Aids associated nephropathy. Medical search

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.

A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Highly differentiated epithelial cells of the visceral layer of BOWMAN CAPSULE of the KIDNEY. They are composed of a cell body with major CELL SURFACE EXTENSIONS and secondary fingerlike extensions called pedicels. They enwrap the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS capillaries with their cell surface extensions forming a filtration structure. The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate with each other leaving between them filtration slits that are bridged by an extracellular structure impermeable to large macromolecules called the slit diaphragm, and provide the last barrier to protein loss in the KIDNEY.

A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Smooth muscle-like cells adhering to the wall of the small blood vessels of the KIDNEY at the glomerulus and along the vascular pole of the glomerulus in the JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS. They are myofibroblasts with contractile and phagocytic properties. These cells and their MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX constitute the GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM.

Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity.

A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.

The thin membranous structure supporting the adjoining glomerular capillaries. It is composed of GLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS and their EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.

Long convoluted tubules in the nephrons. They collect filtrate from blood passing through the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS and process this filtrate into URINE. Each renal tubule consists of a BOWMAN CAPSULE; PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE; LOOP OF HENLE; DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT leading to the central cavity of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS) that connects to the URETER.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.

A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.

Nitro-phenanthrenes occurring in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE and other plants. They derive from stephanine (APORPHINES) by oxidative ring cleavage. The nitro group is a reactive alkylator (ALKYLATING AGENTS) that binds to biological macromolecules. Ingestion by humans is associated with nephropathy (NEPHRITIS). There is no relationship to the similar named aristolochene (SESQUITERPENES).

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.

Presence of blood in the urine.

A phenylacetamide that was formerly used in ANALGESICS but nephropathy and METHEMOGLOBINEMIA led to its withdrawal from the market. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology,1991, p431)

Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine.

Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.

Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.

A non-fibrillar collagen found in the structure of BASEMENT MEMBRANE. Collagen type IV molecules assemble to form a sheet-like network which is involved in maintaining the structural integrity of basement membranes. The predominant form of the protein is comprised of two alpha1(IV) subunits and one alpha2(IV) subunit, however, at least six different alpha subunits can be incorporated into the heterotrimer.

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.

A plant genus of the family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Species of this genus have been used in traditional medicine but they contain aristolochic acid which is associated with nephropathy. These are sometimes called 'snakeroot' but that name is also used with a number of other plants such as POLYGALA; SANICULA; ASARUM; ARISTOLOCHIA; AGERATINA; and others.

Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.

Products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of GLUCOSE and PROTEINS in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in protein-protein cross-linking. These substances are involved in biological processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of DIABETES MELLITUS.

Triiodo-substituted derivatives of BENZOIC ACID.

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

A glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) - anchored membrane protein found on the thick ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. The cleaved form of the protein is found abundantly in URINE.

Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.

VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.

An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.

Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.

A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.

Emergency care or treatment given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured before full medical services become available.

Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.

A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.

The layer of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX that lies between the ENDOTHELIUM of the glomerular capillaries and the PODOCYTES of the inner or visceral layer of the BOWMAN CAPSULE. It is the product of these two cell types. It acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

EXOPEPTIDASES that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Isocoumarins found in ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS and other FUNGI. Ochratoxin contaminated FOOD has been responsible for cases of FOODBORNE DISEASES.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Glucose in blood.

A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.

Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Administration of high doses of pharmaceuticals over short periods of time.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that has a characteristic odor.

A syndrome of multiple abnormalities characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the PATELLA and congenital nail dystrophy. It is a genetically determined autosomal dominant trait.

The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

An inbred strain of Long-Evans rats that develops hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and mild obesity, mostly in males, that resembles non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans. It was developed from outbred Long-Evans stock in 1983.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.

Therapy for the insufficient cleansing of the BLOOD by the kidneys based on dialysis and including hemodialysis, PERITONEAL DIALYSIS, and HEMODIAFILTRATION.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.

A clear, homogenous, structureless, eosinophilic substance occurring in pathological degeneration of tissues.

The circulation of the BLOOD through the vessels of the KIDNEY.

An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It is found in hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES where it may play a role in CHONDROGENESIS and endochondral ossification.

A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.

The urea concentration of the blood stated in terms of nitrogen content. Serum (plasma) urea nitrogen is approximately 12% higher than blood urea nitrogen concentration because of the greater protein content of red blood cells. Increases in blood or serum urea nitrogen are referred to as azotemia and may have prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Auditory and visual instructional materials.

Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.

A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.

Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.

A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Conjugated proteins in which mucopolysaccharides are combined with proteins. The mucopolysaccharide moiety is the predominant group with the protein making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

The 4-aminomethyl form of VITAMIN B 6. During transamination of amino acids, PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate.

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)

Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).

Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.

A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

Substances which lower blood glucose levels.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Excision of kidney.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

An island republic in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Nicosia. It was colonized by the Phoenicians and ancient Greeks and ruled successively by the Assyrian, Persian, Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine Empires. It was under various countries from the 12th to the 20th century but became independent in 1960. The name comes from the Greek Kupros, probably representing the Sumerian kabar or gabar, copper, famous in historic times for its copper mines. The cypress tree is also named after the island. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p308 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p134)

Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically.

Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)

The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

HIV-associated nephropathy is a late, not early, manifestation of HIV-1 infection. (1/170)

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) can be the initial presentation of HIV-1 infection. As a result, many have assumed that HIVAN can occur at any point in the infection. This issue has important implications for appropriate therapy and, perhaps, for pathogenesis. Since the development of new case definitions for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and better tools to assess infection, the relationship of HIVAN to the time of AIDS infection has not been addressed. In this study, we reassessed the stage of infection at the time of HIVAN diagnosis in 10 patients, and we reviewed all previously published cases applying the new case definitions to assess stage of infection. METHODS: HIVAN was confirmed by kidney biopsy in HIV seropositive patients with azotemia and/or proteinuria. CD4+ cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA copy number were measured. We also reviewed all published cases of HIVAN to determine if AIDS-defining conditions, by current Centers for Disease Control definitions, were present in patients with biopsy-proven HIVAN. RESULTS: Twenty HIV-1 seropositive patients with proteinuria and an elevated creatinine concentration were biopsied. HIVAN was the single most common cause of renal disease. CD4+ cell count was below 200/mm3 in all patients with HIVAN, fulfilling Centers for Disease Control criteria for an AIDS-defining condition. HIV-1 plasma RNA was detectable in all patients with HIVAN. In reviewing previous reports, an AIDS-defining condition was present in virtually all patients with HIVAN. CONCLUSION: HIVAN develops late, not early, in the course of HIV-1 infection following the development of AIDS. This likely accounts for the poor prognosis noted in previous publications and has implications for pathogenesis. In addition, given the detectable viral RNA levels, highly active antiretroviral therapy is indicated in HIVAN. Highly active antiretroviral therapy may improve survival as well as alter the natural history of HIVAN. (+info)

Up-regulation of Duffy antigen receptor expression in children with renal disease. (2/170)

BACKGROUND: The Duffy antigen chemokine receptor (DARC) is a promiscuous chemokine receptor that binds chemokines from the C-X-C and C-C families. DARC was initially described on red blood cells, but subsequent studies have demonstrated DARC protein expression on renal endothelial and epithelial cells, even in Duffy-negative individuals whose red cells lack DARC. Because approximately 68% of African Americans lack the Duffy/DARC on their red cells, we carried out experiments to identify the specific renal cells expressing DARC protein and mRNA in African American children and to define whether DARC expression was altered in renal inflammatory processes. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies were done in 28 renal sections from children with each of the following diagnoses: HIV nephropathy (HIVAN), HIV-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HIV-HUS), HIV infection without renal disease, HIV-negative children without renal disease, and Argentinean children with classic HUS. RESULTS: The predominant localization of DARC mRNA and protein was found in endothelial cells underlying postcapillary renal venules in all patients studied. However, DARC mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated in peritubular and glomerular capillaries, collecting duct epithelial cells, and interstitial inflammatory cells in children with HIVAN, HIV-HUS, and classic HUS. CONCLUSION: These findings support the notion that the renal DARC is linked to the inflammatory cascade and that African American children may be at risk of accumulating chemokines in renal tissues. (+info)

Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. (3/170)

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been linked to the development of glomerular disease. HCV infection is highly prevalent among intravenous drug users, a population that is also at risk for HIV coinfection. This study reports the clinical-pathologic features and outcome of HCV-associated glomerular disease (HCV-GD) in 14 patients with HIV coinfection. All were intravenous drug users and all but one were African-Americans. Renal presentations included renal insufficiency, microscopic hematuria with active urine sediment, hypertension, and nephrotic syndrome or nephrotic-range proteinuria without hypercholesterolemia. Hypocomplementemia and cryoglobulinemia were present in 46 and 33% of patients, respectively. The predominant renal biopsy findings were membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1 or type 3 (Burkholder subtype) in 79% of patients and membranous glomerulopathy with atypical features in 21% (including overlap with collapsing glomerulopathy in one patient). The clinical course was characterized by rapid progression to renal failure requiring dialysis. The overall morbidity and mortality were high with median time of 5.8 mo to dialysis or death. Although most patients died in renal failure, cause of death was primarily attributable to long-term immunosuppression and advanced AIDS. Patients with AIDS had shorter survival than those without (median survival time of 6.1 mo versus 45.9 mo, log-rank test P = 0.02). Only two patients were alive with stable renal function at follow-up of 28.5 mo. In patients with HCV-GD, coinfection with HIV leads to an aggressive form of renal disease that can be easily confused with HIV-associated nephropathy. Although hypocomplementemia, cryoglobulinemia, and more prominent hypertension and microscopic hematuria may provide clues to the presence of HCV-GD, renal biopsy is essential to differentiate HCV-GD from HIV-associated nephropathy. (+info)

Renal lesions in AIDS: a biopsy and autopsy study. (4/170)

We studied renal lesions at biopsy (20 cases) and at autopsy (21 cases) among patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nephrotic syndrome with concomitant renal insufficiency was most common indication for biopsy. 85 percent of biopsies showed features of HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN) which include: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), glomerular collapse and mesangial hyperplasia. These glomerular changes were always accompanied by tubular microcysts and ultrastructurally, tubuloreticular inclusions (TRI) within the glomerular endothelium were often noted. Changes of HIVAN were also seen in two cases who were HIV negative at the time of biopsy but were positive on repeat testing. Minimal change disease, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis were other biopsy lesions. Autopsy findings were HIVAN (33 percent), tubular necrosis and opportunistic infections. We conclude that HIVAN is a distinct clinicopathologic entity that may sometimes be the first manifestation of the underlying disease state. (+info)

Renal lesions associated with AIDS--an autopsy study. (5/170)

Kidneys from 55 cases (20 with HIV infection and 35 with AIDS) were studied by routine Haematoxylin and Eosin stains and special stains (PAS, PASM GMS, ZN, Mucicarmine and Congo red) to evaluate, glomerular, interstitial and vascular pathology. Twenty-four of the 35 (68.6%) cases of AIDS showed infective aetiology which included 17 cases (48.5%) of tuberculosis, 5 cases (14.4%) of fungal infection (3 cryptococcus neoformans and 2 candida species) and 2 cases (5.7%) of CMV infection. Other lesions noted were amyloidosis and tubular calcinosis. HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was not detected in any of the cases. Intravenous drug abuse was not a risk factor in our cases which probably explains the absence of HIV associated nephropathy in the present study. (+info)

Chemokine receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in HIV-associated kidney disease. (6/170)

The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 have been identified as essential coreceptors for entry of HIV-1 strains into susceptible cells. Direct infection of renal parenchymal cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated renal disease, although data are conflicting. The localization of CCR5 and CXCR4 in kidneys with HIV-associated renal disease is unknown. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded renal biopsies from patients with HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) (n = 13), HIV-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis (n = 3), HIV-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 1), and HIV-negative patients with collapsing glomerulopathy (n = 8) were analyzed in this study. Cellular sites of expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 were identified by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization. The presence of HIV-1 was detected by immunohistochemistry and by in situ hybridization. Expression of both chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 was undetectable in intrinsic glomerular, tubular, and renovascular cells in all analyzed cases. In the presence of tubulointerstitial inflammation, CCR5 and CXCR4 expression was localized to infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes. HIV-1 protein was undetectable by immunohistochemistry in all cases of HIV-associated renal disease. HIV-1 RNA was identified in one case of HIVAN but was restricted to infiltrating leukocytes. HIV-1 RNA was not detected in intrinsic renal cells in all analyzed cases. Identifying the cellular expression of HIV-coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 may help to clarify which tissues are permissive for direct HIV infection. These data do not support a role of productive HIV-1 infection of renal parenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated renal disease. (+info)

Diuretic MAG3 scintirenography in children with HIV nephropathy: diffuse parenchymal dysfunction. (7/170)

HIV nephropathy (HIVN) is prevalent in 15%-56% of HIV-infected children and induces mild to severe progressive nephropathy. METHODS: A total of 33 renal diuretic scintirenographic studies with 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) were reviewed and analyzed from 23 HIV pediatric patients, 21 of whom had HIVN with varying degrees of renal impairment. Results were compared with 10 studies of control patients of matching ages. Visual interpretation of images and renograms as well as semiquantitative analyses were performed. Variables compared were size of kidneys, time of peak and one-half peak activities, residual (or retained) cortical activity at 20 min, ratio of cortical activity at 2.5-20 min, and ratio of kidney activity to kidney plus background activity at 2 min. The results of MAG3 renal studies were also compared with laboratory data pertaining to creatinine clearance in all patients and with sonography in 17 patients. RESULTS: In most patients with HIVN (18/21), the kidneys were larger than normal, with a diffuse parenchymal dysfunction (decreased uptake, slow processing, and increased retention of activity) and flat renograms, findings similar to those observed in other diffuse parenchymal diseases. In all patients with HIVN, semiquantitative analysis (paired t test) showed statistically significant differences from control patients for all variables. On ANOVA, a statistically significant correlation was found between most scintigraphic parameters and the severity of renal impairment. Of the 17 concurrent sonographic studies in HIVN patients, 7 showed no abnormalities, whereas the results of scintigraphy were abnormal. CONCLUSION: Diuretic MAG3 scintirenography shows nonspecific diffuse parenchymal dysfunction in pediatric patients with HIVN. Such dysfunction may provide corroborative evidence of HIVN and should be recognized when the test is performed for standard indications. Further work is necessary to prove that the test has indeed the high sensitivity and good correlation with the seventy of HIVN suggested in this population; the test may be useful to follow up the progression of disease and the effect of treatment. (+info)

Podocyte cell cycle regulation and proliferation in collapsing glomerulopathies. (8/170)

BACKGROUND: Mature podocytes are growth-arrested because of the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Under pathological conditions, podocytes may undergo mitosis, but not cell division. Exceptions to this rule are collapsing glomerulopathies (CGs), including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and idiopathic CG, where podocytes undergo a dysregulation of their differentiated phenotype and proliferate. METHODS: To shed light on the mechanism underlying podocyte proliferation in CG, we analyzed the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67, cyclins (A, D1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p27, p57), and podocyte differentiation marker synaptopodin in eight cases of HIVAN and two cases of idiopathic CG. Normal fetal and adult kidneys served as controls. RESULTS: Both HIVAN and idiopathic CG showed a marked reduction in the expression of p27, p57, and cyclin D1 (absent in 69, 62, and 80% of all glomeruli, respectively). Cyclin A and Ki-67 were expressed in 11 and 29% of all glomeruli. Moreover, there was partial loss of synaptopodin and cyclin D1 expression in nonaffected glomeruli. CONCLUSIONS: The loss of p27 and p57 leading to expression of cyclin A may account for the activation of podocyte proliferation in CG. Furthermore, the loss of cyclin D1 from histologically normal glomeruli suggests a possible role of cyclin D1 in mediating the dysregulation of the podocyte cell cycle in CG. These novel findings offer insight into the molecular regulation of mature podocyte differentiation. Podocyte proliferation in CG provides evidence in support of a previously underestimated plasticity of mature podocytes. (+info)

He developed the first small animal model of HIV associated nephropathy using transgenic techniques. He is the author of more ... Research Klotman's research has been a blend of both basic and clinical research in molecular virology and AIDS pathogenesis. ... The Paul Klotman laboratory at Baylor studies HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and how the kidney responds to HIV infection. ... A nephrologist by training, his research has centered on molecular virology and AIDS pathogenesis. He developed the first small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klotman

His original work AIDS Associated Nephropathy was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1984. Rao started working ... During his fellowship he published his original work on heroin-associated nephropathy in the prestigious New England Journal of ... In 1984, he described for the first time renal disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). ... and Nephropathy associated with HIV infection in early 80's. His professional achievement was to transport two cadaver donor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._K._Sreepada_Rao

Other blood tests done to aid in the diagnosis include CRP or ESR, complement levels, ANA, and LDH. Protein electrophoresis and ... There are a few additional caveats that have to be considered while treating IgA nephropathy. IgA nephropathy has a very ... "IgA Nephropathy". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 July 2021. "IgA Nephropathy". National Kidney Foundation. ... HSP is associated with a more benign prognosis than IgA nephropathy. In non-aggressive IgA nephropathy there is traditionally a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA_nephropathy

In the USA 12% of patients dying with AIDS have histologically proven HIVAN, the worldwide incidence amongst AIDS patients ... the virus that causes AIDS. The most common, or "classical", type of HIV-associated nephropathy is a collapsing focal segmental ... HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) refers to kidney disease developing in association with infection by human immunodeficiency ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy

In chronic allograft nephropathy, disruption or reduplication of internal elastic lamina can be observed, which causes ... Demonstration of fragmentation in this layer by elastin-van Gieson stain aids in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. It stains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_elastic_lamina

... also has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects as well as aid repair of smooth muscle cells. A recent ... Nordquist L, Wahren J (2009). "C-Peptide: the missing link in diabetic nephropathy?". The Review of Diabetic Studies. 6 (3): ... Likewise, C-peptide administration in animals that had C-peptide deficiency (type 1 model) with nephropathy improves renal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-peptide

... demonstrates direct correlation between exposure and onset and progression of nephropathy. This porcine nephropathy bears ... for AIDS), and cisplatin[citation needed]. Their symptoms are well known to nephrologists: glycosuria without hyperglycemia, ... Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), a slowly progressive renal disease, appeared in the middle of the 20th century, highly ... Other nephropathies, although not responding to the "classical" definition of BEN, may be linked to ochratoxin. Thus, this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochratoxin_A

Diabetic nephropathy as a result of diabetes mellitus is a result of persistent high blood sugar, and is characterized by a ... and can aid in determining appropriate cancer treatments. Since the mechanisms of both of these pathways are not unique to ... Diabetic Nephropathy at eMedicine Yamamoto Y, Maeshima Y, Kitayama H, et al. (July 2004). "Tumstatin peptide, an inhibitor of ... It was found that VEGF is one of the mediators of glomerular hypertrophy, which causes nephropathy. Since tumstatin inhibits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumstatin

... aids arteritis, central nervous system MeSH C20.673.480.050 - aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C20.673.480.070 - aids dementia ... complex MeSH C20.673.480.080 - aids-related complex MeSH C20.673.480.100 - aids-related opportunistic infections MeSH C20.673. ... aids-related MeSH C20.683.515.761.480.150.570 - lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MeSH C20.683.515.761.480.150.700 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C20)

... aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C12.777.419.078 - anuria MeSH C12.777.419.135 - diabetes insipidus MeSH C12.777.419.135.500 - ... diabetic nephropathies MeSH C12.777.419.250 - fanconi syndrome MeSH C12.777.419.291 - hepatorenal syndrome MeSH C12.777.419.307 ... balkan nephropathy MeSH C12.777.419.570.643.790 - pyelonephritis MeSH C12.777.419.570.643.790.810 - pyelonephritis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C12)

... aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.070 - aids dementia complex MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.080 - aids-related ... aids arteritis, central nervous system MeSH C02.800.801.400.050 - aids-associated nephropathy MeSH C02.800.801.400.070 - aids ... aids arteritis, central nervous system MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.050 - ... complex MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.100 - aids-related opportunistic infections MeSH C02.782.815.616.400.400 - hiv-associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C02)

Other winners devoted their work to aiding individuals who had a specific illness, such as Curt Schilling, who raised money for ... who lost a kidney as an infant and devoted himself to working with individuals with nephropathy. Also, some winners devoted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Rickey_Award

In April 2013, a high-level meeting with regional health ministries, nongovernmental organizations, aid agencies, clinical ... The term Mesoamerican Nephropathy has been in use in Central America and Mexico since 2012. Similar epidemics have been ... Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) is an endemic, non-diabetic, non-hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by ... This workshop also led to the creation of the Consortium on the Epidemic of Nephropathy in Central America and Mexico (CENCAM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_nephropathy

Laboratory tests can aid in diagnosing PLN and PLE; Wheaten owners should check their country's advised testing protocols. ... "Protein-losing Nephropathy". Go Pets America. Retrieved 25 October 2010. Robyn Alexander. "Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier Club of ... protein-losing nephropathy (PLN), where the dogs lose protein via the kidneys; and protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), where the ... "Familial Protein-Losing Enteropathy and Protein-Losing Nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers: 222 Cases". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-coated_Wheaten_Terrier

It also has expressed the capability to be classes as an ATC code A10 drug due to its effect on diabetic nephropathy as well as ... Chrysophanol can also aid in treatment for inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting inflammation by targeting pro-inflammatory ... Studies have been conducted on the benefits of chrysophanol and have found that it can aid in preventing cancer, diabetes, ... Guo C, Wang Y, Piao Y, Rao X, Yin D (2020-11-16). "Chrysophanol Inhibits the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophanol

Woolley IJ, Kalayjian R, Valdez H, Hamza N, Jacobs G, Lederman MM, Zimmerman PA (2002). "HIV nephropathy and the Duffy antigen/ ... Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Mediates trans-Infection of HIV-1 from Red Blood Cells to Target Cells and Affects HIV-AIDS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system

The Minority AIDS Initiative operates through the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, under the Public Health Service Act. This is in ... Diabetes can cause nephropathy, leading to renal function deterioration, failure, and disease. Prior to the increase in ... "IHS HIV/AIDS Program Minority AIDS Initiative". Indian Health Service. Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved ... The Indian Health Service also works with Minority AIDS Initiative to use funding to establish AIDS projects. This funding has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

There is no reliable evidence to support its use in autism, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, Bell's ... diabetic nephropathy; Exceptional blood loss (anemia); Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss; Intracranial abscess; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine

Diabetic nephropathy See: Nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy See: Neuropathy Diabetic osteopathy Bone disease secondary to chronic ... The test can aid in diagnosis; a single reading of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) is diagnostic except in newborns or pregnant women or ... See also: Dialysis; nephropathy. Enzymes proteins which have the effect of greatly increasing the reaction rate of specific ... Also called nephropathy. Kidneys organs which produce urine by excreting blood plasma and then resorbing important chemicals. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_diabetes

His research interests include mechanisms of insulin action in the ovary, endocrinological aspects of AIDS, and clinical ... a study of the potential new treatment for prevention of diabetic nephropathy (carried out in collaboration with investigators ... Poretsky, L; Maran, A; Zumoff, B (1990). "Endocrinological and metabolic manifestations of AIDS". Mount Sinai Journal of ... Another line of Poretsky's research involved endocrine manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Poretsky

... and complement nephropathy, such as C1Q nephropathy. IgA nephropathy is the most common cause of MesPGN. It is thought ... Most glomerulonephritis' classification and prognosis are aided by histological evaluation by renal biopsy. The renal biopsy is ... MesPGN has been associated with disease processes such as: IgA nephropathy, IgM nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematous, ... IgA nephropathy) Secondary diagnosis (i.e., ATN, interstitial nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathy) Ancillary studies, if done ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesangial_proliferative_glomerulonephritis

2010). "Prospective study of polyomavirus BK replication and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients in China: A single- ... For example, in severely immunocompromised HIV-patients, previously called AIDS-patients, immunologic function can be restored ... Polyomaviruses may cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JC virus) and polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, ... 2007). "Leflunomide treatment for polyomavirus BK-associated nephropathy after kidney transplantation". Transplant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy_cells

For example, Bartter Syndrome, also known as salt-wasting nephropathy, is a hereditary disease of the kidney characterized by ... researchers are looking to the exome for clues to aid in this process. Whole-exome sequencing is a recent technology that has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exome

Serum analysis often aids in the diagnosis of a specific underlying disease. The presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane ... and IgA nephropathy-that involves the glomerulus may progress to RPGN if severe enough. Also known as pauci-immune RPGN, type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidly_progressive_glomerulonephritis

... s aid filtration by constituting part of the glomerular capillary tuft structure that filters fluids to produce ... Kanwar, Y; Wada, J; Sun, L; Xie, P; Wallner, E; Chen, S; Chugh, S; Danesh, F (2008). "Diabetic Nephropathy: Mechanisms of Renal ... The expansion of mesangial matrix is one characteristic of diabetic nephropathy although it also involves other cells in ... Brunskill, E; Potter, S (2012). "Changes in the gene expression programs of renal mesangial cells during diabetic nephropathy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesangial_cell

... and pediatric HIV/AIDS. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology supports the use of immunoglobulin for primary ... hypokalemic nephropathy, pulmonary embolism, and transfusion related acute lung injury. There is also a small chance that even ... AIDS) with recurrent bacterial infections. and for the immunomodulation in adults, children and adolescents (0-18 years) in: ... certain cases of HIV/AIDS and measles, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and certain other infections when a more specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_therapy

... as well as acute tubulointerstitial nephropathy, which altogether induce severe liver failure and kidney failure. There are ... using chromatographic techniques to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients and in postmortem tissues to aid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatoxin

6 each: Malignant tumor, metastasis, AIDS. For a physician, this score is helpful in deciding how aggressively to treat a ... Apart from that the patient had hypertension, type 2 diabetes with diabetic nephropathy, hysteromyoma, cholelithiasis, ... Tomblin, J. Bruce; Mueller, Kathyrn L. (2012). "How Can Comorbidity with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Aid ... AIDS, or cancer (a total of 22 conditions). Each condition is assigned a score of 1, 2, 3, or 6, depending on the risk of dying ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidity

Finding the vessel with a needle can be challenging and both ultrasound and fluoroscopy can be used to aid in finding and ... see Contrast-induced nephropathy). People are constantly exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation during procedures. Ideal ... internal and external Infection Radiation burn Contrast induced nephropathy from contrast use The likelihood of these risks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization

Although some lesions may heal on their own, the diagnosis of coma blisters are aided with specific histological ... Since the majority of diabetic individuals with bullous diabeticorum have nephropathy and neuropathy, it is suggested that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_blister

Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute ... 67 Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The descending limb ... Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

Connor, Allyson; Wang, Han; Appleby, Brian S.; Rhoads, Daniel D. (2019-09-24). "Clinical Laboratory Tests Used To Aid in ... acute nephropathy, general dementia, and hyperparathyroidism. The disease was first described by German neurologists Hans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt–Jakob_disease

Discovered Nephropathies associated with intravenous Heroin addiction and HIV infection Dinker Belle Rai, surgeon, Fellow of ... Vanivilas hospital is a center for excellence in prevention of parent to child transmission of AIDS. Bowring & Lady Curzon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute

... uses knowledge from nutritional science to aid in the understanding of human nutrition and the ... "The Natural History and Epidemiology of Diabetic Nephropathy". Implications for Prevention and Control: 1954-1960. Kumanyika, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_epidemiology

Le, Tao (2017-12-21). First aid for the USMLE step 1 2018. Bhushan, Vikas,, Sochat, Matthew,, Kallianos, Kimberly,, Chavda, ... nephropathy Neuromuscular - peripheral neuropathy, mononeuritis, amyotrophy Infective - UTIs, TB Vascular - coronary/ ... CHEST SEA To aid memory, think of the chest (or lungs) floating in a sea of yellow sputum, which is commonly seen in COPD. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_mnemonics

With the aid of routine examinations early symptoms of the following four groups can be identified: Diseases of the kidneys and ... of type II diabetics suffer in time from a nephropathy, and early recognition of diabetes is therefore of major significance ... Treatment monitoring with the aid of urine test strips allows a health professional to check on the results of the prescribed ... Scheer, KA; Segert, LA; Grammers, GL (1984). "Urine leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests as an aid to predict urine culture ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_test_strip

Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood ... A history of smoking encourages the progression of diabetic nephropathy. A study of an outbreak of an (H1N1) influenza in an ... fertility services: a commissioning aid - June 2009, from the Department of Health UK Parrott AC (October 1999). "Does ... "Smoking is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy". Diabetes Care. 17 (2): 126-31. doi:10.2337/diacare.17.2.126. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco

Who Fed People Living With AIDS and Cofounded GLWD 山崎力元参院議員が死去／74歳総務副大臣、予算委員長 (in Japanese) Long-serving editor, story teller ... diabetic nephropathy. Francis X. Archibald, 89, American politician, member of the South Carolina House

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_June_2021

Wang SN, Lapage J, Hirschberg R (November 2001). "Loss of tubular bone morphogenetic protein-7 in diabetic nephropathy". ... It can be used to aid in the fusion of vertebral bodies to prevent neurologic trauma. Also in the treatment of tibial non-union ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7

This formula is useful because the calculations are simple and can often be performed without the aid of a calculator. When ... Renal enlargement usually indicates diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis or myeloma. Renal atrophy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate

First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013. Print. Weinstein AM (1994). "Mathematical models of ... Diabetic nephropathy Glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction ... Some causes are acquired over the course of life, such as diabetic nephropathy whereas others are congenital, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney

With modern dual-energy CT scanners, new areas of use have been established, such as aiding in the diagnosis of gout. CT is ... The contrast agent may induce contrast-induced nephropathy. This occurs in 2 to 7% of people who receive these agents, with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan

Schlesinger N (March 2010). "Diagnosing and treating gout: a review to aid primary care physicians". Postgrad Med. 122 (2): 157 ... The rare genetic disorders familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy, medullary cystic kidney disease, ... or urate nephropathy exist. It is not until this point that medications are cost-effective. They are not usually started until ... resulting in stone formation and subsequent urate nephropathy. The crystallization of uric acid, often related to relatively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout

Ginossar, T.; Oetzel, J.; Van Meter, L.; Gans, A. A.; Gallant, J. E. (2019). "The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program after the Patient ... nephropathy screening and monitoring, and eye examinations, with an accompanying reduction in all-cause emergency department ... Current HIV/AIDS Reports. Springer Science+Business Media. 13 (2): 95-106. doi:10.1007/s11904-016-0306-z. ISSN 1548-3576. LCCN ... Current HIV/AIDS Reports. Springer Science+Business Media. 16 (1): 105-112. doi:10.1007/s11904-019-00429-6. ISSN 1548-3576. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act

MSC derived from iPSC have the capacity to aid periodontal regeneration and are a promising source of readily accessible stem ... Complications of Diabetes mellitus such as cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and peripheral ... Recently, some researchers succeeded in getting totipotent cells without the aid of SCNT. Totipotent cells were obtained using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_stem_cells

June 2002). "Effects of oral creatine supplementation in a patient with MELAS phenotype and associated nephropathy". ... creatine was included in their list of ergogenic aids and they do not list renal function as a concern for use. The most recent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine

The RIFLE criteria, proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) group, aid in assessment of the severity of a ... and a palpable bladder in obstructive nephropathy. Prerenal causes of AKI ("pre-renal azotemia") are those that decrease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury

Lithium Nephropathy at eMedicine Markowitz, Glen S.; Radhakrishnan, Jai; Kambham, Neeraja; Valeri, Anthony M.; Hines, William H ... Toxic metals may be made insoluble or collected, possibly by the aid of chelating agents, or through bioremediation. ... D'Agati, Vivette D. (2000). "Lithium Nephrotoxicity: A Progressive Combined Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Nephropathy". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_toxicity

Once polyps are removed, they can be studied with the aid of a microscope to determine if they are precancerous or not. It can ... In rare cases, severe dehydration can lead to kidney damage or dysfunction under the form of phosphate nephropathy. Virtual ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy

... may be performed with the aid of "real-time" medical imaging to guide the positioning of biopsy equipment (imaging ... In these instances, biopsy is performed to exclude rejection, BK nephropathy, drug-toxicity or recurrence of the disease that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_biopsy

... nephropathy (also known as Berger disease) was first described by Berger and Hinglais in 1968. IgA nephropathy is characterized ... Histopathologic features aid in predicting risk for progression of IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Mar. 5(3):425- ... Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy 2016: an update from the IgA Nephropathy Classification Working Group. Kidney Int. ... encoded search term (IgA Nephropathy) and IgA Nephropathy What to Read Next on Medscape ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/239927-81358/what-is-the-efficacy-of-corticosteroids-in-the-treatment-of-immunoglobulin-a-iga-nephropathy

Uddanam nephropathy in India: a challenge for epidemiologists Akkaloori, Anitha; Manumanthu, Ramesh; Sanikommu, Suresh; Gadde ... Uganda edges closer to AIDS treatment for all مؤلف غير معروف (‏2008-6)‏ ... Uganda leads way in innovative HIV/AIDS treatment. Wendo, Charles (‏2005-4)‏ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/8/browse?locale-attribute=ar&type=title&etal=-1&sort_by=1&starts_with=U&rpp=20&order=ASC

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related nephropathy. *Aids. *AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) ... AIDS-related conditions 042. *AIDS-related virus (disease) (illness) 042*. infection - see Human immunodeficiency virus, ... AIDS-associated retrovirus (disease) (illness) 042*. infection - see Human immunodeficiency virus, infection ... AIDS-associated virus (disease) (illness) 042*. infection - see Human immunodeficiency virus, infection ...

http://www.icd9data.com/2009/Volume1/001-139/042-042/042/042.htm

Through a self-administrated questionnaire the adolescents were asked about puberty, marriage, birth spacing and AIDS and ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/115916/discover?rpp=10&filtertype_0=dateIssued&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_0=%5B2000+TO+2009%5D&filtertype=author&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=Afifi%2C+M.

Categories: AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=AIDS-Associated+Nephropathy&parentid=28631&catid=29849

Diabetes: insulin-dependent; with nephropathy/retinopathy/neuropathy or other vascular disease; or of ,20 years duration ... HIV/AIDS. Ischemic heart disease. Malignant gestational trophoblastic disease. Malignant liver tumors (hepatoma) and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a1.htm

Repository of Novel Analytes Leading to Autoimmune, Inflammatory and Diabetic Nephropathies (RENAL AID) ...

https://www.renalandurologynews.com/home/resources/ongoing-clinical-trials/lupus-nephritis-clinical-trials/low-dose-vs-high-dose-iv-cyclophosphamide-for-proliferative-ln-in-children-low-highivcy/

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section：一般, Research Field：Laboratory medicine ... Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Allocation Type. Single-year Grants ... Study on chronic hypoxia-related advancement factor in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy. Research Project ... Presentation] plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as a clinical progression marker of diabetic nephropathy is secreted by ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-19590550/

Dementia in people with advanced HIV/AIDS. Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth has no effect on thinking problems in people with ... Kidney damage caused by contrast dyes (contrast induced nephropathy). Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth with or without ... AIDS Res.Hum.Retroviruses 2010;26:1207-1214. View abstract.. * Guais, A., Baronzio, G., Sanders, E., Campion, F., Mainini, C., ... Use of alpha-lipoic acid in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in diabetic patients. Ren Fail 2013;35:748-53. View ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/767.html

Study Flashcards On Board Aid: Step 1 Buzz words at Cram.com. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Cram.com makes ... Board Aid: Step 1 Buzz Words. by www.boardaid.blogspot.com, Feb. 2007 ... Support Board Aid! go to www.boardaid.blogspot.com and click an ad!! ... ":"Board Aid: Step 1 Buzz words","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/board-aid-step-1-buzz-words-436486","isGuest":true,"ga_ ...

https://www.cram.com/flashcards/board-aid-step-1-buzz-words-436486

Membranous nephropathy, age greater than 60 years, high hemoglobin level, long prothrombin time, and high creatinine level were ... Assessing the venous phase of renal arteriography also aids in diagnosis. However, both are invasive procedures and, unlike US ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/382686-overview

2018 Nephropathy Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2018 Summary GlobalDatas clinical trial report, ... Aids in interpreting the success rates of clinical trials by providing a comparative scenario of completed and uncompleted ( ... Nephropathy Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2018. Summary. GlobalDatas clinical trial report, "Nephropathy Global Clinical ... Nephropathy Therapeutics Clinical Trials, Central and South America, Top Five Countries, 2018* Proportion of Nephropathy to ...

https://www.marketresearch.com/GlobalData-v3648/Nephropathy-Global-Clinical-Trials-Review-11667116/

... nephropathy, hematologic disorders (anemia, thrombocytopenia), and dermatologic diseases. Reported by: AIDS Program. Center for ... The nonspecific term AIDS-related complex has been widely used to describe symptomatic HIV-infected children who do not meet ... They should be mailed to the AIDS Program, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.. ... Presented at the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 1986. *Ward JW, Grindon AJ, Feorino PM, Schable C, Parvin M, ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0033741/m0033741.asp

HIV nephropathy can result from direct kidney infection with HIV or from the adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs (see the ... Vascular-dominant nephropathies: thrombotic microangiopathy (reported in the early years of the AIDS epidemic, but now rarely ... HIV-Associated Nephropathy and Other HIV-Related Renal Disorders * Sections HIV-Associated Nephropathy and Other HIV-Related ... Other nephropathies in the setting of HIV infection: diabetic nephropathy and age-related nephrosclerosis ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/246031-188203/what-is-the-role-of-renal-biopsy-in-the-diagnosis-of-hiv-associated-nephropathy-hivan

http://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/246031-overview

If you struggle with an AID, and have not tried going gluten free, you might be missing one of the most important pieces of the ... Kidney disease: membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy. Liver conditions: Autoimmune hepatitis (fatty liver ... It is my hope, that all medical professionals who commonly see and treat AID, will become educated on the potential possibility ... Studies have shown that a gluten free diet can improve outcomes for the following forms of AID(2,3,4,5,6,7): ...

https://www.glutenfreesociety.org/video-gfs/the-rise-of-autoimmune-disease-why-is-autoimmunity-increasing-is-it-gluten/

... and AIDS nephropathy. It is also often seen in a number of tubulointerstitial renal diseases. Finally, a great number of drugs ...

https://www.kegg.jp/entry/H00243

Did you know that each year diabetes takes more lives than breast cancer and AIDS combined? If you have diabetes, your risk of ... Kidney complications (diabetic nephropathy) is also a common condition in diabetics. So no, you cannot take diabetes lightly. ...

https://completewellbeing.com/article/common-myths-and-facts-about-diabetes/

IgA nephropathy;IgM nephropathy;IIIrd nerve paralysis;IIIrd nerve paresis;Iliac artery embolism;Immune thrombocytopenia;Immune[ ... AIDS czy może coś gorszego?. Istnieje pomysł, że „przerażający nowy wariant AIDS" nie jest tylko fantomem używanym do sprzedaży ... SZCZEPIONKI POWODUJĄ ZGONY, RAKA I AIDSMore. SZCZEPIONKI POWODUJĄ ZGONY, RAKA I AIDS ... małpia ospa» ma ukryć AIDS powodowany "szczepionkami Cow iD-19". 4. 16. 4.6K. May 25. ...

https://www.gloria.tv/share/fHgjxRBwcV6o3XdGLZfcMCMS6

Activation of Notch signaling pathway in HIV-associated nephropathy. . AIDS. 24C. , 2161 ... Notch4 activation aggravates NF-κB-mediated inflammation in HIV-1-associated nephropathy Rajni Vaid Puri, Rajni Vaid Puri * ... Nephropathy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression ... Upregulation of MHC class II, interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma receptor protein expression in HIV-associated nephropathy ...

https://cob.silverchair.com/dmm/article/12/12/dmm040642/225182/Notch4-activation-aggravates-NF-B-mediated?searchresult=1

1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and ... Nephropathy. *Nocardiosis. *Persistent fever (lasting ,1 month). *Toxoplasmosis, onset before age 1 month ... 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and ...

https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/pediatric-arv/appendix-c-cdc-pediatric-hiv-cd4-cell?view=full

Read medical definition of Nephropathy, membranous

https://www.medicinenet.com/nephropathy_membranous/definition.htm

There were three haplotypes (i.e., AGCA, AGCC, and GGCA) that were thought to be protective aga-inst renal nephropathy in our ... Such relationships can also aid in the progress of new managements, that would lead to improve public health. Acknowledgment. ... In our population, these three haplotypes were thought to be protective against the development of renal nephro-pathy. In terms ... In our population, we found that these three haplotypes were linked to reduced risk of renal nephropathy development. These ...

https://www.termedia.pl/Vitamin-D-receptor-gene-polymorphisms-in-chronic-kidney-disease-Egyptian-children-effect-on-biochemical-markers-of-bone-mineral-disorders,138,47550,1,0.html

Use of fish oil to treat patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(suppl): 373S-5S. 13. Rojas P. ... Drug solubilizers to aid pharmacologists: amorphous cyclodextrin derivatives. Lqe Sci. 1988; 43: 493-502. 15. Sugishita E, ... Gonzales GF, Gonzales C, Villegas L. Exposure of fatty aids after a single oral administration of sacha inchi (Plukenetia ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/10.3389/conf.fimmu.2015.05.00349/event_abstract

Immunodeficiency including AIDS / HIV or active autoimmune disease, or on immunosuppressant therapy. 11. Autoimmune nephropathy ...

https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NCT05567757

AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Medicine & Life Sciences 46% * Hemodynamics Medicine & Life Sciences 42% ... HIV-associated nephropathy model), at stages where glomerular injury was minimal by histopathology. Col4a3-/- mice express ... HIV-associated nephropathy model), at stages where glomerular injury was minimal by histopathology. Col4a3-/- mice express ... HIV-associated nephropathy model), at stages where glomerular injury was minimal by histopathology. Col4a3-/- mice express ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/biophysical-properties-of-normal-and-diseased-renal-glomeruli

1 AIDS-Associated Nephropathy --com.... *1 AIDS-Related Complex --complications. *1 AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infect... ... Pathology of AIDS in children.. Joshi, V V. 1-Sep-1994. BCG vaccination in India and tuberculosis in children: newer facets.. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/75944/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=subject&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=Developing+Countries&filter_field_2=dateIssued&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=%5B1990+TO+1999%5D&etal=0&filtername=dateIssued&filterquery=1994&filtertype=equals

10. Immunodeficiency including AIDS / HIV or active autoimmune disease, or on immunosuppressant therapy. (who.int)
In the autoimmune kidney disease Membranous Nephropathy (MN), the immune system launches an attack against the glomerulus of the kidney, which normally aids in filtering fluids and wastes. (euroimmunus.blog)
Membranous nephropathy occurs secondary to cancers, autoimmune disorder like lupus and vector illnesses like hepatitis B and malaria. (lasenorita.com)

Results of a prospective, open-label, multicenter, centrally randomized, controlled trial in 97 patients suggested that the combination of the ACEI ramipril with prednisone was more effective than ramipril alone in discouraging progression of renal disease associated with IgA nephropathy. (medscape.com)
HIV-positive individuals are at increased risk for a variety of renal disorders, including acute kidney injury (AKI), HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), comorbid chronic kidney disease (CKD), and treatment-related kidney toxicity. (medscape.com)
As early renal injury is often masked by the kidneys considerable functional reserve and capacity for repair, the book places special emphasis on the need for improved screening tools and markers that can aid the timely diagnosis of chemically induced renal dysfunction. (who.int)
The book also cites evidence that exposure to chemicals may have a much greater influence on the incidence of nephropathy and chronic renal failure than previously suspected. (who.int)
Over time, patients with diabetes may develop cystopathy, nephropathy, and renal papillary necrosis, complications that predispose them to UTIs. (medscape.com)

BKV DNA has been detected in blood of re- 5197 to nt 159 of the circular viral genome) by using La- nal transplant patients, and BKV load may be predictive of sergene MegAlign software (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Two such examples of BKV-associated diseases are polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) which affect kidney and bone marrow transplant recipients respectively. (wordpress.com)

Although kidney function, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in CO2 at baseline, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy was lower in CO2 compared to ICM. (aston.ac.uk)

Also, one A2 recommendation - HIV related illness (HIVAN, opportunistic infections) - without proteinuria, this is not HIV- Associated Nephropathy, excludes D - out! (usmlestep3blog.com)
Urgent initiation of antiretroviral treatment is recommended in the following individuals: Pregnant women, patients with HIV with coinfections (HBV, HCV, active tuberculosis), AIDS-defining illness, HIV-associated nephropathy, low CD4 counts, acute opportunistic infections and HIV HBV with evidence of chronic liver disease. (mims.com)

Acquired hyperkalemic RTA is observed in the context of mineralocorticoid deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus, and AIDS nephropathy. (kegg.jp)
3 Secondary membranous nephropathy (sMN) makes up the remaining 20% cases and is triggered by an underlying disease such as hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus, or cancer, or by certain drugs. (euroimmunus.blog)
Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, Alport's syndrome and diabetic nephropathy. (theemergencycenter.com)

What is Membranous Nephropathy (MN)? (euroimmunus.blog)
Primary membranous nephropathy (pMN) makes up 80% of the cases and results from the production of specific autoantibodies. (euroimmunus.blog)

IgA nephropathy is a common cause of glomerulonephritis. (medscape.com)

In addition, as patients with HIV infection age, comorbid kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and arterionephrosclerosis have become increasingly common. (medscape.com)
Kidney complications (diabetic nephropathy) is also a common condition in diabetics. (completewellbeing.com)
Carbondioxide-Aided Angiography Decreases Contrast Volume and Preserves Kidney Function in Peripheral Vascular Interventions. (aston.ac.uk)
Dive into the research topics of 'Carbondioxide-Aided Angiography Decreases Contrast Volume and Preserves Kidney Function in Peripheral Vascular Interventions. (aston.ac.uk)
Aided by the chief physician and director of the foundation,they have successfully discovered and implemented the usage of herbal drugs for curing various kidney ailments. (herbalhospitals.com)

Although FSGS is the predominant glomerular lesion in HIVAN, other reported glomerular lesions in patients with HIV include IgA nephropathy, cryoglobulinemia, amyloidosis, and a lupuslike immune complex glomerulopathy. (medscape.com)

The same microvascular changes which often lead to nephropathy and retinopathy in diabetic patients, can lead t. (kenhear.com)

Did you know that each year diabetes takes more lives than breast cancer and AIDS combined? (completewellbeing.com)
This article discusses some of the latest research on how the Mediterranean Diet, and EVOO, aid in the prevention and management of diabetes. (olivewellnessinstitute.org)
Systemic and local low-grade inflammation and release of proinflammatory cytokines are implicated in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. (elsevier.com)
We propose that careful targeting of TLR2, TLR4, and NLRP3 signalling pathways could be beneficial for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. (elsevier.com)
Wada, J & Makino, H 2016, ' Innate immunity in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy ', Nature Reviews Nephrology , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 13-26. (elsevier.com)

Going forward, these structures may also be used to identify how antibodies from patients with other diseases recognize the BKV virus particle and thus aid in the development of a vaccine. (wordpress.com)

With the identification of the causative agent of the acquired immuno- deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations has been attributed to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
With the exception of the CDC surveillance definition for AIDS (1,2), no standard definitions for other manifestations of HIV infection have been developed for children. (cdc.gov)
Physicians from institutions caring for relatively large numbers of HIV-infected children report that only about half of their patients with symptomatic illness related to the infection fulfill the criteria of the CDC surveillance definition for AIDS (6,7). (cdc.gov)
1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. (hiv.gov)
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) is an immunosuppressed state, caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ). (radiopaedia.org)
[ 33 ] However, routine late pregnancy testing at 36-37 weeks' gestation in all women is recommended by many experts because infection during pregnancy now makes up a significant percentage of children with AIDS. (medscape.com)

1 Based on 2000 to 2004 surveillance data, the report highlights differences in incidence rates of HIV and AIDS diagnoses by age, sex, ethnicity/race, risk factor/transmission categories, and US geographic region. (patientcareonline.com)

In the early phase of diabetic nephropathy, there is microscopic loss of protein-called microalbuminuria, followed by massive loss of protein in the active stage of nephrotic syndrome-called macroalbuminuria. (lasenorita.com)

Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that aid in blood filtration. (theemergencycenter.com)

The distribution of current health disparities in HIV/AIDS and many other chronic illnesses has been shaped by the convergence of multiple individual and community level factors. (patientcareonline.com)
C. Check out US HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines :"The progression of chronic HBV to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma is more rapid in HIV-infected persons than in persons with chronic HBV alone. (usmlestep3blog.com)

Current guidelines 2 advise starting treatment if there is an AIDS-defining illness or a CD4 count below 350 cells/microlitre. (nps.org.au)
This disease follows viral illness like HIV/AIDS, genetic mutations, high blood pressure, vascular disease, obesity and medication. (lasenorita.com)

For DNA in peripheral blood with development of progressive WUPyV, phylogenetic analysis was performed on a 194- multifocal encephalopathy in AIDS patients remains con- bp fragment within the amplified region of NCCR (nt troversial ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
12. Donadio JV Jr. Use of fish oil to treat patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. (frontiersin.org)

The diagnosis of AIDS rests on the progression to clinical or serological evidence of immunodeficiency. (radiopaedia.org)

To assess glomerular biomechanics in disease, we measured the Young's moduli of glomeruli from two mouse models of primary glomerular disease, Col4a3 -/- mice (Alport model) and Tg26 HIV/nl mice (HIV-associated nephropathy model), at stages where glomerular injury was minimal by histopathology. (elsevier.com)

AIDS Dementia Complex" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "AIDS Dementia Complex" by people in this website by year, and whether "AIDS Dementia Complex" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "AIDS Dementia Complex" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)

The geographical distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma and of lymphomas in Africa before the AIDS epidemic. (ox.ac.uk)

He has no HIV-related symptoms and has not had any AIDS-defining illnesses. (usmlestep3blog.com)

In November 2007, the CDC published a report on health disparities in HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted infections, and tuberculosis. (patientcareonline.com)
13 Years (2008) Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. (radiopaedia.org)

Hearing aids could be a minimally invasive and cost-effective way to mitigate the increased risk for dementia associated with hearing loss, new research confirms. (medscape.com)

Although combined ART is effective at preventing and reversing HIVAN, long-term use of such therapy has been linked to increased risk for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, arterionephrosclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy. (medscape.com)

The treatment of IgA nephropathy in any individual patient should be tailored to that patient's presentation, given the conflicting results of many studies of this disease. (medscape.com)
Uganda leads way in innovative HIV/AIDS treatment. (who.int)
While some differences are expected or unavoidable (eg, the distribution of HIV/AIDS by age), others imply inequities or inequalities (eg, unequal rates of antiretroviral treatment administration by income, sex, or ethnicity/race) and should be the focus of attempts at remediation. (patientcareonline.com)
How can antibody tests aid in MN disease and treatment monitoring? (euroimmunus.blog)

the second most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is diabetic nephropathy, particularly with uncontrolled hyperglycemia, which can damage the glomerular basement membrane with subsequent protein loss. (lasenorita.com)

Through a self-administrated questionnaire the adolescents were asked about puberty, marriage, birth spacing and AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. (who.int)

Doxycycline, taken with 72 hours of unprotected sex, could prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in men who have sex with men (MSM) or transgender women (TGW) who are either living with HIV (PLHIV) or are receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), according to a study presented at AIDS 2022. (mims.com)

GlobalData's clinical trial report, "Nephropathy Global Clinical Trials Review, H1, 2018 provides an overview of Nephropathy clinical trials scenario. (marketresearch.com)
This report provides top line data relating to the clinical trials on Nephropathy. (marketresearch.com)
Klotman's research has been a blend of both basic and clinical research in molecular virology and AIDS pathogenesis. (bcm.edu)

It is my hope, that all medical professionals who commonly see and treat AID, will become educated on the potential possibility that gluten is a major trigger for all forms of autoimmunity, not just celiac disease…and in this recognition, make a gluten free diet a standard recommendation of care. (glutenfreesociety.org)

Comparison with data from the era of AIDS indicates 20-fold increases in the occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma in Uganda and Zimbabwe. (ox.ac.uk)

AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus, which infects the CD4+ T-cells and macrophages . (radiopaedia.org)

Hearing Aids: Though the name of this type of technology is an accurate one, hey don't in fact aid your hearing - it oversimplifies the positive effects of what hearing technology can do f. (kenhear.com)
The purpose of this hearing assessment and/or demonstration is for hearing wellness to determine if the client(s) may benefit from using hearing aids. (kenhear.com)
Testing is to evaluate your hearing wellness, which may include selling and fitting hearing aids. (kenhear.com)

A groundbreaking, randomised controlled trial has shown that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell infusions safely reduce risk of death and aid quicker recovery in the most severe COVID-19 cases. (healtheuropa.com)

1986. A review of unique male rat hydrocarbon nephropathy. (cdc.gov)

For patient education information, see HIV/AIDS . (medscape.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms12

Diseases60

Chemicals and Drugs85

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment48

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Named Groups2

Health Care16

Geographicals3

HIV-associated nephropathy is a late, not early, manifestation of HIV-1 infection. (1/170)

Up-regulation of Duffy antigen receptor expression in children with renal disease. (2/170)

Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. (3/170)

Renal lesions in AIDS: a biopsy and autopsy study. (4/170)

Renal lesions associated with AIDS--an autopsy study. (5/170)

Chemokine receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in HIV-associated kidney disease. (6/170)

Diuretic MAG3 scintirenography in children with HIV nephropathy: diffuse parenchymal dysfunction. (7/170)

Podocyte cell cycle regulation and proliferation in collapsing glomerulopathies. (8/170)

Diabetic Nephropathies

AIDS-Associated Nephropathy

Glomerulonephritis, Membranous

Kidney Diseases

Proteinuria

Kidney

Kidney Glomerulus

Albuminuria

Podocytes

Creatinine

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Kidney Failure, Chronic

Mesangial Cells

Receptors, Phospholipase A2

Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental

Glomerular Mesangium

Polyomavirus Infections

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental

Kidney Tubules

Glomerulonephritis

Immunoglobulin A

Nephritis, Interstitial

Nephrotic Syndrome

Aristolochic Acids

Biopsy

Nephrosis, Lipoid

Disease Progression

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Kidney Transplantation

Hematuria

Phenacetin

Kidney Function Tests

Ureteral Obstruction

Contrast Media

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Fibrosis

Collagen Type IV

Renal Insufficiency

Aristolochia

Nephritis

Glycosylation End Products, Advanced

Triiodobenzoic Acids

Renin-Angiotensin System

Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Uromodulin

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Angiopathies

Streptozocin

Alpha-Globulins

Immunosuppressive Agents

Sodium Bicarbonate

First Aid

Acute Kidney Injury

Disease Models, Animal

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Biological Markers

Time Factors

Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch

Kidney Papillary Necrosis

Glomerular Basement Membrane

Blood Pressure

Risk Factors

Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative

Tonsillectomy

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Kidney Tubules, Proximal

Retrospective Studies

Diabetic Neuropathies

Case-Control Studies

Losartan

Treatment Outcome

Antihypertensive Agents

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Immunohistochemistry

Kidney Cortex

Hypertension, Renal

Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated