Agouti signaling protein. Medical search

A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. Agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS and has wide distribution including ADIPOSE TISSUE; GONADS; and HEART. Its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, OBESITY, and metabolic defects similar to type II diabetes in humans.

Color of hair or fur.

A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. There are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization.

Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.

Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.

A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in MELANOCYTES. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. Loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in human.

A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. ("Intracisternal" refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

A cinnamon-colored strain of Long-Evans rats which carries a mutation causing fulminant hepatitis and jaundice, with an associated gross accumulation of copper in the liver. This strain is a model for Wilson's Disease (see HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION).

Coloration of the skin.

Mammalian pigment cells that produce MELANINS, pigments found mainly in the EPIDERMIS, but also in the eyes and the hair, by a process called melanogenesis. Coloration can be altered by the number of melanocytes or the amount of pigment produced and stored in the organelles called MELANOSOMES. The large non-mammalian melanin-containing cells are called MELANOPHORES.

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH; GAMMA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.

A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central.

The study of the similarities and differences in the structures of homologous tissues across various species.

Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus (MICE) and Rattus (RATS), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are SIGMODONTINAE (New World mice and rats), CRICETINAE, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, ARVICOLINAE, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, MURINAE (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

Vesicles derived from the GOLGI APPARATUS containing material to be released at the cell surface.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.

A pancreatic beta-cell hormone that is co-secreted with INSULIN. It displays an anorectic effect on nutrient metabolism by inhibiting gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying and postprandial GLUCAGON secretion. Islet amyloid polypeptide can fold into AMYLOID FIBRILS that have been found as a major constituent of pancreatic AMYLOID DEPOSITS.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

A type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. Beta cells secrete INSULIN.

Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

Books containing photographs, prints, drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or other representations or systematic arrangement of data designed to elucidate or decorate its contents. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983, p114)

An order of diurnal BIRDS of prey, including EAGLES; HAWKS; buzzards; vultures; and falcons.

A federation of seven states on the southeast portion of the Arabian peninsula: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Qaiwain. In 1820 a treaty of peace was concluded between Great Britain and native rulers. During the 19th century the rulers agreed to suppression of the slave trade and restriction of foreign relations to Great Britain. The Trucial Council was established in 1952 and defense treaties with Great Britain terminated. In 1971 an independent six-member federation was formed, with Ras al-Khaimah joining the federation in 1972. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1250)

The combination of genetic and optical methods in controlling specific events with temporal precision in targeted cells of a functioning intact biological system.

The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.

Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS family. Their ligands are VITAMIN A-based chromophores.

A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.

Members of a Semitic people inhabiting the Arabian peninsula or other countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The term may be used with reference to ancient, medieval, or modern ethnic or cultural groups. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Testing of human homologues of murine obesity genes as candidate regions in Finnish obese sib pairs. (1/158)

The human homologues of recently discovered murine obesity genes provide relevant candidates to study the genetic component of obesity in humans. We analysed the human counterparts to murine obesity genes ob, db, agouti, tub, melanocortin 4-receptor (MC4-R) and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3), as well as two other chromosomal regions reported to be linked to obesity-related phenotypes in restricted populations. We found no significant evidence for linkage to any analysed loci in our total study material of 105 affected sib pairs collected from the genetically homogenous population of Finland. However, several markers on 14 cM chromosomal region flanking the MC4-R gene showed sharing of alleles identical-by-descent (IBD) more frequently than expected. A selected subset of non-diabetic obese sib pairs strengthened the P values down to 0.003 in this particular region. The smallest P value (P = 0.001) was obtained with a marker D18S487 in a subgroup containing only sib pairs with one lean and one obese parent. We therefore screened seven obese subjects included in our sib pair material for sequence changes in their MC4-R gene, but no mutations of apparent causal relationship were found. In conclusion, we could not find evidence for significant contribution of the chromosomal loci corresponding to the murine single gene obesity genes for human morbid obesity, but additional studies are still needed to clarify whether DNA alterations within or adjacent to the MC4-R gene play some role. (+info)

A system for rapid generation of coat color-tagged knockouts and defined chromosomal rearrangements in mice. (2/158)

Gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be used to generate single gene mutations or defined multi-megabase chromosomal rearrangements when applied with the Cre- loxP recombination system. While single knockouts are essential for uncovering functions of cloned genes, chromosomal rearrangements are great genetic tools for mapping, mutagenesis screens and functional genomics. The conventional approach to generate mice with targeted alterations of the genome requires extensive molecular cloning to build targeting vectors and DNA-based genotyping for stock maintenance. Here we describe the design and construction of a two-library system to facilitate high throughput gene targeting and chromo-somal engineering. The unique feature of these libraries is that once a clone is isolated, it is essentially ready to be used for insertional targeting in ES cells. The two libraries each bear a complementary set of genetic markers tailored so that the vector can be used for Cre- loxP -based chromosome engineering as well as single knockouts. By incorporating mouse coat color markers into the vectors, we illustrate a widely applicable method for stock maintenance of ES cell-derived mice with single gene knockouts or more extensive chromosomal rearrangements. (+info)

Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (3/158)

Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) regulate pigmentation and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing melanocortin receptor signaling. A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Agouti protein, Ser73-Cys131, is sufficient for melanocortin receptor antagonism, but Western blot analysis of skin extracts reveals that the electrophoretic mobility of native Agouti protein corresponds to the mature full-length form, His23-Cys131. To investigate the potential role of the amino-terminal residues, we compared the function of full-length and carboxyl-terminal fragments of Agrp and Agouti protein in a sensitive bioassay based on pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores. We find that carboxyl-terminal Agouti protein, and all forms of Agrp tested, act solely by competitive antagonism of melanocortin action. However, full-length Agouti protein acts by an additional mechanism that is time- and temperature-dependent, depresses maximal levels of pigment dispersion, and is therefore likely to be mediated by receptor down-regulation. Apparent down-regulation is not observed for a mixture of amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal fragments. We propose that the phenotypic effects of Agouti in vivo represent a bipartite mechanism: competitive antagonism of agonist binding by the carboxyl-terminal portion of Agouti protein and down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling by an unknown mechanism that requires residues in the amino terminus of the Agouti protein. (+info)

NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. (4/158)

The structure of the chemically synthesized C-terminal region of the human agouti related protein (AGRP) was determined by 2D 1H NMR. Referred to as minimized agouti related protein, MARP is a 46 residue polypeptide containing 10 Cys residues involved in five disulfide bonds that retains the biological activity of full length AGRP. AGRP is a mammalian signaling molecule, involved in weight homeostasis, that causes adult onset obesity when overexpressed in mice. AGRP was originally identified by homology to the agouti protein, another potent signaling molecule involved in obesity disorders in mice. While AGRP's exact mechanism of action is unknown, it has been identified as a competitive antagonist of melanocortin receptors 3 and 4 (MC3r, MC4r), and MC4r in particular is implicated in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Full length agouti and AGRP are only 25% homologous, however, their active C-terminal regions are approximately 40% homologous, with nine out of the 10 Cys residues spatially conserved. Until now, 3D structures have not been available for either agouti, AGRP or their C-terminal regions. The NMR structure of MARP reported here can be characterized as three major loops, with four of the five disulfide bridges at the base of the structure. Though its fold is well defined, no canonical secondary structure is identified. While previously reported structural models of the C-terminal region of AGRP were attempted based on Cys homology between AGRP and certain toxin proteins, we find that Cys spacing is not sufficient to correctly determine the 3D fold of the molecule. (+info)

An agouti mutation lacking the basic domain induces yellow pigmentation but not obesity in transgenic mice. (5/158)

Chronic antagonism of melanocortin receptors by the paracrine-acting agouti gene product induces both yellow fur and a maturity-onset obesity syndrome in mice that ubiquitously express wild-type agouti. Functional analysis of agouti mutations in transgenic mice indicate that the cysteine-rich C terminus, signal peptide, and glycosylation site are required for agouti activity in vivo. In contrast, no biological activity has been ascribed to the conserved basic domain. To examine the functional significance of the agouti basic domain, the entire 29-aa region was deleted from the agouti cDNA, and the resulting mutation (agoutiDeltabasic) was expressed in transgenic mice under the control of the beta-actin promoter (BAPaDeltabasic). Three independent lines of BAPaDeltabasic transgenic mice all developed some degree of yellow pigment in the fur, indicating that the agoutiDeltabasic protein was functional in vivo. However, none of the BAPaDeltabasic transgenic mice developed completely yellow fur, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, or hyperglycemia. High levels of agoutiDeltabasic expression in relevant tissues exceeded the level of agouti expression in obese viable yellow mice, suggesting that suboptimal activity or synthesis of the agoutiDeltabasic protein, rather than insufficient RNA synthesis, accounts for the phenotype of the BAPaDeltabasic transgenic mice. These findings implicate a functional role for the agouti basic domain in vivo, possibly influencing the biogenesis of secreted agouti protein or modulating protein-protein interactions that contribute to effective antagonism of melanocortin receptors. (+info)

Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. (6/158)

Recent data from this laboratory demonstrate that increasing adipocyte intracellular Ca(2+) results in a coordinated stimulation of lipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis. We have also noted that increasing dietary calcium of obese patients for 1 year resulted in a 4.9 kg loss of body fat (P<0.01). Accordingly, we tested the possibility that calcitrophic hormones may act on adipocytes to increase Ca(2+) and lipid metabolism by measuring the effects of 1, 25-(OH)(2)-D in primary cultures of human adipocytes, and found significant, sustained increases in intracellular Ca(2+) and a corresponding marked inhibition of lipolysis (EC(50) approximately 50 pM; P<0.001), suggesting that dietary calcium could reduce adipocyte mass by suppressing 1,25-(OH)(2)-D. To test this hypothesis, we placed transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene specifically in adipocytes on a low (0.4%) Ca/high fat/high sucrose diet either unsupplemented or with 25 or 50% of the protein replaced by non-fat dry milk or supplemented to 1.2% Ca with CaCO(3) for 6 wk. Weight gain and fat pad mass were reduced by 26-39% by the three high calcium diets (P<0.001). The high calcium diets exerted a corresponding 51% inhibition of adipocyte fatty acid synthase expression and activity (P<0.002) and stimulation of lipolysis by 3. 4- to 5.2-fold (P<0.015). This concept of calcium modulation of adiposity was further evaluated epidemiologically in the NHANES III data set. After controlling for energy intake, relative risk of being in the highest quartile of body fat was set to 1.00 for the lowest quartile of Ca intake and was reduced to 0.75, 0.40, and 0.16 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively, of calcium intake for women (n=380;P<0.0009); a similar inverse relationship was also noted in men (n=7114; P<0.0006). Thus, increasing dietary calcium suppresses adipocyte intracellular Ca(2+) and thereby modulates energy metabolism and attenuates obesity risk. (+info)

Relationship between human adipose tissue agouti and fatty acid synthase (FAS). (7/158)

The human homologue of the murine obesity gene, agouti, is expressed in adipose tissue. We have shown that recombinant agouti protein regulates adipocyte lipogenesis and lipolysis coordinately and promotes lipid storage via a Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism in vitro, which may contribute to agouti-induced obesity. However, little is known about agouti's physiologic function in humans. We first studied the agouti content in human mature adipocytes vs. preadipocytes. The agouti content of human mature adipocytes was five times as abundant as in preadipocytes (19.18 +/- 2.46 vs. 4.07 +/- 0.51 pg/microg protein, P: < 0.005), suggesting that agouti is up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation. We next studied the relationship of agouti mRNA and protein to fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA and activity in adipose tissue obtained from nonobese and mildly obese patients (body mass index range, 21-31 kg/m(2)). Agouti protein was correlated with FAS activity (r = 0.782, P: < 0.005). Similarly, human adipose tissue agouti mRNA level was also correlated with FAS mRNA level (r = 0.846, P: < 0.001). These data suggest that agouti may be another adipocyte-produced factor that modulates adipocyte lipid metabolism via a paracrine/autocrine mechanism. (+info)

Common requirements for melanocortin-4 receptor selectivity of structurally unrelated melanocortin agonist and endogenous antagonist, Agouti protein. (8/158)

The activity of melanocortin receptors (MCR) is regulated by melanocortin peptide agonists and by the endogenous antagonists, Agouti protein and AgRP (Agouti-related protein). To understand how the selectivity for these structurally unrelated agonists and antagonist is achieved, chimeric and mutants MC3R and MC4R were expressed in cell lines and pharmacologically analyzed. A region containing the third extracellular loop, EC3, of MC4R was essential for selective Agouti protein antagonism. In addition, this part of MC4R, when introduced in MC3R, conferred Agouti protein antagonism. Further mutational analysis of this region of MC4R demonstrated that Tyr(268) was required for the selective interaction with Agouti protein, because a profound loss of the ability of Agouti protein to inhibit (125)I-labeled [Nle(4),d-Phe(7)]alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) binding was observed by the single mutation of Tyr(268) to Ile. This same residue conferred selectivity for the MC4R selective agonist, [d-Tyr(4)]MT-II, whereas it inhibited interaction with the MC3R-selective agonist, [Nle(4)]Lys-gamma(2)-MSH. Conversely, mutation of Ile(265) in MC3 (the corresponding residue of Tyr(268)) to Tyr displayed a gain of affinity for [d-Tyr(4)]MT-II, but not for Agouti protein, and a loss of affinity for [Nle(4)]Lys-gamma(2)-MSH as compared with wild-type MC3R. This single amino acid mutation thus confers the selectivity of MC3R toward a pharmacological profile like that observed for MC4R agonists but not for the antagonist, Agouti protein. Thus, selectivity for structurally unrelated ligands with opposite activities is achieved in a similar manner for MC4R but not for MC3R. (+info)

"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... The encoded protein is synthesized mainly in corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary, where four cleavage sites are used; ... Afamelanotide Agouti-related peptide Melanocortin Melanotan II GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115138 - Ensembl, May 2017 ... by the removal of a 44-amino-acid-long signal peptide sequence during translation. POMC is cleaved to give rise to multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin

Agouti-related protein and Agouti-signaling protein are antagonist peptides to MC2R. ACTH receptor is primarily found in the ... "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... In the third intracellular loop of the receptor a protein kinase A and protein kinase c phosphorylation motifs have been ... There are currently no available protein X-ray crystallography structures for the ACTH receptor available in the Protein Data ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... also some activity at MC1 THIQ Agouti-related peptide Agouti signalling peptide SHU-8914 SHU-9005 SHU-9119 HS-014 HS-024 JKC- ... It encodes the MC4 protein, a G protein-coupled receptor that binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In mouse models, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor

"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... "Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors". Biochemistry. 38 (3): ... Melanocortin receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC3R gene. This gene encodes MC3, a G-protein coupled ... of the agouti-related protein". Biochemistry. 40 (51): 15520-7. doi:10.1021/bi0117192. PMID 11747427. Lee YS, Poh LK, Loke KY ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor

"Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... Melanocortin 2 Receptor accessory protein (MRAP) traps MC5R protein inside cells. Melanocortin receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release ... "Characterization of Agouti-related protein binding to melanocortin receptors". Molecular Endocrinology. 13 (1): 148-55. doi: ... Melanocortin 5 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC5R gene. It is located on the chromosome 18 in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor

This absence is mediated by agouti signalling protein, which antagonizes melanocortin 1 receptor. Loss of function of agouti ... Another chemical, Agouti signalling peptide (ASP), can attach itself to MC1R and interfere with MSH/MC1R signalling. In many ... Loss of melanocortin 1 receptor function or high activity of the MC1R-antagonist, Agouti signalling peptide, can cause the ... Some agouti alleles in mice are associated with health defects, but this is not the case in dogs, cats, or horses. Albinism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelanism

The Agouti locus is occupied by the Agouti signalling peptide (Asip) gene, which encodes the eponymous protein (ASIP). Agouti ... The frameshift initiated by the deletion results in a novel modified agouti-signaling-protein. ADEx2 was completely associated ... Agouti[edit]. Agouti controls the restriction of true black pigment (eumelanin) in the coat. Horses with the normal agouti gene ... Agouti (A) A. a Agouti: Restricts eumelanin, or black pigment, to "points," allowing red coat color to show on body. No visible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics

"The 8818G allele of the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene is ancestral and is associated with darker skin color in African ... "Population Differences in the Frequency of the Agouti Signaling Protein g.8818A>G Polymorphism". Pigment Cell Research. 17 (2 ... ASIP Agouti signalling peptide (ASIP) acts as an inverse agonist, binding in place of alpha-MSH and thus inhibiting eumelanin ... One melanocyte supplies melanin to thirty-six keratinocytes according to signals from the keratinocytes. They also regulate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_color

1175 Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) appears to be the only endogenous antagonist of MC1R. Synthetic MC1R agonists have been ... which activates protein kinase A (PKA), which activates by protein phosphorylation cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB ... and melanosome structural proteins (MART-1 and PMEL17) [references omitted]." Many papers have described the signaling pathways ... Various signaling pathways and genetic mutations influence the expression of MITF. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_whitening

Pheomelanin production is controlled by the agouti-signaling protein, which is an inverse agonist of MC1R. Therefore, Agouti ... Genetic Basis The genetic difference for varying coat colors is controlled largely by two proteins in pocket mice: eumelanin ... Variation in the environment can cause proteins to be expressed differently in the genome, producing variation in coat color ... Eumelanin is produced when the G protein-coupled receptor called melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) is activated. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloan_pocket_mouse

1997). „Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action.". Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (3): 274-80. PMID 9058374 ... 1999). „Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors.". Biochemistry. ... 2002). „Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in ... 2006). „Mutation analysis of the agouti related protein promoter region and the melanocortin-3 receptor in anorexia nervosa ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_3_receptor

Yang YK, Ollmann MM, Wilson BD, et al. (1997). "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action.". Mol. ... Penhoat A, Naville D, Jaillard C, et al. (1997). "Presence of multiple functional polyadenylation signals in the 3'- ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

... controls the coding for agouti signaling protein (ASIP; Q865F0). The wild-type A produces the agouti shift phenomenon, which ... There are also hypothetical factors which affect the timing and frequency of the agouti shift, affecting agouti band width and ... Silver agouti cats can have a range of phenotypes, from silver tabby, to silver shaded (under half the hair is pigmented), to ... This explains why you can usually see the tabby pattern in the orange patches of non-agouti tortoiseshell cats, but not in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_coat_genetics

Agouti Series Dayna L Dreger; et al. (Jul 3, 2020). "Atypical Genotypes for Canine Agouti Signaling Protein Suggest Novel ... The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of agouti signalling protein (ASIP) and determine whether an animal ... Banded hairs on agouti wolf back Agouti Wolf Grey Julie A. Kerns; J. Newton; Tom G. Berryere; Edward M. Rubin; Jan-Fang Cheng; ... The alleles at the M locus (the silver locus protein homolog gene or SILV, aka premelanosome protein gene or PMEL) determine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_coat_genetics

The mammalian proteins Agouti signalling peptide and Agouti related peptide are the only known mammalian examples of this motif ... Agouti related peptide Agouti signalling peptide Albumin I Covalitoxin-II Grammotoxin Guangxitoxin Hainantoxin Hanatoxin ... Plant ICK proteins are often protease inhibitors. Knottins have high stability to pH, heat, and enzymes. Because of their ... The motif is also found in some inhibitor proteins found in plants, but the plant and animal motifs are thought to be a product ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_cystine_knot

Furthermore, OA1 was found to be stimulated by α-melanocortin stimulating hormone but inhibited by agouti signal protein. The ... Endogenous OA1 protein expressed by normal human melanocytes is detected as a 60kDa protein. Very recently the orphan OA1 ... They also revealed that the protein levels decreased drastically, probably due to misfolding of the protein in the ER. Some of ... revealed OA1 as an endolysosomal protein. Schiaffino, et al. already proved that it is an integral membrane protein. Newton et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_albinism_type_1

positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling. • positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling. • G protein-coupled ... In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing ... signal transduction. • positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling. • GO:0007243 intracellular signal transduction. • ... G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity. • G protein-coupled receptor activity. • signal transducer activity. • melanocyte- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin-1_receptor

... it is the Agouti gene which creates the difference in shading. Agouti encodes for a protein, the Agouti signalling peptide (ASP ... In the presence of the Agouti protein, the same system produces the lighter-coloured, yellow or red phaeomelanin. A genetic ... which specifically inhibits the action of the Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). In the absence of the Agouti protein, alpha- ... The pattern is used both in startle or deimatic displays and as a signal to warn off experienced predators. However, animals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countershading

... agouti signaling protein) had a higher incidence of melanoma, implying that increased melanocortin-1 receptor signaling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_

... base pair deletion in MC1R in the western population of fox squirrels and by a point mutation in the agouti-signaling protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_squirrel

... or simply Agouti. The functional Agouti signalling peptide (protein) acts as a switch between red-yellow phaeomelanin and black ... Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is a protein involved in melanin synthesis, and is encoded by the TYRP1 gene, also called ... The gene with the greatest role in the seal brown coat phenotype is Agouti signalling peptide (ASIP) ... and must have one of the following genotypes at the Agouti locus: A/A or A/a. One protein with an important role in eumelanin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_brown_(horse)

... agouti signalling peptide, and melanocortin receptor-accessory proteins, with emphasis on pufferfishes, elephant shark, ... Sebag JA, Hinkle PM (April 2010). "Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling: specific dominant-negative effects of ... The translated MRAP2 protein is a 205 amino acids single-pass transmembrane protein. The amino- (N-) terminal and the ... Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRAP2 gene. MRAP2 is a transmembrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP2

"Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83- ... In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene. AgRP is a paracrine signalling molecule made up of 112 amino ... "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83- ... Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide

Agouti Series Dayna L Dreger; et al. (Jul 3, 2020). "Atypical Genotypes for Canine Agouti Signaling Protein Suggest Novel ... The agouti protein causes red to yellow pheomelanin to be produced, while the competing molecule α-MSH signals production of ... The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and determine whether an animal ... Abitbol M, Legrand R, Tiret L (April 2015). "A missense mutation in the agouti signaling protein gene (ASIP) is associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti_coloration_genetics

Agouti signaling protein (ASP) is the human homologue of murine agouti. It is encoded by the human agouti gene on chromosome 20 ... Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is responsible for the distribution of ... The murine agouti gene locus is found on chromosome 2 and encodes a 131 amino acid protein. This protein signals the ... The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-signaling_protein

The MC1R protein lies within the cell membrane, and is signalled by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) released by the ... In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing ... The pulsatile nature of ASIP signalling through MC1R produces the characteristic yellow and black agouti banding pattern ... nonselective peptide full agonist Agouti signalling peptide - nonselective peptide antagonist MC1R has a slightly different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor

Abitbol, Marie; Legrand, Romain; Tiret, Laurent (2015). "A missense mutation in the agouti signaling protein gene (ASIP) is ... In light bellied agouti mice, the agouti mRNA starts with a different noncoding exon depending on whether it is made in the ... is caused by a recessive missense mutation at agouti. The light points (pangare) color is similar to the light bellied agouti ... However, seal brown horses have since tested negative for the recessive black agouti genotype. Chestnut horses with pangaré are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaré

In most dogs, activity of MC1R is modulated by two signaling molecules, a repressor that is a product of the Agouti gene (A ... Mutations in this protein have been shown to be involved in pale or red colour phenotypes in a range of species, including ... Initial genetic research excluded a role for the melanocortin 1 receptor and the Agouti locus as being the cause of the black ... In dogs, three mutations in this gene have been identified, one resulting in a truncation of the protein, the other two leading ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Retriever_coat_colour_genetics

Other peptides in the hypothalamus that induce eating are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP).[20] ... Environmental signals and ghrelin are not the only signals that initiate hunger, there are other metabolic signals as well. As ... There are numerous signals given off that initiate hunger. There are environmental signals, signals from the gastrointestinal ... Long-term satiety signals from adipose tissue regulates short-term satiety signals.[20] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat

... through the transcription factor activity of the proteins they encode. RNA signalling includes differential recruitment of a ... mice given some dietary supplements have epigenetic changes affecting expression of the agouti gene, which affects their fur ... In general, proteins fold into discrete units that perform distinct cellular functions, but some proteins are also capable of ... The first way is post translational modification of the amino acids that make up histone proteins. Histone proteins are made up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic

The ACTH receptor is a seven-membrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptor.[7] Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes ... The removal of the signal peptide during translation produces the 241-amino acid polypeptide POMC, which undergoes a series of ... and their associated electron transfer proteins.[8] This effect is observed over several hours.[8] ... it probably functions in conditions with short-period or intermittent ACTH signaling, since with continual exposure of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone

Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... cell-cell signaling. • ephrin receptor signaling pathway. • axon guidance. • osteoclast differentiation. • bone remodeling. ... Three transcript variants that encode distinct proteins have been identified.[6] References[edit]. *^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFNA4

A low BUN/creatinine ratio can indicate a low protein diet, celiac disease, rhabdomyolysis, or cirrhosis of the liver.[90][91] ... Neuroendocrine dysregulation: altered signalling of peptides that facilitate communication between the gut, brain and adipose ... Consistent associations have been identified for polymorphisms associated with agouti-related peptide, brain derived ... Tests include cholesterol, protein and electrolytes such as potassium, chlorine and sodium and tests specific to liver and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_Nervosa

Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. ... In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion,[1] or protein[2] which binds to the DNA double helix. ... Teif VB, Rippe K (October 2010). "Statistical-mechanical lattice models for protein-DNA binding in chromatin". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_binding

Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... Reverse signaling in growth cone survival[edit]. "Reverse" signaling is one unique property of ephrin ligands that allows for ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ... protein binding. Cellular component. • membrane. • plasma membrane. • anchored component of external side of plasma membrane. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFNA5

Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... Receptor/signaling modulators. Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators. Growth factor receptor modulators. Cytokine ... These proteins interact with a conserved family of cell surface serine/threonine-specific protein kinase receptors, and ... Human genes encoding proteins that contain this domain include:. AMH; ARTN; BMP10; BMP15; BMP2; BMP3; BMP4; BMP5; BMP6; BMP7; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tgf_beta_superfamily

Agouti-related protein. *血管新生蛋白. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich protein 61 ... Protein-binding assays in biological liquids using microscale thermophoresis. Nature Communications. 2010, 1 (7): 100. Bibcode: ... BindingDB, a public database of measured protein-ligand binding affinities.. *BioLiP, a comprehensive database for ligand- ... Teif VB, Rippe K. Statistical-mechanical lattice models for protein-DNA binding in chromatin.. Journal of Physics: Condensed ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/配體_

OX1-CB1 dimerization was suggested to strongly potentiate orexin receptor signaling, but a likely explanation for the signal ... The orexin peptides bind to the two G-protein coupled orexin receptors, OX1 and OX2, with orexin-A binding to both OX1 and OX2 ... However, it is unclear whether this affects their signaling. As orexin receptors efficiently signal via endocannabinoid ... Figure 2: Synaptic signaling mechanisms in cannabinoid and orexin systems. • Figure 3: Schematic of brain pathways involved in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orexin

This protein, which is found in the retina and the skin, existed in fractional percentages of the normal levels in homozygous ... Agouti signalling peptide. *KIT gene. *Endothelin receptor type B. *STX17 (Gray). *Melanocortin 1 receptor ... While the retina is a normal shape, the nerve signal triggered when light reaches rod cells does not reach the brain. Rod cells ... The gene to which Lp has now been localized encodes a protein that channels calcium ions, a key factor in the transmission of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_Spotted_Horses

... and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons.[37][38] Ghrelin-responsiveness of these neurons is both leptin- and insulin- ... Science Signaling. 9 (424): ra39. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aae0374. PMID 27095593.. *^ Hewson AK, Dickson SL (November 2000). " ... "Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein". Endocrinology. 145 (6): 2607 ... "Current Protein & Peptide Science. 12 (4): 293-304. doi:10.2174/138920311795906673. PMC 3670092. PMID 21428875.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin

Delta wave signalling arising either in the thalamus or in the cortex influences the secretion of releasing hormones; GHRH and ... In general, ERs and progesterone receptors (PRs) are gene activators, with increased mRNA and subsequent protein synthesis ... Agouti-related peptide. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides Orexins (A,B). Corticotropin-releasing hormone ... Lipostatic hypothesis: This hypothesis holds that adipose tissue produces a humoral signal that is proportionate to the amount ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic

prenos signal. • signalni put G-protein spregnutog receptora. • aktivacija fosfolipaze C. • elevacija citosolne koncentracije ... Antagonisti: Agouti signalni peptid. MC2. Agonisti: ACTH • Kosintropin • Tetrakosaktid. MC3. Agonisti: alfa-MSH • Bremelanotid ... je protein koji deluje kao receptor za arginin vazopresin. AVPR1B pripada familiji G-protein spregnutih receptora. Njegova ... Metuzalemski protein • Paratiroidni hormon (1, 2) • Sekretin • Vazoaktivni intestinalni peptid (1, 2) ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginin_vazopresinski_receptor_1B

Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. • bone mineralization. • negative regulation of chondrocyte development. ... Parathyroid hormone-related protein (or PTHrP) is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally ... adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. • cAMP metabolic process. • positive regulation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein

Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling ... Agouti-related protein homolog gene. *Prolactin. *Apelin. *Metastasis-suppressor. *Diazepam-binding inhibitor ... In invertebrates, there are ~50 known genes encoding neuropeptide precursors.[21] Most neuropeptides bind to G-protein coupled ... Neuropeptides are small proteins used for communication in the nervous system. Neuropeptides represent the most diverse class ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulator

Neuropeptidni Y receptor tip 1 je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran NPY1R genom.[1][2] ... 2002). „Predominant role by CaM kinase in NPY Y(1) receptor signaling: involvement of CREB [corrected].". Peptides. 23 (1): 87- ... Antagonisti: Agouti signalni peptid. MC2. Agonisti: ACTH • Kosintropin • Tetrakosaktid. MC3. Agonisti: alfa-MSH • Bremelanotid ... Lehner B, Sanderson CM (2004). „A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation.". Genome Res. 14 (7): 1315-23. PMC ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptidni_Y_receptor_Y1

Two known endogenous inverse agonists are the Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and its associated peptide Agouti signalling ... "Interaction of Agouti protein with the melanocortin 1 receptor in vitro and in vivo". Genes & Development. 12 (3): 316-30. doi: ... as have drugs at ligand gated ion channels and at G protein-coupled receptors. ... G protein-coupled receptor inverse agonistsEdit. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_agonist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-signaling_protein

The binding of ASP to MC1R precludes alpha-MSH initiated signaling and thus blocks production of cAMP, leading to a down- ... View protein in InterPro. IPR007733, Agouti. IPR027300, Agouti_dom. IPR036836, Agouti_dom_sf. ... View protein in InterPro. IPR007733, Agouti. IPR027300, Agouti_dom. IPR036836, Agouti_dom_sf. ... Agouti-signaling proteinAdd BLAST. 109. Amino acid modifications. Feature key. Position(s). DescriptionActions. Graphical view ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q03288

Pretreatment with agouti signaling protein or HBD3 prohibited responsiveness to α-MSH, but not forskolin, suggesting receptor ... Defining MC1R regulation in human melanocytes by its agonist α-melanocortin and antagonists agouti signaling protein and β- ... Defining MC1R Regulation in Human Melanocytes by Its Agonist α-Melanocortin and Antagonists Agouti Signaling Protein and β- ... Defining MC1R Regulation in Human Melanocytes by Its Agonist α-Melanocortin and Antagonists Agouti Signaling Protein and β- ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22572817?dopt=Abstract

... β-defensin103 and agouti signaling protein genes, and their association with coat color phenotypes in Akita-inu dogs ... Variations in the Coding Region of the Agouti Signaling Protein Gene Do Not Explain Agouti/Non-agouti Phenotypes in Macaques. ... Loop-swapped chimeras of the agouti-related protein and the agouti signaling protein identify contacts required for ... Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on a Macrocyclic Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Scaffold Reveal Agouti Signaling Protein ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/054/515/054515758.php

... both agouti and melanistic RrC lineage I from Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan, and 2) agouti RrC lineages I and II from South Australia ... We investigated 38 agouti (i.e., banded wildtype) and four melanistic Rattus rattus species complex (RrC) lineage II specimens ... Phylogeographic analysis found that Asip sequences from Okinawan RrC lineage II, including both agouti and melanistic specimens ... but was absent in agouti specimens, suggesting that the p.124C,S mutation is responsible for the observed melanism. ...

http://www.pieronline.jp/content/article/0289-0003/34060/513

"Agouti Signaling Protein" by people in this website by year, and whether "Agouti Signaling Protein" was a major or minor topic ... "Agouti Signaling Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS and has wide distribution including ADIPOSE TISSUE; GONADS; ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Agouti Signaling Protein" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/32224

To simplify breeding schemes, the dominant agouti coat color gene was restored in JM8 cells by targeted repair of the C57BL/6 ... Agouti Signaling Protein * DNA Primers * a protein, mouse Grant support * WT077187/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ... Agouti C57BL/6N embryonic stem cells for mouse genetic resources Nat Methods. 2009 Jul;6(7):493-5. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.1342. ... To simplify breeding schemes, the dominant agouti coat color gene was restored in JM8 cells by targeted repair of the C57BL/6 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19525957/?dopt=Abstract

The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene has a crucial role in pigmentation by encoding a protein that binds the melanocortin 1 ... abstract = "The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene has a crucial role in pigmentation by encoding a protein that binds the ... N2 - The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene has a crucial role in pigmentation by encoding a protein that binds the ... AB - The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene has a crucial role in pigmentation by encoding a protein that binds the ...

https://portalrecerca.uab.cat/en/publications/estimating-the-copy-number-of-the-agouti-signaling-protein-asip-g

Nonpigmentary phenotypic changes associated with the agouti locus are due to ectopic expression of the agouti-signaling protein ... Dominant mutations at the agouti locus induce several phenotypic changes in the mouse including yellow pigmentation ( ... Nonpigmentary phenotypic changes associated with the agouti locus are due to ectopic expression of the agouti-signaling protein ... thus establishing that chronic disruption of central melanocortinergic signaling is the cause of agouti-induced obesity. To ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9139806/?dopt=Abstract

agouti signal protein; As; ASP; As; agouti; agouti suppressor; AGTI; SHEP9; AGSW; AGTIL. ... Northern analysis of mRNA from skin of homozygotes shows a smaller agouti message and levels 8 fold lower than found in wild- ... Mutations in a novel CLN6-encoded transmembrane protein cause variant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in man and mouse. Am J Hum ... into the first intron of the agouti gene. The VL30 element itself contains an additional 5.5 kb sequence, flanked by 526 bp of ...

https://www.jax.org/strain/002648

agouti signal protein; As; ASP; As; agouti; agouti suppressor; AGTI; SHEP9; AGSW; AGTIL. ... Complete overview of protein-inactivating sequence variations in 36 sequenced mouse inbred strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ... Complete overview of protein-inactivating sequence variations in 36 sequenced mouse inbred strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ... For example,the C3H and CBA mouse sublines are homozygous for agouti. Hairs are black with a subapical yellow band. This black- ...

https://www.jax.org/strain/001145

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin

Voisey, J., Kelly, G., & Van Daal, A. (2003). Agouti signal protein regulation in human melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Research, ... Pertussis toxin-sensitive signaling of melanocortin-4 receptors in hypothalamic GT1-7 cells defines agouti-related protein as a ... 2007). Melanocortins and agouti-related protein modulate the excitability of two arcuate nucleus neuron populations by ... Haskell-Luevano, C., & Monck, E. K. (2001). Agouti-related protein functions as an inverse agonist at a constitutively active ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89506-2_11

Modulation of murine melanocyte function in vitro by agouti signal protein. EMBO J. 16, 3544 (1997). doi:10.1093/emboj/16.12. ... Microarray analysis sheds light on the dedifferentiating role of agouti signal protein in murine melanocytes via the Mc1r. Proc ... A to H) In situ hybridization against Agouti in mainland (top) and Agouti LL (bottom) embryos. Agouti expression is shown at ... S1) (10). Because there were no differences in Agouti protein sequence between beach and mainland mice (11), we measured the ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6020/1062?ijkey=41670b61948d26d2322c627ace1b7b73253d33a9&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelanism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

Agouti Signaling Protein Stimulates Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (Amylin) Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells ... The chaperone proteins HSP70, HSP40/DnaJ and GRP78/BiP suppress misfolding and formation of β-sheet-containing aggregates by ... Amyloid formation reduces protein kinase B phosphorylation in primary islet β-cells which is improved by blocking IL-1β ... Non-fibrillar Amyloidogenic Protein Assemblies - Common Cytotoxins Underlying Degenerative Diseases. Theri Leica Degaki, ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/93/8/3492/tab-article-info

Here we show that targeting a specific G-protein coupled receptor promotes senescence in synovial fibroblasts, enabling ... agouti signaling protein ASIP87-132 and agouti-related potein AGRP83-132 (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals); serum amyloid A (SAA; ... 3d). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed with all 1952 differentially regulated genes and coupled with ... e Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network built with all 1952 significantly altered genes using STRING. Further functional ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14421-x

... signal transduction, and immunity and defense pathways. This is the first sequencing of a horse genome by next-generation ... agouti-signaling protein precursor. Black and bay color. Del 11 bp. ND ... Shin EK, Perryman LE, Meek K: A kinase-negative mutation of DNA-PK(CS) in equine SCID results in defective coding and signal ... Rieder S, Taourit S, Mariat D, Langlois B, Guerin G: Mutations in the agouti (ASIP), the extension (MC1R), and the brown (TYRP1 ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-78

ASIP: agouti signalling protein; AGRP: agouti-related protein; MSH: alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; MC1R: melanocortin 1 ... agouti-signalling (ASIP) and agouti-related (AGRP) proteins (Boswell & Takeuchi 2005). In the context of the melanocortin ... 2008 An update of the honesty of melanin-based color signals in birds. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 133-138. (doi:10.1111/j. ... 2006 A complex plumage pattern as an honest social signal. Anim. Behav. 72, 423-430. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.016). ...

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/06/09/rspb.2009.0774

OptoXR proteins, GPCR chimeras with photo-activatable domains that allow for light-induced G-protein coupled signaling have ... Activation of agouti-related peptide (AGRP) positive neurons and their axon terminals in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH ... These include G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) opsins, termed OptoXRs; intracellular signaling opsins; and even opsins that ... Oh E, Maejima T, Liu C, Deneris E, Herlitze S. Substitution of 5-HT1A receptor signaling by a light-activated G protein-coupled ...

https://www.dovepress.com/optogenetics-illuminating-the-neural-bases-of-rodent-behavior-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OAAP

1999) Physiological and anatomical circuitry between Agouti-related protein and leptin signaling. Endocrinology 140:2387-2397. ... Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is homologous to agouti, which is synthesized exclusively in a population of ARC neurons that are ... Agouti is a protein that is normally expressed in the skin and is an antagonist of the cutaneous MC receptor involved in ... 1997) ART (protein product of agouti-related transcript) as an antagonist of MC-3 and MC-4 receptors. Biochem Biophys Res ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/20/9/3442

This absence is mediated by agouti signalling protein, which antagonizes melanocortin 1 receptor ... Loss of function of agouti ... Genus Dasyprocta Azaras Agouti, (D.azarae) Coiban Agouti, (D ... coibae) Crested Agouti, (D ... cristata) Black Agouti, (D ... ... medium caramel, dark caramel, dark (red) caramel, silver-light grey agouti, medium grey agouti, dark grey agouti, black with ... Agouti. Agouti refers to a number of species of New World rodents, as well as a number of genes affecting coat coloration in ...

http://www.primidi.com/agouti

agouti ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs. ... agouti signaling protein Rat pro-agouti signalling peptide A, agouti, agouti , Agouti (coat color), agouti signaling protein, ...

http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=3610

agouti ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs. ... agouti signaling protein Human pro-agouti signalling peptide agouti (mouse)-signaling protein, agouti signaling protein, ...

http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=3609

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_3_receptor

A polymorphism in the agouti signaling protein gene is associated with human pigmentation. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Mar;70(3):770- ... Population differences in the frequency of the agouti signaling protein g.8818a>G polymorphism. Pigment Cell Res. 2004 Apr;17(2 ... Gene-centric meta-analyses of 108 912 individuals confirm known body mass index loci and reveal three novel signals. Hum Mol ... Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels with risk of malignant melanoma. ...

https://moffitt.org/research-science/researchers/peter-kanetsky/

... thereby coding for an abnormal PMEL protein, which is unable to form the normal fibrillar matrix of the eumelanosomes. Thus, ... resulting in a normal premelanosome protein (PMEL). Longer tails generate larger insertions, forcing splicing to a cryptic ... An Agouti-Signaling-Protein Mutation is Strongly Associated with Melanism in European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) ... thereby coding for an abnormal PMEL protein, which is unable to form the normal fibrillar matrix of the eumelanosomes. Thus, ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/6/660

Agouti-Signaling Protein. ASP. Anti-Submarine Patrol. ASP. Applied Science Programme (Singapore). ...

https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Akademii+Sztuk+Pieknych

Agouti-Signaling Protein. ASP. Anti-Submarine Patrol. ASP. Applied Science Programme (Singapore). ...

https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Advanced+Strip+and+Passivation

Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. (wikipedia.org)
The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) proteins. (wikipedia.org)
To identify factors that control coat color in Akita-inu dogs, we sequenced all the exons of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), β-defensin103 (CBD103) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP) genes of dogs with four distinct coat colors, namely, brindle, sesame, red and white. (eurekamag.com)
The occurrence of black fur, or melanism, in many mammalian species is known to be linked to DNA sequence variation in the agouti signaling protein (Asip) gene, which is a major determinant of eumelanin and pheomelanin pigments in coat color. (pieronline.jp)
We investigated 38 agouti (i.e., banded wildtype) and four melanistic Rattus rattus species complex (RrC) lineage II specimens from Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, for genetic variation in three exons and associated flanking regions in the Asip gene. (pieronline.jp)
Phylogeographic analysis found that Asip sequences from Okinawan RrC lineage II, including both agouti and melanistic specimens, differed from: 1) both agouti and melanistic RrC lineage I from Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan, and 2) agouti RrC lineages I and II from South Australia. (pieronline.jp)
The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene has a crucial role in pigmentation by encoding a protein that binds the melanocortin 1 receptor and stimulates the synthesis of pheomelanin rather than eumelanin. (uab.cat)
The other elements comprising the melanocortin system are five melanocortin receptors (MCRs) and their antagonists, agouti-signalling (ASIP) and agouti-related (AGRP) proteins ( Boswell & Takeuchi 2005 ). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
The putative asip precursors have the characteristics of a secreted protein, displaying a putative hydrophobic signal. (csic.es)
Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) Gene in Some Goat Breeds in Tropical and Temperate Climates. (rit.edu)
Conserved distal promoter of the agouti signaling protein ASIP gene controls sexual dichromatism in chickens. (thewavebroadbeach.com)
Specific genetic variants of the MC1R gene have been associated with fair pigmentation and melanoma risk, and a polymorphism of the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) has been associated with dark pigmentation in Northern Europeans. (redorbit.com)
In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing the yellow or red phaeomelanin. (wikipedia.org)
The pulsatile nature of ASIP signalling through MC1R produces the characteristic yellow and black agouti banding pattern observed on most mammalian hair. (wikipedia.org)
In some species, ASIP signaling is not of a pulsative nature, but is limited to certain regions. (wikipedia.org)
The agouti signaling protein (ASIP or the agouti protein) and its neuropeptide homolog the agouti-related protein (AgRP) are paracrine signaling molecules that act as inverse agonists at distinct subsets of melanocortin receptors. (expasy.org)
In mammals, this pattern is controlled by regulating melanin chemistry in melanocytes using a protein, agouti-signalling peptide (ASIP). (bath.ac.uk)
Described herein is the use of Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP), in addition to certain other melanocortin signaling network (MSN) genes, as prognostic and. (patents.com)
Scientists at the Xinjiang Academy of Zootechnical Science in Urumqi, China, used CRISPR-Cas9 - the genome-modifying protein - to edit the ASIP gene (agouti signaling protein) in sheep. (mysteriousuniverse.org)

Agouti signalling peptide adopts an inhibitor cystine knot motif. (wikipedia.org)
Along with the homologous Agouti-related peptide, these are the only known mammalian proteins to adopt this fold. (wikipedia.org)
POMC is synthesized in the pituitary from the 285-amino-acid-long polypeptide precursor pre-pro-opiomelanocortin (pre-POMC), by the removal of a 44-amino-acid-long signal peptide sequence during translation. (wikipedia.org)
Another chemical, Agouti signalling peptide (ASP), can attach itself to MC1R and interfere with MSH/MC1R signalling. (wikipedia.org)
In order to further support this hypothesis, we have characterized asip1 mRNAs in both turbot and sole and used deduced peptide alignments to analyze the evolutionary history of the agouti-family of peptides. (csic.es)
Processing of the potential signal peptide produces mature proteins that include an N-terminal region, a basic central domain with a high proportion of lysine residues as well as a proline-rich region that immediately precedes the C-terminal poly-cysteine domain. (csic.es)
This invention relates to peptide analogs of agouti polypeptide and agouti-related polypeptide that are useful in modulating feeding behavior. (google.com)
The current study investigated the potential role of central α-klotho to modulate neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP)-expressing neurons, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP)-expressing neurons are located within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and are critical to homeostatic regulation of metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
Two such signals that whey protein is known to increase are cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY). (wellnessresources.com)
Estradiol Protects Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Peptide Neurons against Insulin Resistance in Females. (harvard.edu)
Likewise, treatment of WT mice with intracranial agouti-related peptide reversed the cachexic effects of uremia on appetite, weight gain, body composition, and metabolic rate. (jci.org)
The melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor ( MSHR ), melanin-activating peptide receptor , or melanotropin receptor , is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as the melanocortins , which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). (wikipedia.org)
The binding of the ligand melanocyte-stimulating hormone to MC1R leads to eumelanin synthesis, while binding of the antagonistic agouti peptide inhibits signal transduction and the melanocyte produces red pigment. (genetics.org)
Leptin inhibits NPY and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which are orexigenic and increase food intake, and stimulates proopiomelanocortin, which activates anorexigenic factors, such as α -melanocyte-stimulating hormone, inhibiting food intake [ 19 - 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
Die G-Protein gekoppelten Melanocortinrezeptoren 3 und 4 (MC3R und MC4R) werden von ihren Agonisten, den Melanocortinen aktiviert und durch den inversen Agonisten/Antagonisten Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP) inaktiviert. (hu-berlin.de)
Moreover, by acting on vagal afferents or centrally, ghrelin can activate hypothalamic arcuate neurons that secrete the orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide, and inhibit the anorexigenic neurons secreting pro-opiomelanocortin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. (springer.com)
For the development of non-peptide ligands for the in vivo detection of alterations in density and affinity of such G-protein coupled (GPCRs) peptide receptors the requirements to affinity and pharmacokinetics have been shifted to thresholds markedly distict from classical GPCRs to dissociation constants (scirp.org)
CART) and is stimulated by leptin which inhibits in turn the other cell population containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) [19]. (scirp.org)

Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is homologous to agouti, which is synthesized exclusively in a population of ARC neurons that are distinct from those expressing POMC. (jneurosci.org)
2002). „High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein. (wikipedia.org)
Agouti related polypeptide (also referred to as "AGRP") is known to affect feeding behavior. (google.com)
Mechanistically, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibition abolished the downstream signaling of α-klotho, negated its ability to modulate NPY/AgRP neurons, and blunted its therapeutic effects. (diabetesjournals.org)
These results indicate a prominent role of hypothalamic α-klotho/FGFR1/PI3K signaling in the modulation of NPY/AgRP neuron activity and maintenance of energy homeostasis, thus providing new insight into the pathophysiology of metabolic disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
Some circulating factors, such as leptin and insulin, also modulate NPY/AgRP neurons ( 18 , 19 ), but in metabolic disease states, signaling of these hormones is disrupted. (diabetesjournals.org)
Recent studies have identified several fibroblast growth factor (FGF) hormones that activate FGF receptor (FGFR)-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling to elicit antidiabetic effects and regulate NPY/AgRP neurons ( 20 - 25 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. (harvard.edu)
the melanocortin system consists of 1 ) the melanocortin peptides α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-, β-, γ-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 2 ) a family of five seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors, and 3 ) the endogenous melanocortin antagonists agouti and agouti-related protein (AGRP). (physiology.org)
The G-protein-coupled melanocortin-receptors 3 and 4 (MC3R and MC4R) are activated by melanocortins or inhibited by agouti-related pepetide (AgRP) and signal via the cAMP pathway. (hu-berlin.de)
Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. (elsevier.com)

The binding of ASP to MC1R precludes alpha-MSH initiated signaling and thus blocks production of cAMP, leading to a down-regulation of eumelanogenesis (brown/black pigment) and thus increasing synthesis of pheomelanin (yellow/red pigment). (uniprot.org)
Defining MC1R regulation in human melanocytes by its agonist α-melanocortin and antagonists agouti signaling protein and β-defensin 3. (nih.gov)
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a G(s) protein-coupled receptor, has an important role in human pigmentation. (nih.gov)
α-Melanocortin and forskolin, which activate adenylate cyclase, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which activates protein kinase C, increased, whereas exposure to UV radiation reduced, MC1R gene and membrane protein expression. (nih.gov)
We focused on two genes known to cause melanism in other taxa, Mc1r and its antagonist, the agouti signaling protein (Agouti). (harvard.edu)
While variation in the Mc1r coding region does not correlate with melanism in any population, in a New Hampshire population, we find that a 125-kb deletion, which includes the upstream regulatory region and exons 1 and 2 of Agouti, results in a loss of Agouti expression and is perfectly associated with melanic color. (harvard.edu)
MC1R is one of the key proteins involved in regulating mammalian skin and hair color . (wikipedia.org)
The MC1R protein lies within the cell membrane , and is signalled by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) released by the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
[6] When activated by one of the variants of MSH, typically α-MSH, MC1R initiates a complex signaling cascade that leads to the production of the brown or black pigment eumelanin. (wikipedia.org)
A notable exception to this is human hair, which is neither banded nor particoloured, so is thought to be regulated by α-MSH signaling through MC1R exclusively. (wikipedia.org)
[10] These observations suggest a role for mammalian MC1R outside the pigment cell, though the exact mechanism through which the protein can modulate pain sensation is not known. (wikipedia.org)
Since G protein-coupled receptors are known to activate Signal transduction in cells, it should not be surprising to find MC1R involved in development. (wikipedia.org)
As one example at the cellular level, preventing signalling by MC1R stopped erythropoiesis from proceeding from the polychromatic cell stage (poly-E in the figure) to the orthochromatic cell stage (ortho-E in the diagram). (wikipedia.org)
MC1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor and MC1R signaling determines whether the melanocyte produces black eumelanin or red/yellow pheomelanin. (genetics.org)
αMSH binding to the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), activates adenylate cyclase, and increases cAMP. (elifesciences.org)
Important genes from those pathways with known involvement in pigmentation included OCA2 melanosomal transmembrane protein ( OCA2 ), dopachrome tautomerase ( DCT ), tyrosinase ( TYR ) and tyrosinase related protein ( TYRP1 ), melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ), and premelanosome protein ( PMEL ). (peerj.com)

Recently it has been demonstrated that pharmacological antagonism of hypothalamic melanocortin receptors or genetic deletion of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R) recapitulates aspects of the agouti obesity syndrome, thus establishing that chronic disruption of central melanocortinergic signaling is the cause of agouti-induced obesity. (nih.gov)
Both human and bovine ACTH receptors are synthesized as 297 residue long proteins with 81% sequence homology. (wikipedia.org)
ACTH receptors also require the binding of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein-1 (MRAP1) without which ACTH receptors cannot bind ACTH. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, MC receptors are one of the few signaling systems for which endogenous antagonists, as well as agonists, have been identified. (jneurosci.org)
1999). „Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors. (wikipedia.org)
The present invention provides peptides related to agouti signaling protein and agouti related protein which are useful in modulating the activity of the melanocortin 3 and melanocortin 4 receptors. (google.com)
Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. (nih.gov)
Like other type I cytokine receptors ( 11 ), LepRb (which is required for physiologic leptin action) contains no intrinsic enzymatic activity, but associates with and activates the Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) tyrosine kinase to mediate leptin signaling. (diabetesjournals.org)
The melanocortin system consists of melanocortin peptides derived from the proopiomelanocortin gene, five melanocortin receptors, two endogenous antagonists, and two ancillary proteins. (physiology.org)
Agouti signaling protein and its receptors as potential molecular markers for intramuscular and body fat deposition in cattle. (fbn-dummerstorf.de)
Utilizing both genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we establish that sex steroid effects on human pigment synthesis are mediated by the membrane-bound, steroid hormone receptors G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), and progestin and adipoQ receptor 7 (PAQR7). (elifesciences.org)
revealed that estrogen and progesterone regulate pigment production by binding to receptors that belong to a family called G protein-coupled receptors. (elifesciences.org)
These receptors can signal rapidly once activated by sex hormones, and may serve as therapeutic targets for treating pigmentation disorders. (elifesciences.org)
noticed several other G protein-coupled receptors that are likely to control pigmentation through similar mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
Hypothalamic receptors for neuropeptide Y, melaninconcentrating hormone, melanocortins and orexins/ hypocretins as well as for the downstream signaling corticotrophic factor have been discussed broadly for their influence on food intake and reward but also on several psychiatric disorders. (scirp.org)
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), adcyap1r1a (encoding Pac1a) and vipr2a (encoding Vpac2a), are the only receptors in melanophores with appreciable levels of expression and are significantly (p (worldwidescience.org)
Recent genomic studies have also shown that disruption of melatonin receptors signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, although the exact mechanisms underlying its action remain unclear. (frontiersin.org)
Melatonin acts on many different cell types within the body where it exerts its effects as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger or functions via its G-protein coupled receptors named melatonin receptor 1 (MT 1 ) and melatonin receptor 2 (MT 2 ) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)

Thus, Agouti-related protein is a neuropeptide implicated in the normal control of body weight downstream of leptin signaling. (nih.gov)
The mTOR gene pathway is similar to leptin in that it helps promote a full signal in your subconscious brain. (wellnessresources.com)
We tested the hypothesis that uremia-associated cachexia is caused by leptin signaling through the hypothalamic melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4-R). We performed either subtotal nephrectomy (N) or sham operations in WT, leptin receptor-deficient ( db/db ), and MC4-R knockout (MC4-RKO) mice. (jci.org)
The results of this study suggest that elevated circulating levels of cytokines such as leptin may be an important cause of uremia-associated cachexia via signaling through the central melanocortin system. (jci.org)
OBJECTIVE Leptin acts via its receptor (LepRb) to signal the status of body energy stores. (diabetesjournals.org)
Leptin binding to LepRb initiates signaling by activating the associated Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) tyrosine kinase, which promotes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the intracellular tail of LepRb. (diabetesjournals.org)
Two previously examined LepRb phosphorylation sites mediate several, but not all, aspects of leptin action, leading us to hypothesize that Jak2 signaling might contribute to leptin action independently of LepRb phosphorylation sites. (diabetesjournals.org)
We therefore determined the potential role in leptin action for signals that are activated by Jak2 independently of LepRb phosphorylation (Jak2-autonomous signals). (diabetesjournals.org)
CONCLUSIONS The ability of Jak2-autonomous LepRb signals to modulate glucose homeostasis in Δ/Δ animals suggests a role for these signals in leptin action. (diabetesjournals.org)
Because Jak2-autonomous LepRb signals fail to mediate most leptin action, however, signals from other LepRb intracellular sequences predominate. (diabetesjournals.org)
Conversely, lack of leptin signaling due to null mutations of leptin (e.g. (diabetesjournals.org)
Each LepRb tyrosine phosphorylation site recruits specific Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing effector proteins: Tyr 985 recruits Src homology phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and attenuates LepRb signaling, but does not appear to play other roles in leptin action in vivo ( 13 - 15 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In this review, we summarize major leptin signaling pathways, namely Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase, including possible mechanisms of leptin resistance in obesity. (ahajournals.org)
The overall goal is to summarize current understanding of how altered leptin signaling in obesity contributes to obesity-related cardiovascular disease. (ahajournals.org)
3 Leptin is primarily secreted by adipocytes and is a classic member of the more than 50 identified adipocytokines that participate in adipose tissue hormonal signaling. (ahajournals.org)
Since its identification in 1994, leptin has attracted much attention as one of the most important central and peripheral signals for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. (ahajournals.org)
Disruption of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus results in obesity and confirms the central role of this hormone in the maintenance of energy balance. (ahajournals.org)
Although disruption of leptin signaling can lead to altered phenotypic expression and function of peripheral organs, the relative contributions of central versus peripheral signal disruption are still controversial. (ahajournals.org)
The cellular processes that cause high caloric diet (HCD)-induced infertility are poorly understood but may involve upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-3) proteins that are associated with hypothalamic leptin resistance. (jneurosci.org)
These data show that deletion of SOCS3 delays the onset of leptin resistance and infertility in HCD-fed female mice, but given continued HCD feeding this state does eventually occur, presumably in response to other mechanisms inhibiting leptin signal transduction. (jneurosci.org)
Here we show that leptin resistant infertility is caused in part by the leptin signaling molecule SOCS3. (jneurosci.org)
The Arc, surrounding the third ventricle and adjacent to the eminentia mediana as the blood to brain gate to the hypothalamus for circulating hormones contains two discrete neuronal populations which act as first order neurons for insulin, leptin, ghrelin and other circulating metabolic signals. (scirp.org)

This gene is highly similar to the mouse gene and encodes a secreted protein that may (1) affect the quality of hair pigmentation, (2) act as an inverse agonist of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, (3) play a role in neuroendocrine aspects of melanocortin action, and (4) have a functional role in regulating lipid metabolism in adipocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Dominant mutations at the agouti locus induce several phenotypic changes in the mouse including yellow pigmentation (phaeomelanization) of the coat and adult-onset obesity. (nih.gov)
We took advantage of two locally camouflaged populations of Peromyscus mice to show that the negative regulator of adult pigmentation, Agouti, also plays a key developmental role in color pattern evolution. (sciencemag.org)
Agouti fur contains a pattern of pigmentation in which individual hairs have several bands of light and dark pigment with black tips. (primidi.com)
Expression of Agouti protein is normally limited to the skin where it affects pigmentation, but ubiquitous expression causes obesity. (nih.gov)
IFN-g signaling maintains skin pigmentation homeostasis through regulation of melanosome maturation. (springer.com)

2002). „Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice." . (wikipedia.org)
This depresses various appetite signals such as neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and ghrelin. (wellnessresources.com)

In mice, the agouti gene encodes a paracrine signalling molecule that causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize the yellow pigment pheomelanin instead of the black or brown pigment eumelanin. (wikipedia.org)
This protein signals the distribution of melanin pigments in epithelial melanocytes located at the base of hair follicles with expression being more sensitive on ventral hair than on dorsal hair. (wikipedia.org)
Melanocytes from different donors expressed different levels of the G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 2, 3, 5, and 6, as well as β-arrestin 1. (nih.gov)
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. (uchicago.edu)
Genetic and functional analyses showed that ventral-specific embryonic expression of Agouti establishes a prepattern by delaying the terminal differentiation of ventral melanocytes. (sciencemag.org)
In the absence of this signal, melanocytes produce phaeomelanin. (wikipedia.org)
1998 ) MAP kinase links the transcription factor Microphthalmia to c-Kit signalling in melanocytes. (biologists.org)
The mouse agouti gene encodes an 131 amino acid paracrine signaling molecule that instructs hair follicle melanocytes to switch from making black to yellow pigment. (genetics.org)

Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). (wikipedia.org)
When agouti is expressed, production of pheomelanin dominates, a melanin pigment that produces yellow or red colored hair. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in these genes affect proteins involved in the signaling pathway for pigment production and explain a large amount of the color variation in mammals. (creation.com)
The ubiquitous unregulated expression of agouti in mice carrying dominant yellow alleles is associated with pleiotropic effects including increased yellow pigment in the coat, obesity, diabetes and increased tumor susceptibility. (genetics.org)
Melanophores are filled with pigment granules that are synchronously transported by motor proteins in response to hormonal stimuli. (worldwidescience.org)

Agouti-related protein and Agouti-signaling protein are antagonist peptides to MC2R. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, two ancillary proteins, mahogany and syndecan-3, have been found that modulate the activity of the melanocortin peptides (melanocortins). (physiology.org)

In wild-type mice agouti is only expressed in the skin during hair growth, but these dominant yellow mutations cause it to be expressed in other tissues as well. (wikipedia.org)
p>Describes annotations that are concluded from looking at variations or changes in a gene product such as mutations or abnormal levels and includes techniques such as knockouts, overexpression, anti-sense experiments and use of specific protein inhibitors. (uniprot.org)
Fukamachi S, Shimada A, Shima A (2001) Mutations in the gene encoding B, a novel transporter protein, reduce melanin content in medaka. (springer.com)

However, with exposure to constant light, the rhythmic expression of the ACTH receptor and MRAP genes reversed, suggesting ACTH-independent signalling pathways for MRAP and ACTH receptor transcription and expression. (wikipedia.org)
Agouti refers to a number of species of New World rodents, as well as a number of genes affecting coat coloration in several different animal species . (primidi.com)
Genetic Polymorphism of Plasmodium Falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein-1 and 2 and Diversity of Drug Resistance Genes in Blood Donors from Bamako, Mali. (rit.edu)
Developmental Regulation of Genes Encoding Universal Stress Proteins in Schistosoma mansoni. (rit.edu)
Agouti shows no significant homology to known genes, and the molecular analysis of agouti alleles has shed little new light on the important functional elements of the agouti protein. (genetics.org)

Mice with wildtype agouti will be grey, with each hair being partly yellow and partly black. (wikipedia.org)
In mice, the wild type agouti allele (A) presents a grey phenotype, however, many allele variants have been identified through genetic analyses, which result in a wide range of phenotypes distinct from the typical grey coat. (wikipedia.org)
Its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, OBESITY, and metabolic defects similar to type II diabetes in humans. (uchicago.edu)
The WSB, comprised mice selected for dark agouti coat color and white head blaze, Mice were sent to EM Eicher at The Jackson Laboratory in 1986. (jax.org)
An expressed sequence tag was identified that encodes Agouti-related protein, whose RNA is normally expressed in the hypothalamus and whose levels were increased eightfold in ob/ob mice. (nih.gov)
Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Distribution by Agouti-Related Protein in Male Mice. (harvard.edu)
Ewen K, Baker M, Wilhelm D, Aitken R, Koopman P. Global survey of protein expression during gonadal sex determination in mice. (labome.org)
Expression of agouti during the middle part of the hair growth cycle in wild-type mice produces a yellow band on an otherwise black hair. (genetics.org)
In this paper, we show that agouti expression driven by the human beta-ACTIN promoter produces obese yellow transgenic mice and that this can be used as an assay for agouti activity. (genetics.org)
Thus, in vitro mutagenesis followed by the generation of transgenic mice should allow us to identify important functional elements of the agouti protein. (genetics.org)
Transgenic mice expressing Rab27a dominant/negative (Rab27a T23N and Rab27a N133I ) and constitutively active (Rab27a Q78L ) mutant proteins under the control of the tyrosinase promoter were generated and characterised as described previously. (bmj.com)

Agouti is not directly secreted in the melanocyte as it works as a paracrine factor on dermal papillae cells to inhibit release of melanocortin. (wikipedia.org)

Structure and function of ASP, the human homolog of the mouse agouti gene. (uchicago.edu)

Functional clustering analysis of genetic variants revealed that most of the genetic variation in the horse's genome was enriched in sensory perception, signal transduction, and immunity and defense pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
1994). „Interaction of dual intracellular signaling pathways activated by the melanocortin-3 receptor. (wikipedia.org)
This complex gene codes for a complex protein important in a number of pathways. (creation.com)

Bodyweight and food intake are regulated by the hypothalamus which integrates peripheral hormonal and neural signals. (hu-berlin.de)

In the third intracellular loop of the receptor a protein kinase A and protein kinase c phosphorylation motifs have been detected. (wikipedia.org)
Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) was recently shown to signal downstream the MC4R via its receptor TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase). (hu-berlin.de)
The orexigenic signalling pathway of ghrelin involves adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. (springer.com)

To simplify breeding schemes, the dominant agouti coat color gene was restored in JM8 cells by targeted repair of the C57BL/6 nonagouti mutation. (nih.gov)
Nonpigmentary phenotypic changes associated with the agouti locus are due to ectopic expression of the agouti-signaling protein (ASP), and the pheomelanizing effects on coat color are due to ASP antagonism of alpha-MSH binding to the melanocyte MC1 receptor. (nih.gov)
WSB is characterized by a distinct and consistent white head blaze, variable ventral spotting and a slight coat dilution on the agouti background. (jax.org)

Diquat also induced a decline in the level of a key intracellular antioxidant (glutathione), which is associated with high expression of eumelanin-based signals in other bird species. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
However, other opsin constructs have emerged from the wealth of information about opsin mechanisms including light-driven constructs to regulate G-protein mediated signaling, 6 - 8 intracellular signaling molecules, 6 , 9 - 13 and gene -expression. (dovepress.com)
This Protein belonging to the septin family binds to the intracellular juxtamembrane domain of TrkB independent of phosphorylation of the Shc-binding site. (hu-berlin.de)

The murine agouti gene locus is found on chromosome 2 and encodes a 131 amino acid protein. (wikipedia.org)

The most widely studied allele variants are the lethal yellow mutation (Ay) and the viable yellow mutation (Avy) which are caused by ectopic expression of agouti. (wikipedia.org)
The lethal yellow (Ay) mutation is due to an upstream deletion at the start site of agouti transcription. (wikipedia.org)
The viable yellow (Avy) mutation is due to a change in the mRNA length of agouti, as the expressed gene becomes longer than the normal gene length of agouti. (wikipedia.org)
Functional characterization of melanocortin-3 receptor variants identify a loss-of-function mutation involving an amino acid critical for G protein-coupled receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
We used this assay to evaluate a point mutation associated with the a16H allele within the region encoding agouti's putative signal sequence and our results suggest that this mutation is sufficient to cause the a16H phenotype. (genetics.org)

1998 ) Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway. (biologists.org)

This ectopic expression of the agouti gene is associated with the yellow obese syndrome, characterized by early onset obesity, hyperinsulinemia and tumorigenesis. (wikipedia.org)

Agouti Signaling Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
Agouti-Related Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

In other species such as horses, agouti signalling is responsible for determining which parts of the body will be red or black. (wikipedia.org)
The induction of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) via heating, genetic manipulation or by pharmacological activation is metabolically protective in the setting of obesity-induced insulin resistance across mammalian species. (readbyqxmd.com)

Leucine has been found to stimulate an important gene signaling system called the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). (wellnessresources.com)

The corresponding human polypeptide is 132 amino acids in length, and is about 25 percent identical to human agouti polypeptide. (google.com)
Protein is made up of various amino acids. (wellnessresources.com)
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. (harvard.edu)
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated by cells to produce a chain of amino acids, creating proteins-the order of amino acids in a protein corresponds to the order of nucleotides in the gene. (pictures-of-cats.org)
Adiponectin is a protein hormone with 244 amino acids derived from adipose tissue [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
Since the amino acids used for gluconeogenesis originate from increased protein degradation in the peripheral organs (muscle tissue, bone matrix), glucocorticoids have a catabolic effect. (bachem.com)

Your digestive tract produces full signals that communicate to your subconscious brain, helping reinforce the feeling of satiety. (wellnessresources.com)
This complex organization of the gene reflects the complex nature of the protein receptor it produces. (creation.com)

Thus, natural selection favors late-acting, tissue-specific changes in embryonic Agouti expression to produce large changes in adult color pattern. (sciencemag.org)

This identifies the DMH as a brain region that is functionally altered by the disruption of melanocortinergic signaling and suggests that this nucleus, possibly via elevated NPY expression, may have an etiological role in the melanocortinergic obesity syndrome. (nih.gov)
Hyperleptinemia, nearly universally observed in human obesity and animal models, is accompanied by a disruption of the usual activities of the hormone, possibly at different stages in the circulatory transport and/or in the signaling cascade. (ahajournals.org)

Ghrelin, an orexigenic protein with a unique lipid chain modification, is considered to be an important gut-brain signal for appetite control and energy balance. (springer.com)
It has been proposed that ghrelin can also increase dopaminergic transmission from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, leading to augmentation of afferent reward signals. (springer.com)
Nahata M, Muto S, Oridate N, et al, 2012 Impaired ghrelin signaling is associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility in rats with gastroesophageal reflux disease. (springer.com)

The coding exons of agouti are placed under the control of the Raly promoter, initiating ubiquitous expression of agouti, increasing production of pheomelanin over eumelanin and resulting in the development of a yellow phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, a skin-specific increase in both the level and spatial domain of Agouti expression prevents melanocyte maturation in a regionalized manner, resulting in a novel and adaptive color pattern. (sciencemag.org)
These trade-offs would limit the expression of carotenoid-based signals to those individuals with a high antioxidant or immune capacity, thus able to allocate a high amount of carotenoid resources to the integuments (Alonso-Alvarez et al . (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Interestingly, a higher expression of these cytokines has been demonstrated by various authors in the affected skin of vitiligo patients at both protein and transcript levels. (springer.com)
Indication of premelanosome protein (PMEL) expression outside of pigmented bovine skin suggests functions beyond eumelanogenesis. (fbn-dummerstorf.de)
Increased expression of thyroid hormone responsive protein (THRSP) is the result but not the cause of higher intramuscular fat content in cattle. (fbn-dummerstorf.de)
MC2R expression and function is dependent on the MC2R accessory protein, MRAP1, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein highly expressed in the adrenal gland. (bachem.com)
A skin reconstruction model was used to assay the invasivness of RGP melanoma cells after ectopic �3 integrin expression and these studies have discovered induction of the anti-adhesive protein osteonectin is required for melanoma metastasis. (edu.au)

This deletion causes the genomic sequence of agouti to be lost, except the promoter and the first non-encoding exon of Raly, a ubiquitously expressed gene in mammals. (wikipedia.org)

This allele, often referred to as wild-type, comprises a novel 131 amino acid protein encoded in a gene comprising four exons, three coding, spanning 18kb. (jax.org)

In addition to providing all of the body's macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and most micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), feeding behavior is a fundamental aspect of energy homeostasis, the process by which body fuel stored in the form of adipose tissue is held constant over long intervals. (sciencemag.org)

This review focuses on the molecular signals that modulate food intake while integrating the body's immediate and long-term energy needs. (sciencemag.org)

In the case of shorter tails, the removal of intron 10 takes place at the original splicing, resulting in a normal premelanosome protein (PMEL). (mdpi.com)

Northern analysis of mRNA from skin of homozygotes shows a smaller agouti message and levels 8 fold lower than found in wild-type. (jax.org)

The finest quality whey proteins use a ceramic cross-flow microfiltration technology to leave all the protein molecules intact. (wellnessresources.com)

The reliability of the information transmitted by those coloured traits acting as signals in animal communication has frequently been associated with the costs of producing or acquiring pigments. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

1997). „Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action. (wikipedia.org)
1997). "Presence of multiple functional polyadenylation signals in the 3'-untranslated region of human corticotropin receptor cDNA. (wikipedia.org)

The processing of POMC involves glycosylations, acetylations, and extensive proteolytic cleavage at sites shown to contain regions of basic protein sequences. (wikipedia.org)
The protein sequences of orthologues were aligned by using the Muscle [ 79 ] software with default parameters. (thewavebroadbeach.com)

A transgenic mouse assay for agouti protein activity. (genetics.org)

Agouti Signalling Protein is an Inverse Agonist to the Wildtype and Agonist to the Melanic Variant of the Melanocortin- 1 Receptor in the Grey Squirrel (Sciurus Carolinensis). (anglia.ac.uk)

In a human study, it was found that using seventeen grams of whey protein plus fiber prior to a carbohydrate-rich meal lowered blood sugar to more manageable levels. (wellnessresources.com)
The enhanced IL-18 production by UVB irradiation requires ROI and AP-1 signaling in human keratiocyte cell line (HaCaT). (springer.com)
Agouti signal protein regulation in human melanoma cells. (expasy.org)

Recombinant Agouti-related protein was a potent, selective antagonist of Mc3r and Mc4r, melanocortin receptor subtypes implicated in weight regulation. (nih.gov)

Anatomy5

Organisms8

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes6

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Geographicals3

Testing of human homologues of murine obesity genes as candidate regions in Finnish obese sib pairs. (1/158)

A system for rapid generation of coat color-tagged knockouts and defined chromosomal rearrangements in mice. (2/158)

Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (3/158)

NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. (4/158)

An agouti mutation lacking the basic domain induces yellow pigmentation but not obesity in transgenic mice. (5/158)

Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. (6/158)

Relationship between human adipose tissue agouti and fatty acid synthase (FAS). (7/158)

Common requirements for melanocortin-4 receptor selectivity of structurally unrelated melanocortin agonist and endogenous antagonist, Agouti protein. (8/158)

Agouti Signaling Protein

Hair Color

Receptors, Melanocortin

Receptors, Corticotropin

Pigmentation

Agouti-Related Protein

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1

alpha-MSH

Melanins

Proteins

Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones

Rats, Inbred LEC

Skin Pigmentation

Melanocytes

Periodicals as Topic

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3

PubMed

Maryland

Histology, Comparative

Animals, Wild

Mice, Inbred Strains

Species Specificity

Muridae

Animals, Laboratory

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Encyclopedias as Topic

Enkephalin, Methionine

Enkephalins

Endorphins

Secretory Vesicles

beta-Endorphin

Melanosis

Feathers

Reptiles

Albinism

Islet Amyloid Polypeptide

Amyloid

Islets of Langerhans

Mice, Transgenic

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Insulin-Secreting Cells

Hyperglycemia

Oxidative Stress

Books, Illustrated

Falconiformes

United Arab Emirates

Optogenetics

Neurosciences

Opsins

New York

Rhodopsin

Arabs

Testing of human homologues of murine obesity genes as candidate regions in Finnish obese sib pairs. (1/158)

A system for rapid generation of coat color-tagged knockouts and defined chromosomal rearrangements in mice. (2/158)

Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (3/158)

NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. (4/158)

An agouti mutation lacking the basic domain induces yellow pigmentation but not obesity in transgenic mice. (5/158)

Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. (6/158)

Relationship between human adipose tissue agouti and fatty acid synthase (FAS). (7/158)

Common requirements for melanocortin-4 receptor selectivity of structurally unrelated melanocortin agonist and endogenous antagonist, Agouti protein. (8/158)

The embryonic lethality of homozygous lethal yellow mice (A(y)/A(y)) is associated with the disruption of a novel RNA-binding...

Molecular analysis of reverse mutations from nonagouti (a) to black-a by S J. Bultman, M L. Klebig et al.

Studies

INFLUENCE OF BACKGROUND GENOME ON ENZYMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF YELLOW (Ay/-, Avy/-) MICE | Genetics

Age-specific locomotor response to nicotine in yellow and mottled yellow A vy /a mice | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

Agouti Signaling Protein | Profiles RNS

Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2

Gene Expression: Pigment type-switching in dogs

Equine coat color genetics - Wikipedia

Plus it

Patent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google Patents

008520 - B6.Cg-Tg(CD2-icre)4Kio/J

Replica Agouti Skull For Sale - Skulls Unlimited International, Inc.

LABOKLIN (UK)| Coat Colours / Length | Dogs| Coat Colours: A-Locus Agouti ( fawn, sable, black and tan/tricolor, recessive...

health-allyson-BLOG: Are the whitening effects of Glutathione permanent?

Agouti | Tunis Sheep Color Genetics

How Obese Yellow Mice are Changing the Nature/Nurture Debate | Science 2.0

$Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2$ Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2