Agrin. Medical search

A protein component of the synaptic basal lamina. It has been shown to induce clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of muscle fibers and other synaptic molecules in both synapse regeneration and development.

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

Chemically stimulated aggregation of cell surface receptors, which potentiates the action of the effector cell.

Dystrophin-associated proteins that play role in the formation of a transmembrane link between laminin-2 and DYSTROPHIN. Both the alpha and the beta subtypes of dystroglycan originate via POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING of a single precursor protein.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

A province of Canada on the Pacific coast. Its capital is Victoria. The name given in 1858 derives from the Columbia River which was named by the American captain Robert Gray for his ship Columbia which in turn was named for Columbus. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p178 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p81-2)

The geographic area of New England in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. States usually included in this region are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

The bestowing of tangible or intangible benefits, voluntarily and usually without expectation of anything in return. However, gift giving may be motivated by feelings of ALTRUISM or gratitude, by a sense of obligation, or by the hope of receiving something in return.

A hydro-lyase that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE. Several different isoforms of this enzyme exist, each with its own tissue specificity.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.

Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A large family of mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, known commonly as scallops. They possess flat, almost circular shells and are found in all seas from shallow water to great depths.

An autosomally-encoded 376-kDa cytoskeletal protein that is similar in structure and function to DYSTROPHIN. It is a ubiquitously-expressed protein that plays a role in anchoring the CYTOSKELETON to the PLASMA MEMBRANE.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Globular domains of agrin are functional units that collaborate to induce acetylcholine receptor clustering. (1/304)

Agrin, an extracellular matrix protein involved in neuromuscular junction formation, directs clustering of postsynaptic molecules, including acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). This activity resides entirely in the C-terminal portion of the protein, which consists of three laminin-like globular domains (G-domains: G1, G2 and G3) and four EGF-like repeats. Additionally, alternate mRNA splicing yields G-domain variants G2(0,4) with 0- or 4-amino-acid inserts, and G3(0, 8,11,19) with 0-, 8-, 11- or 19-amino-acid inserts. In order to better understand the contributions of individual domains and alternate splicing to agrin activity, single G-domains and covalently linked pairs of G-domains were expressed as soluble proteins and their AChR clustering activity measured on cultured C2 myotubes. These analyses reveal the following: (1) While only G3(8) exhibits detectable activity by itself, all G-domains studied (G1, G2(0), G2(4), G3(0) and G3(8)) enhance G3(8) activity when physically linked to G3(8). This effect is most pronounced when G2(4) is linked to G3(8) and is independent of the order of the G-domains. (2) The deletion of EGF-like repeats enhances activity. (3) Increasing the physical separation between linked G1 and G3(8) domains produces a significant increase in activity; similar alterations to linked G2 and G3(8) domains are without effect. (4) Clusters induced by two concatenated G3(8) domains are significantly smaller than all other agrin forms studied. These data suggest that agrin G-domains are the functional units which interact independently of their specific organization to yield AChR clustering. G-domain synergism resulting in biological output could be due to physical interactions between G-domains or, alternatively, independent interactions of G-domains with cell surface receptors which require spatially localized coactivation for optimal signal transduction. (+info)

Constitutively active MuSK is clustered in the absence of agrin and induces ectopic postsynaptic-like membranes in skeletal muscle fibers. (2/304)

In skeletal muscle fibers, neural agrin can direct the accumulation of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and transcription of AChR subunit genes from the subsynaptic nuclei. Although the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK is required for AChR clustering, it is less clear whether MuSK regulates gene transcription. To elucidate the role of MuSK in these processes, we constructed a constitutively active MuSK receptor, MuSKneuTMuSK, taking advantage of the spontaneous homodimerization of the transmembrane domain of neuT, an oncogenic variant of the neu/erbB2 receptor. In the extrasynaptic region of innervated muscle fibers, MuSKneuTMuSK formed highly concentrated aggregates that colocalized with AChR clusters. Associated with MuSK-induced AChR clusters was a normal complement of synaptic proteins. Moreover, transcription of the AChR-epsilon subunit gene was increased, albeit via an indirect mechanism by MuSK-induced aggregation of erbB receptors and neuregulin. Although neural agrin was not required, the activity of MuSKneuTMuSK was nevertheless potentiated by ectopic expression of a muscle agrin isoform inactive in AChR clustering. To define the role of the kinase domain in the formation of a postsynaptic-like membrane, a second fusion receptor, neuneuTMuSK, which included the MuSK kinase but not the MuSK extracellular domain, was expressed. Significantly, neuneuTMuSK induced AChR clusters that colocalized with aggregates of endogenous MuSK. Taken together, it was concluded that the MuSK kinase domain is sufficient to initiate the recruitment of additional MuSK receptors, which then develop into highly concentrated aggregates by means of a positive feedback loop to induce a postsynaptic membrane in the absence of neural agrin. (+info)

Agrin in Alzheimer's disease: altered solubility and abnormal distribution within microvasculature and brain parenchyma. (3/304)

Agrin is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is widely expressed in neurons and microvascular basal lamina in the rodent and avian central nervous system. Agrin induces the differentiation of nerve-muscle synapses, but its function in either normal or diseased brains is not known. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by loss of synapses, changes in microvascular architecture, and formation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Here we have asked whether AD causes changes in the distribution and biochemical properties of agrin. Immunostaining of normal, aged human central nervous system revealed that agrin is expressed in neurons in multiple brain areas. Robust agrin immunoreactivity was observed uniformly in the microvascular basal lamina. In AD brains, agrin is highly concentrated in both diffuse and neuritic plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangles; neuronal expression of agrin also was observed. Furthermore, patients with AD had microvascular alterations characterized by thinning and fragmentation of the basal lamina. Detergent extraction and Western blotting showed that virtually all the agrin in normal brain is soluble in 1% SDS. In contrast, a large fraction of the agrin in AD brains is insoluble under these conditions, suggesting that it is tightly associated with beta-amyloid. Together, these data indicate that the agrin abnormalities observed in AD are closely linked to beta-amyloid deposition. These observations suggest that altered agrin expression in the microvasculature and the brain parenchyma contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. (+info)

Alternatively spliced isoforms of nerve- and muscle-derived agrin: their roles at the neuromuscular junction. (4/304)

Agrin induces synaptic differentiation at the skeletal neuromuscular junction (NMJ); both pre- and postsynaptic differentiation are drastically impaired in its absence. Multiple alternatively spliced forms of agrin that differ in binding characteristics and bioactivity are synthesized by nerve and muscle cells. We used surgical chimeras, isoform-specific mutant mice, and nerve-muscle cocultures to determine the origins and nature of the agrin required for synaptogenesis. We show that agrin containing Z exons (Z+) is a critical nerve-derived inducer of postsynaptic differentiation, whereas neural isoforms containing a heparin binding site (Y+) and all muscle-derived isoforms are dispensable for major steps in synaptogenesis. Our results also suggest that the requirement of agrin for presynaptic differentiation is mediated indirectly by its ability to promote postsynaptic production or localization of appropriate retrograde signals. (+info)

Roles of rapsyn and agrin in interaction of postsynaptic proteins with acetylcholine receptors. (5/304)

At the neuromuscular junction, aggregates of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are anchored in the muscle membrane by association with rapsyn and other postsynaptic proteins. We have investigated the interactions between the AChR and these proteins in cultured C2 myotubes before and after treatment with agrin, a nerve-derived protein that induces AChRs to cluster. When AChRs were isolated from detergent extracts of untreated C2 myotubes, they were associated with rapsyn and, to a lesser degree, with utrophin, beta-dystroglycan, MuSK, and src-related kinases, but not with syntrophin. Treatment with agrin increased the association of AChRs with MuSK, a receptor tyrosine kinase that forms part of the agrin receptor complex, without affecting other interactions. Analysis of rapsyn-deficient myotubes, which do not form protein clusters in response to agrin, revealed that rapsyn is required for association of the AChR with utrophin and beta-dystroglycan, and for the agrin-induced increase in association with MuSK, but not for constitutive interactions with MuSK and src-related kinases. In rapsyn -/- myotubes, agrin caused normal tyrosine phosphorylation of AChR-associated and total MuSK, whereas phosphorylation of the AChR beta subunit, both constitutive and agrin-induced, was strongly reduced. These results show first that aneural myotubes contain preassembled AChR protein complexes that may function in the assembly of the postsynaptic apparatus, and second that rapsyn, in addition to its role in AChR phosphorylation, mediates selected protein interactions with the AChR and serves as a link between the AChR and the dystrophin/utrophin glycoprotein complex. (+info)

Evidence of an agrin receptor in cortical neurons. (6/304)

Agrin plays a key role in directing the differentiation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Understanding agrin function at the neuromuscular junction has come via molecular genetic analyses of agrin as well as identification of its receptor and associated signal transduction pathways. Agrin is also expressed by many populations of neurons in brain, but its role remains unknown. Here we show, in cultured cortical neurons, that agrin induces expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner, as expected for a signal transduction pathway activated by a cell surface receptor. Agrin is active in cortical neurons at picomolar concentrations, is Ca(2+) dependent, and is inhibited by heparin and staurosporine. Despite marked differences in acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-clustering activity, all alternatively spliced forms of agrin are equally potent inducers of c-fos in cortical neurons. A similar, isoform-independent response to agrin was also observed in cultures prepared from the hippocampus and cerebellum. Only agrin with high AChR-clustering activity was effective in cultured muscle, whereas non-neuronal cells were agrin insensitive. Although consistent with a receptor tyrosine kinase model similar to the muscle-specific kinase-myotube-associated specificity component complex in muscle, our data suggest that CNS neurons express a unique agrin receptor. Evidence that neuronal signal transduction is mediated via an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) means that agrin is well situated to influence important Ca(2+)-dependent functions in brain, including neuronal growth, differentiation, and adaptive changes in gene expression associated with synaptic remodeling. (+info)

Distinct domains of MuSK mediate its abilities to induce and to associate with postsynaptic specializations. (7/304)

Agrin released from motor nerve terminals activates a muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) in muscle cells to trigger formation of the skeletal neuromuscular junction. A key step in synaptogenesis is the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the postsynaptic membrane, a process that requires the AChR-associated protein, rapsyn. Here, we mapped domains on MuSK necessary for its interactions with agrin and rapsyn. Myotubes from MuSK(-/)- mutant mice form no AChR clusters in response to agrin, but agrin-responsiveness is restored by the introduction of rat MuSK or a Torpedo orthologue. Thus, MuSK(-/)- myotubes provide an assay system for the structure-function analysis of MuSK. Using this system, we found that sequences in or near the first of four extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains in MuSK are required for agrin responsiveness, whereas sequences in or near the fourth immunoglobulin-like domain are required for interaction with rapsyn. Analysis of the cytoplasmic domain revealed that a recognition site for the phosphotyrosine binding domain-containing proteins is essential for MuSK activity, whereas consensus binding sites for the PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1-like domain-containing proteins and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase are dispensable. Together, our results indicate that the ectodomain of MuSK mediates both agrin- dependent activation of a complex signal transduction pathway and agrin-independent association of the kinase with other postsynaptic components. These interactions allow MuSK not only to induce a multimolecular AChR-containing complex, but also to localize that complex to a primary scaffold in the postsynaptic membrane. (+info)

Formation of the neuromuscular junction. Agrin and its unusual receptors. (8/304)

Synapses are essential relay stations for the transmission of information between neurones and other cells. An ordered and tightly regulated formation of these structures is crucial for the functioning of the nervous system. The induction of the intensively studied synapse between nerve and muscle is initiated by the binding of neurone-specific isoforms of the basal membrane protein agrin to receptors on the surface of myotubes. Agrin activates a receptor complex that includes the muscle-specific kinase and most likely additional, yet to be identified, components. Receptor activation leads to the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and other proteins of the postsynaptic apparatus. This activation process has unique features which distinguish it from other receptor tyrosine kinases. In particular, the autophosphorylation of the kinase domain, which usually induces the recruitment of adaptor and signalling molecules, is not sufficient for AChR aggregation. Apparently, interactions of the extracellular domain with unknown components are also required for this process. Agrin binds to a second protein complex on the muscle surface known as the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex. This binding forms one end of a molecular link between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. While many components of the machinery triggering postsynaptic differentiation have now been identified, our picture of the molecular pathway causing the redistribution of synaptic proteins is still incomplete. (+info)

AGRIN; ATRN; ATRNL1; CELSR1; CELSR2; CELSR3; CRELD1; HSPG2; LAMA1; LAMA2; LAMA3; LAMA4; LAMA5; LAMB1; LAMB2; LAMB3; LAMB4; ... AGRIN; CELSR1; CELSR2; CELSR3; CNTNAP1; CNTNAP2; CNTNAP3; CNTNAP3B; CNTNAP4; CNTNAP5; COL11A1; COL11A2; COL12A1; COL14A1; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin

Below is a list of human proteins containing the EGF-like domain: AGC1; AGRIN; AREG; ATRN; ATRNL1; BCAN; BMP1; BTC; C1S; CASPR4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGF-like_domain

Moberg, Paul J.; Agrin, Rachel; Gur, Raquel E.; Gur, Ruben C.; Turetsky, Bruce I.; Doty, Richard L. (September 1999). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_memory

The Famous Cookery Cookbook with Gloria Agrin Josephson (1963) Cafe Society: The Wrong Place for the Right People with Terry ... Josephson, Gloria Agrin; Josephson, Barney (1963). The Famous Cookery Cookbook. Horizon Press. LCCN 63013205. Josephson, Barney ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Josephson

May 1996). "Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex". Cell. 85 (4): 513-23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. PMID 8653787. ... In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form. Upon activation by its ligand ... Furthermore, the nerve-derived organizing factor agrin fails to stimulate MuSK activation in muscle cells genetically null for ... agrin, MuSK signals via the proteins called Dok-7 and rapsyn, to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors (AChR). Cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dok-7

Agrin, a heparin proteoglycan, and MuSK kinase are thought to help stabilize the accumulation of AChR in the central regions of ... In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form. Further, mice deficient in Dok- ... Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via two proteins called "Dok-7" and "rapsyn", to induce "clustering" of ... "Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex". Cell. 85 (4): 513-23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. PMID 8653787. S2CID 14930468 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction

May 1996). "Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex". Cell. 85 (4): 513-23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81252-0. PMID 8653787. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Yancopoulos

For example, agrin was first isolated from Torpedo. Scribonius Largus, a first century physician, advised the use of a live ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_(genus)

Also, ennui is very important for agrin function. Ennui is very important in nerve-dependent acetylcholine clustering and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_mutation

Agrin induces clustering of AchRs on the muscle surface and synapse formation is disrupted in agrin knockout mice. Agrin ... Agrin appears not to be a central mediator of CNS synapse formation and there is active interest in identifying signals that ... They also showed that the synaptogenic signal is produced by the nerve, and they identified the factor as Agrin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system

It is activated by a nerve-derived proteoglycan called agrin. Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuSK_protein

The dystroglycan complex is also known to serve as an agrin receptor in muscle, where it may regulate agrin-induced ... Gesemann M, Brancaccio A, Schumacher B, Ruegg MA (Jan 1998). "Agrin is a high-affinity binding protein of dystroglycan in non- ... Actin-binding protein Agrin GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173402 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ... is a functional agrin receptor". Cell. 77 (5): 675-86. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90052-3. PMID 8205617. S2CID 54232250. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystroglycan

Burkin DJ, Kim JE, Gu M, Kaufman SJ (2000). "Laminin and alpha7beta1 integrin regulate agrin-induced clustering of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_alpha_7

Other, less frequent antibodies are found against LRP4, agrin, and titin proteins. Human leukocyte antigen haplotypes are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis

Agrin is unable to accept Riga as anything besides a taint, a continuous reminder of her brutal past. Agrin tries to abandon ... After multiple tries, Agrin finally ties Riga to a rock and throws him to the bottom of the lake, afterwards committing suicide ... He falls for a girl named Agrin, an orphan from Halabja who has recently came to the refugee camps, assisting her whenever ... Hengov grieves on the cliff from where Agrin jumped to her death. Meanwhile, a disabled Kak Satellite loses any charm he had ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtles_Can_Fly

The rapsyn protein interacts directly with the AChRs and plays a vital role in agrin-induced clustering of the AChR. Without ... This pathway consists of agrin, muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK protein), AChRs and the AChR-clustering protein rapsyn, ... Han H, Noakes PG, Phillips WD (September 1999). "Overexpression of rapsyn inhibits agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor ... "Rapsyn may function as a link between the acetylcholine receptor and the agrin-binding dystrophin-associated glycoprotein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPSN

The agrin gene codes for a family of basal lamina proteins that differ in function and distribution. Neuron 8, 691-699. PMID ... An agrin minigene rescues dystrophic symptoms in a mouse model for congenital muscular dystrophy. Nature 413, 302-307. PMID ... Apoptosis inhibitors and mini-agrin have additive benefits in congenital muscular dystrophy mice. EMBO Mol Med 3, 465-479. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Rüegg

Meinen S, Lin S, Thurnherr R, Erb M, Meier T, Rüegg MA (2011). "Apoptosis inhibitors and mini-agrin have additive benefits in ... Meinen S, Lin S, Thurnherr R, Erb M, Meier T, Rüegg MA (August 2011). "Apoptosis inhibitors and mini-agrin have additive ... Given that the technology for mini-agrin administration to skeletal muscle in human subjects is not yet available, omigapil is ... Omigapil coupled with mini-agrin overexpression works as a dual treatment that enhances mechanical load bearing ability and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omigapil

... , along with laminin, perlecan, agrin, neurexin, binds to α-dystroglycan in the extracellular space. As such, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikachurin

Agrin binds to a muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) receptor in the post-synaptic membrane, and this in turn leads to downstream ... The axon of the motoneuron releases agrin, a proteoglycan that initiates a cascade that eventually leads to AChR association. ... In motor neurons, Wnt-3 works with Agrin to promote growth cone enlargement, axon branching and synaptic vesicle clustering. ... AChR experiences multimerization within the post-synaptic membrane largely due to the signaling molecule Agrin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogenesis

Nate Agrin and Ken-ichi Ueda continued work on the site with Sean McGregor, a web developer. In 2011, Ueda began collaboration ... iNaturalist began in 2008 as a UC Berkeley School of Information Master's final project of Nate Agrin, Jessica Kline, and Ken- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) https://www.discogs.com/release/924922-Hobo-With-A-Grin/images "Steve Harley - Hobo ... https://www.discogs.com/release/924922-Hobo-With-A-Grin/images "Steve Harley - Poetic Justice (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone's_Coming

Agrin, a protein linked to heparan sulfate basement membrane nephrin Renal corpuscle (glomerulus) showing glomular basement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerular_basement_membrane

The protein agrin, which concentrates acetylcholine receptors during human embryonic development, was first isolated from this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocellated_electric_ray

Rapsyn interacts directly with the AChRs and plays a vital role in agrin-induced clustering of the AChR. Without rapsyn, ... This pathway consists of agrin, muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and the AChR-clustering ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndrome

The encoded proteins are structurally similar to laminin, slit, and agrin, other proteins involved in axon guidance and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurexin

The C-terminal domain contains multiple extracellular SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, and agrin) modules, a ... enterokinase and agrin) module in cleavage of membrane-tethered mucins". The FEBS Journal. 272 (11): 2901-11. doi:10.1111/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA-125

Lupa, MT; Caldwell, JH (Nov 1991). "Effect of Agrin on the Distribution of Acetylcholine Receptors and Sodium Channels on Adult ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp

... integrin beta-1D and agrin were significantly reduced nearly to undetectable levels; and this corresponded with lower mRNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_beta_1

In the extracellular matrix, especially basement membranes, the multi-domain perlecan, agrin and collagen XVIII core proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heparan_sulfate

Agrin-targeted autoantibodies have been infrequently observed in myasthenia gravis. Agrin was first identified by the U.J. ... During development in humans, the growing end of motor neuron axons secrete a protein called agrin. When secreted, agrin binds ... The requirement for Agrin and MuSK in the formation of the NMJ was demonstrated primarily by knockout mouse studies. In mice ... The nerve secretes agrin, resulting in phosphorylation of the MuSK receptor. It seems that the MuSK receptor recruits casein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrin

We suggest that binding of these TGFβ family members to agrin may have a dual function: agrin may serve as a reservoir for ... Based on analysis of the evolutionary history of agrin we suggest that agrins growth factor binding function is more ancient ... in the case of TGFβ1 Agrin N-term caused a slight increase in activity in reporter assays. Our finding that agrin binds members ... we have explored the interaction of the N-terminal part of rat agrin (Agrin-Nterm) with members of the TGFβ family using ...

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0010758

However, blocking agrin function with agrin-specific antibodies, or reducing agrin expression with antisense oligonucleotides ... 1996) Neural agrin activates a high-affinity receptor in C2 muscle cells that is unresponsive to muscle agrin. J Neurosci 16: ... Purified recombinant agrin isoforms (50 pm) (Campanelli et al., 1996) were added as described for the oligonucleotides. Agrin ( ... Agrin mRNA and immunoreactivity can be detected in CNS neurons, where the temporal pattern of expression of agrin parallels ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/24/9086

Here we report that treating chick myotubes with agrin caused an increase in phosphorylation of … ... Agrin causes acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on chick myotubes in culture to aggregate, forming specializations that resemble ... and was blocked by treatments known to block agrin-induced AChR aggregation. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies labeled agrin- ... Agrin induces phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Neuron. 1991 Jun;6(6):869-78. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(91) ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1711347/?dopt=Abstract

Cultural Citizenship. An Integrative Agenda for a Transdisciplinary Debate - Études Culturelles / Divers - Thèse de Master 2014 - ebook 0,- € - GRIN

https://www.grin.com/document/282396?lang=fr

She currently practices at Rachel N Agrin-Silva MD and is affiliated with Beth Israel D... ... Rachel Agrin-Silva, MD is a practicing Pediatrician in Norwood, MA. ... Agrin-Silvas Background Bio Rachel Agrin-Silva, MD is a practicing Pediatrician in Norwood, MA. She currently practices at ... Agrin-Silva accepts multiple insurance plans including Aetna, Harvard Pilgrim and Tufts Health Plan. Dr. Agrin-Silva is board ...

https://www.sharecare.com/doctor/dr-rachel-agrin-silva

The putative agrin receptor binds ligand in a calcium-dependent manner and aggregates during agrin-induced acetylcholine ... Agrin binds alpha-synuclein and modulates alpha-synuclein fibrillation [1].. *Agrin protein binds the amyloidogenic peptide ... Colocalization with agrin binding sites at synapses supports the hypothesis that the alpha3NKA is a neuronal agrin receptor [6] ... An agrin fragment that acts as a competitive antagonist depresses action potential frequency, showing that endogenous agrin ...

http://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/375790.html

Attitudes towards the child in childrens literature: A Comparison of the - English Language and Literature Studies - Term Paper 2008 - ebook 2.99 € - GRIN

https://www.grin.com/document/128323

Agrins AChR clustering activity is regulated by alternative mRNA splicing. Agrin splice forms having inserts at two sites (y ... Agrin binding to the cell surface showed analogous properties: heparin inhibits the binding of only those agrin isoforms ... Here, the binding of four recombinant agrin isoforms to heparin, to alpha-dystroglycan (a component of an agrin receptor), and ... The results show that alternative splicing of agrin regulates its binding to heparin and suggest that agrins interaction with ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/93/14/7369

Agrin is thought to mediate the motor neuron-induced aggregation of synaptic proteins on the surface of muscle fibers at ... Recent experiments provide direct evidence in support of this hypothesis, reveal the nature of agrin immunoreactivity at sites ... AChE-acetylcholinesterase, AChR-acetylcholine receptor, ARP-agrin-related proteins, PCR-polymerase chain reaction. ... Agrin isoforms and their role in synaptogenesis. In: Current opinion in cell biology, Vol. 4: pp. 869-874 ...

https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8858/

... we demonstrated the activity-dependent release of neurotrypsin from presynaptic terminals and proteolytical cleavage of agrin ... Coincident pre- and postsynaptic activation induces dendritic filopodia via neurotrypsin-dependent agrin cleavage Cell. 2009 ... This contingency characterizes the neurotrypsin-agrin system as a coincidence detector of pre- and postsynaptic activation. As ... Administration of the neurotrypsin-dependent 22 kDa fragment of agrin rescues the filopodial response. Detailed analyses ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19303856/

Background of Agrin antibody. Kit Component:. - KN212203G1, AGRN gRNA vector 1 in pCas-Guide vector. - KN212203G2, AGRN gRNA ... Western blot analysis of Agrin expression in HEK293T (A); NIH3T3 (B); PC12 (C) whole cell lysates.. *CPA3098-100ul ...

https://www.acris-antibodies.com/target/agrin-antibody.htm

Motor neuron-derived agrin activates MuSK via binding to MuSKs coreceptor Lrp4, and genetic defects in agrin underlie a ... The MuSK activator agrin has a separate role essential for postnatal maintenance of neuromuscular synapses.. [Tohru Tezuka, ... Here, we show that forced expression of Dok-7 in muscle enhanced MuSK activation in mice lacking agrin or Lrp4 and restored ... Thus, it was hypothesized that MuSK needs agrin together with Lrp4 and Dok-7 to achieve sufficient activation to surmount ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/25368159

We also describe anti-agrin staining in nonjunctional regions of muscle. We conclude the following: (a) agrin-like molecules ... Agrin-like molecules at synaptic sites in normal, denervated, and damaged skeletal muscles.. N E Reist, C Magill, U J McMahan ... We found that anti-agrin antibodies intensely stained the synaptic cleft of frog and chicken as well as that of rays, that ... Several lines of evidence have led to the hypothesis that agrin, a protein extracted from the electric organ of Torpedo, is ...

http://jcb.rupress.org/content/105/6/2457?ijkey=86da6149a6809982b0309495adb7d6dd416ed342&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

We showed that Agrin functions in cellular migration, invasion and tumor growth. However, the exact mechanisms by which Agrins ... Our evidences reveal that Agrin binds to its co-receptor(s) Lrp4 and subsequently activates MuSK to mediate oncogenic effects ... Abstract 5036: Elucidating an oncogenic role of an extracellular matrix protein, Agrin, in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sayan ... More importantly, Lrp4-MuSK as well as integrin-FAK pathways are crucial downstream signaling axes of Agrins functions in ...

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/76/14_Supplement/5036

Binding of Injected Agrin to the Surface of Muscle Fibers. Neural Agrin.. Neural agrin bound uniformly along the entire length ... Muscle Agrin.. Muscle agrin bound to the surface of innervated and denervated muscle fibers essentially as neural agrin with ... Muscle agrin, however, did not cause aggregation of AChRs. As was the case for neural agrin, nonradioactive muscle agrin ... an excess of nonradioactive muscle agrin did not decrease subsequent binding of neural agrin nor did an excess of neural agrin ...

http://jcb.rupress.org/content/153/7/1441

Agrin mediates chondrocyte homeostasis and requires both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan to enhance cartilage formation in vitro and in ... Agrin mediates chondrocyte homeostasis and requires both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan to enhance cartilage formation in vitro and in ... Agrin mediates chondrocyte homeostasis and requires both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan to enhance cartilage formation in vitro and in ...

https://ard.bmj.com/content/75/6/1228.info

... interact with each other and with a signalling molecule called agrin to influence the development of the neuromuscular junction ... and agrin. (D) Control (lanes 1-3), agrin Z0 (lanes 4-6), agrin Z8 (lanes 7-9), or agrin Z19 (lanes 10-12) containing culture ... C2C12 cells express muscle agrin, which binds to APP as shown in Figure 9. APPs effect could be studied in agrin-/- or KD ... Because APP could bind both muscle and neuronal agrin, an interesting question is if APP acts by aggregating agrin. The ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/00220

Treatment with agrin increased the association of AChRs with MuSK, a receptor tyrosine kinase that forms part of the agrin ... Treatment with agrin increased the association of AChRs with MuSK, a receptor tyrosine kinase that forms part of the agrin ... Fuhrer, C; Gautam, M; Sugiyama, J E; Hall, Z W (1999). Roles of rapsyn and agrin in interaction of postsynaptic proteins with ... In rapsyn -/- myotubes, agrin caused normal tyrosine phosphorylation of AChR-associated and total MuSK, whereas phosphorylation ...

http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/106/

We found that agrin is most abundant in lung, kidney, and brain. Only a little agrin was detected in skeletal muscle, and no ... We found that agrin is most abundant in lung, kidney, and brain. Only a little agrin was detected in skeletal muscle, and no ... Agrin is a high-affinity binding protein of dystroglycan in non-muscle tissue ZORA Maintenance. Maintenance: Thursday, 22 March ... Gesemann, M; Brancaccio, A; Schumacher, B; Ruegg, M A (1998). Agrin is a high-affinity binding protein of dystroglycan in non- ...

http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/124/

The N-terminal half of agrin was necessary for induction of filopodia, and over-expression of TM-agrin in a neuronal cell line ... Here we demonstrate that agrin positively regulates neuronal filopodia. Over-expression of TM-agrin caused the formation of ... Conversely, suppression of agrin expression by siRNA reduced the number of filopodia. Time lapse analysis indicated that ... By positively regulating filopodia in developing neurons, TM-agrin may influence the pattern of neurite outgrowth and synapse ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Transmembrane-agrin-regulates-filopodia-in-rat-in-McCroskery-Chaudhry/6c3d71057554cb012544d30844f12cc7bd8a5be3

The question of what regions of dystroglycan are functionally important for its role in agrin-induced AChR clustering is still ... Next, we assayed transfected myotubes for their responsiveness to agrin by measuring the number of AChR clusters per myotube ... More specifically, data suggests that the carbohydrate residues on dystroglycan may be involved in binding to agrin. However, ... Structural and Functional Aspects of Dystroglycan During Agrin -Mediated Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering at the Mammalian ...

https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/84805

... impairs the neuromuscular junction by disrupting agrin signaling. ... Agrin. R and D Systems. Cat#: 550-AG-100. 50 ng / ml for ... B) Agrin treatment induced E3 ligase activity of Rapsn in culture myotubes. WT cultured myotubes were treated with Agrin for ... A) Agrin treatment induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Rapsn in cultured myotubes. WT cultured myotubes were treated with Agrin ... A mechanism in agrin signaling revealed by a prevalent Rapsyn mutation in congenital myasthenic syndrome. ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/49180/figures

A solid-phase assay using the dystrophin glycoprotein complex showed that the mutation did not affect the binding of agrin to ... Experiments performed in nonmuscle cells or in cultured C2C12 myotubes and using recombinant mini-agrin for the mutated and the ... These results indicate that the mutation does not interfere with the ability of agrin to induce postsynaptic structures but ... Injection of wild-type or mutated agrin into rat soleus muscle induced the formation of nonsynaptic acetylcholine receptor ...

https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00409064

C-terminal fragment of agrin (CAF), a proteoglycan of the glomerular and tubular basement membrane, have been recently ... Agrin serves also as a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix [10]. Cleavage of agrin by the serine protease ... Neurotrypsin cleaves agrin locally at the synapse. FASEB J. 2008;22(6):1861-73.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar. ... AKI acute kidney injury, AUC area under the curve, CAF C-terminal agrin fragment, CI confidence interval, Cyst-C cystatin-C, IL ...

https://bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12882-017-0611-9

mRNA expression of agrin, AChR-ε and AChR-γ. The mRNA expression of agrin, AChR-ε and AChR-γ in each experimental group is ... Furthermore, although AChR aggregation by agrin is recognised, the upstream regulation of agrin remains poorly understood. ... this process is regulated by agrin.4 During denervation, agrin expression is downregulated and AChR-γ replaces AChR-ε ... Agrin mutations lead to a congenital myasthenic syndrome with distal muscle weakness and atrophy. Brain 2014;137(Pt 9):2429-43 ...

http://aim.bmj.com/content/35/4/268

Agrin activates YAP in human skin fibroblast (HSF) through integrin mediated adhesion and Lrp4/MuSK receptor-mediated signaling ... Effects of agrin silencing on MuSK expression and phosphorylation. Effects of agrin on YAP may also depend on Lrp4/MuSK ... Effects of agrin on the regulation of YAP activation can also be achieved through the interactions between agrin and Lrp4/MuSK ... Effects of agrin silencing on FAK expression and phosphorylation. Effects of agrin on YAP depend on integrin mediated adhesion ...

http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/agrin-activates-yap-in-human-skin-fibroblast-hsf-through-integrin-mediated-adhesion-and-lrp4musk-receptormediated-signaling-pathwa-9257.html

Results Agrin was detected in normal cartilage but was progressively lost in OA. In vitro, agrin knockdown resulted in reduced ... Prompted by an unexpected expression pattern, we investigated the role and receptor usage of agrin in cartilage. Methods Agrin ... Agrin mediates chondrocyte homeostasis and requires both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan to enhance cartilage formation in vitro and in ... 2015) Agrin mediates chondrocyte homeostasis and requires both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan to enhance cartilage formation in vitro ...

https://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/813981/

Major changes in agrin gene expression following axotomy but not denervation are consistant with the notion that agrin ... homologous to rat agrin proteins that have high AChR aggregating activity. Similar, but less dramatic changes in agrin ... in situ hybridization with a pan-specific agrin cRNA probe demonstrated a significant decrease in neuronal agrin mRNA ... Both the level of expression and pattern of alternative splicing of agrin mRNA are developmentally regulated. As a step toward ...

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61v0s6k7

Agrin Isoforms with Distinct Amino Termini: Differential Expression, Localization, and Function Agrin-related molecules are ... Recombinant full-length chick agrin and a 100-kD fragment of ray agrin showed similar EC50 values. A 45-kD, COOH-terminal ... Acetylcholine receptor-aggregating activity of agrin isoforms and mapping of the active site. M Gesemann , M Gesemann ... Agrin is a basal lamina protein that induces aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and other molecules at the ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/128/4/625/29137/Acetylcholine-receptor-aggregating-activity-of

Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans covalently linked to the agrin protein have been shown to play a role in the clustering of AChR. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report that treating chick myotubes with agrin caused an increase in phosphorylation of the AChR beta, gamma, and delta subunits. (nih.gov)
H-7, a potent inhibitor of several protein serine kinases, blocked agrin-induced phosphorylation of the gamma and delta subunits, but did not prevent either agrin-induced AChR aggregation or phosphorylation of the beta subunit. (nih.gov)
Experiments with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies demonstrated that agrin caused an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta subunit that began within 30 min of adding agrin to the myotube cultures, reached a plateau by 3 hr, and was blocked by treatments known to block agrin-induced AChR aggregation. (nih.gov)
These results suggest that agrin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta subunit may play a role in regulating AChR distribution. (nih.gov)
Neural agrin causes a dose-dependent appearance of AChR aggregates, which persist ≥7 wk after a single application. (rupress.org)
Muscle agrin does not cluster AChRs and at 10 times the concentration of neural agrin does not reduce binding or AChR-aggregating activity of neural agrin. (rupress.org)
Electrical muscle activity affects the stability of agrin binding and the number, size, and spatial distribution of the neural agrin-induced AChR aggregates. (rupress.org)
Expression of neural agrin in transfected cells followed by its release and deposition on neighboring fibers induced multiple AChR aggregates. (rupress.org)
In cultured myotubes, APP synergistically increases agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering. (elifesciences.org)
We have investigated the interactions between the AChR and these proteins in cultured C2 myotubes before and after treatment with agrin, a nerve-derived protein that induces AChRs to cluster. (uzh.ch)
Analysis of rapsyn-deficient myotubes, which do not form protein clusters in response to agrin, revealed that rapsyn is required for association of the AChR with utrophin and beta-dystroglycan, and for the agrin-induced increase in association with MuSK, but not for constitutive interactions with MuSK and src-related kinases. (uzh.ch)
In rapsyn -/- myotubes, agrin caused normal tyrosine phosphorylation of AChR-associated and total MuSK, whereas phosphorylation of the AChR beta subunit, both constitutive and agrin-induced, was strongly reduced. (uzh.ch)
However, genetic and functional studies on dystroglycan's role in agrin-mediated acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering remain unclear. (illinois.edu)
The question of what regions of dystroglycan are functionally important for its role in agrin-induced AChR clustering is still unanswered. (illinois.edu)
Next, we assayed transfected myotubes for their responsiveness to agrin by measuring the number of AChR clusters per myotube segment. (illinois.edu)
Objective To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on mRNA and protein expression of agrin, acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-ε and AChR-γ in a rat model of tibialis anterior muscle atrophy induced by sciatic nerve injection injury, and to examine the underlying mechanism of action. (bmj.com)
The sciatic nerve functional index (SFI), tibialis anterior muscle weight, muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA), and changes in agrin, AChR-ε, and AChR-γ expression levels were analysed. (bmj.com)
mRNA/protein expression of agrin and AChR-ε were downregulated and AChR-γ expression was detectable (vs zero expression in the CON/CON+EA groups). (bmj.com)
Conclusions EA may alleviate tibialis anterior muscle atrophy induced by sciatic nerve injection injury by upregulating agrin and AChR-ε and downregulating AChR-γ. (bmj.com)
Underlying these changes are decreases in the molar amounts of transcripts encoding the neuron-specific isoforms agrin8 and agrin19, homologous to rat agrin proteins that have high AChR aggregating activity. (escholarship.org)
To obtain further insights into the mechanism of agrin-induced AChR aggregation, we have determined the EC50 (effective concentration to induce half-maximal AChR clustering) of each agrin isoform and of truncation mutants. (rupress.org)
Furthermore, our results show that a fragment comprising site B8 and the most COOH-terminal G-like domain is sufficient for this activity, and that agrin domains required for binding to heparin and those for AChR aggregation are distinct from each other. (rupress.org)
AChR aggregates induced by recombinant agrin that includes the extension are considerably smaller than those induced by agrin fragments, suggesting that binding of agrin to ECM modulates the size of receptor clusters. (rupress.org)
Here, we have investigated the role of intracellular calcium in agrin-induced AChR clustering on cultured myotubes. (umassmed.edu)
Clamping intracellular calcium levels by loading with the fast chelator BAPTA inhibited agrin-induced AChR aggregation. (umassmed.edu)
Clamping intracellular calcium did not block agrin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR beta-subunit, indicating that intracellular calcium fluxes are likely to act downstream from or parallel to AChR phosphorylation. (umassmed.edu)
Finally, the targets of the intracellular calcium are likely to be close to the calcium source, since agrin-induced AChR clustering was unaffected in cells loaded with EGTA, a slower-binding calcium chelator. (umassmed.edu)
Loss of O-fucosylation caused a gain of function for muscle agrin such that it stimulated AChR clustering and MuSK phosphorylation in cultured myotubes at levels normally only found with the neural splice form. (elsevier.com)
These data are consistent with a role for Pofut1 in AChR aggregation during synaptogenesis via the regulation of the synaptogenic activity of muscle agrin. (elsevier.com)
The inclusion of these amino acids is specific for neuronally expressed isoforms of this protein, and these amino acids are necessary for MuSK activation and the AChR clustering activity of agrin. (alpfmedical.info)
Thus, while agrin is made by both nerves and muscles, only nerves made isoforms of the protein that were active in AChR clustering, refining but not disproving the agrin hypothesis. (alpfmedical.info)
At the same time, AChR interaction with rapsyn and dystrobrevin and AChR phosphorylation decreased after agrin withdrawal from mutant myotubes. (jneurosci.org)
The overall cytoskeletal link of AChRs was weak but still strengthened by agrin in mutant cells, consistent with the normal formation but decreased stability of AChR clusters. (jneurosci.org)
We propose that VVA lectin increases the frequency of AChR clustering through a mechanism that is distinct from agrin signaling, and that may involve α-dystroglycan. (elsevier.com)
C2C12 skeletal muscle cell cultures were maintained, myoblasts were fused into myotubes, and then cultures were exposed to motor neuron derived agrin to enhance acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering. (biomedcentral.com)
The results reported here demonstrate that 1 μg/mL sodium nitrate was sufficient to decrease the frequency of agrin-induced AChR clustering without affecting myotube formation. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, concentrations of sodium nitrate of 1 μg/mL or 100 μg/mL decreased gene expression of the myogenic transcription factor myogenin and AChR in correlation with the agrin-induced AChR clustering data. (biomedcentral.com)
These results reveal that sodium nitrate decreases the frequency of agrin-induced AChR clustering by a mechanism that includes myogenin and AChR gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Many of the agrin-induced laminin and HSPG patches colocalized with AChR patches, raising the possibility of a causal relationship between matrix patching and AChR accumulations. (semanticscholar.org)
However, patching of AChRs (complete within a few hours) preceded that of laminm or HSPG (not complete until 15-20 h), making it unlikely that matrix accumulations initiate AChR patching at agrin-induced sites. (semanticscholar.org)
Conversely, when AChR patching was blocked by treatment with anti-AChR antibody mAb 35, agrin was still able to effect patching of laminin and HSPG. (semanticscholar.org)
Taken together, these findings suggest that agrin-induced accumulations of AChR and laminin/HSPG are not mechanistically linked. (semanticscholar.org)
Several observations suggest that agrin-induced AChR patching occurs through a specific, physiological cellular mechanism. (semanticscholar.org)
Agrin effects myotubes in a dose-dependent manner, although at higher agrin levels the number of AChR patches per myotube plateaus off (Godfrey et al. (semanticscholar.org)
The binding affinity of agrin isoforms to alpha-dystroglycan correlates neither with binding to heparin nor with their AChR-aggregating activities. (unibas.ch)
Its binding is completed only by agrin isoforms that are active in AChR aggregation, and therefore this binding site is likely to represent the receptor that initiates AChR clustering. (unibas.ch)
Our objective was to use the C2C12 cell culture model to test the hypothesis that both MyoD and myogenin were required for agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering and the fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. (scirp.org)
Fluorescence microscopy images were captured and then analyzed to assess agrin-induced AChR clustering with or without antibody treatment. (scirp.org)
We report that antibody to either MyoD or myogenin decreases the frequency of agrin-induced AChR clustering without affecting myotube formation. (scirp.org)
We conclude that agrin-induced AChR clustering requires both MyoD and myogenin. (scirp.org)
For example, the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4) and adaptor protein rapsyn are required for the formation of the spatially restricted pattern of the postsynaptic apparatus, including acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters, known as the endplate band, whereas motor nerve-derived signals such as agrin and acetylcholine (ACh) play opposing roles in the refinement and maintenance of the postsynaptic apparatus [ 3 - 13 ]. (plos.org)

In addition to MuSK, agrin binds several other proteins on the surface of muscle, including dystroglycan and laminin. (wikipedia.org)
The requirement for Agrin and MuSK in the formation of the NMJ was demonstrated primarily by knockout mouse studies. (wikipedia.org)
The nerve secretes agrin, resulting in phosphorylation of the MuSK receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Since agrin fragments induce acetylcholine receptor aggregation as well as phosphorylation of the MuSK receptor, researchers spliced them and found that the variant did not trigger phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
The MuSK activator agrin has a separate role essential for postnatal maintenance of neuromuscular synapses. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Motor neuron-derived agrin activates MuSK via binding to MuSK's coreceptor Lrp4, and genetic defects in agrin underlie a congenital myasthenic syndrome (an NMJ disorder). (sigmaaldrich.com)
However, MuSK-dependent postsynaptic differentiation of NMJs occurs in the absence of a motor neuron, indicating a need for nerve/agrin-independent MuSK activation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Thus, it was hypothesized that MuSK needs agrin together with Lrp4 and Dok-7 to achieve sufficient activation to surmount inhibition by acetylcholine. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Here, we show that forced expression of Dok-7 in muscle enhanced MuSK activation in mice lacking agrin or Lrp4 and restored midmuscle NMJ formation in agrin-deficient mice, but not in Lrp4-deficient mice, probably due to the loss of Lrp4-dependent presynaptic differentiation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
However, these NMJs in agrin-deficient mice rapidly disappeared after birth, and postsynaptic specializations emerged ectopically throughout myotubes whereas exogenous Dok-7-mediated MuSK activation was maintained. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These findings demonstrate that the MuSK activator agrin plays another role essential for the postnatal maintenance, but not for embryonic formation, of NMJs and also for the postnatal, but not prenatal, midmuscle localization of postsynaptic specializations, providing physiological and pathophysiological insight into NMJ homeostasis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Our evidences reveal that Agrin binds to its co-receptor(s) Lrp4 and subsequently activates MuSK to mediate oncogenic effects through activating focal adhesions. (aacrjournals.org)
However, the physical interaction between agrin and MuSK has not yet been identified. (rupress.org)
Activation of MuSK by agrin bound to LRP4 promotes the clustering of acetylcholine receptors in the membrane, which is a crucial step in the formation of the neuromuscular junction. (elifesciences.org)
have now shown that amyloid precursor protein can, by interacting directly with LRP4, also activate MuSK even in the absence of agrin, albeit only to a small extent. (elifesciences.org)
suggests that the complex formed between agrin, amyloid precursor protein and LRP4 helps to focus the activation of MuSK, and thus the clustering of acetylcholine receptors, to the site of the developing neuromuscular junction. (elifesciences.org)
Treatment with agrin increased the association of AChRs with MuSK, a receptor tyrosine kinase that forms part of the agrin receptor complex, without affecting other interactions. (uzh.ch)
Expression and phosphorylation levels of agrin, Yes-Associated Protein (YAP), Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Muscle Associated Receptor Tyrosine kinase (MuSK) were detected by Western blot. (alliedacademies.org)
Agrin can activate YAP in HSF possibly through the interactions with integrin mediated adhesion and Lrp4/MuSK receptor-mediated signaling pathways. (alliedacademies.org)
In addition, the functions of Agrin in those processes were proved to be related with its interactions with integrin mediated adhesion and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-4 (Lrp4)/Muscle Associated Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (MuSK) receptor-mediated signaling pathways [ 9 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
In addition, effects of Agrin silencing on the expression and phosphorylation of YAP, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and MuSK were also explored. (alliedacademies.org)
Signaling by MuSK, a component of the Agrin receptor. (grantome.com)
Lrp4 not only binds neuronal Agrin, activating MuSK and stimulating postsynaptic differentiation, but also functions as a direct muscle-derived retrograde signal that is necessary and sufficient for presynaptic differentiation. (grantome.com)
Lrp4 acts bi-directionally to coordinate synapse formation by binding neuronal Agrin, activating MuSK and stimulating postsynaptic differentiation, and in turn functioning as a muscle-derived retrograde signal that is necessary and sufficient for presynaptic differentiation. (grantome.com)
Agrin is utilized by motor neurons to stimulate the LRP4-MuSK receptor in muscles for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. (elsevier.com)
Agrin may act as a mechanotransduction signal in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to coordinate the cross-talk between the LRP4-MuSK pathway and integrin-focal adhesion pathway. (elsevier.com)
We then review the development of the NMJ, focusing on the important roles of nerve-derived agrin and MuSK in clustering of AChRs and other essential components of the NMJ. (ox.ac.uk)
The conundrum was agrin and MuSK don't directly communicate, explains Dr. Lin Mei, chief of developmental neurobiology at the Medical College of Georgia and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Neuroscience. (eurekalert.org)
Much as a friend gets two other friends together, MCG researchers have found that agrin starts talking with LRP4, a protein also on the muscle cell surface, then recruits MuSK to join the conversation. (eurekalert.org)
LRP4 and MuSK become major components of the receptor needed for the muscle cell to receive the message agrin is sending, says Dr. Bin Zhang, postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Mei's lab and first author on the paper published in the Oct. 23 issue of the journal Neuron . (eurekalert.org)
We know agrin is important and we know MuSK is important. (eurekalert.org)
The agrin-MuSK signaling pathway has been implicated in muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic diseases that lead to loss of muscle control because of problems with neurons, muscle cells and/or their communication. (eurekalert.org)

Agrin, a ligand for LRP4, also binds to APP and co-operatively enhances the interaction of APP with LRP4. (elifesciences.org)
Our findings reveal novel roles for APP in regulating neuromuscular synapse formation through hetero-oligomeric interaction with LRP4 and agrin and thereby provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern NMJ formation and maintenance. (elifesciences.org)
A protein called agrin, which is produced by motor neurons and which must bind to LRP4 to induce neuromuscular junction formation, also binds directly to amyloid precursor protein. (elifesciences.org)
Agrin is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan which, through binding to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), is required for neuromuscular synapse formation. (surrey.ac.uk)
In the context of cartilage differentiation, agrin used an unusual receptor repertoire requiring both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan. (surrey.ac.uk)
In contrast to other biological contexts where Agrin signalling requires the interaction with either LRP4 or α-dystroglycan, chondrocytes require the presence of both receptors. (qmul.ac.uk)
People with myasthenia gravis who have autoantibodies targeting the proteins LRP4 and agrin have more severe disease compared to patients without those antibodies, a study has found. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
Recent studies have found antibodies that target two other proteins at the neuromuscular junction, LRP4, and agrin, particularity in DNMG patients. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
However, the prevalence of anti-agrin anti-LRP4 antibodies in MG patients remains unclear. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
A team based at Augusta University in Georgia, in collaboration with investigators at multiple sites across the U.S., conducted a study to assess the prevalence, clinical features, and prognosis of DNMG patients who have anti-LRP4 and/or anti-agrin antibodies. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
Of 181 DNMG patients, 154 (85.1%) were negative for both anti-LRP4 and anti-agrin antibodies, while 27 (14.9%) were positive for at least one of the two antibodies. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
In conclusion, in this study we found that 15% of DNMG patients had antibodies to either LRP4 or agrin and 13% of our patients had autoantibodies to both," the researchers wrote. (myastheniagravisnews.com)
Second, we find that the V1727F mutation significantly impairs binding of y+z+ agrin to both heparin and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) coreceptor. (elsevier.com)
Third, molecular modeling of the LG2 domain suggests that the V1727F mutation primarily disrupts the y splice insert, and consistent with this we find that it partially occludes the contribution of the y splice insert to agrin binding to heparin and LRP4. (elsevier.com)
Whether currently approved treatment options would also benefit these DNMG patients who are positive for LRP4 and agrin would be worth examining in future studies, neuromuscular experts not involved with the current research told Neurology Today . (lww.com)
In the study published in the September issue of Muscle and Nerve , the investigators, led by Michael H. Rivner, MD, the Charbonnier professor of neurology and director of electrodiagnostic medicine laboratory at Augusta University in Georgia, and colleagues, sought to identify the clinical characteristics, prognosis, and prevalence of LRP4 or agrin-antibodies in DNMG patients from 16 clinical sites. (lww.com)
Of 181 DNMG patients, 14.9 percent were positive for either agrin or LRP4, and 12.7 percent were positive for both LRP4 and agrin antibodies. (lww.com)
Although patients positive for both [LRP4 and agrin] have been reported previously, this is not a commonly observed finding among the few patients who have been tested for both antibodies," the authors wrote. (lww.com)
There have been a few papers published in the literature that have looked at MG patients, that were positive for LRP4 and agrin, but the numbers of patients studied were limited," Dr. Rivner told Neurology Today . (lww.com)

It has also been shown that the G3 domain of agrin is very plastic, meaning it can discriminate between binding partners for a better fit. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, Pofut1 gene and protein expression and Pofut1 activity of the EGF4 domain of agrin were modulated during neuromuscular development. (elsevier.com)
Previously we identified a missense mutation (V1727F) in the second laminin globular (LG2) domain of agrin that causes severe congenital myasthenic syndrome. (elsevier.com)
By targeted exome sequencing, two novel homozygous missense variants, p.L1176P and p.R1698C, in the SEA and LG2 domain of agrin were identified respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
CAF22 is the C-terminal 22 kDa domain of agrin. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Agrin causes acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on chick myotubes in culture to aggregate, forming specializations that resemble the postsynaptic apparatus at the vertebrate skeletal neuromuscular junction. (nih.gov)
c ) Representative image of myotubes labelled with α-Butx-594 exposed to either wild type, R1698C, L1176P agrin for 16 h in media containing an equivalent agrin concentration. (biomedcentral.com)
Agrin was identified and named based upon its ability to aggregate AChRs into clusters on cultured myotubes, forming sites of postsynaptic differentiation that closely resembled the sites seen on developing muscle fibers in vivo3. (alpfmedical.info)
Agrin, an extracellular matrix-associated protein extracted from synapse-rich tissues, induces the accumulation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and other synaptic components into discrete patches on cultured myotubes. (semanticscholar.org)
To understand the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of synaptic structure, we have treated cultured myotubes with agrin, a synaptic-organizing molecule that appears to be related to factors that function at synapses in vivo. (semanticscholar.org)
1987). Agrin induces on cultured myotubes dense accumulations of AChRs, which are also associated with acetylcholinesterase (Wallace et al. (semanticscholar.org)
Therefore, not only is agrin a useful means of inducing 'synaptic' differentiation on cultured myotubes, but it appears to be related to factors that direct synaptic development in vivo. (semanticscholar.org)
Here, we compared binding of agrin isoforms to heparin, alpha-dystroglycan, and cultured myotubes. (unibas.ch)

There are three potential heparan sulfate (HS) attachment sites within the primary structure of agrin, but it is thought that only two of these actually carry HS chains when the protein is expressed. (wikipedia.org)
It may be that rather than solely binding directly to the agrin protein core a number of components of the secondary scaffold may also interact with its heparan sulfate side-chains. (wikipedia.org)
Agrin which is a large proteoglycan serves as a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan for the glomerular and the tubular basement membrane and is highly expressed in the kidney. (biomedcentral.com)
As a heparan sulfate proteoglycan of ECM, Agrin has been proved to be involved in various in vivo physiological processes including synaptogenesis and interactions between cells, which is important for tissue formation step of tissue damage repair [ 7 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Recombinant agrin is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) of more than 400 kD with glycosaminoglycan side chains attached only to the NH2-terminal half. (rupress.org)
Agrin is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan of almost 2,000 amino acids. (alpfmedical.info)
Agrin is a large multidomain heparan sulfate proteoglycan associated with basement membranes in several tissues. (elsevier.com)
During embryogenesis, the accumulation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin in the basement membranes ensheathing brain vessels correlates with BBB maturation. (qxmd.com)
Agrin, an extracellular matrix protein belonging to the heterogeneous family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), is expressed by cells of the hematopoietic system but its role in leukocyte biology is not yet clear. (ox.ac.uk)
Agrin is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that induces aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the neuromuscular synapse. (unibas.ch)

Agrin is a basement membrane-associated proteoglycan that induces the formation of postsynaptic specializations at the neuromuscular junction. (uzh.ch)
Agrin is a basal lamina protein that induces aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and other molecules at the developing neuromuscular junction. (rupress.org)
Agrin is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with a calculated relative molecular mass of more than 200 kD that induces the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the neuromuscular junction. (rupress.org)
Interestingly, interferon-a treatment, which induces the expression of Agrin in T cells, also augmented Agrin binding to monocytes. (unesp.br)

The results show that alternative splicing of agrin regulates its binding to heparin and suggest that agrin's interaction with alpha-dystroglycan may be modulated by cell surface glycosaminoglycans in an isoform-dependent manner. (pnas.org)
Transmembrane agrin regulates filopodia in rat hippocampal neurons in culture. (semanticscholar.org)
Here we demonstrate that agrin positively regulates neuronal filopodia. (semanticscholar.org)
Transmembrane agrin regulates dendritic filopodia and synapse formation in mature hippocampal neuron cultures. (semanticscholar.org)
A recent study has shown that agrin regulates focal adhesion integrity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma to promote the progression of tumor [ 8 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Motoneuron-derived y+z+ agrin regulates the formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), while y-z- agrin is widely expressed and has diverse functions. (elsevier.com)
We will determine whether agrin in renal basement membrane regulates macrophage infiltration by in vitro transmigration studies. (grantome.com)

Agrin is an extracellular matrix protein that has been implicated as a synaptogenic agent in the peripheral and central nervous systems. (escholarship.org)
Agrin is an extracellular matrix protein that directs neuromuscular junction formation. (umassmed.edu)
Agrin is a large extracellular matrix protein whose isoforms differ in their tissue distribution and function. (elsevier.com)

In addition, a recent study suggests that diminished agrin expression leads to morphological and synaptic alterations in primary hippocampal neurons ( Ferreira, 1999 ). (jneurosci.org)
To avoid these complications, we tested the possibility that agrin functions as a synaptic differentiation factor in primary hippocampal neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Our results show that synaptic differentiation was inhibited when agrin expression or function was suppressed by either agrin-antisense oligonucleotides or anti-agrin antibodies, thus demonstrating the requirement of agrin for synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Agrin is thought to mediate the motor neuron-induced aggregation of synaptic proteins on the surface of muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions. (uni-muenchen.de)
As the resulting dendritic filopodia are thought to represent precursors of synapses, the neurotrypsin-dependent cleavage of agrin at the synapse may be instrumental for a Hebbian organization and remodeling of synaptic circuits in the CNS. (nih.gov)
Agrin-like molecules at synaptic sites in normal, denervated, and damaged skeletal muscles. (rupress.org)
Several lines of evidence have led to the hypothesis that agrin, a protein extracted from the electric organ of Torpedo, is similar to the molecules in the synaptic cleft basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction that direct the formation of acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase aggregates on regenerating myofibers. (rupress.org)
One such finding is that monoclonal antibodies against agrin stain molecules concentrated in the synaptic cleft of neuromuscular junctions in rays. (rupress.org)
We found that anti-agrin antibodies intensely stained the synaptic cleft of frog and chicken as well as that of rays, that denervation of frog muscle resulted in a reduction in staining at the neuromuscular junction, and that the synaptic basal lamina in frog could be stained weeks after degeneration of all cellular components of the neuromuscular junction. (rupress.org)
These findings distinguish a novel step in the signal transduction mechanism of agrin and raise the possibility that the pathways mediating agrin- and activity-driven changes in synaptic architecture could intersect at the level of intracellular calcium fluxes. (umassmed.edu)
Repletion of this isoform of Agrin in the motor neurons of SMA model mice increases muscle fiber size, enhances the post-synaptic NMJ area, reduces the abnormal accumulation of intermediate filaments in nerve terminals of the neuromuscular synapse and improves the innervation of muscles. (neurotune.com)
Agrin, plays a synaptic coordinator role by easing interpolation of a nerve terminal, clustering of AChRs and maturation of NMJs [5]. (heighpubs.org)
All these aspects makes it crystal clear that Agrin can contribute to reduce the impaired synaptic functions related to the SMA [11]. (heighpubs.org)
The appearance of agrin-like molecules at neuromuscular junctions suggests that it may direct synaptic organization in vivo. (semanticscholar.org)
Identification of agrin, a synaptic organizing protein from Torpedo electric organ. (semanticscholar.org)
Agrin is expressed in motor neurons as well as muscle and best known for its role in organizing the NMJ by clustering post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors (20-22). (columbiamnc.org)
Z+Agrin is critically important to the formation as well as maintenance of the NMJ and accomplishes this through effects on both the pre- as well as post-synaptic specializations (21,22). (columbiamnc.org)
a synaptic proteoglycan, z-agrin, is deposited by the nerve. (nih.gov)

In comparison to unoperated age-matched controls, in situ hybridization with a pan-specific agrin cRNA probe demonstrated a significant decrease in neuronal agrin mRNA expression as a result of axotomy. (escholarship.org)
Agrin, a multidomain proteoglycan and neurotrypsin, a neuronal serine protease, are important for forming (neuromuscular) synapses. (readbyqxmd.com)
Motor neuronal repletion of the NMJ organizer, Agrin , modulates the severity of the spinal muscular atrophy disease phenotype in model mice. (neurotune.com)
We recently discovered that proteolytic cleavage of agrin by the neuronal serine protease neurotrypsin results in NMJ degeneration and, in turn, loss of muscle fibers, resulting in a sarcopenia-like muscle atrophy. (fsrmm.ch)

Agrin is named based on its involvement in the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors during synaptogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Agrin is a basal lamina molecule that directs key events in postsynaptic differentiation, most notably the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the muscle cell surface. (pnas.org)
Aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in muscle fibers by nerve-derived agrin plays a key role in the formation of neuromuscular junctions. (rupress.org)
Roles of rapsyn and agrin in interaction of postsynaptic proteins with acetylcholine receptors. (uzh.ch)
Early signal transduction events in agrin-mediated postsynaptic differentiation include activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase and phosphorylation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), but later steps in this pathway are unknown. (umassmed.edu)
Agrin is a large basement membrane (BM) proteoglycan expressed in many tissues in vertebrates, with particularly important function at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where it clusters acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and maintains structural stability of postsynaptic specializations. (unibas.ch)

Therefore, we performed a SILAC based quantitative proteomics of cell surface proteins in HCC lines and identified proteoglycan Agrin to be overexpressed and secreted in HCC. (aacrjournals.org)
Injected agrin is recovered from the muscles together with laminin and both proteins coimmunoprecipitate, indicating that agrin binds to laminin in vivo. (rupress.org)
But after agrin withdrawal, clusters of these proteins disappeared rapidly in parallel with AChRs, revealing that SFKs are of general importance in postsynaptic stability. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, loss of agrin deposition in the vasculature of brain tumors is accompanied by the loss of endothelial junctional proteins. (qxmd.com)
Agrin increased junctional localization of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, β-catenin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) but not of claudin-5 and occludin in the brain endothelioma cell line bEnd5 without affecting the expression levels of these proteins. (qxmd.com)
Taken together, our data support the notion that agrin contributes to barrier characteristics of brain endothelium by stabilizing the adherens junction proteins VE-cadherin and β-catenin and the junctional protein ZO-1 to brain endothelial junctions. (qxmd.com)

Likewise, additional alternative splicing that occurs at conserved sites in the vertebrate agrin orthologues having strong impact on the AChRs clustering activity, was not identified in AGR-1. (unibas.ch)
During myotube formation AChRs cluster spontaneously, but treatment with motor neuron derived agrin increases clustering of AChRs and other postsynaptic components of the neuromuscular synapse. (scirp.org)
This is accomplished chiefly through a motor neuron-derived isoform, Z+Agrin, which is defined by the presence of an 8, 11 or 19 (8 + 11) amino acid (Z) insert that greatly enhances the ability of the molecule to cluster AChRs relative to isoforms (Z−) devoid of it (22-24). (columbiamnc.org)

When secreted, agrin binds to several receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle. (wikipedia.org)
An isoform of agrin that does not induce postsynaptic specializations binds with high affinity to dystroglycan, a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. (uzh.ch)

Recently, we demonstrated the activity-dependent release of neurotrypsin from presynaptic terminals and proteolytical cleavage of agrin at the synapse. (nih.gov)
The transmembrane isoform of the proteoglycan agrin, expressed predominantly in the CNS, may regulate neurite outgrowth, synapse formation and excitatory signaling. (semanticscholar.org)
Identification of an agrin mutation that causes congenital myasthenia and affects synapse function. (inserm.fr)
Our data indicate that the cell-autonomous signals delivered by agrin are sensed by macrophages through the α-DC (DG) receptor and lead to the activation of signaling pathways resulting in rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton during the phagocytic synapse formation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk 1/2). (ox.ac.uk)
During antigen presentation, Agrin primarily accumulates to the periphery of the mature immunological synapse, mostly in lamellipodia-like protrusions that wrap around the antigen-presenting cell and, conversely, anti-Agrin sera induced a significant redistribution of TCR at the plasma membrane. (unesp.br)
Collectively, these results confirm the location of Agrin at the immunological synapse between T cells and antigen-presenting cells and justify further characterization of its receptors in the immune system. (unesp.br)
Agrin is a protein that motor neurons release to direct construction of the nerve-muscle contact or synapse. (eurekalert.org)
It assists a second molecule, called Agrin, which co-ordinates construction of the connection - or synapse. (bbc.co.uk)

In addition, by its ability to activate the Hippo signaling pathway, agrin is emerging as a key proteoglycan in the tumor microenvironment. (wikipedia.org)

Synaptogenesis was severely compromised when agrin expression or function was suppressed by antisense oligonucleotides and specific antibodies. (jneurosci.org)
Anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies labeled agrin-induced specializations as they do the postsynaptic apparatus. (nih.gov)
In the studies described here we made additional monoclonal antibodies against agrin and used them to extend our knowledge of agrin-like molecules at the neuromuscular junction. (rupress.org)

These data show that the agrin isoform expressed in non-muscle tissue is a high-affinity binding partner of dystroglycan and they suggest that this interaction, like that between laminin and dystroglycan, may be important for the mechanical integrity of the tissue. (uzh.ch)
In the C-terminal half of the protein are four EGF-like repeats and three laminin-type globular G-domains (G). Agrin is alternatively spliced in its C-terminal half. (alpfmedical.info)
The putative protein domain architecture shared high similarity to the vertebrate agrin, except for missing one laminin G (lamG) domain, serine/threonine-rich regions and the SEA module. (unibas.ch)
The stimulus protocols for all panels are shown at the bottom: C control (no stimulus), A agrin, L laminin-1, AL agrin and laminin. (biomedcentral.com)
Agrin treatment caused cell surface laminin and HSPG to patch, while collagen and fibronectin distributions were generally unaffected. (semanticscholar.org)

Therefore, we have studied the role of agrin in cultured hippocampal neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Despite the evidence supporting the role of agrin in the formation of NMJ, it is still unknown whether synaptogenesis in the CNS is regulated similarly. (jneurosci.org)
Our systematic cell biological analysis indicated a role of Agrin in maintaining focal adhesion integrity through stimulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). (aacrjournals.org)
Therefore, understanding the role of Agrin in skin tissue damage repair may eventually improve its treatment. (alliedacademies.org)
In this review the role of Agrin in SMA is studied. (heighpubs.org)
This review highlights the antagonizing role of Agrin in SMA. (heighpubs.org)

Administration of the neurotrypsin-dependent 22 kDa fragment of agrin rescues the filopodial response. (nih.gov)
C-terminal fragment of agrin (CAF), a proteoglycan of the glomerular and tubular basement membrane, have been recently associated with rapid renal function deterioration and proximal tubular dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)

Acetylcholine receptor-aggregating activity of agrin isoforms and mapping of the active site. (rupress.org)

Distinct localization of T cell Agrin during antigen presentation--evidence for the expression of Agrin receptor(s) in antigen-presenting cells. (semanticscholar.org)
Expression of agrin in HSF was downregulated by siRNA transfection. (alliedacademies.org)
In this study, expression of Agrin in Human Skin Fibroblast (HSF) was downregulated by siRNA transfection. (alliedacademies.org)
The expression of agrin in the liver has recently been described under physiologic and pathologic conditions. (elsevier.com)
We aimed to study the mRNA and protein expression of agrin in cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and focused on the differences between CC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (elsevier.com)
CC samples showed an even higher expression of agrin. (elsevier.com)
We also provide evidence for the expression of Agrin receptors in peripheral blood monocytes, dendritic cells and a fraction of B cells. (unesp.br)

demonstrate that agrin is necessary for the differentiation of NMJs. (jneurosci.org)
Here we demonstrate that agrin is O-fucosylated in a Pofut1-dependent manner, and that this glycosylation can regulate agrin function. (elsevier.com)
Here we demonstrate that agrin has a crucial, nonredundant role in myeloid cell development and functions. (ox.ac.uk)
These mAbs were also used to demonstrate that agrin-like molecules are concentrated at neuromuscular junctions in vivo (Fallon et al. (semanticscholar.org)

In other studies, Agrin was found to activate Yes- Associated Protein (YAP) to regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, which can seriously affect repair of skin tissue damage [ 3 , 9 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Conversely, exogenous agrin supported cartilage differentiation in vitro and ectopic cartilage formation in vivo. (surrey.ac.uk)
Conclusions We have discovered that agrin strongly promotes chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage formation in vivo. (surrey.ac.uk)
We have discovered that the multidomain signalling protein Agrin, most commonly known for its requirement at the neuromuscular junction, strongly promotes chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage formation in vivo. (qmul.ac.uk)
In 1990, Dr. U. J. McMahan put forward the 'Agrin hypothesis,' stating that agrin is the nerve-derived organizer of postsynaptic differentiation at the NMJ6. (alpfmedical.info)
In the present study we examined the role of extracellular matrix components in agrin-induced differentiation. (semanticscholar.org)

Our results identify agrin as a novel potent anabolic growth factor with strong therapeutic potential in cartilage regeneration. (surrey.ac.uk)
Altogether, these data identify agrin as a novel player of innate immunity. (ox.ac.uk)

The effects of antisense oligonucleotides were found to be highly specific because they were reversed by adding recombinant agrin and could not be detected in cultures from agrin-deficient animals. (jneurosci.org)

Apoptosis inhibitors and mini-agrin have additive benefits in congenital muscular dystrophy mice. (nih.gov)

NT-1654 is a C-terminal fragment of mouse neural agrin. (readbyqxmd.com)

Here, the binding of four recombinant agrin isoforms to heparin, to alpha-dystroglycan (a component of an agrin receptor), and to myoblasts was tested. (pnas.org)
Stimulation of monocytes with recombinant Agrin induced the clustering of surface receptors, including major histocompatibility complex class II, activation of intracellular signalling cascades, as well as enhanced dsRNA-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-a. (unesp.br)

We hypothesize that macrophage passage through renal basement membrane is mediated by an interaction between the proteoglycan agrin and phosphorylated 23 integrins. (grantome.com)

Recombinant full-length chick agrin and a 100-kD fragment of ray agrin showed similar EC50 values. (rupress.org)
In an attempt to identify the functions of the NH2-terminal end, we have now characterized full-length chick agrin. (rupress.org)

Recent experiments provide direct evidence in support of this hypothesis, reveal the nature of agrin immunoreactivity at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, and have resulted in findings that are consistent with the possibility that agrin plays a role in synaptogenesis throughout the nervous system. (uni-muenchen.de)
Introduction-Agrin is essential for the formation and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). (readbyqxmd.com)

In addition, we found a site encoding seven amino acids at the NH2-terminal end of agrin that is alternatively spliced. (rupress.org)
This quandary was quickly resolved with the discovery of alternatively spliced forms of agrin (Figure 1.2). (alpfmedical.info)

Agrin is a large proteoglycan whose best-characterised role is in the development of the neuromuscular junction during embryogenesis. (wikipedia.org)

In the kidney agrin is part of the basal lamina, where it is the major contributor of the anionic potential of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). (clinicaltrials.gov)

Moreover, the binding of agrin to alpha-dystroglycan is inhibited by heparin when this insert is present. (pnas.org)

Fucosylation of recombinant C45 agrin, both active (neural, z8) and inactive (muscle, z0) splice forms, was eliminated when agrin was overexpressed in Pofut1-deficient cells or by mutation of a consensus site for Pofut1 fucosylation (serine 1726 in the EGF4 domain). (elsevier.com)

Alternative splicing of chick agrin mRNA at two sites, A and B, gives rise to eight possible isoforms of which five are expressed in vivo. (rupress.org)
Secretion is achieved with a construct that includes an additional 350 bp derived from the 5' end of chick agrin mRNA. (rupress.org)

During development in humans, the growing end of motor neuron axons secrete a protein called agrin. (wikipedia.org)

This contingency characterizes the neurotrypsin-agrin system as a coincidence detector of pre- and postsynaptic activation. (nih.gov)
A possible explanation for such early abnormalities was impairment of neurotrypsin/Agrin system. (heighpubs.org)
The constitution of NMJ is physiologically boosted by the neurotrypsin/Agrin system. (heighpubs.org)

A role in the retention of anionic macromolecules within the vasculature has also been suggested for agrin-linked HS at the glomerular or alveolar basement membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The Basement Membrane Proteoglycans Perlecan and Agrin: Something Old, Something New. (semanticscholar.org)
Although no expression was found within the hepatic lobules, agrin was deposited in the neovascular basement membrane in HCCs. (elsevier.com)
Agrin was abundant in the tumor-specific basement membrane in well-differentiated areas of CCs, whereas with immunostaining, it was fragmented, decreased, or it even disappeared in less differentiated areas and sites of infiltration. (elsevier.com)

Agrin or AGRN is a large protein (proteoglycan) that has a crucial part in the development of neuromuscular junction amid embryogenesis. (abeomics.com)

The agrin hypothesis has been beset by various challenges in the last 15 years, but has largely proven correct. (alpfmedical.info)

Double-seronegative myasthenia gravis patients (DNMG), who were antibody positive for both lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 and agrin, had a more severe case of the condition than those who were antibody-negative. (lww.com)

Only a little agrin was detected in skeletal muscle, and no agrin was found in liver. (uzh.ch)
In a solid-phase radioligand binding assay, agrin bound to dystroglycan from lung, kidney, and skeletal muscle with a dissociation constant between 1.8 and 2.2 nM, while the affinity to brain-derived dystroglycan was 4.6 nM. (uzh.ch)

Recently, mice that either express extremely low levels of agrin transcripts or do not express highly active (z+) isoforms have been produced. (jneurosci.org)

Similar, but less dramatic changes in agrin expression following axotomy were also observed in unoperated neurons on the contralateral side. (escholarship.org)
Major changes in agrin gene expression following axotomy but not denervation are consistant with the notion that agrin synthesized by ganglionic neurons exerts its effects in the periphery rather than at synapses formed between ciliary ganglion neurons and their preganglionic input. (escholarship.org)

So far, the effects of agrin on muscle fibers have been studied in culture systems, transgenic animals, and in animals injected with agrin-cDNA constructs. (rupress.org)
Thus, the present approach provides a novel, simple, and efficient method for studying the effects of agrin on muscle under controlled conditions in vivo. (rupress.org)
To investigate the effects of agrin on YAP expression in Human Skin Fibroblast (HSF), and the possible mechanism. (alliedacademies.org)
Effects of agrin silencing on HSF proliferation, migration and invasion were investigated. (alliedacademies.org)

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Globular domains of agrin are functional units that collaborate to induce acetylcholine receptor clustering. (1/304)

Constitutively active MuSK is clustered in the absence of agrin and induces ectopic postsynaptic-like membranes in skeletal muscle fibers. (2/304)

Agrin in Alzheimer's disease: altered solubility and abnormal distribution within microvasculature and brain parenchyma. (3/304)

Alternatively spliced isoforms of nerve- and muscle-derived agrin: their roles at the neuromuscular junction. (4/304)

Roles of rapsyn and agrin in interaction of postsynaptic proteins with acetylcholine receptors. (5/304)

Evidence of an agrin receptor in cortical neurons. (6/304)

Distinct domains of MuSK mediate its abilities to induce and to associate with postsynaptic specializations. (7/304)

Formation of the neuromuscular junction. Agrin and its unusual receptors. (8/304)

Agrin

Receptors, Cholinergic

Receptor Aggregation

Dystroglycans

Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic Membranes

Muscle Fibers, Skeletal

Carbocyanines

British Columbia

New England

Gift Giving

Indiana

Phosphopyruvate Hydratase

Glutamate Decarboxylase

Immunohistochemistry

Synapses

Muscles

Arthropods

Lead Radioisotopes

Fossils

Muscle, Skeletal

Pectinidae

Utrophin

Switzerland

Receptors, Nicotinic

Illinois

Acetylcholine

Globular domains of agrin are functional units that collaborate to induce acetylcholine receptor clustering. (1/304)

Constitutively active MuSK is clustered in the absence of agrin and induces ectopic postsynaptic-like membranes in skeletal muscle fibers. (2/304)

Agrin in Alzheimer's disease: altered solubility and abnormal distribution within microvasculature and brain parenchyma. (3/304)

Alternatively spliced isoforms of nerve- and muscle-derived agrin: their roles at the neuromuscular junction. (4/304)

Roles of rapsyn and agrin in interaction of postsynaptic proteins with acetylcholine receptors. (5/304)

Evidence of an agrin receptor in cortical neurons. (6/304)

Distinct domains of MuSK mediate its abilities to induce and to associate with postsynaptic specializations. (7/304)

Formation of the neuromuscular junction. Agrin and its unusual receptors. (8/304)

Intracellular calcium regulates agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor c by Laura Jalso Megeath and Justin R. Fallon

L-type calcium channels mediate acetylcholine receptor aggregation on cultured muscle<...

Agrin-induced Reorganization of Extracellular Matrix Components on Cultured Myotubes: Relationship to AChR Aggregation -...

O-fucosylation of muscle agrin determines its ability to cluster acetylcholine receptors<...

Effects of Purified Recombinant Neural and Muscle Agrin on Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Vivo | JCB

Agrin isoforms and their role in synaptogenesis

Roles of rapsyn and agrin in interaction of postsynaptic proteins with acetylcholine receptors. - Zurich Open Repository and...

Agrin Rat - PD-L1 ELISA Kit, Dnmt1, Caspase-3, B7-H4 Antibody, PD-1, TCF, TLR Cell Lines

Schwarte RC and Godfrey EW (2004), Nitric oxide synthase activity is required for ... - Xenbase Paper

Agrin mediates chondrocyte homeostasis and requires both LRP4 and α-dystroglycan to enhance cartilage formation in vitro and in...

Most recent papers with the keyword C-terminal agrin fragment | Read by QxMD

Defective neuromuscular synaptogenesis in agrin-deficient mutant mice

IDEALS @ Illinois: Structural and Functional Aspects of Dystroglycan During Agrin -Mediated Acetylcholine Receptor Clustering...

Disruption of glomerular basement membrane charge through podocyte-spe by S J. Harvey, G Jarad et al.

Conjugation of LG domains of agrins and perlecan to polymerizing laminin-2 promotes acetylcholine receptor clustering - edoc

MuSK: a new target for lethal fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) | Journal of Medical Genetics

Multistim Switch | Agrin

Plenary Sessions

Difference between revisions of 2011 Group 6 Project - CellBiology

2011 Group 6 Project - CellBiology

Laminin colocalization with AChR aggregates is disrupte | Open-i

The MuSK activator agrin has a separate role essential for postnatal maintenance of neuromuscular synapses. | Sigma-Aldrich

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Proteins potential as a regulator of brain activity discovered

Macrophage Infiltration of Renal Tissue via beta-3 Integrins and Agrin - Scott Blystone

Macrophage Infiltration of Renal Tissue via beta-3 Integrins and Agrin - Scott Blystone

Recent Articles | Agrin And Genetics & Genomics | The Scientist Magazine®

COOH-terminal collagen Q (COLQ) mutants causing human deficiency of endplate acetylcholinesterase impair the interaction of...

IJMS | Free Full-Text | IGF-1 Antibody Prolongs the Effective Duration Time of Botulinum Toxin in Decreasing Muscle Strength |...

Dispersing Clusters with Calpain | Science Signaling

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References

Elon Musk

Neuromuscular junction disorders. - Oxford Neuroscience

The role of agrin in SMA - Neurotune AG

A variable proportion of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) have - Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors Induce Apoptosis

Electrical stimulation accelerates neuromuscular junction formation through ADAM19/neuregulin/ErbB signaling in vitro -...

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Postischemic hypothermia protects against loss of agrin and SPARC from the vascular basement membrane in global cerebral...

Follistatin-like domain-containing protein elisa and antibody

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