-t-cell-loss-and-how-hiv-progresses-to-aids

Aids-related Opportunistic Infections. *Dermatitis Herpetiformis. *Leprosy, Lepromatous. *Malaria. *Polychondritis, Relapsing. ...

https://rxwiki.com/aczone

HIV disease (including AIDS and related opportunistic infections). *Substance-induced delusional and mood disorder and ... The team gathered data, focusing on conditions related to pregnancy, depression and mood disorders, tension headache, and ...

https://www.integrativepractitioner.com/practice-management/news/evidence-opens-medicaid-oregon-acupuncture

OIs Having AIDS weakens your bodys immune system. Your immune system normally fights germs tha... ... Also called: AIDS-related opportunistic infections, OIs. Having AIDS weakens your bodys immune system. Your immune system ... AIDS and Infections. Add to my Topics , View 1 Post in AIDS and Infections ... These are called opportunistic infections (OIs). There are many types of OIs. Tuberculosis and a serious related disease, ...

https://medications.com/aids-infections

... antiretroviral therapies were used to prevent infection and promptly treatment of complications. Results among 144 HIV-positive ... 2009) Opportunistic parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea by the level of immunesuppression. ... This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ... 2010) Early antiretroviral therapy for patients with acute aidsrelated opportunistic infections: A cost-effectiveness analysis ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=18845

HIV Infections. Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Multivariate Analysis. AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections. Health ... Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection. Pneumonia, Pneumocystis. Adult. Naltrexone. Narcotic Antagonists. Opioid-Related ... Opioid-Related Disorders. 1. 2017. 2017. December 2017. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. 1. 2017. 2017. December ... Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection. 1. 2005. 2005. September 2005. Pneumonia, Pneumocystis. 1. 2005. 2005. September ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/19245877/network/researchareas/timeline

These two causes are frequently associated with AIDS-related opportunistic infections. While some people die of these diseases ... Instead, an opportunistic infection associated with HIV is usually indicated as the cause. Therefore, the number of AIDS deaths ... Causes of death due to "tuberculosis" and "influenza and pneumonia", which are frequently opportunistic infections associated ... This is especially the case with those who present with symptoms of AIDS. Public messaging on HIV/AIDS remains weak. Not enough ...

http://www.africafocus.org/docs05/tac0502.php

In 2013 at Tripoli Medical Centre, AIDS-defining opportunistic infections were the most common reasons for HIV-related ... It has also reduced rates of AIDS-defining caused by opportunistic infections, and changed the spectrum of HIV-related ... Spectrum of AIDS Defining Opportunistic Infections in a Series of 77 Hospitalised HIV-infected Omani Patients. Sultan Qaboos ... By contrast, AIDS is still the main reason for hospitalization in developing countries, with various opportunistic infections ...

https://www.emro.who.int/fr/emhj-volume-21-2015/volume-21-issue-9/clinical-profile-and-factors-associated-with-mortality-in-hospitalized-patients-with-hivaids-a-retrospective-analysis-from-tripoli-medical-centre-libya-2013.html

What are the signs that I might be getting an opportunistic infection or AIDS-related cancer? ... What can I do to prevent complications, such as opportunistic infections, and stay healthy? ...

https://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/diagnosis/questions-for-doctor.asp

In the early 1980s as cancer wards were spread thin with patients dying from AIDS-related opportunistic infections, Shanti ...

https://www.idealist.org/pt/ong/141e2b3309114e26b59c17a317a0f1b0-shanti-project-of-san-francisco-san-francisco

AIDS-related opportunistic infections or HIV seropositivity or (HIV or human immune*deficiency virus or acquired immune* ... HIV infection may increase the risk of M. genitalium infection; or M. genitalium infection may increase the risk of HIV ... Association of Mycoplasma genitalium and HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis : AIDS. ... genitalium and HIV infection, studies in animals, and studies of nongenital mycoplasma infections such as pulmonary infection, ...

https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2009/03130/Association_of_Mycoplasma_genitalium_and_HIV.8.aspx

Died from AIDS-related complications; died from opportunisticinfections. Dont use "They," "them" or "those people". ex. When ... CD4 cell counts above 500 mean our immune system can fight off most infections ... "AIDS" or "HIV/AIDS" when referring to HIV. ex. It is important to get tested for AIDS. ex. Died from HIV/AIDS ...

https://www.youthco.org/inclusivelanguage

https://reference.medscape.com/article/211316-overview

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections 1 * AIDS Serodiagnosis 1 * Alcohol Drinking 1 * Algorithms 1 ... Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Associated Factors among Health Care Workers in Kigali, Rwanda Cite ... Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR is a United States governmental initiative to address the global ... Title : Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Associated Factors among Health Care Workers in Kigali, Rwanda Personal Author(s) : ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/cbrowse?pid=cdc%3A80017&parentId=cdc%3A80017&start=0

Problem/Condition: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic illnesses (OIs) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (or Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and results in reduced immunity, leaving affected individuals more susceptible to illness and opportunistic infections. (cdc.gov)
Resulting in immunodeficiency, the retrovirus causes an increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers, and, during the most advanced stages of HIV infection, progresses into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), or the simultaneous occurrence of more than 20 opportunistic infections and/or related cancers. (peprotech.com)
An individual that has had one or more opportunistic infections or HIV -related cancers has developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) . (labiotech.eu)
2) clinical latency, and 3) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (cdc.gov)
The virus can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, if not treated. (cdc.gov)

c) the percentage of persons among those who have died who had had a given OI during their course of AIDS, and d) the frequency of prescriptions for antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and for Mycobacterium avium complex disease (MAC). (cdc.gov)
New data and therapeutic options warrant updated recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to treat or to prevent HIV infection in adults. (nih.gov)
To provide updated recommendations for the use of antiretroviral therapy in adults (aged ≥18 years) with established HIV infection, including when to start treatment, initial regimens, and changing regimens, along with recommendations for using ARVs for preventing HIV among those at risk, including preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis. (nih.gov)
Newer data support the widely accepted recommendation that antiretroviral therapy should be started in all individuals with HIV infection with detectable viremia regardless of CD4 cell count. (nih.gov)
To reduce operational damage, conventional antibi-otics, anti-TB, anti-fugal, antiretroviral therapies were used to prevent infection and promptly treatment of complications. (scirp.org)
2010) Early antiretroviral therapy for patients with acute aidsrelated opportunistic infections: A cost-effectiveness analysis of ACTG A5164. (scirp.org)
2010) Long-term immunovirologic control following antiretroviral therapy interruption in patients treated at the time of primary HIV-1 infection. (scirp.org)
Due to several constraints of the antiretroviral therapy programme, HIV-infected persons still use ethnomedicines to manage AIDS-related opportunistic infections. (biomedcentral.com)
Although most HIV/AIDS-infected people that need treatment can access antiretroviral therapy (ART) from local hospitals and health centres, several constraints of the ART program compel many HIV-infected Caprivians to use herbal plants to manage HIV/AIDS-related opportunistic infections [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antiretroviral therapy is a form of treatment developed in the late 1980s that has since been found to be extremely effective at lengthening the clinical latency period and delaying the onset AIDS, the third and final stage of an HIV infection. (thirdage.com)
Before antiretroviral therapy, HIV infections typically progressed to AIDS within a few years. (thirdage.com)
Appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment of specific infections and malignancies are critical in treating patients who are HIV positive. (medscape.com)
These illnesses tend to occur most often in patients who have untreated HIV infection or who fail to benefit from antiretroviral treatment. (bmj.com)
Tran BX, Nguyen LT, Nguyen NH, Hoang QV, Hwang J. Determinants of antiretroviral treatment adherence among HIV/AIDS patients: a multisite study. (ijcmph.com)
We found little evidence of an effect of monitoring frequency on death or AIDS-defining illness or death in the short term among individuals who achieve virologic suppression within 12 months of cART [combination antiretroviral therapy] initiation", comment the authors. (aidsmap.com)
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is an essential treatment for KS, and recent reports document the emergence of racial disparities in KS incidence and HIV-related mortality in the post-HAART era (1996 to present). (aacrjournals.org)
Causes of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: emerging role of hepatitis and cancers, persistent role of AIDS. (inserm.fr)
In contrast to the global health improvement occurring in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), gut damage persists and translocation of microbial products from the gut lumen into the circulation contributes to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The transition from HIV to AIDS occurs when the damage to the T-cells and CD4 cells is so extensive that the body develops either one of several opportunistic infections, cancers, or other potentially fatal diseases. (thirdage.com)
More than twice as many - 21 percent - died of non-AIDS related cancers. (washdiplomat.com)
It's been noted that people with HIV are particularly at risk for cancers that are associated with infections, like Hodgkin's lymphoma and liver cancer, and that they when they do get cancer, it tends to be more virulent. (washdiplomat.com)
They include opportunistic infections and cancers that are life-threatening in a person with HIV. (aidsmap.com)
If HIV infection isn't treated, a person is more likely to get other infections or infection-related cancers. (cdc.gov)
These opportunistic infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system and make the person even sicker. (cdc.gov)
Opportunistic illnesses are infections and infection-related cancers that are more common or more severe in people with HIV because their immune systems are damaged. (cdc.gov)
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) refers to the most advanced stages of HIV infection, defined by the occurrence of any of more than 20 opportunistic infections or related cancers. (chamberlain.edu)
HIV-infected individuals, treated with ART, are now dying mostly from cardiovascular disease and non-AIDS-related cancers. (qxmd.com)

People with AIDS are also more likely to suffer complications of common illnesses such as the flu. (medications.com)
What can I do to prevent complications, such as opportunistic infections, and stay healthy? (va.gov)
his partner Gary died of HIV/AIDS complications in 1999. (washdiplomat.com)
The Most Dangerous Complications of HIV and AIDS… These are the complications that are brought about by the World's Deadly disease… HIV. (zambianews365.com)
Overall patients and graft [transplanted organ] survival were excellent and comparable, without evidence of increased serious adverse events of HIV-related complications such as breakthrough viremia, infectious hospitalizations, or opportunistic infections. (aidsmap.com)
Benhamou D, Lienhart A, Auroy Y, Péquignot F, Jougla E. Accidents by ABO incompatibility and other main complications related to blood transfusion in surgical patients: data from the French national survey on anaesthesia-related deaths. (inserm.fr)
At the time of my diagnosis, I was still dealing with losing my best friend, who died due to complications of AIDS . (hivtalk.net)

Tuberculosis and a serious related disease, mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are bacterial infections. (medications.com)
Improved detection of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV-1 seropositive individuals using cultured cellular assays. (jenner.ac.uk)
Namibia also has one of the highest tuberculosis infection rates in the world, with 63.5% of tuberculosis cases being HIV positive [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Under the Bush Administration, in 2001, the U.S. Government co-founded the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, in collaboration with United Nations Secretary-General Koffi Annan, in an effort to increase resources to fight three of the world's most devastating diseases, and to direct resources to areas of greatest need. (prn.org)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is an important cause of sight-threatening chorioretinitis in HIV-infected individuals living in M. tuberculosis endemic areas. (eyehospital.nl)
Maintenance therapy for tuberculosis, fungal, and herpes infections. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Therapy for new episodes of tuberculosis, fungal, and herpes infection except with potentially myelotoxic chemotherapy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium avium complex infections are among the HIV-related OIs often encountered in clinical practice and are covered in this topic. (bmj.com)
The virus has weakened the immune system of the body so much that they develop a number of different illnesses such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, persistent diarrhea and fever and skin infections. (ijcmph.com)
HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) co-infection remains an enormous burden to international public health. (biomedcentral.com)
The occurrence of tuberculosis among persons with human immuno- deficiency virus (HIV) infection has prompted the development of guidelines for the management of those who may have both tuberculous and HIV infections (7). (cdc.gov)
The Division of Tuberculosis Elimination (DTBE) in CDC's Center for Prevention Services has considered requests for information regarding screening for anergy among persons infected with HIV who are at increased risk of tuberculous infection but do not react to a tuberculin skin test. (cdc.gov)
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued a recommendation encouraging providers to test for latent tuberculosis infection in populations at increased risk. (cdc.gov)

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. (bvsalud.org)

The viral infection in oligodendrocytes is lytic. (medscape.com)
patients with viral loads greater than 30,000/mL are 18.5 times more likely to die of AIDS than those with undetectable viral loads. (medscape.com)
Many diseases and infections, including cancer and certain viral infections (especially HIV infection), and some immunosuppressive drugs may result in a transient or continuing suppression of cellular hypersensitivity mediated by T-lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)
Outcomes analysed in the research were overall survival, transplant failure, risk of infections and rebound in HIV viral load. (aidsmap.com)

IRIS has been observed most commonly with mycobacterial infections (TB and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex), but may also develop with other OIs. (bmj.com)

WHO model prescribing information : drugs used in sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection. (who.int)
Drugs used in sexually-transmitted diseases and HIV infection. (who.int)
It occurs almost exclusively in immunosuppressed individuals, e.g., patients with AIDS, hematological and lymphoreticular malignancies, autoimmune rheumatological diseases, or those having undergone organ transplantation. (medscape.com)
Although most deaths likely to be linked to AIDS are officially recorded as due to associated diseases such as TB and pneumonia, the age and disease pattern provides strong evidence of the growing impact of AIDS. (africafocus.org)
Activists, on the other hand, have focused on the need to expand the government's treatment program to save lives threatened by AIDS and other diseases clearly linked to AIDS. (africafocus.org)
The transformation of a disease that was a death sentence less than 20 years ago into a manageable chronic disease has brought with it what health experts call a "great problem to have": People with HIV/AIDS are living long enough to acquire other chronic diseases of aging, like cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, dementia, osteoporosis and other health conditions that can pose special challenges when they occur alongside an HIV diagnosis. (washdiplomat.com)
Among about 12,000 people enrolled in HIV clinical trials between 1998 and 2008, only 10 percent died of AIDS-defining diseases, like certain opportunistic infections. (washdiplomat.com)
[ 38 ] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics release periodic updated Guide lines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children . (medscape.com)
New preliminary data released today finds that hepatitis C-related deaths are at an all-time high and more Americans now die as a result of hepatitis C infection than from the vast majority of other infectious diseases reported to the CDC combined. (cdc.gov)
This damage to the immune system makes it harder and harder for the body to fight off infections and some other diseases. (cdc.gov)
Kaposi sarcoma is one of the first recognized opportunistic diseases in HIV infection and is still the most common malignancy associated with AIDS 32 . (bvsalud.org)
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an infection that results in the progressive deterioration of the immune system, breaking down the body's ability to fend off some infections and other diseases. (chamberlain.edu)
Some diseases such as cryptococcosis (extrapulmonary form), chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis, salmonellosis (non-typhoid), cerebral toxoplasmosis, and Chagas' disease (reactivated form) are also included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criterion that was adapted from the definition of AIDS 8 8. (scielo.br)
Most infections Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. (lecturio.com)

Daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine is recommended for use as preexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection in persons at high risk. (nih.gov)
2011) Evaluation of the current management protocols for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other opportunistic infections in patients living with HIV/AIDS. (scirp.org)
Although guidelines have been established for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) for adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, they have not been available for children (1). (cdc.gov)
Experts in pediatric HIV infection (convened by the Pediatric HIV Resource Center) independently reviewed recent data and provided recommendations to the U.S. Public Health Service for PCP prophylaxis for HIV-infected or -exposed children. (cdc.gov)
POST-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may quit you establishing an HIV infection if you consider they've recently been exposed to the virus. (wikidot.com)
Very first, while a lot of doctors prescribe statins as prophylaxis against heart attacks, for instance, only AIDS specialists are most likely to prescribe AIDS drugs as prophylaxis. (wikidot.com)
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a course of HIV drugs taken by HIV-adverse folks to stop infection. (wikidot.com)

Foscarnet for cytomegalovirus infection. (clinicaltrials.gov)
No active opportunistic infection with mycobacteria, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma, Pneumocystis carinii, or other microorganisms (if REQUIRING treatment with myelotoxic drugs). (clinicaltrials.gov)

Authors have highlighted resilience as one of the factors that allows people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) to persist or adapt to the medical, psychological, and social implications related to seropositivity. (bvsalud.org)
The results indicate important effects that religious coping can have on the process of overcoming adversities related to the experience of seropositivity. (bvsalud.org)
Our analyses demonstrate that CMV seropositivity is associated with more than twice the risk of hospitalization due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. (bvsalud.org)

Dr. Boulware's current research is focused on improving the clinical outcomes of HIV-infected persons with cryptococcal meningitis, the second most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection in Sub-Saharan Africa and the most common cause of adult meningitis. (umn.edu)
BACKGROUND: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a severe AIDS-defining illness with 90-day case mortality as high as 70% in sub-Saharan Africa, despite treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
It is disheartening for us to see that despite increased access to antiretrovirals, which enable long and healthy lives, opportunistic infections like cryptococcal meningitis continue to drive illness and death among people living with HIV. (msfaccess.org)

2009) Opportunistic parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea by the level of immunesuppression. (scirp.org)
This parasitic infection commonly strikes people with CD4 cell counts below 200. (zambianews365.com)

The patient with HIV may present with signs and symptoms of any of the stages of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a syndrome, meaning a collection of symptoms, which occurs in the final stage of HIV infection. (thirdage.com)
The list of possible symptoms produced by AIDS related infections is almost infinite, given the wide range of possible infection types. (thirdage.com)
Jeevani T. Symptoms of the AIDS related opportunistic infections and their effects on human body. (ijcmph.com)
The person experiences a worsening of symptoms due to infection by microorganisms. (healthy.net)

The following 20 OIs have been defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as stage 3 HIV (or AIDS-defining) illnesses. (zambianews365.com)
Over 200 People Living with HIV/AIDS get ART services from Kitovu Mobile Art Clinic while close to 300 clients,battaling different terminal illnesses,mostly cancer get palliative care services. (kitovumobile.com)

1.HIV infections - diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and ART should be performed at an appropriate time to prevent the development of new infection. (ewha.ac.kr)
Any HIV-related illness included in the list of diagnostic criteria for AIDS, which in the presence of HIV infection result in an AIDS diagnosis. (aidsmap.com)
7 March 2018 - Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) welcomes the launch of the updated guidance by the World Health Organization (WHO) this week on the diagnosis, treatment and management of cryptococcal disease, an opportunistic infection mainly affecting people living with advanced stages of HIV/AIDS. (msfaccess.org)
Among AIDS cases reported to CDC, 35% of children with PCP died within 2 months of diagnosis, compared with 13% of children with other AIDS diagnoses. (cdc.gov)
Kaposi sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any AIDS patient who presents with bluish, smooth, firm, nonpulsatile macule or nodule in the region of the hard palate. (bvsalud.org)

These clinical guidelines offer recommendations approved by expert panels for the treatment of adult, adolescent, pediatric, and perinatal HIV infection, as well as recommendations for the treatment of HIV-related opportunistic infections in adults, adolescents, and children. (libguides.com)
Gebrezgiabher BB, Abraha TH, Hailu E, Siyum H, Mebrahtu G, Gidey B. Depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinic at Aksum, Ethiopia: a cross Sectional study. (ijcmph.com)
As of November 1, 2020, a 50% reduction in young adult (age 18-40) protective behaviors resulted in increased latent infection prevalence per 100,000 from 15.93 (IQR 6.18, 36.23) to 40.06 (IQR 14.65, 85.21) and 19.87 (IQR 6.83, 46.83) to 47.74 (IQR 18.89, 118.77) with 15% and 45% school reopening. (bvsalud.org)
Increasing adult (age ≥18) OOHA from 65% to 80% of prepandemic levels resulted in increased latent infection prevalence per 100,000 from 35.18 (IQR 13.59, 75.00) to 69.84 (IQR 33.27, 145.89) and 38.17 (IQR 15.84, 91.16) to 80.02 (IQR 30.91, 186.63) with 15% and 45% school reopening. (bvsalud.org)

As a result of new treatments that improve outcomes for HIV-infected persons, the prevalence of AIDS is increasing (1). (cdc.gov)
M. genitalium infection is common, particularly among HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence is 11-33% [8-13] . (lww.com)
HIV prevalence rates among Namibians aged 15-49 years were estimated at 12.4-18.1%, with an annual death rate of about 7,100 attributable to AIDS [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A high prevalence of infections, such as candidiasis and varicella-zoster virus infection, must also be anticipated, and appropriate prevention and treatment strategies must be initiated. (medscape.com)

Estos elementos reflejan los criterios de SIDA definidos por los CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) en 1993. (bvsalud.org)
The U.S. Government has been funding international AIDS programs for many years, initially in the form of contributions from the U.S. Agency for International Development (with funds usually going to UNAIDS, the United Nations AIDS program), international research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, and additional funding from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. (prn.org)
In medical centers caring for large numbers of children with perinatally acquired HIV infection, PCP has been the initial HIV-related illness for 8%-12% of all children and for greater than 50% of those children who progress to AIDS within the first year of life (2-6). (cdc.gov)

the physical findings are those of the presenting infection or illness. (medscape.com)
The profile of patients living with HIV/AIDS and illness (AVL) studied by Coutinho et al. (scielo.br)
The prophylactic, if offered to high-danger men, could instantly and drastically decrease the transmission of the illness, a new study has found.01:19 But it is not effective against numerous other sexually transmitted infections. (wikidot.com)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by widespread lesions due to infection of oligodendrocytes by JC virus, a ubiquitous human polyomavirus estimated to latently infect the kidneys of 50% of adults. (medscape.com)
To systematically review studies of Mycoplasma genitalium and the association with HIV infection in adults and to summarize the findings in a meta-analysis. (lww.com)
1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. (bmj.com)
Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. (bmj.com)
Infants and young children may be more seriously affected than older children and adults because for the former, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia may represent primary infection rather than reactivation disease, and because an infant's or young child's immune defenses may be immature. (cdc.gov)

As a result of new treatments that reduce mortality for persons with AIDS, the number of persons living with AIDS is increasing, and the incidence of AIDS is decreasing. (cdc.gov)
This AfricaFocus Bulletin contains excerpts from the TAC newsletter with comments on the most recent mortality report and their memorandum to the South African government calling for more rapid expansion of AIDS treatment programs. (africafocus.org)
Additional background on research and statistics on mortality and AIDS is available on the site of the Burden of Disease Unit of the Medical Research Council of South Africa ( http://www.mrc.ac.za/bod ). (africafocus.org)
ABSTRACT In Libya, little is known about HIV-related hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality. (who.int)
they highlighted both the high potential for morbidity and mortality and the challenges related to therapeutic management in this patient group 1 1. (scielo.br)
Jougla E, Hatton F, Le Toullec A, Michel E. [Trends in mortality characteristics in Aids in France 1983-1990]. (inserm.fr)
Anesthesia-related mortality. (inserm.fr)
Fouillet A, Rey G, Jougla E, Frayssinet P, Bessemoulin P, Hémon D. A predictive model relating daily fluctuations in summer temperatures and mortality rates. (inserm.fr)
infection results in substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

OIs are serious infections that take advantage of your weak immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
People who have AIDS, the most severe stage of HIV infection, have badly damaged immune systems. (medlineplus.gov)
Conclusion: literature suggests several possible types of association between auditory disorders and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and that people with HIV/AIDS may require hearing care interventions. (cdc.gov)
Having AIDS weakens your body's immune system. (medications.com)
Originally dubbed GRID, or Gay-Related Immune Deficiency, health authorities soon realized that nearly half of the people identified with the syndrome were not gay. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus responsible for AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). (thirdage.com)
AIDS is the last stage of an HIV infection and develops after the HIV virus has caused extensive damage to the immune system. (thirdage.com)
Intervening early may prevent damage to the immune system and potentially retard dissemination of infection. (medscape.com)
Opportunistic infections (OIs) capitalize on weakened immune systems. (zambianews365.com)
In the early stages of infection, the immune system might be able to stop HIV. (labiotech.eu)
Austrian researchers at the Medical University of Innsbruck , who received funding from the Austrian Science Fund FWF , focus on the interaction of the virus with the immune system before it spreads throughout the body - a time during which infection could be prevented. (labiotech.eu)
The immune system deteriorates until it no longer effectively fights infection and disease. (labiotech.eu)
At this point, the individual is at risk of opportunistic infections , which exploit the individual's weak immune system. (labiotech.eu)
Complement , a component of the innate immune system that helps antibodies and phagocytic cells to remove pathogens, could be a candidate to quickly take care of the infection. (labiotech.eu)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) then initiate an effective immune response, activating helper and killer T cells to fight off the infection. (labiotech.eu)
I - Immunodeficiency - HIV weakens your immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. (cdc.gov)
These special cells help the immune system fight off infections. (cdc.gov)
Depletion of Langerhans cells in the tongue from patients with advanced-stage acquired immune deficiency syndrome: relation to opportunistic infections. (medscape.com)
These data suggest a potential role for CMV-driven immune perturbations in affecting the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may have implications for the discrepancies in COVID-19 severity between different human populations. (bvsalud.org)

Health professionals, including those from the Brazilian public health system, should examine the need for hearing-related services among HIV/AIDS patients in order to reduce the impact of the disease on daily life activities and prevent insofar, further auditory deterioration. (cdc.gov)
In the early 1980's as cancer wards were spread thin with patients dying from AIDS-related opportunistic infections, Shanti expanded to embrace this population and quickly became a central leader and crucial partner in San Francisco's community-based response to the epidemic. (idealist.org)
Describe the most common opportunistic infections affecting patients with HIV. (maaetc.org)
Despite the fact that this infection can be prevented, certain patients continue to be at increased risk for PCP. (cdc.gov)
Specifically, PCP frequently signals HIV infection in patients not previously known to be HIV-infected ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Clinically relevant infection due to NTM occurs in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in Zambia, and their clinical impact seems to be underestimated. (eur.nl)
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ). (bvsalud.org)
80 in group A and 18 in group B. The patients in group B had a higher proportion of previous opportunistic infections (p = 0.008). (who.int)
In order to monitor the occurrence of bone marrow suppression, primarily neutropenia, which may be severe and result in infection, it is recommended that frequent peripheral blood cell counts be performed on all patients receiving paclitaxel. (nih.gov)
To evaluate the safety and tolerance of DOX-SL compared to BV in a population of AIDS patients with moderate to severe KS. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Health care providers, and researchers working with HIV/AIDS patients. (libguides.com)
A quantitative research approach, descriptive survey research design was undertaken to assess the problems and coping strategies among HIV/AIDS patients. (ijcmph.com)
Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the 100 HIV/AIDS patients. (ijcmph.com)
Quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients: the influence of CD4 count on it. (ijcmph.com)
Amin M, Sankar R. Stress anxiety and depression among HIV/AIDS Patients. (ijcmph.com)
Descriptive study to assess the quality of life and coping strategies among HIV/AIDS patients. (ijcmph.com)
PCP was diagnosed for 1,080 (39%) of the 2,786 pediatric AIDS patients reported to CDC through 1990. (cdc.gov)
Kaposi sarcoma is rare in HIV negative patients and it is associated with HHV-8 infection. (bvsalud.org)
Patients with HIV/AIDS are also at increased risk of developing Kaposi sarcoma. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of this article is to present two cases of Kaposi sarcoma in the hard palate of HIV/AIDS male patients. (bvsalud.org)
Over the years, my interest in HIV/AIDS has led me around the globe to Swaziland, South Africa, Lesotho and Botswana in Africa, educating nurses about HIV/AIDS and caring for infected patients. (chamberlain.edu)
Opportunistic infections as causes of death in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era in France. (inserm.fr)

The official date for the beginning of the AIDS epidemic is marked as June 18, 1981, when the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a cluster of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (now classified as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia) in five gay men in Los Angeles. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
This common fungal infection can lead to pneumonia if left untreated. (zambianews365.com)
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. (zambianews365.com)
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common serious HIV-associated opportunistic infection among children. (cdc.gov)

This is a common fungal infection that's also known as thrush. (zambianews365.com)
This fungal infection often enters through the lungs. (zambianews365.com)
Left untreated, this fungal infection is often fatal. (zambianews365.com)
This environmental fungal infection is commonly treated with antibiotics. (zambianews365.com)
H. capsulatum is the most common endemic fungal infection in the US and is most prevalent in the midwestern and central states along the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. (lecturio.com)

Indeed, there are striking parallels between SIV infection of chimps and HIV infection of humans. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Prevalencia de malaria gestacional en Ecuador. (donga.ac.kr)

Most acute pulmonary infections are self-limited, and many are asymptomatic. (duke.edu)

Before the introduction of ART in the mid-1990s, people with HIV could progress to AIDS (the last stage of HIV infection) in a few years. (cdc.gov)

HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. (medscape.com)
This year's annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) , February 12-24, begins this weekend and will once again, be virtual! (avac.org)

HIV-related opportunistic infections (OIs) are clinical syndromes that arise as a consequence of impaired immunity in advanced stages of HIV infection. (bmj.com)
The group hopes to better understand the early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections to stop the disease in its tracks. (labiotech.eu)
In the early stages of HIV infection when CD4 count is high, the inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies predominate and in the late stages with the decline of CD4 count opportunistic infection-related neuropathies prevail. (qxmd.com)

The Joint United Nations Programme of HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that 40.3 million people (between 36.7 and 45.3 million people) around the world were living with HIV in December 2005, including 2.3 million children. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

HIV/AIDS has killed more than 20 million people worldwide, with approximately 3.1 million deaths reported in 2002 alone. (prn.org)
The number of new infections is still far out-pacing the number of deaths and "the AIDS epidemic continues to outstrip global efforts to contain it" (UNAIDS and WHO 2005). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Although current HAART regimens have substantially and dramatically decreased AIDS-related opportunistic infections (OIs) and deaths, prevention and management of OIs remain critical components of care for HIV-infected children. (medscape.com)
Globally, in 2014, there were an estimated 0.4 million TB related deaths in people living with HIV, which accounts for approximately one-quarter of TB deaths and one-third of HIV deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Histoplasmosis is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections caused by fungal pathogens among people living with HIV in the Americas and may be responsible for 5-15% of AIDS-related deaths every year in this Region. (bvsalud.org)
U.S. Medical News: 62,802 Excess Deaths In 2020 Related To Only Cardiovascular Issues Found In the United States During The First Year Of The COVID Pandemic! (thailandmedical.news)

To determine the efficacy of Stealth liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX-SL) in the treatment of moderate to severe AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) by comparison with the established therapy BV (bleomycin/vincristine). (clinicaltrials.gov)

These infections are less common and less severe in healthy people. (medlineplus.gov)
A related study presented at the Digestive Disease Week conference (DDW 2010) last week in New Orleans found that more than half of people with compensated cirrhosis (mostly due to hepatitis C) showed signs of neurocognitive impairment, indicating that mild hepatic encephalopathy is common even among individuals without severe liver disease. (hivandhepatitis.com)
Irrespective of the cause, immunocompromised individuals present both a higher risk of infection and greater potential for more severe clinical course 4 4. (scielo.br)
Suboptimal care in the initial management of children who died from severe bacterial infection: a population-based confidential inquiry. (inserm.fr)

Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum , a dimorphic fungus. (lecturio.com)

PrEP won't safeguard you against other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as hepatitis C. Condoms are still the very best protection from these STIs.PrEP is only for individuals who are at ongoing quite higher danger of HIV infection but have had time to take the drug so that it reaches its protective levels before getting exposed to HIV. (wikidot.com)

Such beliefs subtract from HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
An expert panel issued updated guidelines in December 2013 for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and infected children. (medscape.com)

This report, once more, confirms beyond reasonable doubt that South Africa is in the midst of an HIV epidemic that is maturing into an AIDS epidemic. (africafocus.org)
This is the first report of M. lentiflavum and M. goodii infections in Africa. (eur.nl)
AIDS is the leading cause of death in Africa, where approximately 70% of the worldwide epidemic is concentrated, and the fourth-leading cause of death worldwide. (prn.org)
According to the Foundation for AIDS Research, approximately 70% of people with HIV worldwide live in sub-Saharan Africa. (thirdage.com)
New CDC data presented today at the International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, suggests there are no significant differences in several HIV-related risk behaviors among male students in ninth through 12th grades who identify as heterosexual, gay or bisexual. (cdc.gov)
Some 150,000 experiences are forced suited to Southern Africa from their buy Managing Manufacturing Operations: in the Angola and Kinshasa-Congo infections. (southwayinc.com)

In a media briefing the next day, however, Minister of Health Manto Tshabalala-Msimang outraged activists by claiming that she had no data on the number dying of AIDS or the number receiving treatment. (africafocus.org)
The tragic implication of the report - that hundreds of thousands of South Africans have died of AIDS in the last few years without access to life-saving treatment - must be used as an impetus to speed up the delivery of treatment and prevention programmes. (africafocus.org)
Launched by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2003, PEPFAR has provided more than $80 billion in cumulative funding for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research since its inception, making it the largest global health program focused on a single disease in history. (cdc.gov)
Current research concerning HIV infection and AIDS focuses upon developing improvements to modern methods of treatment and prevention, and the possible discovery of new methods for the treatment, prevention and vaccination of the retrovirus. (peprotech.com)
There has been no shortage of research to find an effective treatment or cure for HIV/AIDS, which affects over 36 million people . (labiotech.eu)
Each year throughout the month of March, federal, national and community organizations come together to offer support and hope, reduce stigma, share information, and empower women and girls to learn the importance of HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment. (chamberlain.edu)
Distal symmetrical sensory neuropathy is the most common form encountered today and is one of the few that are specific to HIV infection or its treatment. (qxmd.com)

HIV-related opportunistic infection (OI) risk in people living with HIV (PLWH) increases as the CD4+ count declines. (bmj.com)
Increased intestinal barrier permeability and subsequent gut microbial translocation are significant contributors to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH). (biomedcentral.com)
Fungi contribute greatly to opportunistic infections in PLWH, including Pneumocystis jirovecii in the respiratory tract and Candida albicans in the gastrointestinal tract [ 31 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Nizoral belongs to a class of drugs called antifungals, which work by slowing the growth of fungi that cause infection. (rxwiki.com)

Image Source: AIDSinfo HIV/AIDS Guidelines, Apple App Store. (libguides.com)
The AIDSinfo HIV/AIDS Guidelines app provides mobile access to the federally approved HIV/AIDS medical practice guidelines. (libguides.com)

PEPFAR is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. (cdc.gov)
Other factors that have silently conspired to fuel the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Katima Mulilo are: low frequency of circumcision, high levels of poverty, low levels of condom use, early sexual debut, multiple sex partners, and strong beliefs in witchcraft [ 4 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In a paper published two years ago in The Lancet, John Stover and his colleagues at The Futures Group International (TFGI), based in Glastonbury, Connecticut, examined the potential effect of an expanded response to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic using mathematical models of HIV transmission (Stover, 2002). (prn.org)
Acute care resources were only sufficient in the three epidemic trajectory scenarios when combined with a substantial increase in healthcare resources.Conclusion: substantial increase in hospital resources is required to manage the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, even as the infection growth rate declines. (bvsalud.org)
During the early days of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, I was working as a pediatric emergency room nurse in Akron, Ohio, when an infected child came into the emergency room. (chamberlain.edu)

METHODS: The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study seeks to identify the epidemiological characteristics of 1,442 Korean individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (12% of Korean individuals with HIV infection in 2017) who visited 21 university hospitals nationwide. (ewha.ac.kr)

As the disease progresses, structures within the central auditory system can be affected either by the direct action of the virus or as a consequence of secondary infections. (cdc.gov)
only the disease had not been recognized as AIDS. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The grassroots organization was created to help people experiencing "AIDS survivor syndrome" who struggle with their long-term health and lives after years of expecting to die at any minute - and seeing many of their friends die during the height of the disease in the 1980s and '90s. (washdiplomat.com)
This can make it even harder for your body to fight off infection and disease. (hivtalk.net)
This has been known for a long time, but I guess that the main reason why this is being hyped nowadays is due to the fact that current technologies now enable us to look at entire microbial communities in a given ecological niche at any time point and how for instance they relate to health and disease. (blastocystis.net)

This was how the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief was born. (prn.org)
In 2003, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was announced, and in 2004, the International Vaccine Initiative which, Dr. Dybul explained, "is focused on getting everyone in the world working together on the development of safe and effective vaccines against HIV infection. (prn.org)

This puts you at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). (medlineplus.gov)
In 1997, an estimated 271,245 persons were living with AIDS in the United States and thus were at high risk for OIs. (cdc.gov)
Explain risk factors, common clinical presentations, and disgnostic data for these infections. (maaetc.org)
These guidelines include the recommendation that all persons who are known to be infected with HIV, or are at increased risk of HIV infection, receive a tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test with tuberculin units 5 {TU} of purified protein derivative {PPD}-tuberculin). (cdc.gov)
CDC released data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) highlighting a wealth of data on teen health-related behaviors. (cdc.gov)
Transmission is through inhalation, and exposure to soils containing bird or bat droppings increases the risk of infection. (lecturio.com)
Conversely to the fungal translocation marker BDG and the gut damage marker REG3α, time of blood collection matters for the proper evaluation for LPS and I-FABP as markers for the risk of inflammatory non-AIDS co-morbidities. (biomedcentral.com)

Recommendations for special populations and in the settings of opportunistic infections and concomitant conditions are provided. (nih.gov)

CDC guidelines recommend testing for HIV infection with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antigen/antibody immunoassay that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and the HIV-1 p24 antigen, with supplemental testing after a reactive assay result to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. (medscape.com)
The most current guidelines may be viewed at the AIDS Info Web site, a service of the US Department of Health and Human Services. (medscape.com)
Thus, the guidelines presented below are intended for the evaluation and management of persons who may have tuberculous infection and HIV-induced anergy to delayed-type hypersen- sitivity (DTH) skin test antigens, including PPD-tuberculin. (cdc.gov)

. hominis ), remains the most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection, as well as the most frequent serious opportunistic infection in HIV-infected persons, in the United States and Europe. (cdc.gov)

Getting certain OIs is one of the ways that people can get diagnosed with AIDS. (medlineplus.gov)
Other areas of the auditory system may also be more vulnerable to pathology in people living with HIV or AIDS. (cdc.gov)
1 false-positive result per 100 people diagnosed with HIV infection). (medscape.com)
This can lead to serious infections that don't often affect healthy people. (medications.com)
Given that Namibia has a total population of about 2 million people, these grim statistics have put Namibia in the top five of the most HIV/AIDS-burdened countries in the world [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The goals are to treat two million people within five years, to prevent seven million new infections, and to care for ten million HIV-infected people, orphans, and vulnerable children. (prn.org)
The red ribbon is a global symbol for solidarity with people living with AIDS as well as those who are HIV positive. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
It was estimated that during 2005, between 4.3 and 6.6 million people were newly infected with HIV and between 2.8 and 3.6 million people with AIDS died. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The CDC estimates that more than 1.1 million people in the Unites States are living with HIV infection, though 1 in 6 do not know it. (thirdage.com)
It is estimated that approximately 35 million people are living with HIV infection around the globe. (thirdage.com)
Since its discovery in 1981, in fact, AIDS has killed an estimated 36 million people around the world. (washdiplomat.com)
Psychological, social and familial problems of people living with HIV/AIDS in Iran. (ijcmph.com)
A study on depression in people living with HIV/AIDS in south-west part of Uttar Pradesh, India. (ijcmph.com)
Wang W, Xiao C, Yao X, Yang Y, Yan H, Li S. Psychosocial health and suicidal ideation among people living with HIV/AIDS: a cross sectional study in Nanjing, China. (ijcmph.com)
Kanthan S, Pant B, Gupta M, Kumar D, Bansal R Naseer K. A cross sectional study on quality of life and coping skills of people living with HIV and AIDS in Meerut, UP. (ijcmph.com)

sensitivity to histoplasmin and coccidioidin is restricted to endemic regions of infections. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy21

Organisms23

Diseases85

Chemicals and Drugs43

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes22

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science7

Health Care22

Geographicals9

Persistent damage to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with persistent symptomatic relief, after combined furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. (1/2982)

Tuberculous meningitis in South African urban adults. (2/2982)

Clusters of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. (3/2982)

Epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Texas. (4/2982)

Clinical experience and choice of drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease. (5/2982)

Early mycological treatment failure in AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. (6/2982)

Issues in the treatment of active tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. (7/2982)

Successful short-term suppression of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in AIDS. California Collaborative Treatment Group. (8/2982)

Opportunistic Infections

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV Infections

Pneumonia, Pneumocystis

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Immunocompromised Host

T-Lymphocytopenia, Idiopathic CD4-Positive

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection

Anti-HIV Agents

Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral

Meningitis, Cryptococcal

Mycoses

Cytomegalovirus Infections

Lymphoma, AIDS-Related

Sarcoma, Kaposi

HIV-1

HIV

Anti-Retroviral Agents

Cryptococcosis

Microsporidiosis

AIDS Dementia Complex

Histoplasmosis

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Nocardia Infections

Pneumocystis Infections

Lymphopenia

HIV Seropositivity

Candidiasis, Oral

Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Lung Diseases, Parasitic

Toxoplasmosis

Pneumocystis

Candidiasis

Namibia

Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal

Antifungal Agents

Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes

Immunosuppressive Agents

Herpes Zoster

Homosexuality

Medicine, African Traditional

Viral Load

Tuberculosis

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Pneumocystis carinii

Bacterial Infections

Retroviruses, Simian

Infection

Mycobacterium Infections

Parasitic Diseases

Mycobacterium avium Complex

Organ Transplantation

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination

Thymic Factor, Circulating

Cryptosporidiosis

Protozoan Infections

Mucormycosis

Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Fatal Outcome

Central Nervous System Infections

HIV Wasting Syndrome

Immunosuppression

Drug Therapy, Combination

Incidence

Cryptococcus

Microsporida

Retrospective Studies

Coccidioidomycosis

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

Treatment Outcome

Virus Diseases

Cohort Studies

Dermatomycoses

Coinfection

Encephalitozoonosis

Aspergillosis

Dermatomyositis