A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria isolated from soil and the stems, leafs, and roots of plants. Some biotypes are pathogenic and cause the formation of PLANT TUMORS in a wide variety of higher plants. The species is a major research tool in biotechnology.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.
A localized proliferation of plant tissue forming a swelling or outgrowth, commonly with a characteristic shape and unlike any organ of the normal plant. Plant tumors or galls usually form in response to the action of a pathogen or a pest. (Holliday, P., A Dictionary of Plant Pathology, 1989, p330)
A genus of gram negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, plants, and marine mud.
Plasmids coding for proteins which induce PLANT TUMORS. The most notable example of a plant tumor inducing plasmid is the Ti plasmid found associated with AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
A plant genus of the family CRASSULACEAE. Members contain bryophyllins (also called bryotoxins) which are bufadienolides (BUFANOLIDES) that have insecticidal activity.
An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.
Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.
A family of gram-negative bacteria which are saprophytes, symbionts, or plant pathogens.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Diseases of plants.
A plant species of the genus DATURA, family SOLANACEAE, that contains TROPANES and other SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of sweet clover, MEDICAGO SATIVA, and fenugreek.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
A species of gram-negative bacteria, primarily infecting SWINE, but it can also infect humans, DOGS, and HARES.
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
A phenomenon where microorganisms communicate and coordinate their behavior by the accumulation of signaling molecules. A reaction occurs when a substance accumulates to a sufficient concentration. This is most commonly seen in bacteria.
Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of protocatechuate to 3-carboxy-cis-cis-muconate in the presence of molecular oxygen. It contains ferric ion. EC 1.13.11.3.
Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives.
Cyclic esters of acylated BUTYRIC ACID containing four carbons in the ring.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.
A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.
An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.
Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE widely cultivated for ANIMAL FEED.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring in soil and water. Its organisms are generally nonpathogenic, but some species do cause infections of mammals, including humans.
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Glucose polymers consisting of a backbone of beta(1->3)-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl units with beta(1->6) linked side chains of various lengths. They are a major component of the CELL WALL of organisms and of soluble DIETARY FIBER.
An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.
A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.
Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.
Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.
Aminoglycoside produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is used as an anthelmintic against swine infections by large roundworms, nodular worms, and whipworms.
The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.
Benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. These pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. Normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p675) This preferred use of "pili" refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL), also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion.

Import of DNA into mammalian nuclei by proteins originating from a plant pathogenic bacterium. (1/966)

Import of DNA into mammalian nuclei is generally inefficient. Therefore, one of the current challenges in human gene therapy is the development of efficient DNA delivery systems. Here we tested whether bacterial proteins could be used to target DNA to mammalian cells. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, efficiently transfers DNA as a nucleoprotein complex to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transfer to plant cells is the only known example for interkingdom DNA transfer and is widely used for plant transformation. Agrobacterium virulence proteins VirD2 and VirE2 perform important functions in this process. We reconstituted complexes consisting of the bacterial virulence proteins VirD2, VirE2, and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in vitro. These complexes were tested for import into HeLa cell nuclei. Import of ssDNA required both VirD2 and VirE2 proteins. A VirD2 mutant lacking its C-terminal nuclear localization signal was deficient in import of the ssDNA-protein complexes into nuclei. Import of VirD2-ssDNA-VirE2 complexes was fast and efficient, and was shown to depended on importin alpha, Ran, and an energy source. We report here that the bacterium-derived and plant-adapted protein-DNA complex, made in vitro, can be efficiently imported into mammalian nuclei following the classical importin-dependent nuclear import pathway. This demonstrates the potential of our approach to enhance gene transfer to animal cells.  (+info)

Stable expression of human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase in plant cells modifies N-linked glycosylation patterns. (2/966)

beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase (UDP galactose: beta-N-acetylglucosaminide: beta1,4-galactosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1. 22) catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine in the penultimate stages of the terminal glycosylation of N-linked complex oligosaccharides in mammalian cells. Tobacco BY2 cells lack this Golgi enzyme. To determine to what extent the production of a mammalian glycosyltransferase can alter the glycosylation pathway of plant cells, tobacco BY2 suspension-cultured cells were stably transformed with the full-length human galactosyltransferase gene placed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. The expression was confirmed by assaying enzymatic activity as well as by Southern and Western blotting. The transformant with the highest level of enzymatic activity has glycans with galactose residues at the terminal nonreducing ends, indicating the successful modification of the plant cell N-glycosylation pathway. Analysis of the oligosaccharide structures shows that the galactosylated N-glycans account for 47.3% of the total sugar chains. In addition, the absence of the dominant xylosidated- and fucosylated-type sugar chains confirms that the transformed cells can be used to produce glycoproteins without the highly immunogenic glycans typically found in plants. These results demonstrate the synthesis in plants of N-linked glycans with modified and defined sugar chain structures similar to mammalian glycoproteins.  (+info)

Complementation of plant mutants with large genomic DNA fragments by a transformation-competent artificial chromosome vector accelerates positional cloning. (3/966)

To accelerate gene isolation from plants by positional cloning, vector systems suitable for both chromosome walking and genetic complementation are highly desirable. Therefore, we developed a transformation-competent artificial chromosome (TAC) vector, pYLTAC7, that can accept and maintain large genomic DNA fragments stably in both Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Furthermore, it has the cis sequences required for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer into plants. We cloned large genomic DNA fragments of Arabidopsis thaliana into the vector and showed that most of the DNA fragments were maintained stably. Several TAC clones carrying 40- to 80-kb genomic DNA fragments were transferred back into Arabidopsis with high efficiency and shown to be inherited faithfully among the progeny. Furthermore, we demonstrated the practical utility of this vector system for positional cloning in Arabidopsis. A TAC contig was constructed in the region of the SGR1 locus, and individual clones with ca. 80-kb inserts were tested for their ability to complement the gravitropic defects of a homozygous mutant line. Successful complementation enabled the physical location of SGR1 to be delimited with high precision and confidence.  (+info)

Conjugal transfer but not quorum-dependent tra gene induction of pTiC58 requires a solid surface. (4/966)

Donors of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a transfer-constitutive derivative of the nopaline-type Ti plasmid pTiC58 transferred this element at frequencies 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher in matings conducted on solid surfaces than in those conducted in liquid medium. However, as measured with a lacZ reporter fusion, the tra genes of the wild-type Ti plasmid were inducible by opines to indistinguishable levels on solid and in liquid medium. Donors induced in liquid transferred the Ti plasmid at high frequency when mated with recipients on solid medium. We conclude that while formation of stable mating pairs and subsequent transfer of the Ti plasmid is dependent on a solid stratum, the regulatory system can activate tra gene expression to equivalent levels in liquid and on solid surfaces.  (+info)

Dimerization of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB4 ATPase and the effect of ATP-binding cassette mutations on the assembly and function of the T-DNA transporter. (5/966)

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB4 ATPase functions with other VirB proteins to export T-DNA to susceptible plant cells and other DNA substrates to a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that VirB4 mutants with defects in the Walker A nucleotide-binding motif are non-functional and exert a dominant negative phenotype when synthesized in wild-type cells. This study characterized the oligomeric structure of VirB4 and examined the effects of Walker A sequence mutations on complex formation and transporter activity. VirB4 directed dimer formation when fused to the amino-terminal portion of cI repressor protein, as shown by immunity of Escherichia coli cells to lambda phage infection. VirB4 also dimerized in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as demonstrated by the recovery of a detergent-resistant complex of native protein and a functional, histidine-tagged derivative by precipitation with anti-His6 antibodies and by Co2+ affinity chromatography. Walker A sequence mutants directed repressor dimerization in E. coli and interacted with His-VirB4 in A. tumefaciens, indicating that ATP binding is not required for self-association. A dimerization domain was localized to a proposed N-terminal membrane-spanning region of VirB4, as shown by the dominance of an allele coding for the N-terminal 312 residues and phage immunity of host cells expressing cI repressor fusions to alleles for the first 237 or 312 residues. A recent study reported that the synthesis of a subset of VirB proteins, including VirB4, in agrobacterial recipients has a pronounced stimulatory effect on the virB-dependent conjugal transfer of plasmid RSF1010 by agrobacterial donors. VirB4'312 suppressed the stimulatory effect of VirB proteins for DNA uptake when synthesized in recipient cells. In striking contrast, Walker A sequence mutants contributed to the stimulatory effect of VirB proteins to the same extent as native VirB4. These findings indicate that the oligomeric structure of VirB4, but not its capacity to bind ATP, is important for the assembly of VirB proteins as a DNA uptake system. The results of these studies support a model in which VirB4 dimers or homomultimers contribute structural information for the assembly of a transenvelope channel competent for bidirectional DNA transfer, whereas an ATP-dependent activity is required for configuring this channel as a dedicated export machine.  (+info)

Mutagenesis of the Agrobacterium VirE2 single-stranded DNA-binding protein identifies regions required for self-association and interaction with VirE1 and a permissive site for hybrid protein construction. (6/966)

The VirE2 single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is required for delivery of T-DNA to the nuclei of susceptible plant cells. By yeast two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation analyses, VirE2 was shown to self-associate and to interact with VirE1. VirE2 mutants with small deletions or insertions of a 31-residue oligopeptide (i31) at the N or C terminus or with an i31 peptide insertion at Leu236 retained the capacity to form homomultimers. By contrast, VirE2 mutants with modifications outside a central region located between residues 320 and 390 retained the capacity to interact with VirE1. These findings suggest the tertiary structure of VirE2 is important for homomultimer formation whereas a central domain mediates formation of a complex with VirE1. The capacity of VirE2 mutants to interact with full-length VirE2 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlated with the abundance of the mutant proteins in A. tumefaciens, suggesting that VirE2 is stabilized by homomultimerization in the bacterium. We further characterized the promoter and N- and C-terminal sequence requirements for synthesis of functional VirE2. A PvirB::virE2 construct yielded functional VirE2 protein as defined by complementation of a virE2 null mutation. By contrast, PvirE or Plac promoter constructs yielded functional VirE2 only if virE1 was coexpressed with virE2. Deletion of 10 or 9 residues from the N or C terminus of VirE2, respectively, or addition of heterologous peptides or proteins to either terminus resulted in a loss of protein function. However, an i31 peptide insertion at Tyr39 had no effect on protein function as defined by the capacity of the mutant protein to (i) interact with native VirE2, (ii) interact with VirE1, (iii) accumulate at abundant levels in A. tumefaciens, and (iv) restore wild-type virulence to a virE2 null mutant. We propose that Tyr39 of VirE2 corresponds to a permissive site for insertion of heterologous peptides or proteins of interest for delivery across kingdom boundaries.  (+info)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens possesses a fourth flagelin gene located in a large gene cluster concerned with flagellar structure, assembly and motility. (7/966)

The authors have identified a fourth flagellin gene in a 21850 bp region of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 chromosome containing at least 20 genes concerned with flagellar structure, assembly and function. Three flagellin genes, flaA, flaB and flaC, orientated rightward, are positioned in a tandem array at the right end, with the fourth, substantially larger gene, flaD, in the opposite orientation, at the left end. Between these lie four apparent operons, two transcribed in each direction (motA, flhB leftward; flgF, flgB rightward) from a divergent position approx 7.5 kb from the left end. This unifies the previously published motA, flgB and flaABC sequences into a single region, also containing the homologues of flhB, flgF and fliI. Site-specific mutagenesis of fliI results in a non-flagellate phenotype, while a Tn5-induced flhB mutant possesses abnormal flagella. Mutagenesis and protein profiling demonstrate that all four flagellins contribute to flagellar structure: FlaA is the major protein, FlaB and FlaC are present in lesser amounts, and FlaD is a minor component. FlaA has anomolous electrophoretic mobility, possibly due to glycosylation.  (+info)

Transcriptional activation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence gene promoters in Escherichia coli requires the A. tumefaciens RpoA gene, encoding the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase. (8/966)

The two-component regulatory system, composed of virA and virG, is indispensable for transcription of virulence genes within Agrobacterium tumefaciens. However, virA and virG are insufficient to activate transcription from virulence gene promoters within Escherichia coli cells, indicating a requirement for additional A. tumefaciens genes. In a search for these additional genes, we have identified the rpoA gene, encoding the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP), which confers significant expression of a virB promoter (virBp)::lacZ fusion in E. coli in the presence of an active transcriptional regulator virG gene. We conducted in vitro transcription assays using either reconstituted E. coli RNAP or hybrid RNAP in which the alpha subunit was derived from A. tumefaciens. The two forms of RNAP were equally efficient in transcription from a sigma(70)-dependent E. coli galP1 promoter; however, only the hybrid RNAP was able to transcribe virBp in a virG-dependent manner. In addition, we provide evidence that the alpha subunit from A. tumefaciens, but not from E. coli, is able to interact with the VirG protein. These data suggest that transcription of virulence genes requires specific interaction between VirG and the alpha subunit of A. tumefaciens and that the alpha subunit from E. coli is unable to effectively interact with the VirG protein. This work provides the basis for future studies designed to examine vir gene expression as well as the T-DNA transfer process in E. coli.  (+info)

"Proposal for rejection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and revised descriptions for the genus Agrobacterium and for Agrobacterium ... Agrobacterium radiobacter (more commonly known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens) is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the ... Media related to Agrobacterium tumefaciens at Wikimedia Commons "Agrobacterium fabrum" C58 Genome Page - as sequenced by Cereon ... 94: Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 has priority over Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and ...
Sukanya NK, Vaidyanathan CS (1964). "Aminotransferases of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transamination between tryptophan and ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation. MON 88017 is an Insect resistant maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 protein ...
Van Keer C, Kersters K, De Ley J (September 1976). "L-Sorbose metabolism in Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ...
... plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes(actually an Ri plasmid). The ... thus forming the crown gall tumors typically induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes a ... Agrobacterium tumefaciens is capable of transferring foreign DNA to both monocotyledons and dicotyledonous plants efficiently ... For more than two decades, Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been exploited for introducing genes into plants for basic research as ...
A. thaliana can be genetically transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens; transformation was first reported in 1986. Later ... "Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Science. 234 (4775): 464-466. Bibcode:1986Sci...234.. ... Clough, Steven J.; Bent, Andrew F. (1998-12-01). "Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ...
Grimsley N, Hohn T, Davies JW, Hohn B (1987). "Transformation of maize plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Nature. 325 (6100 ...
Genetic transformation of A. thaliana is routine, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA into the plant genome. The ... Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, a technique that takes advantage of the natural process by which Agrobacterium ... "Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Science. 234 (4775): 464-6. Bibcode:1986Sci...234..464L ... Zhang X, Henriques R, Lin SS, Niu QW, Chua NH (2006). "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the ...
Her research topics included the Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Hohn is a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Math and ... particularly known for her research into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Hohn was born Barbara Freiinger, in Klagenfurt, Austria ...
... tumefaciens, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, and Agrobacterium vitis. Strains within Agrobacterium tumefaciens and ... Agrobacterium tumefaciens), biovar 2 (Agrobacterium rhizogenes), and biovar 3 (Agrobacterium vitis). In the early 2000s, ... "Proposal for rejection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and revised descriptions for the genus Agrobacterium and for Agrobacterium ... Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is another common technique. Agrobacteria are natural plant parasites. Their ... In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor ... for which transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been less successful. The major disadvantage of this procedure is ... Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA ...
Ma LS, Hachani A, Lin JS, Filloux A, Lai EM (July 2014). "Agrobacterium tumefaciens deploys a superfamily of type VI secretion ... and plant-associated bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These systems exert antibacterial activity via the function of ...
Misono H, Nagasaki S (April 1982). "Occurrence of L-lysine epsilon-dehydrogenase in Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Journal of ... "Purification and properties of L-lysine ε-dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Agric. Biol. Chem. 49: 2253-2255. doi: ... "Properties of L-lysine epsilon-dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Journal of Biochemistry. 105 (6): 1002-8. PMID ...
"Cloning and sequencing of the serine dehydrogenase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66 (5): ... dependent serine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61 (1): 152-7. doi:10.1271/bbb. ...
... formerly Agrobacterium tumefaciens): scientists often use this species to transfer foreign DNA into plant genomes. Aerobic ... this process has been described in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Methylobacterium organophilum, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. ... "Natural transformation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in soil". Applied and Environmental ...
ATCC31749, which produces curdlan in extraordinary amounts, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A putative operon contains crdS ( ... Subsequently, the taxonomy of this non-pathogenic curdlan-producing bacterium has been reclassified as Agrobacterium species. ... Ruffing AM, Chen RR (February 2012). "Transcriptome profiling of a curdlan-producing Agrobacterium reveals conserved regulatory ... Four genes required for curdlan production have been identified in Agrobacterium sp. ...
Most commonly, plant transformation is carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The protein of interest is often expressed ...
It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, ... which develops the crown gall (tumor). The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system. The nitrogen ... Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter ...
This strain was modified using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and plasmid pMHL2113. Agrobacterium transferred the betA gene from ...
Sonoda H, Suzuki K, Yoshida K (June 2002). "Gene cluster for ferric iron uptake in Agrobacterium tumefaciens MAFF301001". Genes ... Production of siderophores also exhibited in some plant-infecting bacteria, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The enzyme is ...
Natural genetic transformation has been reported in at least four Hyphomicrobiales species: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, ... "Natural transformation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in soil". Applied and Environmental ... Other important genera are the human pathogens Bartonella and Brucella, as well as Agrobacterium (useful in genetic engineering ... Zuniga-Soto E, Mullins E, Dedicova B (2015). "Ensifer-mediated transformation: an efficient non-Agrobacterium protocol for the ...
Matsuoka, A, Maliga, P (2021). "Prospects for Reengineering Agrobacterium tumefaciens for T-DNA delivery to Chloroplasts". ... The Maliga team constructed the pPZP Agrobacterium binary vector family, that served as the backbone for the CAMBIA and GATEWAY ... Hajdukiewicz P, Svab Z, Maliga P (September 1994). "The small, versatile pPZP family of Agrobacterium binary vectors for plant ... Currently they are engaged in reengineering Agrobacterium for DNA delivery to chloroplasts, so that chloroplast transformation ...
ROSE1 is found in Bradyrhizobium japonicum whereas ROSEAT2 is a closely related element from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The two ... "Replicon-Specific Regulation of Small Heat Shock Genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens". J Bacteriol. 186 (20): 6824-6829. doi: ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Pseudomonas savastanoi are examples of gall-causing bacteria. Gall forming virus was found on ...
ROSE1 and ROSEAT2 are found in hyphomicrobiales Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Agrobacterium tumefaciens respectively. They exist ... "Replicon-specific regulation of small heat shock genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens". J Bacteriol. 186 (20): 6824-6829. doi: ...
viciae 3841 strain Agrobacterium species: A. vitis,A. tumefaciens, A. radiobacter and A. H13 All these sequences showed ... Wilms I, Voss B, Hess WR, Leichert LI, Narberhaus F (April 2011). "Small RNA-mediated control of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens ... tumefaciens, A. vitis, A. radiobacter, and Agrobacterium H13) as well as in a broad spectrum of Brucella species (B. ovis, B. ... have not been observed in their Agrobacterium tumefaciens counterparts referred to as AbcR1 and AbcR2, respectively, by Wilms ...
Because its broad leaves are easily transiently transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, it is used to study both the ... "Microprojectile bombardment of plant tissues increases transformation frequency by Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Plant Mol. Biol ... In general, the Agrobacterium method is considered preferable to the gene gun, because of a greater frequency of single-site ... The Agrobacterium present is also killed by the antibiotic. Only tissues expressing the marker will survive and possess the ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that induces tumors on susceptible hosts. Infection by A. tumefaciens involves ... Piper, K.R.; Beck von Bodman, S.; Farrand, S.K. (1993). "Conjugation factor of Agrobacterium tumefaciens regulates Ti plasmid ... "Conserved cis-acting promoter elements are required for density-dependent transcription of Agrobacterium tumefaciens conjugal ... Zhang, L.; Murphy, P.J.; Kerr, A.; Tate, M.E. (1993). "Agrobacterium conjugation and gene regulation by N-acyl-L-homoserine ...
The virA gene on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes is used by these ... "Sequence analysis of the vir-region from Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid pTi15955". Journal of Experimental ... "Acetosyringone promotes high efficiency transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana explants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens". Plant ... This compound also allows higher transformation efficiency in plants, as shown in A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation ...
Suzuki T, Hochster RM (1966). "On the biosynthesis of pseudouridine and of pseudouridylic acid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens". ...
Calgene scientists used the modified bacterial parasite Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer genetic material into Flavr Savr ...
Schell J, Van Montagu M (1977). "The Ti-Plasmid of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens, A Natural Vector for the Introduction of NIF ... This method can be used on plants that are not susceptible to Agrobacterium infection and also allows transformation of plant ... Plant tissue are cut into small pieces and soaked in a fluid containing suspended Agrobacterium. The bacteria will attach to ... Joos H, Timmerman B, Montagu MV, Schell J (1983). "Genetic analysis of transfer and stabilization of Agrobacterium DNA in plant ...
... a synonym for Agrobacterium tumefaciens complex Agrobacterium biovar 2, a synonym for Agrobacterium rhizogenes Agrobacterium ... biovar 3, a synonym for Agrobacterium vitis Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis str. CI Bacillus ...
One of the first studies of TATA box mutations looked at a sequence of DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens for the octopine type ...
Genetic tools have been developed to genetically edit Thermoascus aurantiacus, such as an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated ...
Genetic transformation of S. punctatus zoospores by plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 strain is successfully ...
Genes can be inserted into callus cells using biolistic bombardment, also known as a gene gun, or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. ... Sidorov, Vladimir; Gilbertson, Larry; Addae, Prince; Duncan, David (April 2006). "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Fungal 18S rDNA fragments of G. pannorum have been recovered from glass panels of 19th century ...
The reason for this unclear relationship is because of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which infects into segments of plant DNA. ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti ... Schell, J.; Van Montagu, M. (1977). The Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a Natural Vector for the Introduction of Nif ...
... and in 1954 earned a PhD in plant pathology on the thesis Studies of the Longevity of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens (Smith and ...
... plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens This disambiguation page lists articles associated with ...
Rhizobium radiobacter, previously known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and commonly as crown gall, is a soil-borne bacterium that ... It infects the plant through its Ti plasmid, and then A. tumefaciens integrates a part of its DNA into the chromosome of the ...
Kemner JM, Liang X, Nester EW (Apr 1997). "The Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence gene chvE is part of a putative ABC-type ... The chvE-gguAB gene in Agrobacterium tumefaciens encodes glucose and galactose importers that are also associated with ... Cangelosi GA, Ankenbauer RG, Nester EW (Sep 1990). "Sugars induce the Agrobacterium virulence genes through a periplasmic ...
... plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens Fouling, transfer of unwanted material onto solid ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens. One of the first scientists to carry out scientific and modern research on the disease of olive ... Nucleotide sequence and homology with Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ...
These are those accepted by Breed and Conn in 1935: Bacterium tumefaciens, now Agrobacterium radiobacter Bacterium aerogenes, ...
Regeneration and Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens of Echinacea purpurea L. Authors. * Moemen Hanafy Institute of ... Hanafy, M., Aly, U. I., & Matter, M. A. (2011). Regeneration and Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens of Echinacea ... Echinacea purpurea, Regeneration, A. tumefaciens, Transformation Abstract. Leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea L. taken from ... aseptically germinated seedlings were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strains EHA105, carrying a binary vector conferring ...
... Research ... Swimming Motility in Agrobacterium tumefaciens is Controlled by Quorum Sensing and Inhibited by Garlic Bulb Extract table, th, ... study was conducted to examine the possible role of QS in the regulation of swimming motility of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In ... tumefaciens. PDF Fulltext XML References Citation How to cite this article. M.I. AL-Ghonaiem, A.S.S. Ibrahim and A.A. Al- ...
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... from Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been grown that diffract to 2.6 A Ê resolution. The enzyme, which is homologous to the ... Crystals of the glycogen synthase (GS) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been grown that diffract to 2.6 A Ê resolution. The ... Preliminary Crystallographic Studies of Glycogen Synthase From Agrobacterium Tumefaciens. Acta crystallographica Section D : ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of filamentous fungi journal, September 1998 * de Groot, Marcel J. A.; ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ExoR controls acid response genes and impacts exopolysaccharide synthesis, horizontal gene transfer, ... Dive into the research topics of Agrobacterium tumefaciens ExoR controls acid response genes and impacts exopolysaccharide ...
Method of Trait Introduction: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation. GM Traits: Coleopteran insect resistance ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens serves as the outgroup in this tree. The tree... Table. * Table. Strains used for the phylogenetic ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 [gbbct]: 10705 CDSs (3366071 codons) fields: [triplet] [frequency: per thousand] ([number ...
The barstar coding sequence is under control of the Nicotiana tabacum TA29 promoter and Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline ...
Ferulic acid is one of the compounds that initiate the vir (virulence) region of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, inducing it to ... "The phenolic vir gene inducer ferulic acid is O-demethylated by the VirH2 protein of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid". ...
The original receptor is the acetosyringone detection system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. By using directed evolution, we aim ... All parts are BioBrick compatible and introduced into plants through agrobacterium-mediated transformation, using existing ... Deinococcus radiodurans and Agrobacterium tumafaciens). By cloning the bacteriophytochrome coupled with heme- oxygenase, an ...
Exploring Cell Elongation and Division in the bacterial plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Beiyan Nan. ...
Transformation method: Vacuum infiltration of Columbia (Col) plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector pROK2 ...
article{pacurar_agrobacterium_2011, title = {Agrobacterium tumefaciens: {From} crown gall tumors to genetic transformation}, ... Agrobacterium tumefaciens: From crown gall tumors to genetic transformation. Păcurar, D. I., Thordal-Christensen, H., Păcurar, ... Agrobacterium tumefaciens}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0885576511000580}, doi = {10/drwscf}, language ...
The female gametophyte (T0) is transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens leading to a transformed egg cell that may already ... In the floral dip method, Arabidopsis flowers are brought into contact with Agrobacterium, resulting in transformation of ... Clough, S. J., and Bent, A. F. (1998). Floral Dip: a Simplified Method for Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Arabidopsis ... Desfeux, C., Clough, S. J., and Bent, A. F. (2000). Female Reproductive Tissues Are the Primary Target of Agrobacterium- ...
Species Agrobacterium tumefaciens [TaxId:358] [75519] (2 PDB entries). *. Domain d1l3ld2: 1l3l D:1-162 [73548]. Other proteins ... d1l3ld2 d.110.5.1 (D:1-162) Transcription factor TraR, N-terminal domain {Agrobacterium tumefaciens} ...
... isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4. Insect resistance. Corn. Resistance to insect pests, ...
T-DNA-mediated transfer of Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosomal DNA into plants », Ulker, B. et al., (2008), Nature ... Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation : the biology behind the "gene-jockeying" tool », Gelvin, S.B. (2003), Microbiology ...
Embryogenic callus induced from immature embryos is co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 or Agrobacterium ... Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Brachypodium distachyon. Published in:. Curr Protoc Plant Biol , e20088 (Mar 12 2019) ... Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the preferred method to transform plants because it usually results in simple ... In this article, we describe a method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the inbred B. distachyon lines Bd21 and Bd21 ...
Crown gall, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, enters roots through wounds. The bacteria causes the plant to develop galls or ...
... obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of cry8Ca2, cry8Ga and bar genes. Journal of Integrative ... The transformation efficiencies of different Agrobacterium suspension media, used during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation ... was obtained by transforming it with cry and bar genes simultaneously via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. To optimize the ...
Notes: The authors of this paper describe the development of a cell-free assay system derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens ...
... by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A gene stacking experiment (DFR+ANS) has also been performed by ...
Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Metabolic Profiling of Agrobacterium-tumefaciens-Infected Immature Wheat Embryos. Wang, Weiwei ...
Replaced for 2012 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens) Ribotyping E1.370.225.875.150.125.765 Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase D12.776 ...
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Entry term(s). Agrobacterium radiobacter Alcaligenes radiobacter Bacillus radiobacter Bacterium ... Bacterium tumefaciens Phytomonas tumefaciens Polymonas tumefaciens Pseudomonas radiobacter Pseudomonas tumefaciens Rhizobium ... Bacterium tumefaciens Phytomonas tumefaciens Polymonas tumefaciens Pseudomonas radiobacter Pseudomonas tumefaciens Rhizobium ... Bacterium tumefaciens. Phytomonas tumefaciens. Polymonas tumefaciens. Pseudomonas radiobacter. Pseudomonas tumefaciens. ...
In plants, tumors caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens occur by transfer of DNA from the bacterium to the plant. ... Transformation of Plants Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Gene transfer occurs naturally between species in microbial ... In nature, the disease-causing A. tumefaciens have a set of plasmids, called the Ti plasmids (tumor-inducing plasmids), that ... Researchers used the natural transfer of DNA from Agrobacterium to a plant host to introduce DNA fragments of their choice into ...
These constructs were mobilized to Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 and used to raise transgenic rice lines in the O. sativa L ... These constructs were electroporated into C58 Agrobacterium and transformed into Arabidopsis plt3;plt5-2;plt7 mutant plants ... Early infection of scutellum tissue with Agrobacterium allows high-speed transformation of rice ... Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana ...
  • Regeneration and Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens of Echinacea purpurea L. (banglajol.info)
  • Regeneration and Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens of Echinacea purpurea L. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology , 20 (2), 101-111. (banglajol.info)
  • For delivery to plant cells, Agrobacterium -mediated transformation is most often used. (frontiersin.org)
  • The method for stable transformation by Agrobacterium differs from species to species. (frontiersin.org)
  • In most plant transformation protocols, explants such as leaves, roots or immature embryos are infected with Agrobacterium , after which callus formation is induced in tissue culture. (frontiersin.org)
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. (bvsalud.org)
  • The team engineered a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that contains the two pigment-producing genes , which originate from a different species of bacteria. (isaaa.org)
  • Leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea L. taken from aseptically germinated seedlings were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strains EHA105, carrying a binary vector conferring herbicide resistant bar gene and fungal resistant chitinase gene. (banglajol.info)
  • The bar coding sequence is under control of Arabidopsis thaliana ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit ( rbcS ) protomer and A. tumefaciens transcript 7 gene 3' untranslated region. (cbd.int)
  • Transgene expression in tick cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (cdc.gov)

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