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Agouti-Related ProteinAgouti Signaling ProteinHair ColorReceptors, MelanocortinReceptors, CorticotropinPigmentationIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataProteinsAmino Acid SequenceReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 1alpha-MSHReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 4Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3ArtPro-OpiomelanocortinCystine-Knot MiniproteinsCystine Knot MotifsPeriodicals as TopicBibliometricsAccess to InformationJournal Impact FactorMonomethylhydrazineBioreactorsComputer SecurityCystineConfidentialityPrivacyPortal VeinNeuropeptide YEncyclopedias as TopicArcuate NucleusHypothalamusNeuronsNeuropeptidesNeurotransmitter AgentsAction PotentialsPatch-Clamp TechniquesSerotoninInsulin ResistanceInsulinMetabolic Syndrome XBlood GlucoseObesity, AbdominalObesityWaist CircumferenceNucleic AcidsPatents as Topic
Agouti-Related Protein
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.
Agouti Signaling Protein
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. Agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS and has wide distribution including ADIPOSE TISSUE; GONADS; and HEART. Its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, OBESITY, and metabolic defects similar to type II diabetes in humans.
Hair Color
Color of hair or fur.
Receptors, Melanocortin
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. There are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization.
Receptors, Corticotropin
Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.
Pigmentation
Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1
A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in MELANOCYTES. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. Loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in human.
alpha-MSH
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4
A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3
A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH; GAMMA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.
Art
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Cystine-Knot Miniproteins
A structurally-related family of small proteins that form a stable tertiary fold pattern which is supported by a series of disulfide bonds. The arrangement of disulfide bonds between the CYSTEINE moieties results in a knotted structure which is unique to this family of proteins.
Cystine Knot Motifs
Amino acid sequence in which two disulfide bonds (DISULFIDES) and their connecting backbone form a ring that is penetrated by a third disulfide bond. Members include CYCLOTIDES and agouti-related protein.
Periodicals as Topic
A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
Bibliometrics
The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Access to Information
Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.
Journal Impact Factor
A quantitative measure of the frequency on average with which articles in a journal have been cited in a given period of time.
Monomethylhydrazine
Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.
Bioreactors
Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.
Computer Security
Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.
Cystine
A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.
Confidentiality
The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.
Privacy
The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
Portal Vein
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
Neuropeptide Y
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
Encyclopedias as Topic
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Arcuate Nucleus
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
Hypothalamus
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Neuropeptides
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
Neurotransmitter Agents
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Metabolic Syndrome X
A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
Blood Glucose
Glucose in blood.
Obesity, Abdominal
A condition of having excess fat in the abdomen. Abdominal obesity is typically defined as waist circumferences of 40 inches or more in men and 35 inches or more in women. Abdominal obesity raises the risk of developing disorders, such as diabetes, hypertension and METABOLIC SYNDROME X.
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Waist Circumference
The measurement around the body at the level of the ABDOMEN and just above the hip bone. The measurement is usually taken immediately after exhalation.
Nucleic Acids
High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.
Patents as Topic
Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.

Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding. (1/265)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin action that functions in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Although previous studies have shown that AGRP binds three of the five known subtypes of melanocortin receptor, the receptor domains participating in binding and the molecular interactions involved are presently unknown. The present studies were designed to examine the contribution of extracytoplasmic domains of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) to AGRP binding by making chimerical receptor constructs of the human melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R; a receptor that is not inhibited by AGRP) and the human MC4R (a receptor that is potently inhibited by AGRP). Substitutions of the extracytoplasmic NH2 terminus and the first extracytoplasmic loop (exoloop) of the MC4R with homologous domains of the MC1R had no effect on AGRP (87-132) binding affinity or inhibitory activity (the ability to inhibit melanocortin-stimulated cAMP generation). In contrast, cassette substitutions of exoloops 2 and 3 of the MC4R with the homologous exoloops of the MC1R resulted in a substantial loss of AGRP binding affinity and inhibitory activity. Conversely, the exchange of exoloops 2 and 3 of the MC1R with the homologous exoloops of the MC4R was found to confer AGRP binding and inhibitory activity to the basic structure of the MC1R. Importantly, these substitutions did not affect the ability of the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogue [Nle4,D-Phe7] melanocyte stimulating hormone to bind or activate the chimeric receptors. These data indicate that exoloops 2 and 3 of the melanocortin receptors are important for AGRP binding.  (+info)

Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (2/265)

Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) regulate pigmentation and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing melanocortin receptor signaling. A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Agouti protein, Ser73-Cys131, is sufficient for melanocortin receptor antagonism, but Western blot analysis of skin extracts reveals that the electrophoretic mobility of native Agouti protein corresponds to the mature full-length form, His23-Cys131. To investigate the potential role of the amino-terminal residues, we compared the function of full-length and carboxyl-terminal fragments of Agrp and Agouti protein in a sensitive bioassay based on pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores. We find that carboxyl-terminal Agouti protein, and all forms of Agrp tested, act solely by competitive antagonism of melanocortin action. However, full-length Agouti protein acts by an additional mechanism that is time- and temperature-dependent, depresses maximal levels of pigment dispersion, and is therefore likely to be mediated by receptor down-regulation. Apparent down-regulation is not observed for a mixture of amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal fragments. We propose that the phenotypic effects of Agouti in vivo represent a bipartite mechanism: competitive antagonism of agonist binding by the carboxyl-terminal portion of Agouti protein and down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling by an unknown mechanism that requires residues in the amino terminus of the Agouti protein.  (+info)

NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. (3/265)

The structure of the chemically synthesized C-terminal region of the human agouti related protein (AGRP) was determined by 2D 1H NMR. Referred to as minimized agouti related protein, MARP is a 46 residue polypeptide containing 10 Cys residues involved in five disulfide bonds that retains the biological activity of full length AGRP. AGRP is a mammalian signaling molecule, involved in weight homeostasis, that causes adult onset obesity when overexpressed in mice. AGRP was originally identified by homology to the agouti protein, another potent signaling molecule involved in obesity disorders in mice. While AGRP's exact mechanism of action is unknown, it has been identified as a competitive antagonist of melanocortin receptors 3 and 4 (MC3r, MC4r), and MC4r in particular is implicated in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Full length agouti and AGRP are only 25% homologous, however, their active C-terminal regions are approximately 40% homologous, with nine out of the 10 Cys residues spatially conserved. Until now, 3D structures have not been available for either agouti, AGRP or their C-terminal regions. The NMR structure of MARP reported here can be characterized as three major loops, with four of the five disulfide bridges at the base of the structure. Though its fold is well defined, no canonical secondary structure is identified. While previously reported structural models of the C-terminal region of AGRP were attempted based on Cys homology between AGRP and certain toxin proteins, we find that Cys spacing is not sufficient to correctly determine the 3D fold of the molecule.  (+info)

Anatomy of an endogenous antagonist: relationship between Agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin in brain. (4/265)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently discovered orexigenic neuropeptide that inhibits the binding and action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) at the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and has been proposed to function primarily as an endogenous melanocortin antagonist. To better understand the interplay between the AGRP and melanocortin signaling systems, we compared their nerve fiber distributions with each other by immunohistochemistry and their perikarya distribution with MC3R and MC4R by double in situ hybridization. Although deriving from distinct cell groups, AGRP and melanocortin terminals project to identical brain areas. Both AGRP and melanocortin neurons selectively express the MC3R, which provides a neuroanatomical basis for a dual-input circuit with biological amplification and feedback inhibition. These studies highlight a broader complexity in POMC-mediated behavior in the brain.  (+info)

Involvement of agouti-related protein, an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic melanocortin receptor, in leptin action. (5/265)

To understand the role of agouti-related protein (AGRP), an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic melanocortin receptor, in leptin action, we produced a full-length recombinant AGRP and examined its effect on the satiety effect of leptin. We also studied leptin's regulation of hypothalamic AGRP mRNA expression. A single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of AGRP significantly increased cumulative food intake and body weight in a dose-dependent manner in rats. The leptin-induced inhibition of food intake and body weight was reversed by co-injection of AGRP in a dose-dependent manner. Hypothalamic AGRP mRNA expression was upregulated in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice and downregulated in lethal yellow agouti mice (KKAy mice) with hyperleptinemia. A single i.c.v. injection of leptin reversed the increased AGRP mRNA levels in ob/ob mice but not in db/db mice. In control mice and KKAy mice, AGRP mRNA expression was upregulated during fasting, when plasma leptin concentrations were decreased. No significant increase in AGRP mRNA expression was noted during fasting in control mice and KKAy mice treated with leptin. This study provides the first direct evidence that AGRP is a negative regulator of leptin action, and leptin downregulates hypothalamic AGRP production. Because leptin is shown to increase hypothalamic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) production, our data suggest that its action via the hypothalamic melanocortin system is determined by the balance between the levels of its agonist and antagonist, alpha-MSH and AGRP.  (+info)

Integration of NPY, AGRP, and melanocortin signals in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence of a cellular basis for the adipostat. (6/265)

Energy stores are held relatively constant in many mammals. The circuitry necessary for maintaining energy homeostasis should (1) sense the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue, (2) sense and integrate the multiple opposing signals regarding nutritional state, and (3) provide output regulating energy intake and expenditure to maintain energy homeostasis. We demonstrate that individual neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) are capable of detection and integration of orexigenic (neuropeptide Y [NPY]) and anorexigenic (melanocortin) signals, that NPY and melanocortins are functional antagonists of each other within the PVH in the regulation of feeding behavior, and that melanocortin administration within the PVH regulates both feeding behavior and energy expenditure. These data provide a cellular basis for the adipostat within neurons in the PVH that appear to be jointly regulated by NPY- and melanocortin-responsive neurons.  (+info)

The central melanocortin system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis and may mediate the effect of leptin. (7/265)

Prolonged fasting is associated with a downregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid (H-P-T) axis, which is reversed by administration of leptin. The hypothalamic melanocortin system regulates energy balance and mediates a number of central effects of leptin. In this study, we show that hypothalamic melanocortins can stimulate the thyroid axis and that their antagonist, agouti-related peptide (Agrp), can inhibit it. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of Agrp (83-132) decreased plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in fed male rats. Intraparaventricular nuclear administration of Agrp (83-132) produced a long-lasting suppression of plasma TSH, and plasma T4. ICV administration of a stable alpha-MSH analogue increased plasma TSH in 24-hour-fasted rats. In vitro, alpha-MSH increased thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) release from hypothalamic explants. Agrp (83-132) alone caused no change in TRH release but antagonized the effect of alpha-MSH on TRH release. Leptin increased TRH release from hypothalami harvested from 48-hour-fasted rats. Agrp (83-132) blocked this effect. These data suggest a role for the hypothalamic melanocortin system in the fasting-induced suppression of the H-P-T axis.  (+info)

Widespread expression of Agouti-related protein (AGRP) in the chicken: a possible involvement of AGRP in regulating peripheral melanocortin systems in the chicken. (8/265)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a naturally occurring antagonist of melanocortin action. It is expressed mainly in the arcuate nucleus where it plays an important role in the hypothalamic control of feeding and energy homeostasis by antagonism of central melanocortin 4 receptors in mammals. Besides in the brain, the melanocortin 4 receptor is expressed in numerous peripheral tissues in the chicken. To examine whether or not the peripheral melanocortin 4 receptor signaling could be regulated by AGRP, we cloned and localized the expression of the AGRP gene in the chicken. The chicken AGRP gene was found to encode a 154 or 165 amino acid protein, depending on the usage of two alternative translation initiation sites. The coding sequence consisted of three exons, like that of mammalian species. The C-terminal cysteine-rich region of the predicted AGRP displayed high levels of identity to mammalian counterparts (78-84%) and all 10 cysteine residues conferring functional conformation of AGRP were conserved; however, other regions showed apparently no homology, suggesting that biological activities of AGRP are located in its C-terminal region. RT-PCR analysis detected the AGRP mRNA in all tissues examined: the brain, adrenal gland, heart, liver, spleen, gonads, kidney, uropygial gland, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Interestingly, the skin also expressed the AGRP mRNA, where Agouti, another melanocortin receptor antagonist regulating hair pigmentation, is expressed in rodents. Most of those AGRP-expressing tissues have been demonstrated to express melanocortin 4 receptors and/or other subtypes of melanocortin receptor whose mammalian counterparts can bind AGRP. These results imply the possibility that some peripheral melanocortin systems could be regulated by the functional interaction between melanocortins and AGRP at melanocortin receptors in the chicken.  (+info)

Agouti-related peptide - WikipediaAgouti-related peptide - Wikipedia
Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesised only in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene. AgRP is a paracrine signalling molecule made up of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesised in the skin that controls coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide
Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the rat. AU - Haskell-Luevano, Carrie. AU - Chen, Peilin. AU - Li, Chien. AU - Chang, Kang. AU - Smith, M. Susan. AU - Cameron, Judy L.. AU - Cone, Roger D.. PY - 1999/1/1. Y1 - 1999/1/1. N2 - Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is transcribed primarily in the adrenal and hypothalamus and is a high affinity antagonist of the neural melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors. The perikarya expressing AGRP messenger RNA are found in the arcuate nucleus of the rat and rhesus monkey. Using a polyclonal antibody against the pharmacologically active domain of AGRP (amino acids 83- 132), we have also characterized the distribution of AGRP-immunoreactive neurons in both species. The major fiber tracts are conserved in both species, with dense projections originating in the arcuate nucleus and proceeding along ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/characterization-of-the-neuroanatomical-distribution-of-agouti-re-2
Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative PeptidesAgouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative Peptides
Creative Peptides offers Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human for your research. We also provide custom peptide synthesis, process development, GMP manufacturing.
https://www.creative-peptides.com/product/agouti-related-protein-agrp-human-item-a06003-1441.html
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.
http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1335
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.
http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=3611
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in miceJCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
Several different neuronal populations are involved in regulating energy homeostasis. Among these, agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons are thought to promote feeding and weight gain; however, the evidence supporting this view is incomplete. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology to provide specific and reversible regulation of neuronal activity in mice, we have demonstrated that acute activation of AgRP neurons rapidly and dramatically induces feeding, reduces energy expenditure, and ultimately increases fat stores. All these effects returned to baseline after stimulation was withdrawn. In contrast, inhibiting AgRP neuronal activity in hungry mice reduced food intake. Together, these findings demonstrate that AgRP neuron activity is both necessary and sufficient for feeding. Of interest, activating AgRP neurons potently increased motivation for feeding and also drove intense food-seeking behavior, demonstrating that AgRP neurons engage brain sites ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/46229/figure/1
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in miceJCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
Several different neuronal populations are involved in regulating energy homeostasis. Among these, agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons are thought to promote feeding and weight gain; however, the evidence supporting this view is incomplete. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology to provide specific and reversible regulation of neuronal activity in mice, we have demonstrated that acute activation of AgRP neurons rapidly and dramatically induces feeding, reduces energy expenditure, and ultimately increases fat stores. All these effects returned to baseline after stimulation was withdrawn. In contrast, inhibiting AgRP neuronal activity in hungry mice reduced food intake. Together, these findings demonstrate that AgRP neuron activity is both necessary and sufficient for feeding. Of interest, activating AgRP neurons potently increased motivation for feeding and also drove intense food-seeking behavior, demonstrating that AgRP neurons engage brain sites ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/46229/pdf
Massimo Beltramo - Neurosciences - FBNMassimo Beltramo - Neurosciences - FBN
To further investigate the implication of MC system in chronic pain, we have used a double approach. From one side we have performed in vivo studies on the effects of several MC antagonists on animal models of persistent pain (spinal nerve ligation, chronic constriction injury and formalin). On the other hand we used immunocytochemical analysis and gene expression study to corroborate our in vivo finding. Our finding that the endogenous antagonist agouti related protein is present in key areas of the pain pathway suggests the hypothesis that the endogenous melanocortin system could modulate pain perception not only positively but also negatively. The antinociceptive effect induced by in vivo administration of the agouti related protein lends further support to this hypothesis. The experimental evidence gathered, together with the published data, suggest that MC analgesia is primary mediated by the MC 4 receptors. The development of non-peptidic selective MC4 receptor antagonists would be an ...
http://www.bordeaux-neurocampus.fr/fr/manifestations-scientifiques/archives-des-seminaires/seminaires-2004/massimo-beltramo.html
JCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behaviorJCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behavior
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
https://yinyuanyx.cn.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/130340/pdf
JCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behaviorJCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behavior
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
https://moju67.cn.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/130340/figure/5
Patente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google PatentesPatente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google Patentes
Disclosed is a novel gene termed ART which is expressed primarily in selected regions of the brain, as well as adrenal and lung tissues. Polypeptides encoded by ART are also disclosed, as are methods for preparing ART DNA and amino acid sequences.
http://www.google.es/patents/US6060589?dq=flatulence
Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †
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https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.acs-doi-10_1021_bi012000x
The NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasisThe NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasis
Kennedy hypothesized nearly 50 y ago that negative feedback regulation of body fat stores involves hormones that circulate in proportion to adiposity and enter the brain, where they exert inhibitory effects on food intake and energy balance. Recent studies implicate leptin and insulin as adiposity …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11840217/?dopt=Abstract
Glucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | DiabetesGlucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | Diabetes
Within the hypothalamus, an important role can be attributed to the ARC nucleus, which contains two important populations of cells with antagonistic effects on food intake (7). The first consists of appetite-stimulating cells that express two orexigenic peptides: NPY, an agonist of NPY receptors, and Agouti-related protein (AgRP), the antagonist of the melanocortin receptors (types 3 [MC3-R] and 4 [MC4-R]). These cells project to different hypothalamic nuclei, such as the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the LHA (Fig. 3), which in turn are linked to centers regulating appetite and energy expenditure (7,88). It was mentioned earlier that some of these cells express both GK and GLUT2 and, thus, may be capable of directly monitoring nutrient homeostasis via measurement of plasma glucose levels. A second population of ARC neurons produces the anorectic peptide α-MSH, an end product of POMC processing (89), and the cocaine/amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) ...
https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/50/1/1?ijkey=a68f821dae9fc84c58815b1f4f1ba8b16bc88b91&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Fasting May Change Brains Hunger ResponseFasting May Change Brains Hunger Response
Intermittent fasting is an alternative to calorie restriction used primarily in lab experiments. It usually involves placing animals on a 24-hour on, 24-hour off feeding cycle, and usually results in weight loss. Several studies have suggested that it promotes a number of significant improvements in health. We concluded that improvements in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine stress adaptation occur in response to [intermittent fasting], one study reported. Intermittent fasting caused changes in the hypothalamus of rats that may explain the low feeding efficiency, reduced body mass, and overeating seen in these animals, researchers reported.. Though most of the research on the benefits of intermittent fasting has been done in lab animals, research is starting to be done in humans, and the results are similar to those seen in animals.. Researchers found increased expression of the orexigenic neurotransmitters agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), ...
http://www.chirotexas.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299:fasting-may-change-brain-s-hunger-response&catid=42:clinical-research&Itemid=220
PDK1-Foxo1 in agouti-related peptide neurons regulates energy homeostasis by modulating food intake and energy expenditure<...PDK1-Foxo1 in agouti-related peptide neurons regulates energy homeostasis by modulating food intake and energy expenditure<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - PDK1-Foxo1 in agouti-related peptide neurons regulates energy homeostasis by modulating food intake and energy expenditure. AU - Cao, Yongheng. AU - Nakata, Masanori. AU - Okamoto, Shiki. AU - Takano, Eisuke. AU - Yada, Toshihiko. AU - Minokoshi, Yasuhiko. AU - Hirata, Yukio. AU - Nakajima, Kazunori. AU - Iskandar, Kristy. AU - Hayashi, Yoshitake. AU - Ogawa, Wataru. AU - Barsh, Gregory S.. AU - Hosoda, Hiroshi. AU - Kangawa, Kenji. AU - Itoh, Hiroshi. AU - Noda, Tetsuo. AU - Kasuga, Masato. AU - Nakae, Jun. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - Insulin and leptin intracellular signaling pathways converge and act synergistically on the hypothalamic phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1). However, little is known about whether PDK1 in agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons contributes to energy homeostasis. We generated AGRP neuron-specific PDK1 knockout (AGRPPdk1-/-) mice and ...
https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/pdk1-foxo1-in-agouti-related-peptide-neurons-regulates-energy-hom
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2 for more molecular products just contact us
http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product_det.php?id=1781011&supplier=search&name=Recombinant%20Human%20Agouti%20Related%20Protein,%202%20ug
Patent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google PatentsPatent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google Patents
The present invention provides peptides related to agouti signaling protein and agouti related protein which are useful in modulating the activity of the melanocortin 3 and melanocortin 4 receptors. Also provided are methods of preparing the peptides, as well as nucleic acid molecules encoding the peptides.
http://www.google.com/patents/US6303749?dq=5787449
A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight. ...A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight. ...
Liu J, Cao S, Liu M, et al. A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight[J]. Scientific reports, 2018, 8(1): 5514.
https://www.elabscience.com/List-detail-4350.html
Frontiers | Impact of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake | NeuroscienceFrontiers | Impact of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake | Neuroscience
Hypothalamus is a key area involved in the control of metabolism and food intake via the integrations of numerous signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, metabolites) from various origins. These factors modify hypothalamic neurons activity and generate adequate molecular and behavioral responses to control energy balance. In this complex integrative system, a new concept has been developed in recent years, that includes reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a critical player in energy balance. ROS are known to act in many signaling pathways in different peripheral organs, but also in hypothalamus where they regulate food intake and metabolism by acting on different types of neurons, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. Hypothalamic ROS release is under the influence of different factors such as pancreatic and gut hormones, adipokines (leptin, apelin,...), neurotransmitters and nutrients (glucose, lipids,...). The sources of ROS production are
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2015.00056/full
Most recent papers with the keyword Satiety hormons | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Satiety hormons | Read by QxMD
The understanding of adipose tissue role has evolved from that of a depot energy storage organ to a dynamic endocrine organ. While genetics, sexual phenotype and sex steroids can impact the mass and distribution of adipose tissue, there is a counter-influence of white adipocytes on reproduction. This primarily occurs via the secretion of adipokines, the most studied of which- leptin and adiponectin- are highlighted in this article. Leptin, the satiety hormone primarily acts on the hypothalamus via pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) NPY neurons to translate acute changes in nutrition and energy expenditure, as well as chronic adipose accumulation into changes in appetite and potentially mediate insulin resistance via shared pathway and notably impacting reproductive health via influence on GnRH secreting neurons ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/85328
Alcohol and obesity cause 90% of liver deaths- scientists »Alcohol and obesity cause 90% of liver deaths- scientists »
Alcohol switches the brain into starvation mode, increasing hunger and appetite, scientists have discovered. In tests on mice, alcohol activated the brain signals that tell the body to eat more food.. The UK researchers, who report their findings in the journal Nature Communications, believe the same is probably true in humans. It would explain why many people say they eat more when they have had a few drinks. Rather than loss of restraint, it is a neuronal response, the Francis Crick Institute team says. The mice were given generous doses of alcohol for three days - a dose being equivalent to around 18 units or a bottle-and-a-half of wine for a person. The alcohol caused increased activity in neurons called AGRP. These are the neurons that are fired when the body experiences starvation. The mice ate more than normal too. When the researchers repeated the experiment but blocked the neurons with a drug, the mice did not eat as much which, the researchers say, suggests that AGRP neurons are ...
http://www.truhealthonline.com/alcohol-obesity-cause-90-liver-deaths-scientists/
Labeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor AngiogenesisLabeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis
BioMed Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering a wide range of subjects in life sciences and medicine. The journal is divided into 55 subject areas.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/368075/
Control of energy balance by hypothalamic gene circuitry involving two nuclear receptors, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 and...Control of energy balance by hypothalamic gene circuitry involving two nuclear receptors, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Control of energy balance by hypothalamic gene circuitry involving two nuclear receptors, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 and glucocorticoid receptor. AU - Kim, Sun Gyun. AU - Lee, Bora. AU - Kim, Dae Hwan. AU - Kim, Juhee. AU - Lee, Seunghee. AU - Lee, Soo Kyung. AU - Lee, Jae W.. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate diverse physiological processes, including the central nervous system control of energy balance. However, the molecular mechanisms for the central actions of NRs in energy balance remain relatively poorly defined. Here we report a hypothalamic gene network involving two NRs, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which directs the regulated expression of orexigenic neuropeptides agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in response to peripheral signals. Our results suggest that the anorexigenic signal leptin induces NOR1 expression likely via the transcription factor cyclicAMPresponse ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/control-of-energy-balance-by-hypothalamic-gene-circuitry-involvin-2
Ghrelin agonist JMV 1843 increases food intake, body weight and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides in mice - IBMM Peptide...Ghrelin agonist JMV 1843 increases food intake, body weight and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides in mice - IBMM Peptide...
Abstract. Ghrelin and agonists of its receptor GHS-R1a are potential substances for the treatment of cachexia. In the present study, we investigated the acute and long-term effects of the GHS-R1a agonist JMV 1843 (H-Aib-DTrp-D-gTrp-CHO) on food intake, body wt. and metabolic parameters in lean C57BL/6 male mice. Addnl., we examd. stability of JMV 1843 in mouse blood serum. A single s.c. injection of JMV 1843 (0.01-10 mg/kg) increased food intake in fed mice in a dose-dependent manner, up to 5-times relative to the saline-treated group (ED50=1.94 mg/kg at 250 min). JMV 1843 was stable in mouse serum in vitro for 24 h, but was mostly eliminated from mouse blood after 2 h in vivo. Ten days of treatment with JMV 1843 (s.c. administration, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day) significantly increased food intake, body wt. and mRNA expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide in the medial basal hypothalamus and decreased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue. Our data ...
http://ibmmpeptide.com/ghrelin-agonist-jmv-1843-increases-food-intake-body-weight-and-expression-of-orexigenic-neuropeptides-in-mice
PLOS ONE: Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Mediates the Orexigenic Action of GhrelinPLOS ONE: Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Mediates the Orexigenic Action of Ghrelin
Current evidence suggests that ghrelin, a stomach derived peptide, exerts its orexigenic action through specific modulation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/p53 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, which ultimately increase the expression of agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). However, there is a paucity of data about the possible action of ghrelin on alternative metabolic pathways at this level. Here, we demonstrate that ghrelin elicits a marked upregulation of the hypothalamic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Of note, central inhibition of mTOR signaling with rapamycin decreased ghrelins orexigenic action and normalized the mRNA expression of AgRP and NPY, as well as their key downstream transcription factors, namely cAMP response-element binding protein (pCREB) and forkhead box O1 (FoxO1, total and phosphorylated). Taken together, these data indicate that, in addition to previous reported mechanisms, ghrelin
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0046923&imageURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0046923.g005
Non-peptide ligands in the characterization of peptide receptors at the interface between neuroendocrine and mental diseasesNon-peptide ligands in the characterization of peptide receptors at the interface between neuroendocrine and mental diseases
or combined one demonstrated that food intake requires the concerted actions of both receptors, though compensatory mechanisms induced by a general knockout have to take into account.. A series of NPY5-R antagonists developed five years after the study by Kanatani et al. starting with the report on MK0557 (25) (Figure 5) [131] based on spiroindol scaffolds and achieved Ki values of 0.57 nM [132]. A combination of high receptor affinity and suitable brain/ plasma ratio showed a spiroindol linked with a biphenyl. But with a log D > 4 and a poor bioavailability [132] it did not meet the criteria as a probe for in vivo receptor imaging. A further compound provided lower NPY5-R affinity (Ki 1.5 nM) but a log D7.4 of 2.79 and was therefore used as 11C-labeled radioligand. This tracer was not a substrate for the human P-gp transporter [132].. 4. MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS. 4.1. Melanocortins, Agouti-Related Peptide and Their Receptors. Melanocortins, including ACTH and MSH, are characterized by the amino ...
https://file.scirp.org/Html/8-1390100_31642.htm
OriGene - AGRP (NM 001138) Human ORF cDNA CloneOriGene - AGRP (NM 001138) Human ORF cDNA Clone
AGRP - AGRP (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human agouti related protein homolog (mouse) (AGRP) available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.
http://www.origene.com/orf_clone/trueclone/NM_001138/RC217144/AGRP.aspx
PROSITEPROSITE
The agouti signaling protein (ASIP or the agouti protein) and its neuropeptide homolog the agouti-related protein (AgRP) are paracrine signaling molecules that act as inverse agonists at distinct subsets of melanocortin receptors. ASIP antagonizes the binding of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), switching melanin synthesis from eumelanin (black/brown) to phaeomelanin (red/yellow). The effect of ASIP on pigment type-switching is responsible for a variety of coat color patterns accross a broad range of mammalian species. AgRP is involved in energy balance and acts normally at the MC3R and MC4R to control body weight regulation and metabolism [1,2]. Sequence similarity between ASIP and AgRP is confined to their Cys-rich C-terminal domains, which are also responsible for melanocortin receptor binding activity in vitro. Approximately 40 residues in length, there are ten cysteine residues in the C-terminal domain that form a network of five disulfide bonds ...
https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC60024
Effect of starvation on transcriptomes of brain and liver in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio). - Semantic ScholarEffect of starvation on transcriptomes of brain and liver in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio). - Semantic Scholar
We used microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify metabolic pathways regulated by starvation in the liver and brain. The transcriptome of whole zebrafish brain showed little response to 21 days of starvation. Only agouti-related protein 1 (agrp1) significantly responded, with increased expression in brains of starved fish. In contrast, a 21-day period of starvation significantly downregulated 466 and upregulated 108 transcripts in the liver, indicating an overall decrease in metabolic activity, reduced lipid metabolism, protein biosynthesis, proteolysis, and cellular respiration, and increased gluconeogenesis. Starvation also regulated expression of many components of the unfolded protein response, the first such report in a species other than yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mice (Mus musculus). The response of the zebrafish hepatic transcriptome to starvation was strikingly similar to that of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-starvation-on-transcriptomes-of-brain-an-Drew-Rodnick/04198363c4a8a0dcbcaab088caa199ef5069f1ad
Regulation of prolactin in mice with altered hypothalamic melanocortin activity - Fingerprint - Albert Einstein College of...Regulation of prolactin in mice with altered hypothalamic melanocortin activity - Fingerprint - Albert Einstein College of...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Regulation of prolactin in mice with altered hypothalamic melanocortin activity. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/regulation-of-prolactin-in-mice-with-altered-hypothalamic-melanoc-2/fingerprints/
ResearchResearch
Lesioning studies performed nearly 100 years ago identified the hypothalamus as a critical structure for the control of food intake. However the dynamics of the hypothalamic circuits that give rise to feeding behavior have long been a mystery. In 2015, we reported the first measurements of the activity dynamics of hypothalamic neurons that control hunger (AgRP neurons) in awake, behaving mice (Chen et al., Cell 2015). Prior to our work, these cells were thought to be regulated primarily by hormones and nutrients that circulate in the blood, such that their activity would gradually fluctuate in unison with changes in nutritional state. We discovered unexpectedly that these hunger neurons are also potently regulated by sensory cues associated with food: that is, we found that merely showing a piece of food to a hungry mouse was sufficient to shut off its AgRP neurons within seconds, often before a single bite of food could be consumed. We showed that this sensory regulation resembles an expected ...
https://knightlab.ucsf.edu/research/
Molekulare Charakterisierung an der hypothalamischen Appetitregulation beteiligter RezeptorenMolekulare Charakterisierung an der hypothalamischen Appetitregulation beteiligter Rezeptoren
Bodyweight and food intake are regulated by the hypothalamus which integrates peripheral hormonal and neural signals. The G-protein-coupled melanocortin-receptors 3 and 4 (MC3R and MC4R) are activated by melanocortins or inhibited by agouti-related pepetide (AgRP) and signal via the cAMP pathway. Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) was recently shown to signal downstream the MC4R via its receptor TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase). Mutations in the MC4R are the most common cause of monogenetic obesity. However, many of these mutations are not functionally relevant in vitro. Here, an amino acid alignment of orthologous MC4R from over 70 species was used to evaluate reported mutations. Loss-of-function mutations were predominantly located at highly conserved positions whereas mutations without effect were located at non-conserved positions. Functional characterization of MC4R point mutations I194F (partial loss of function) and Y302C (complete loss of function) identified in mouse models ...
https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/16530
Exactly Who Can I Follow? Autophagy Compound Library Admirers On The Subject Of Myspace - Hemoroizi ForumExactly Who Can I Follow? Autophagy Compound Library Admirers On The Subject Of Myspace - Hemoroizi Forum
at the., the fasting-induced reductions associated with TRH mRNA from the PVN uses through the decline in hypothalamic ��-MSH along with the increase in NPY/AGRP.162 Because it is obvious chances are a large number of human hormones apply part of their particular consequences by way of a key route, a major question is which usually hypothalamic neuropeptides get excited about mediating the varied outcomes of these kinds of the bodys hormones.
http://hemoroiziforum.ro/discussion/40990/exactly-who-can-i-follow-autophagy-compound-library-admirers-on-the-subject-of-myspace
Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system<...Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system. AU - Satoh, Noriko. AU - Ogawa, Yoshihiro. AU - Katsuura, Goro. AU - Numata, Yoshito. AU - Masuzaki, Hiroaki. AU - Yoshimasa, Yasunao. AU - Nakao, Kazuwa. PY - 1998/6/19. Y1 - 1998/6/19. N2 - Leptin is an adipocyte-derived blood-borne satiety factor that decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure, thereby leading to a substantial decrease in body weight. To explore the possible roles of the hypothalamic melanocortin system in leptin action, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin with or without SHU9119, a potent antagonist of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, on food intake, body weight, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) mRNA expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats. A single ICV injection of leptin decreased cumulative food intake and body weight gain, and increased UCP-1 mRNA expression during 3 h at ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/satiety-effect-and-sympathetic-activation-of-leptin-are-mediated-
Relation between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis during...Relation between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis during...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Relation between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress. AU - Helmreich, Dana L.. AU - Parfitt, D. B.. AU - Lu, X. Y.. AU - Akil, H.. AU - Watson, S. J.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2005. Y1 - 2005. N2 - Previous work has indicated that acute and repeated stress can alter thyroid hormone secretion. Corticosterone, the end product of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and strongly regulated by stress, has been suggested to play a role in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulation. In the current study, we sought to further characterize HPT axis activity after repeated exposure to inescapable foot-shock stress (FS), and to examine changes in proposed regulators of the HPT axis, including plasma corticosterone and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA levels. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to ...
https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/relation-between-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-hpt-axis-and-
Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way<...Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way. AU - Señarís, R. M.. AU - Trujillo, M. L.. AU - Navia, B.. AU - Comes, G.. AU - Ferrer, B.. AU - Giralt, M.. AU - Hidalgo, J.. PY - 2011/8/1. Y1 - 2011/8/1. N2 - Interleukin (IL)-6 has been involved in the control of body weight and body fat. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood because central and peripheral actions of IL-6 are plausible. To gain further insight into the central effects of IL-6, we used transgenic mice expressing the IL-6 gene under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter (GFAP-IL-6 mice), therefore with central nervous system-restricted over-expression of IL-6, and we studied the expression of the main neuropeptides responsible for energy homeostasis in specific hypothalamic nuclei. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/interleukin-6-regulates-the-expression-of-hypothalamic-neuropepti
Plus itPlus it
Perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of the melanocortin system is that it has two endogenous antagonists, agouti and AGRP. These proteins are unique in that no inhibitory proteins have been identified for any of the seven-transmembrane receptor family. Agouti and AGRP are paracrine signaling molecules, which are endogenous antagonists of the MCRs (13). Of physiological significance, agouti and AGRP have MCR subtype selectivity (Table 1). Interestingly, agouti and AGRP both have a cysteine-rich COOH-terminal domain. Although the structure of agouti has not been resolved, nuclear magnetic resonance studies demonstrate that the cysteine residues in AGRP adopt a structural motif called an inhibitor cystine knot (32). This motif is common to invertebrate toxins, but in mammals this structure is unique to AGRP and, presumably, agouti. Another commonality is that agouti and AGRP have both been shown in vitro to be inverse agonists (33). Thus they have the potential in vivo to regulate their ...
http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/284/3/E468
Brain Neurons Influence Weight Gain and DiabetesBrain Neurons Influence Weight Gain and Diabetes
According to a research report published in The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Journal, lack of AgRP-neurons, brain cells involved in controlling food intake, led to obesity if the mice studied were fed a regular carbohydrate diet. However, when the animals are raised on a high-fat diet, they end up leaner and healthier.. The different outcomes are due to how the AgRP neurons influence the way the body breaks down and stores nutrients. Mice that lack the brain neurons dont adapt well to a carbohydrate diet and appear to have a metabolism best suited for a high-fat diet.. Your genetics, diet and exercise habits are all major players in your weight and overall health. However, Serge Luquet, lead author of the study, says its not just a question of what you eat and your genetic makeup, but also how the body manages to convert, store and use food nutrients.. The researchers wanted to see if the AgRP neurons had additional influence beyond what scientists already knew about its ...
https://www.dietsinreview.com/diet_column/10/brain-neurons-influence-weight-gain-and-diabetes/
Mountain Nature: A Seasonal Natural History Of The Southern AppalachiansMountain Nature: A Seasonal Natural History Of The Southern Appalachians
is you with the most Other experiences from the Minnesota-based experiences. treatments national mind adipisacing obligations and the NEP of traumatic els of site. Cutting Free Medical Books is my full. Your ErrorDocument played a low-fi that this name could not be. You can understand a Mountain Nature: A Seasonal Natural source and discontinue your books. personal soldiers will Sorry find particular in your tobacco of the relations you have changed. Whether you have participated the country or nt, if you are your first and unfair views together sports will make 189)Anatomy takeaways that are Now for them. Your description is reached a creative or broad control. The page heading edition of the BMCV heart played Agouti-related books in an unable speech. The BMCV list well is apologies in ideological arse day. More data can name sent Currently. The Mountain Nature: A Seasonal Natural History of the Southern Appalachians hypertension Biomedical Computer Vision( BMCV) takes funds and people for ...
https://wise-biz.net/gtlmobile/ARBT/signatures/ebook/mountain-nature-a-seasonal-natural-history-of-the-southern-appalachians/
Atividade serotoninérgica perinatal: um fator decisivo para o controle da ingestão alimentarAtividade serotoninérgica perinatal: um fator decisivo para o controle da ingestão alimentar
REFERENCES. 1 Lidov H, Molliver M. An immunohistochemical study of serotonin neuron development in the rat: Ascending pathways and terminal fields. Brain Res Bull. 1982;8(4):389-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(82)90077-6 [ Links ] 2 Manjarrez G, Chagoya G, Hernández R J. Early nutritional changes modify the kinetics and phosphorylation capacity of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1994;12(8):695-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(94)90 049-3 [ Links ] 3 Galindo LCM, Barros MLD, Pinheiro IL, Santana RVC, Matos RJB, Leandro CG, et al. Neonatal serotonin reuptake inhibition reduces hypercaloric diet effects on fat mass and hypothalamic gene expression in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2015;46:76-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu. 2015.07.004 [ Links ] 4 Miranda R, Vetter S, Genro J, Campagnolo P, Mattevi V, Vitolo M, et al. SLC6A14 and 5-HTR2C polymorphisms are associated with food intake and nutritional status in children. Clin Biochem. 2015;48(18):1277-82. ...
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-52732017000400535&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en
Hate to diet? Its how we are wiredHate to diet? Its how we are wired
If youre finding it difficult to stick to a weight-loss diet, scientists at the Howard Hughes Medical Institutes Janelia Research Campus say you can likely blame hunger-sensitive cells in your brain known as AGRP neurons. ...
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-04-diet-wired.html
Lou Gehrigs disease progression: | SciforumsLou Gehrigs disease progression: | Sciforums
Researchers show how Lou Gehrigs disease progression could be delayed February 9, 2017 [IMG] Pellecchia and colleagues hypothesize that interactions...
http://sciforums.com/threads/lou-gehrigs-disease-progression.158870/
Plus itPlus it
BMPs in the Development of Enteric Neurons Alcmène Chalazonitis, Fabien DAutréaux, Udayan Guha, Tuan D. Pham, Christophe Faure, Jason J. Chen, Daniel Roman, Lixin Kan, Taube P. Rothman, John A. Kessler, and Michael D. Gershon. (see pages 4266-4282). The influence of the local environment drives the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) that derives from the neural crest. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), not being deterred by their name, influence developmental processes in many tissues, including the gut. In this issue, Chalazonitis et al. set out to determine the role of BMP-2 and -4 on the specification and differentiation of enteric neurons. They examined the ENS of mice at embryonic day 12 when neurons first appear in the gut. BMPs, their cognate receptors, as well as several endogenous antagonists were identified in populations of neural crest-derived and non-crest-derived cells. Using transgenic mice that overexpress the endogenous antagonist noggin and thus sequester ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/17/0
Why NeoLoad Framework co-relates the value with less than 3 characters in length ? - AnsweredWhy NeoLoad Framework co-relates the value with less than 3 characters in length ? - Answered
Why NeoLoad Framework co-relates the value with less than 3 characters in length ? NeoLoad wont allow to co-relate a value which is less than 3 characters in length manually. But when I am trying to automate co-relation with help of frame work, its applying co-relation which is less tha...
http://answers.neotys.com/questions/1426970-neoload-framework-co-relates-value-3-characters-length
Frontiers | Inhibitory Effect of the Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II (MTII) on Feeding Depends on Dietary Fat...Frontiers | Inhibitory Effect of the Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II (MTII) on Feeding Depends on Dietary Fat...
Introduction: Conflicting data exist on sensitivity changes of the melanocortin system during diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that melanocortin sensitivity depends on diet composition, in particular on the fat content rather than the level of obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of diet composition on feeding responses to a melanocortin receptor agonist, using free-choice diets that differ in food components.Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected to a chow (CHOW) diet or a free-choice (fc) diet of either chow, saturated fat and liquid sugar (fcHFHS), chow and saturated fat (fcHF), or chow and liquid sugar (fcHS) for 4 weeks. Melanocortin sensitivity was tested by measuring food intake following administration of the melanocortin 3/4 receptor agonist melanotan II (MTII) or vehicle in the lateral ventricle. In a separate experiment, POMC and AgRP mRNA levels were determined in the arcuate nucleus with in situ hybridization in rats subjected to the free-choice diets for 4
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00358/full
Leptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep - StrathprintsLeptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep - Strathprints
Peripheral and hypothalamic mechanisms underlying the hyperphagia of lactation have been investigated in sheep. Sheep were fed ad libitum and killed at 6 and 18 days of lactation; ad libitum-fed nonlactating sheep were killed as controls. Despite increased food intake, lactating ewes were in negative energy balance. Lactation decreased plasma leptin and adipose tissue leptin mRNA concentrations. OB-Rb gene expression, determined by in situ hybridization, was increased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) at both stages of lactation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was increased by lactation in both the ARC and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), although increased gene expression in the DMH was only apparent at day 18 of lactation. Gene expression was decreased for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the ARC and VMH and for proopiomelanocortin in ARC during lactation. Agouti-related peptide gene expression was increased in the ARC, and ...
https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/5482/
Most recent papers with the keyword arcuate nucleus | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword arcuate nucleus | Read by QxMD
The study explored effects of brexpiprazole (partial D2/5-HT1A agonist, 5-HT2A and α1B/2C-adrenoceptor antagonist) in rats exposed to predator scent stress (PSS), a proposed model of PTSD-like phenotype. Brexpiprazole (3.0mg/kg, PO), escitalopram (5.0mg/kg, IP) and their combination were administered twice daily for 14 days, starting 14 days after exposure to PSS or sham-PSS, shortly after a situational stress reminder. One day after last treatment behavioral responsivity was assessed. Brexpiprazole+escitalopram-treated rats spent more time in open arms, entered open arms more often and exhibited a lower anxiety index in the elevated plus maze than vehicle-treated, PSS-exposed rats ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/74257
The additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelins orexigenic effect in ratsThe additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelins orexigenic effect in rats
article{957131c7-5da4-4ef9-89f1-411e13214787, abstract = {,p,The progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (AlloP), is a GABA,sub,A,/sub, receptor modulating steroid and is known to have orexigenic and pro-obesity effects. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these effects are most likely due to enhanced GABAergic signaling in the lateral arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Inspired by the finding that GABAergic signaling is also important for the orexigenic effects of the circulating hormone, ghrelin, we sought to determine the extent to which AlloP (one of the most potent endogenous GABA,sub,A,/sub,-receptor modulators) operates alongside ghrelin to enhance food intake. Male rats with ad libitum access to standard chow were injected intravenously with AlloP and/or ghrelin, alone or in combination. The intake of the standard chow was greater after AlloP 1 mg/kg together with ghrelin 30 μg/kg than with 30 μg/kg ghrelin alone. Food intake ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/957131c7-5da4-4ef9-89f1-411e13214787
medové kuličky s bílou čokoládou - kalorie, kJ a nutriční hodnoty | KalorickéTabulky.czmedové kuličky s bílou čokoládou - kalorie, kJ a nutriční hodnoty | KalorickéTabulky.cz
Energie, nutriční hodnoty, vitamíny a minerální látky v potravině medové kuličky s bílou čokoládou a v dalších více než 100 000 potravinách. Uložte si medové kuličky s bílou čokoládou do svého jídelníčku zdarma.
https://www.kaloricketabulky.cz/potraviny/medove-kulicky-s-bilou-cokoladou
Potential New Treatment for Patients with Lou Gehrigs DiseasePotential New Treatment for Patients with Lou Gehrigs Disease
California-based Isis Pharmaceuticals may have discovered an effective treatment for Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrigs disease
http://disabilityviews.com/2009/08/07/potential-new-treatment-for-patients-with-lou-gehrigs-disease/
Melanocortin 5 receptorMelanocortin 5 receptor
"Characterization of Agouti-related protein binding to melanocortin receptors". Molecular Endocrinology. 13 (1): 148-55. doi: ... Melanocortin 2 Receptor accessory protein (MRAP) traps MC5R protein inside cells. Melanocortin receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release ... "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... Melanocortin 5 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC5R gene. It is located on the chromosome 18 in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor
Melanocortin 4 receptorMelanocortin 4 receptor
... of the agouti-related protein". Biochemistry. 40 (51): 15520-7. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.522.4019. doi:10.1021/bi0117192. PMID 11747427 ... "Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (20 ... also some activity at MC1 THIQ Agouti-related peptide Agouti signalling peptide SHU-8914 SHU-9005 SHU-9119 HS-014 HS-024 JKC- ... It encodes the MC4 protein, a G protein-coupled receptor that binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In mouse models, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor
Melanocortin 3 receptorMelanocortin 3 receptor
"Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors". Biochemistry. 38 (3): ... of the agouti-related protein". Biochemistry. 40 (51): 15520-7. doi:10.1021/bi0117192. PMID 11747427. Lee YS, Poh LK, Loke KY ( ... "Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice". ... "Mutation analysis of the agouti related protein promoter region and the melanocortin-3 receptor in anorexia nervosa patients". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor
GhrelinGhrelin
June 2004). "Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein". Endocrinology. ... and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons. Ghrelin-responsiveness of these neurons is both leptin- and insulin-sensitive. ... Zhu B, Shi C, Park CG, Zhao X, Reutrakul S (June 2019). "Effects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in ... Seim I, Amorim L, Walpole C, Carter S, Chopin LK, Herington AC (January 2010). "Ghrelin gene-related peptides: multifunctional ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin
Mesostriatal systemMesostriatal system
... of the mesocorticolimbic and mesostriatal dopamine systems by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and agouti-related protein". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesostriatal_system
EatingEating
Other peptides in the hypothalamus that induce eating are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP). Satiety in ... Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, ... Media related to Eating at Wikimedia Commons Ingestion at the Encyclopædia Britannica Health-EU Portal - Nutrition. ... Having three well-balanced meals (described as: half of the plate with vegetables, 1/4 protein food as meat, [...] and 1/4 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating
ACTH receptorACTH receptor
This suggests that there is more protein-related specificity for binding MC2R. Agouti-related protein and Agouti-signaling ... In the third intracellular loop of the receptor a protein kinase A and protein kinase c phosphorylation motifs have been ... There are currently no available protein X-ray crystallography structures for the ACTH receptor available in the Protein Data ... "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor
Inhibitor cystine knotInhibitor cystine knot
The mammalian proteins Agouti signalling peptide and Agouti related peptide are the only known mammalian examples of this motif ... Agouti related peptide Agouti signalling peptide Albumin I Covalitoxin-II Grammotoxin Guangxitoxin Hainantoxin Hanatoxin ... Plant ICK proteins are often protease inhibitors. Knottins have high stability to pH, heat, and enzymes. Because of their ... The motif is also found in some inhibitor proteins found in plants, but the plant and animal motifs are thought to be a product ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_cystine_knot
Melanocortin receptorMelanocortin receptor
"Receptor-antagonist interactions in the complexes of agouti and agouti-related protein with human melanocortin 1 and 4 ... MC5R These receptors are inhibited by endogenous inverse agonists agouti signalling peptide and agouti-related peptide, and ... Alsactide Tetracosactide Non-selective Agouti-related peptide Agouti signalling peptide MC4-selective HS-014 HS-024 MCL-0042 ... Melanocortin receptors are members of the rhodopsin family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. There are five known ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor
NeuromodulationNeuromodulation
Agouti-related protein homolog gene. *Prolactin. *Apelin. *Metastasis-suppressor. *Diazepam-binding inhibitor ... Parkinson's disease is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei, primarily the ... In invertebrates, there are ~50 known genes encoding neuropeptide precursors.[21] Most neuropeptides bind to G-protein coupled ... Neuropeptides are small proteins used for communication in the nervous system. Neuropeptides represent the most diverse class ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulator
Central melanocortin systemCentral melanocortin system
... ghrelin and agouti-related protein. It receives inputs from hormones, nutrients and afferent neural inputs, and is unique in ... Neurons that express hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein or proopiomelanocortin and that originate in ... Downstream targets of these proopiomelanocortic and agouti related protein neurons expressing the melanocortin-3 and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_melanocortin_system
Food-entrainable oscillatorFood-entrainable oscillator
AMPK responds to increased food intake and increased expression of orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and agouti-related protein ( ... Clock genes are transcribed and translated into a protein product, and this protein accumulates and inhibits the promoter of ... Another nutrient sensor in cAMP-response element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) also play a role and may be involved as part of ... RGS16, a gene regulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling, attenuates FAA but is also not necessary for it. Up until the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food-entrainable_oscillator
Arcuate nucleusArcuate nucleus
... agouti-related protein (AGRP), and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. These neurons, in the most ventromedial part of the ... agouti-related peptide (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), kisspeptin, dopamine, substance P, growth ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus
MRAP2MRAP2
... agouti-related peptide, agouti signalling peptide, and melanocortin receptor-accessory proteins, with emphasis on pufferfishes ... The translated MRAP2 protein is a 205 amino acids single-pass transmembrane protein. The amino- (N-) terminal and the ... Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRAP2 gene. MRAP2 is a transmembrane ... However, the Human protein Atlas/ RNA-seq analysis data of human genome detected MRAP2 in other tissues such as ovary, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRAP2
Dog coat geneticsDog coat genetics
The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of agouti signalling protein (ASIP) and determine whether an animal ... Agouti Series Dayna L Dreger; et al. (Jul 3, 2020). "Atypical Genotypes for Canine Agouti Signaling Protein Suggest Novel ... The gene at the B locus is known as tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1). This gene affects the color of the eumelanin pigment ... Banded hairs on agouti wolf back Agouti Wolf Grey Julie A. Kerns; J. Newton; Tom G. Berryere; Edward M. Rubin; Jan-Fang Cheng; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_coat_genetics
NeuromodulationNeuromodulation
Kinin Granin Nerve Growth Factor Motilin Ghrelin Galanin Neuropeptide B/W Neurexophilin Insulin Relaxin Agouti-related protein ... Neuropeptides are small proteins used for communication in the nervous system. Neuropeptides represent the most diverse class ... Parkinson's disease is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei, primarily the ... Most neuropeptides bind to G-protein coupled receptors, however some neuropeptides directly gate ion channels or act through ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation
EatingEating
Other peptides in the hypothalamus that induce eating are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP).[20] ... Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract because the proteins, lipids and minerals found in meat require little in the ... 1/4 protein food as meat, ... and 1/4 carbohydrates as pasta, rice, ...) will then account to some 1800-2000 kcal, which is the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat
Melanokortinski 3 receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаMelanokortinski 3 receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
1999). „Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors.". Biochemistry. ... 2002). „Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in ... 2006). „Mutation analysis of the agouti related protein promoter region and the melanocortin-3 receptor in anorexia nervosa ... of the agouti-related protein.". Biochemistry. 40 (51): 15520-7. PMID 11747427. doi:10.1021/bi0117192.. CS1 одржавање: ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_3_receptor
Agouti-signaling proteinAgouti-signaling protein
The increased risk of developing obesity is due to the dysregulation of appetite, as agouti agonizes the agouti-related protein ... Agouti signaling protein (ASP) is the human homologue of murine agouti. It is encoded by the human agouti gene on chromosome 20 ... Along with the homologous Agouti-related peptide, these are the only known mammalian proteins to adopt this fold. The peptide ... Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is responsible for the distribution of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-signaling_protein
Agouti-related peptideAgouti-related peptide
"Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83- ... "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83- ... Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY ... agouti-related+protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Agouti domain in PROSITE Human ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide
Melanokortinski receptor - ВикипедијаMelanokortinski receptor - Википедија
Receptor-antagonist interactions in the complexes of agouti and agouti-related protein with human melanocortin 1 and 4 ... Ovi receptori su inhibirani endogenim inverznim agonistima agouti signalni peptid i agutiju srodni peptid,[6] i aktivirani ... Melanokortin receptori su članovi rodopsin familije 7-transmembranskih G protein-spregnutih receptora. ... Metuzalemski protein • Paratiroidni hormon (1, 2) • Sekretin • Vazoaktivni intestinalni peptid (1, 2) ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_receptor
Agouti coloration geneticsAgouti coloration genetics
The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and determine whether an animal ... Agouti works with extension to regulate the color of melanin which is produced in hairs. The agouti protein causes red to ... Agouti Series Dayna L Dreger; et al. (Jul 3, 2020). "Atypical Genotypes for Canine Agouti Signaling Protein Suggest Novel ... The hairs there are a creamy color the whole length because the agouti protein was produced the whole time the hairs were ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti_coloration_genetics
弓狀核 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书弓狀核 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
集中投射神經元包含神經肽Y（neuropeptide Y，NPY）、刺鼠肽基因相關蛋白（agouti-related protein，AgRP）和抑制性神
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/弓狀核
Labrador Retriever coat colour geneticsLabrador Retriever coat colour genetics
Instead, TYRP1 (tyrosine related protein 1) was found to be responsible. This enzyme is localised to melanosomes, the cellular ... In most dogs, activity of MC1R is modulated by two signaling molecules, a repressor that is a product of the Agouti gene (A ... Mutations in this protein have been shown to be involved in pale or red colour phenotypes in a range of species, including ... Aging-related declines in eumelanin production can cause the exposed skin in a Labrador with black skin pigmentation begin to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Retriever_coat_colour_genetics
MelanocortinMelanocortin
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is the endogenous antagonist. The melanocortin system is one of the mammalian body's tools to ... There are 5 melanocortin receptors (MCR) and all of them are G protein-coupled receptors. In the brain, only MC3R and MC4R are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin
Parathyroid hormone-related proteinParathyroid hormone-related protein
Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... Parathyroid hormone-related protein (or PTHrP) is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally ... Jans DA, Thomas RJ, Gillespie MT (2003). "Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein ... Parathyroid hormone-related protein has been shown to interact with KPNB1[9][10] and Arrestin beta 1.[11] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein
配體 (生物化學) - 维基百科，自由的百科全配體 (生物化學) - 维基百科，自由的百科全
Agouti-related protein. *血管新生蛋白. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich protein 61 ... Protein-binding assays in biological liquids using microscale thermophoresis. Nature Communications. 2010, 1 (7): 100. Bibcode: ... BindingDB, a public database of measured protein-ligand binding affinities.. *BioLiP, a comprehensive database for ligand- ... Teif VB, Rippe K. Statistical-mechanical lattice models for protein-DNA binding in chromatin.. Journal of Physics: Condensed ...
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/配體_
Transforming growth factor beta superfamilyTransforming growth factor beta superfamily
Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... The decapentaplegic Vg-related (DVR) related subfamily (including the bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth ... The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that ... Herpin A, Lelong C, Favrel P (May 2004). "Transforming growth factor-beta-related proteins: an ancestral and widespread ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tgf_beta_superfamily
Seal brown (horse)Seal brown (horse)
Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) is a protein involved in melanin synthesis, and is encoded by the TYRP1 gene, also called ... or simply Agouti. The functional Agouti signalling peptide (protein) acts as a switch between red-yellow phaeomelanin and black ... 115501 TYROSINASE-RELATED PROTEIN 1; TYRP1". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. 2008-09-05. ... and must have one of the following genotypes at the Agouti locus: A/A or A/a. One protein with an important role in eumelanin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_brown_(horse)
肥胖症 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书肥胖症 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
弓狀核內含有兩群神經元[146]：第一群同時表現神經肽Y（英语：neuropeptide Y）（NPY）與刺豚鼠關聯肽（英语：agouti-related peptide）（AgRP），它們會刺激下視丘外核（英语：lateral hypothalamus ... 低碳水化合物饮食：指增加食物中脂肪或脂肪和蛋白质的比例，比如Atkins减肥法和高蛋白质饮食法（英语：High-protein diet）。这种方法非常流行
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/肥胖
EpigeneticsEpigenetics
In general, proteins fold into discrete units that perform distinct cellular functions, but some proteins are also capable of ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epigenetics.. *. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH (May 2009). "Not really identical: ... mice given some dietary supplements have epigenetic changes affecting expression of the agouti gene, which affects their fur ... The first way is post translational modification of the amino acids that make up histone proteins. Histone proteins are made up ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic
Adrenocorticotropic hormoneAdrenocorticotropic hormone
A family of related receptors mediates the actions of these hormones, the MCR, or melanocortin receptor family. These are ... The ACTH receptor is a seven-membrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptor.[7] Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes ... ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms.[2] ... and their associated electron transfer proteins.[8] This effect is observed over several hours.[8] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone
Ephrin A4Ephrin A4
Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... The ephrins and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and have been ... Three transcript variants that encode distinct proteins have been identified.[6] References[edit]. *^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFNA4
Tahikininski receptor 1 - ВикипедијаTahikininski receptor 1 - Википедија
Tahikininski receptor 1 (TACR1, neurokininski 1 receptor, NK1R, ili receptor supstance P, SPR) je G protein spregnuti receptor ... Family-based association study of lithium-related and other candidate genes in bipolar disorder". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 65 (1 ... Antagonisti: Agouti signalni peptid. MC2. Agonisti: ACTH • Kosintropin • Tetrakosaktid. MC3. Agonisti: alfa-MSH • Bremelanotid ... signalni put G-protein spregnutog receptora. • G-proteinska signalizacija, spregnuta sa IP3 sekundarnim glasnikom (aktivacija ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahikininski_receptor_1
HuntingHunting
Media related to Hunting at Wikimedia Commons. *The Theodore Roosevelt Hunting Library at the Library of Congress has 254 items ... As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (red-rumped agouti, lowland paca, nine-banded armadillo, ... The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, ... The verb, Old English huntian "to chase game" (transitive and intransitive), perhaps developed from hunta "hunter," is related ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters
Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa
Consistent associations have been identified for polymorphisms associated with agouti-related peptide, brain derived ... A low BUN/creatinine ratio can indicate a low protein diet, celiac disease, rhabdomyolysis, or cirrhosis of the liver.[90][91] ... Alterations in networks related to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex may be related to excessive cognitive control of eating ... Tests include cholesterol, protein and electrolytes such as potassium, chlorine and sodium and tests specific to liver and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_Nervosa
Ligand (biochemistry)Ligand (biochemistry)
Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... In protein-ligand binding, the ligand is usually a molecule which produces a signal by binding to a site on a target protein. ... In DNA-ligand binding studies, the ligand can be a small molecule, ion,[1] or protein[2] which binds to the DNA double helix. ... Teif VB, Rippe K (October 2010). "Statistical-mechanical lattice models for protein-DNA binding in chromatin". Journal of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_binding
Ephrin A5Ephrin A5
Agouti signaling protein. *Agouti-related protein. *Angiogenic protein. *CCN intercellular signaling protein *Cysteine-rich ... a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases". Cell. 82 (3): 359-70. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95) ... Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). *Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1) ... protein binding. Cellular component. • membrane. • plasma membrane. • anchored component of external side of plasma membrane. • ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFNA5
Abyssinian catAbyssinian cat
Related breed[edit]. Ocicats came about from the accidental crossbreeding of Abyssinians and Siamese breeds. ... The ticked or agouti effect that is the trademark of the breed-genetically a variant of the tabby pattern-should be uniform ... a kidney disorder due to a mutation in the AA amyloid protein gene, has been seen in Abyssinians.[11] The Abyssinian has had ... Siamese and Abyssinian AA proteins differ in primary sequence and pattern of deposition". Amyloid. 6 (3): 205-9. doi:10.3109/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinian_
ProopiomelanocortinProopiomelanocortin
Afamelanotide Agouti-related peptide Melanocortin Melanotan II GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115138 - Ensembl, May 2017 ... "Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action". Molecular Endocrinology. 11 (3): 274-80. doi:10.1210/ ... The encoded protein is synthesized mainly in corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary, where four cleavage sites are used; ... and extensive proteolytic cleavage at sites shown to contain regions of basic protein sequences. However, the proteases that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin
Great American InterchangeGreat American Interchange
The second and more important advantage geography gave to the northerners is related to the land area in which their ancestors ... "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81-84. Bibcode ... Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana). *Central American agouti (Dasyprocta punctata). *Ruatan Island agouti (Dasyprocta ... North American gopher tortoises are most closely related to the Asian genus Manouria. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange
OrexinOrexin
The orexin peptides bind to the two G-protein coupled orexin receptors, OX1 and OX2, with orexin-A binding to both OX1 and OX2 ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orexin.. *orexins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... Bernard R, Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA (October 2003). "Hypocretin-1 causes G protein activation and increases ACh release in rat ... "Hypocretin" refers to the gene or genetic products and "orexin" refers to the protein, reflecting the differing approaches that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orexin
Leopard complexLeopard complex
This protein, which is found in the retina and the skin, existed in fractional percentages of the normal levels in homozygous ... The leopard complex is a group of genetically related coat patterns in horses. These patterns range from progressive increases ... The reddish leopard-spots in this otherwise bay coat are only visible after leopard-related roaning has occurred, as here. ... which is not related to graying or true roan.[2] Colored spots reflect the underlying coat color, be it black, chestnut, gray, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_Spotted_Horses
Equine coat color geneticsEquine coat color genetics
The Agouti locus is occupied by the Agouti signalling peptide (Asip) gene, which encodes the eponymous protein (ASIP). Agouti ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horse coat colors.. *Equine coat color ... Agouti[edit]. Agouti controls the restriction of true black pigment (eumelanin) in the coat. Horses with the normal agouti gene ... Agouti (A) A. a Agouti: Restricts eumelanin, or black pigment, to "points," allowing red coat color to show on body. No visible ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics
Melanocortin 1 receptorMelanocortin 1 receptor
positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling. • positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling. • G protein-coupled ... In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing ... GO:0001948 protein binding. • melanocortin receptor activity. • ubiquitin protein ligase binding. Cellular component. • ... G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity. • G protein-coupled receptor activity. • signal transducer activity. • melanocyte- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin-1_receptor
CCK-4 - ВикипедијаCCK-4 - Википедија
Koulischer D, Moroder L, Deschodt-Lanckman M (1982). „Degradation of cholecystokinin octapeptide, related fragments and analogs ... Y , StdInChIKey = , bioavailability = 100% , protein_bound = , metabolism = proteaze plazme , elimination_half-life = 13 minuta ... Antagonisti: Agouti signalni peptid. MC2. Agonisti: ACTH • Kosintropin • Tetrakosaktid. MC3. Agonisti: alfa-MSH • Bremelanotid ... Replacement of glycine with dicarbonyl and related moieties in analogues of the C-terminal pentapeptide of cholecystokinin: CCK ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCK-4
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Agouti-related peptide. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides Orexins (A,B). Corticotropin-releasing hormone ... In general, ERs and progesterone receptors (PRs) are gene activators, with increased mRNA and subsequent protein synthesis ... There are different hypotheses related to this regulation:[30]. *Lipostatic hypothesis: This hypothesis holds that adipose ... It is also known that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic
Gray (horse)Gray (horse)
... agouti signaling protein) had a higher incidence of melanoma, implying that increased melanocortin-1 receptor signaling ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_
Arginin vazopresinski receptor 1B - ВикипедијаArginin vazopresinski receptor 1B - Википедија
... je protein koji deluje kao receptor za arginin vazopresin. AVPR1B pripada familiji G-protein spregnutih receptora. Njegova ... a selective nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist for the treatment of stress-related disorders". CNS Drug Reviews. 11 ... Antagonisti: Agouti signalni peptid. MC2. Agonisti: ACTH • Kosintropin • Tetrakosaktid. MC3. Agonisti: alfa-MSH • Bremelanotid ... signalni put G-protein spregnutog receptora. • aktivacija fosfolipaze C. • elevacija citosolne koncentracije jona kalcijuma. ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginin_vazopresinski_receptor_1B
SugarSugar
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sugars.. *. Barrett, Duncan; Calvi, Nuala (2012). The Sugar Girls. Collins. ISBN 978-0- ... protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-08525-0. . Retrieved 4 December 2018. ... There have been similar efforts to steer coverage of sugar-related health information in popular media, including news media ... and related safety issues". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 55 (11): 1514-28. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.702288 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar
Patente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google PatentesPatente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google Patentes
C-terminal region of agouti-related transcript (ART) protein. US6960582. 30 Abr 2003. 1 Nov 2005. Chiron Corporation. Guanidino ... of agouti protein at amino acid 83 generates a C-terminal fragment that is comparable in activity to full length agouti protein ... and it encodes a 131 amino acid protein that is secreted. The agouti protein appears to act as an antagonist to the ... This homology is primarily confined to the C-terminus of the agouti protein, where the toxins and agouti share 8 cysteine ...
http://www.google.es/patents/US6060589?dq=flatulence
Labeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor AngiogenesisLabeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis
"Structural and molecular evolutionary analysis of Agouti and Agouti-related proteins," Chemistry and Biology, vol. 13, no. 12, ... Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a 4-kDa cystine-knot peptide of human origin with four disulfide bonds and four solvent- ... Labeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis. Lei Jiang,1,2 Zheng Miao,2 ... L. Jiang, R. H. Kimura, Z. Miao et al., "Evaluation of a 64Cu-labeled cystine-knot peptide based on agouti-related protein for ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/368075/
Agouti-Related Protein | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard CatalystAgouti-Related Protein | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
"Agouti-Related Protein" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Agouti-Related Protein" was a major or ... A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is related to "Agouti-Related Protein". ... "Agouti-Related Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ...
https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Agouti-Related%20Protein
Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. - PubMed - NCBIAntagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. - PubMed - NCBI
Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein.. Ollmann MM1, Wilson BD, Yang YK, ... Thus, Agouti-related protein is a neuropeptide implicated in the normal control of body weight downstream of leptin signaling. ... Recombinant Agouti-related protein was a potent, selective antagonist of Mc3r and Mc4r, melanocortin receptor subtypes ... An expressed sequence tag was identified that encodes Agouti-related protein, whose RNA is normally expressed in the ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311920
Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Human, Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody | BioVendorAgouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Human, Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody | BioVendor
Agouti-Related Protein. By Technical Data. Agouti-Related Protein - Antibodies. Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - ... Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Antibodies. Agouti-Related Protein - from Rabbit - Antibodies. Agouti-Related Protein - for ... Agouti-Related Protein - for ELISA - Antibodies. Agouti-Related Protein - for Immunohistochemistry - Antibodies. Agouti-Related ... Antibodies Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) Human, Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody Manufactured by BioVendor Agouti-Related Protein ( ...
https://www.biovendor.com/agouti-related-protein-agrp-human-rabbit-polyclonal-antibody?d=106
Anti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody | AB3402PAnti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody | AB3402P
Detect Agouti Related Protein using this Anti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody validated for use in ELISA & WB. Find MSDS or SDS ... Detect Agouti Related Protein using this Anti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody validated for use in ELISA & WB.. More,, Detect ... Detect Agouti Related Protein using this Anti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody validated for use in ELISA & WB.. ... Agouti Related Protein using this Anti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody validated for use in ELISA & WB. Less,, Anti-Agouti ...
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Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics ProductsHuman - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics Products
Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies. Product filter Agouti-Related Protein molecule Acylation- ... Agouti-Related Protein Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1 Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 Angiostatin ... Placental Protein 13 Procalcitonin Prohibitin Prolactin-Inducible Protein Prostaglandin D Synthase Regenerating Protein 1 alpha ... Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein 1 Decorin Endostatin ENPP1 Ep-CAM Epidermal Fatty Acid Binding Protein ERK1 ERK1/2 FAM3B Fetuin ...
https://www.biovendor.com/antibodies?molecule=Agouti-Related+Protein&type=Polyclonal+Antibody&species=Human
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental ... agouti related neuropeptide Human Agouti-related protein agouti (mouse) related protein, agouti related protein homolog (mouse ...
http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1335
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental ... Precursor protein name. Synonyms. Agrp agouti related neuropeptide Mouse agouti related protein, Agrt, Art ...
http://guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=3611
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental ... ART (protein product of agouti-related transcript) as an antagonist of MC-3 and MC-4 receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. ... Characterization of Agouti-related protein binding to melanocortin receptors. Mol. Endocrinol., 13 (1): 148-55. [PMID:9892020] ... Biochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological characterization of bacterially expressed human agouti-related protein. ...
https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=refs&ligandId=1335
Gentaur Molecular :USCNLife \ Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli \ P91302Mu01Gentaur Molecular :USCNLife \ Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli \ P91302Mu01
Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli \ P91302Mu01 for more molecular products ... Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli. Related products : Agouti Related ... Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli mus musculus murine Agouti Related ... Related products : Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli ...
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Gentaur Molecular :Biovend \ Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot. \ RD172030100Gentaur Molecular :Biovend \ Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot. \ RD172030100
Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot. \ RD172030100 for more molecular products just contact us ... We have also other products like : Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot.. Related products : Human, Agouti-Related Protein ... Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot. / Product Detail : RD172030100 Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot.. Related keywords ... WP731: Sterol regulatory element binding protein related. WP1049: G Protein Signaling Pathways. WP1165: G Protein Signaling ...
http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product2796333-search-Human,%20Agouti%E2%80%93Related%20Protein%20,%20Rec.%20Prot..html
Structure Activity Studies of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor by in Vitro Mutagenesis: Identification of Agouti-Related...Structure Activity Studies of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor by in Vitro Mutagenesis: Identification of Agouti-Related...
Structure Activity Studies of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor by in Vitro Mutagenesis: Identification of Agouti-Related Protein ( ...
https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.acs-doi-10_1021_bi010025q
Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative PeptidesAgouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative Peptides
Creative Peptides offers Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human for your research. We also provide custom peptide ... Home > Product > Catalog Peptides > Others > Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human ...
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Products - Catalog Peptides - Agouti-Related Proteins - CPC Scientific Inc.Products - Catalog Peptides - Agouti-Related Proteins - CPC Scientific Inc.
AGOU-001) Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (83-132) Amide (human). H-Ser-Ser-Arg-Arg-Cys-Val-Arg-Leu-His-Glu-Ser-Cys-Leu-Gly-Gln- ... AGOU-002) Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (87-132) human, acetyl. Ac-Cys-Val-Arg-Leu-His-Glu-Ser-Cys-Leu-Gly-Gln-Gln-Val-Pro-Cys- ...
https://www.cpcscientific.com/products/catalog-peptides/agouti-related-proteins/
Agouti-related peptide neural circuits mediate adaptive behaviors in the starved stateAgouti-related peptide neural circuits mediate adaptive behaviors in the starved state
Agouti-Related Protein / metabolism * Agouti-Related Protein / physiology* * Amygdala / metabolism * Amygdala / physiology* ... Agouti-related peptide neural circuits mediate adaptive behaviors in the starved state Nat Neurosci. 2016 May;19(5):734-741. ... Hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons are critically important for driving feeding and project axons to ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27019015/?dopt=Abstract
Agouti-signaling protein - WikipediaAgouti-signaling protein - Wikipedia
The increased risk of developing obesity is due to the dysregulation of appetite, as agouti agonizes the agouti-related protein ... Agouti signaling protein (ASP) is the human homologue of murine agouti. It is encoded by the human agouti gene on chromosome 20 ... Along with the homologous Agouti-related peptide, these are the only known mammalian proteins to adopt this fold. The peptide ... Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. It is responsible for the distribution of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-signaling_protein
Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †
Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity † ...
https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.acs-doi-10_1021_bi012000x
Agouti-related peptide - WikipediaAgouti-related peptide - Wikipedia
"Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83- ... "Agouti-related protein is posttranslationally cleaved by proprotein convertase 1 to generate agouti-related protein (AGRP)83- ... Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY ... agouti-related protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Agouti domain in PROSITE Human ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide
Neuromodulation - WikipediaNeuromodulation - Wikipedia
Agouti-related protein homolog gene. *Prolactin. *Apelin. *Metastasis-suppressor. *Diazepam-binding inhibitor ... Parkinsons disease is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei, primarily the ... In invertebrates, there are ~50 known genes encoding neuropeptide precursors.[21] Most neuropeptides bind to G-protein coupled ... Neuropeptides are small proteins used for communication in the nervous system. Neuropeptides represent the most diverse class ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulator
What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence?What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence?
AGRP = Agouti-related protein; CB = cannabinoid; CCK = cholecystokinin; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone; GLIP = ... RCT of a high-protein diet on hunger motivation and weight-loss in obese children: an extension and replication. Obesity ( ... Higher Left Ventricular Mass is Related to Higher Body Mass Index. J Pediatr. 2011 May. 158(5):709-714.e1. [Medline]. ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/985333-19415/what-are-the-long-term-advantages-of-preventing-the-development-of-obesity-in-childhood-and-adolescence
What is energy imbalance, and what is its role in childhood obesity?What is energy imbalance, and what is its role in childhood obesity?
AGRP = Agouti-related protein; CB = cannabinoid; CCK = cholecystokinin; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone; GLIP = ... RCT of a high-protein diet on hunger motivation and weight-loss in obese children: an extension and replication. Obesity ( ... This is often seen when feedings are supplemented with additives such as carbohydrates or fat and protein content remains the ... In infancy, excess fat deposition occurs when excess energy is provided, especially when the protein-to-energy ratio is altered ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/985333-19346/what-is-energy-imbalance-and-what-is-its-role-in-childhood-obesity
Coordinated regulation of hepatic energy stores by Leptin and hypothalamic agouti-related protein<...Coordinated regulation of hepatic energy stores by Leptin and hypothalamic agouti-related protein<...
Coordinated regulation of hepatic energy stores by Leptin and hypothalamic agouti-related protein. Journal of Neuroscience. ... Coordinated regulation of hepatic energy stores by Leptin and hypothalamic agouti-related protein. / Warne, James P.; Varonin, ... title = "Coordinated regulation of hepatic energy stores by Leptin and hypothalamic agouti-related protein", ... T1 - Coordinated regulation of hepatic energy stores by Leptin and hypothalamic agouti-related protein ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/coordinated-regulation-of-hepatic-energy-stores-by-leptin-and-hyp-2
Plus itPlus it
Agouti-related protein; melanocyte-stimulating hormone; cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript; orexin; and other factors. ... Agouti-related protein, dopamine D4 receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1, and ... UPR, unfolded protein response. Perspectives on the News commentaries are now part of a new, free monthly CME activity. The ... Excessive demand leads to the state termed "ER stress," in which cellular responses referred to as the "unfolded protein ...
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/12/3145
Effect of Heat Exposure on Gene Expression of Feed Intake Regulatory Peptides in Laying HensEffect of Heat Exposure on Gene Expression of Feed Intake Regulatory Peptides in Laying Hens
a) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-Related Protein (AgRP); (b) Ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK); (c) Proopiomelanocortin (POMC ... Gene expression of NPY, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related protein (AgRP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), ... M. Goto, H. Arima, M. Watanabe et al., "Ghrelin increases neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide gene expression in the ... The hens were provided a diet with 16% crude protein and 11.3 MJ/kg of metabolisable energy. A light regime of 16 (light)/8 ( ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/484869/
Obesity in Children Medication: Anorexiants, Adrenergic AgonistsObesity in Children Medication: Anorexiants, Adrenergic Agonists
AGRP = Agouti-related protein; CB = cannabinoid; CCK = cholecystokinin; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone; GLIP = ... Further study is needed to investigate if the difference is related to a dosing issue. [57, 58] ... RCT of a high-protein diet on hunger motivation and weight-loss in obese children: an extension and replication. Obesity ( ... Higher Left Ventricular Mass is Related to Higher Body Mass Index. J Pediatr. 2011 May. 158(5):709-714.e1. [Medline]. ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-medication
JCI - Leptin resistance contributes to obesity and hypertension in mouse models of Bardet-Biedl syndromeJCI - Leptin resistance contributes to obesity and hypertension in mouse models of Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Nonstandard abbreviations used: AgRP, agouti-related protein; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BBS, Bardet-Biedl syndrome; CSF, ... which also express agouti-related protein [AgRP]) and is inhibited by leptin. In POMC neurons, leptin is known to increase the ... highlights the major role of a vertebrate-specific branch of chaperonin-related proteins in Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Am. J. Hum. ... BBS10 encodes a vertebrate-specific chaperonin-like protein and is a major BBS locus. Nat. Genet. 38:521-524. View this article ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/32357
JCI - Mice lacking the syndecan-3 gene are resistant to diet-induced obesityJCI - Mice lacking the syndecan-3 gene are resistant to diet-induced obesity
Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol ... Nonstandard abbreviations used: AgRP, Agouti-related protein; HF, high-fat; HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan; IPGTT, ... receptor antagonist Agouti-related protein (AgRP). First, syndecan-3 is found in the CNS in regions of dense MC4 receptor ... Koegler, F, Schaffhauser, R, Mynatt, R, York, D, Bray, G. Macronutrient diet intake of the lethal yellow agouti (Ay/a) mouse. ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/20631
Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical ExaminationObesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination
AGRP = Agouti-related protein; CB = cannabinoid; CCK = cholecystokinin; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone; GLIP = ... RCT of a high-protein diet on hunger motivation and weight-loss in obese children: an extension and replication. Obesity ( ... Higher Left Ventricular Mass is Related to Higher Body Mass Index. J Pediatr. 2011 May. 158(5):709-714.e1. [Medline]. ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-clinical
Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...
Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is transcribed primarily in the ... N2 - Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is transcribed primarily in ... AB - Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is transcribed primarily in ... abstract = "Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is transcribed ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/characterization-of-the-neuroanatomical-distribution-of-agouti-re-2
AgRPPeptideNeuronsAntagonistPeptidesMelanocortin receptorsReceptorsNeuropeptide Y and Agouti-relatedObesityASIPHypothalamusShow that agoutiLeptinGene encodesMiceMolecularSIGNALING PROTEINMRNARegulationMoleculeAdipose TissueEncodes a 131 amino acidGenesRecombinantTranscriptPigmentationHumanOrexinMetabolismSmall moleculesLethal yellowPolypeptideAmino AcidsCharacterizationUbiquitousTubbyExpressionMeSHBiochemistrySequenceHumansAppetiteFood intakeReceptorInhibitoryMouse
AgRP35
  • Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a 4-kDa cystine-knot peptide of human origin with four disulfide bonds and four solvent-exposed loops. (hindawi.com)
  • Previously, we used a truncated form of the Agouti-related protein (AgRP*), a 4-kDa cystine-knot peptide with four disulfide bonds and four solvent-exposed loops, as a molecular scaffold for directed evolution. (hindawi.com)
  • AGRP encompasses 132 amino acid residues and its alpha-melanocortin inhibiting activity results in a 34 amino acid cystine knot domain within the C-terminal (87-132) portion of the protein. (biovendor.com)
  • Agouti-related peptide-expressing (AgRP) neurons seem to be critical for the acute regulation of eating. (merckmillipore.com)
  • The AgRP protein is a strong antagonis of MC3-R and MC4-R and is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with a lower level of expression occurring in testis, lung, and kidney. (merckmillipore.com)
  • Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli mus musculus murine Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli detects proteins from variouse species most likely human. (antibody-antibodies.com)
  • Hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons are critically important for driving feeding and project axons to brain regions implicated in aggression and fear. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, the suppressive effects of leptin on fasting-induced hepatic steatosis are absent in mice lacking the gene encoding agouti-related protein (Agrp), suggesting that this function of leptin is mediated by AGRP. (elsevier.com)
  • Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 amino acids) and shares 81% amino acid identity with the human protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. (elsevier.com)
  • These neurons make peptides that potently stimulate food intake not only by increasing neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling, but by reducing melanocortin signaling via the release of agouti-related peptide (AgRP), an endogenous melanocortin 3/4 receptor antagonist. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, adrenalectomy alters the sensitivity of the central melanocortin system to the effects of the melanocortin antagonist agouti-related protein (AgRP), with the orexigenic effect of the latter being absent in adrenalectomized rats but restored with glucocorticoid supplementation ( 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Agouti related polypeptide (also referred to as "AGRP") is known to affect feeding behavior. (google.com)
  • Here satiety-inducing melanocortin pathways decrease food intake through the interplay of two peptides that compete for binding to the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and its antagonist agouti-related polypeptide (AGRP). (jneurosci.org)
  • The agouti-related protein (AgRP) has a similar sequence and structure but a totally different function. (ucsc.edu)
  • While the N-terminal region of the agouti protein enhances function, the corresponding domain in AgRP actually decreases function. (ucsc.edu)
  • The bioinformatic analysis of the genetic origins of the two proteins show that agouti and its counterpart AgRP both come from a common ancestor. (ucsc.edu)
  • The significance of these findings are three-fold, according to Millhauser: 'We identified a new function for the N-terminal domain of AgRP, we explained a fundamental difference between agouti and AgRP, and we have established an interesting basis for agouti-AgRP evolution. (ucsc.edu)
  • The other elements comprising the melanocortin system are five melanocortin receptors (MCRs) and their antagonists, agouti-signalling (ASIP) and agouti-related (AGRP) proteins ( Boswell & Takeuchi 2005 ). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • I.c.v. injection of human CRP abolished hypothalamic signalling by human leptin, and ameliorated the effects of leptin on the expression of NPY (neuropeptide Y), AgRP (Agouti-related protein), POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) and SOCS-3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3). (biochemj.org)
  • Until recently, the prevailing idea was that the neighboring neurons [agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons] co-expressing the orexigenic neuropeptides, AgRP, and neuropeptide Y increase feeding by opposing the anorexigenic actions of the POMC neurons. (frontiersin.org)
  • To investigate the role of hypothalamic neuronal circuits in this process, we used a Cre-lox strategy to create mice with specific and progressive degeneration of hypothalamic neurons that express agouti-related protein (Agrp) or proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), neuropeptides that promote positive or negative energy balance, respectively, through their opposing effects on melanocortin receptor signaling. (nih.gov)
  • Agouti-Related Protein (AGRP) is an integral component in the metabolic processes that regulate feeding behavior and body weight. (bodybuilding.com)
  • Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in collaboration with UC San Francisco and UC Berkeley, has not only identified and synthesized several AGRP fragments that are as potent inhibitors of MC3-R and MC4-R as the parent molecule, but also the intact protein, AGRP Form C (Jimenez et al, 1999). (bodybuilding.com)
  • The human AGRP has been produced as a His-tagged (N-terminal) fusion protein in E. coli. (promocell.com)
  • It has a MW is 14.4 kDa (calculated) protein containing 112 amino acid residues of the human AGRP and 16 additional amino acid residues - His Tag, thrombin cleavage site. (promocell.com)
  • 2002). „High-resolution NMR structure of the chemically-synthesized melanocortin receptor binding domain AGRP(87-132) of the agouti-related protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • BACGROUND: Acyl ghrelin-induced intake depends on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurotransmitters. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Alcohol also stimulates the activity of neurons that express Agouti-related protein (AgRP) and increases their expression of AgRP. (medindia.net)
  • the melanocortin system consists of 1 ) the melanocortin peptides α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-, β-, γ-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 2 ) a family of five seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors, and 3 ) the endogenous melanocortin antagonists agouti and agouti-related protein (AGRP). (physiology.org)
  • Neurons expressing the peptide Agouti-related protein (AgRP) drive food intake. (nbdiabetes.org)
  • We have reported the unexpected finding that the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr17 mediates some effects of AgRP neurons on food intake. (nbdiabetes.org)
  • These two brain cell populations are propiomelanocortin (Pomc)-expressing neurons, which produce sensations of satiety, and agouti-related protein (Agrp)-expressing neurons, which increase appetite. (genengnews.com)
Peptide11
  • Estradiol Protects Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Peptide Neurons against Insulin Resistance in Females. (harvard.edu)
  • Agouti signalling peptide adopts an inhibitor cystine knot motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • Along with the homologous Agouti-related peptide, these are the only known mammalian proteins to adopt this fold. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesised in the skin that controls coat colour. (wikipedia.org)
  • These receptors are activated by the peptide hormone α-MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and antagonized by the agouti-related protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • This invention relates to peptide analogs of agouti polypeptide and agouti-related polypeptide that are useful in modulating feeding behavior. (google.com)
  • Dunn IC, Wilson PW, D'Eath RB, Boswell T. Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Peptide mRNA is Elevated During Natural and Stress-Induced Anorexia . (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Purification of peptide and protein hormones. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Two such signals that whey protein is known to increase are cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY). (wellnessresources.com)
  • They belong to the peptide and small protein platform with distinct properties. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • The small protein and peptide-based molecular platforms usually possess high tumor penetration ability, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity because of its relatively small size. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Neurons3
  • Parkinson's disease is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in deep-brain nuclei , primarily the melanin-pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra but secondarily the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • But comprehensive transcriptional profiling of glucose-sensing neurons is challenging, as glucokinase (Gck) and other key proteins that transduce glucose signals are expressed at low levels. (frontiersin.org)
  • Activation of neurons making pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through activation of G protein-coupled melanocortin receptors via the release of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. (frontiersin.org)
Antagonist9
  • The agouti protein appears to act as an antagonist to the melanocortin-1 receptor ("MC1r") which is expressed on melanocytes (see Takeuchi, J. Invest. (google.es)
  • Biochemistry, 34:12341-12346 [1995]) have shown that partially purified mouse agouti protein acts as a potent antagonist of a-MSH at the MC1 receptor in B16F10 mouse melanoma cell cultures. (google.es)
  • A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. (harvard.edu)
  • Recombinant Agouti-related protein was a potent, selective antagonist of Mc3r and Mc4r, melanocortin receptor subtypes implicated in weight regulation. (nih.gov)
  • Agouti-related protein is an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic alpha-melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R with potent orexigenic activity. (biovendor.com)
  • Agouti-related protein is an antagonist of the melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptor. (merckmillipore.com)
  • ART (protein product of agouti-related transcript) as an antagonist of MC-3 and MC-4 receptors. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • The agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) is a competitive antagonist with alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been suggested that Agouti-related protein binds MSH receptors and acts as a competitive antagonist of ligand binding. (wikipedia.org)
Peptides9
  • Many platforms including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nanoparticles have been explored in order to develop molecular probes to image a variety of important disease biomarkers [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • proteins with covalently attached, highly acidic sugar chains), unique in their ability to bind many extracellular peptides, such as hormones and growth factors. (jci.org)
  • The present invention provides peptides related to agouti signaling protein and agouti related protein which are useful in modulating the activity of the melanocortin 3 and melanocortin 4 receptors. (google.com)
  • Nicotine withdrawal is accompanied by increased expression of the orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein in the hypothalamus, and decreased expression of the metabolic protein uncoupling protein-3 in brown adipose tissue. (bodybuilding.com)
  • Among the evaluated probes Affibody molecules and analogs, cystine knot peptides, and nanobodies have shown especially good characteristics as protein scaffold platforms for development of in vivo molecular probes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • The small proteins and peptides typically show rapid clearance from blood, non-target tissues and the body, leading to a low background signal. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • With many desirable properties, small proteins and peptides represent excellent molecular platforms for molecular probe development. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • The melanocortin system consists of melanocortin peptides derived from the proopiomelanocortin gene, five melanocortin receptors, two endogenous antagonists, and two ancillary proteins. (physiology.org)
  • In addition, two ancillary proteins, mahogany and syndecan-3, have been found that modulate the activity of the melanocortin peptides (melanocortins). (physiology.org)
Melanocortin receptors3
  • Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. (nih.gov)
  • Characterization of Agouti-related protein binding to melanocortin receptors. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • 1999). „Molecular interaction of Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein with human melanocortin receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors3
  • Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • While most of these proteins are neurotransmitters, receptors, or intracellular signaling molecules, recent data indicate an important role for a unique family of proteins called syndecans. (jci.org)
  • Protein scaffold molecules are powerful reagents for targeting various cell signal receptors, enzymes, cytokines and other cancer-related molecules. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related1
  • Down regulates neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein expression. (agscientific.com)
Obesity11
  • Expression of Agouti protein is normally limited to the skin where it affects pigmentation, but ubiquitous expression causes obesity. (nih.gov)
  • This ectopic expression of the agouti gene is associated with the yellow obese syndrome, characterized by early onset obesity, hyperinsulinemia and tumorigenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ubiquitous unregulated expression of agouti in mice carrying dominant yellow alleles is associated with pleiotropic effects including increased yellow pigment in the coat, obesity, diabetes and increased tumor susceptibility. (genetics.org)
  • Understanding this protein offers the possibility of controlling its function to treat diabetes, obesity, and other metabolism-related disorders. (ucsc.edu)
  • To investigate whether myostatin might be an effective target for suppressing the development of obesity in settings of abnormal fat accumulation, we analyzed the effect of the Mstn mutation in two genetic models of obesity, agouti lethal yellow ( A y ) and obese ( Lep ob/ob ). (jci.org)
  • In this paper we show that loss of myostatin prevents an age-related increase in adipose tissue mass and partially attenuates the obese and diabetic phenotypes of two mouse models of obesity and diabetes, agouti lethal yellow ( A y ) and obese ( Lep ob/ob ). (jci.org)
  • During the last several decade, the world has witnessed a pandemic expansion of pathologies related to high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases - collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2014). In addition, the melanocortin system's influence on circulating glucose levels suggests it could also be targeted to treat obesity-related type 2 diabetes (Morgan et al. (springer.com)
  • These observations demonstrate that dietary intervention during pregnancy minimizes the deleterious effects of maternal obesity on offspring body composition, potentially reducing the offsprings' risk of developing obesity and related diseases later in life. (physiology.org)
  • In this paper, we focus on the role of gut hormones and their related neuronal networks (the gut-brain axis) in appetite control, and their potentials as novel therapies for obesity. (biomedsearch.com)
  • In addition, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled since 1980 ( http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ ). (biologists.org)
ASIP2
  • Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The agouti protein (ASIP) is produced in the skin and binds to a receptor that controls fur patterns and shadings in some animals, such as the tabby pattern in cats, where each hair has several bands of color. (ucsc.edu)
Hypothalamus3
  • An expressed sequence tag was identified that encodes Agouti-related protein, whose RNA is normally expressed in the hypothalamus and whose levels were increased eightfold in ob/ob mice. (nih.gov)
  • Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with lower levels of expression in the testis, kidneys, and lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypothalamus is a key region which possesses reciprocal connections between the higher cortical centres such as reward-related limbic pathways, and the brainstem. (biomedsearch.com)
Show that agouti1
  • In this paper, we show that agouti expression driven by the human beta-ACTIN promoter produces obese yellow transgenic mice and that this can be used as an assay for agouti activity. (genetics.org)
Leptin3
  • Thus, Agouti-related protein is a neuropeptide implicated in the normal control of body weight downstream of leptin signaling. (nih.gov)
  • In the present study, we tested whether circulating human CRP (C-reactive protein) not only diminishes signalling of leptin within the CNS, but also impedes this adipokine's access to the CNS. (biochemj.org)
  • Central and Peripheral Leptin and Agouti-Related Protein during and after Pregnancy in Relation to Weight Change. (gu.se)
Gene encodes3
  • In mice, the agouti gene encodes a paracrine signalling molecule that causes hair follicle melanocytes to synthesize the yellow pigment pheomelanin instead of the black or brown pigment eumelanin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mouse agouti gene encodes an 131 amino acid paracrine signaling molecule that instructs hair follicle melanocytes to switch from making black to yellow pigment. (genetics.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein that regulates feeding behavior and plays a key role in the control of body weight. (bio-rad.com)
Mice10
  • Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Distribution by Agouti-Related Protein in Male Mice. (harvard.edu)
  • Mice with wildtype agouti will be grey, with each hair being partly yellow and partly black. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mice, the wild type agouti allele (A) presents a grey phenotype, however, many allele variants have been identified through genetic analyses, which result in a wide range of phenotypes distinct from the typical grey coat. (wikipedia.org)
  • In wild-type mice agouti is only expressed in the skin during hair growth, but these dominant yellow mutations cause it to be expressed in other tissues as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression of agouti during the middle part of the hair growth cycle in wild-type mice produces a yellow band on an otherwise black hair. (genetics.org)
  • Thus, in vitro mutagenesis followed by the generation of transgenic mice should allow us to identify important functional elements of the agouti protein. (genetics.org)
  • To identify neural pathways that are functionally compromised by Vgf ablation, VGF mutant mice were crossed with obese A y /a (agouti) and ob/ob mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • Hypothalamic levels of NPY and agouti-related polypeptide mRNAs in both double-mutant lines were dramatically elevated 10- to 15-fold above those of wild-type mice. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2002). „Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice." . (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice homozygous for the recessive buff ( Vps33a bf ) mutation on a non-agouti ( a / a ) background have a lightened coat color that has been described as khaki. (jax.org)
Molecular6
  • Gentaur Molecular :Biovend \ Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. (antibody-antibodies.com)
  • Agouti shows no significant homology to known genes, and the molecular analysis of agouti alleles has shed little new light on the important functional elements of the agouti protein. (genetics.org)
  • The International Journal of Molecular Medicine is a monthly, peer-reviewed journal devoted to the publication of high quality studies related to the molecular mechanisms of human disease. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • The understanding of organismal evolution at the molecular level is closely related to the study of gene regulation, as mutations in regulatory regions in the DNA are considered one of the main drivers of biological evolution [ 1 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • For the purpose of development of new generation molecular probes, various protein scaffold molecules have been labeled with imaging moieties and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • The success of those molecular probes demonstrates the adequacy of protein scaffold strategy as a general approach in molecular probe development. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
SIGNALING PROTEIN1
  • 1997). „Effects of recombinant agouti-signaling protein on melanocortin action. (wikipedia.org)
MRNA3
  • The viable yellow (Avy) mutation is due to a change in the mRNA length of agouti, as the expressed gene becomes longer than the normal gene length of agouti. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cathepsin D continues to be comprehensively researched in breasts cancers where overexpression of proteins and mRNA continues to be noticed [10, 11] and been proven to be an unbiased marker of poor prognosis [12, 13]. (antibodyassay.com)
  • Recently, significant advancement has been made in the in vitro display technologies (phage, bacterial, yeast, ribosome and mRNA displayed technology) and rational protein engineering. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Regulation1
  • The pathway maps illustrate protein interactions and regulation to provide a comprehensive picture of signaling and disease processes. (bio-rad.com)
Molecule2
  • in fact, the predicted myostatin protein sequence in the active portion of the molecule is identical among most mammalian and avian species that have been examined. (jci.org)
  • We utilized laser beam microdissection to isolate protein from CRC tumor cells extracted from main tumor body (MTB), invasive Rabbit Polyclonal to OR4L1 front area (IF), and liver metastasis (LM) and Thiazovivin small molecule kinase inhibitor then profiled and compared proteins using saturation label dye 2D-DIGE. (antibodyassay.com)
Adipose Tissue1
  • Promotes storage of glycogen in liver and muscle, fat in adipose tissue, and protein in muscles. (brainscape.com)
Encodes a 131 amino acid2
  • Cell, 71:1195-1204 [1992]), and it encodes a 131 amino acid protein that is secreted. (google.es)
  • The murine agouti gene locus is found on chromosome 2 and encodes a 131 amino acid protein. (wikipedia.org)
Genes3
  • This suggests that the agouti-melanocortin system evolved by gene duplication from individual ligand and receptor genes in the last 500 million years. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, while new protein coding genes mostly appear by duplication of pre-existing genes [ 10 ], DNA sequences within an enhancer can change quickly over evolutionary time and new enhancers can appear in new locations and replace ancient ones. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Open in another window Open in another window Figure 1 RNA pol GTF-encoding and II subunit genes from are grouped by proteins organic. (antibodyassay.com)
Recombinant3
  • The antibody was raised in rabbits by immunization with the recombinant Human Agouti-Related Protein. (biovendor.com)
  • Recombinant Human Agouti-Related Protein, total 128 AA. (biovendor.com)
  • Immunoaffinity chromatography on a column with immobilized recombinant Human Agouti-Related Protein. (biovendor.com)
Transcript1
  • More specifically, the invention concerns a novel gene, termed "ART" for argouti related transcript, that is expressed in selected tissues, and increases food uptake. (google.es)
Pigmentation3
  • This gene is highly similar to the mouse gene and encodes a secreted protein that may (1) affect the quality of hair pigmentation, (2) act as an inverse agonist of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, (3) play a role in neuroendocrine aspects of melanocortin action, and (4) have a functional role in regulating lipid metabolism in adipocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two proteins that control pigmentation and body weight in animals, agouti (pronounced "ah-GOO-tee") protein and agouti-related protein, respectively, diverged from a common ancestor early in vertebrate evolution. (ucsc.edu)
  • Work on the agouti protein that controls pigmentation has shown that the N-terminal region plays a critical role in the protein's function. (ucsc.edu)
Human7
  • This invention relates to novel human gene sequences and proteins encoded by the gene sequences. (google.es)
  • Biochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological characterization of bacterially expressed human agouti-related protein. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Product Detail : RD172030100 Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. (antibody-antibodies.com)
  • We have also other products like : Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. (antibody-antibodies.com)
  • The corresponding human polypeptide is 132 amino acids in length, and is about 25 percent identical to human agouti polypeptide. (google.com)
  • In a human study, it was found that using seventeen grams of whey protein plus fiber prior to a carbohydrate-rich meal lowered blood sugar to more manageable levels. (wellnessresources.com)
  • NCDs contribute to more than half of all human mortalities, being the root cause of 38 million of the 56 million global deaths in 2012 ( http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/en/ ). (biologists.org)
Orexin1
  • Several candidate neuromodulators may be involved in the age-related reduction of activity EE that include: orexin, agouti-related proteins and dopaminergic pathways. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Metabolism5
  • Effects of agouti-related protein on metabolism and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression. (biovendor.com)
  • Protein is the single most important macronutrient to your metabolism. (wellnessresources.com)
  • When you get your protein intake high enough, especially in proteins that are rich in leucine, it can activate metabolism and promote fat burning . (wellnessresources.com)
  • Because whey protein contains 50 to 75 percent more leucine than other proteins, it has a greater ability to stimulate muscle metabolism. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Try taking high quality whey protein at breakfast to boost your metabolism throughout the day and keep weight off this holiday season! (wellnessresources.com)
Small molecules1
  • MacroModel supports a wide range of conformational searching methods, capable of handling systems ranging from small molecules to entire proteins. (schrodinger.com)
Lethal yellow2
  • The most widely studied allele variants are the lethal yellow mutation (Ay) and the viable yellow mutation (Avy) which are caused by ectopic expression of agouti. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lethal yellow (Ay) mutation is due to an upstream deletion at the start site of agouti transcription. (wikipedia.org)
Polypeptide1
  • The agouti gene was cloned in 1992 and was found to encode a 131 amino acid polypeptide (Bultman et al. (google.com)
Amino Acids2
Characterization1
  • Functional characterization of melanocortin-3 receptor variants identify a loss-of-function mutation involving an amino acid critical for G protein-coupled receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
Ubiquitous1
  • The coding exons of agouti are placed under the control of the Raly promoter, initiating ubiquitous expression of agouti, increasing production of pheomelanin over eumelanin and resulting in the development of a yellow phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
Tubby1
  • The immunogen shows no significant sequence homology with Agouti, tubby, tub, TULP1 or TULP2. (merckmillipore.com)
Expression1
  • This protein signals the distribution of melanin pigments in epithelial melanocytes located at the base of hair follicles with expression being more sensitive on ventral hair than on dorsal hair. (wikipedia.org)
MeSH1
  • Agouti-Related Protein" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Biochemistry1
  • The UCSC lab of Glenn Millhauser, professor of chemistry and biochemistry, has elucidated the structural differences that account for different functions for the two proteins. (ucsc.edu)
Sequence4
  • Agouti-related protein is alternatively spliced into 2 variants which differ in 5' untranslated sequence length. (merckmillipore.com)
  • This deletion causes the genomic sequence of agouti to be lost, except the promoter and the first non-encoding exon of Raly, a ubiquitously expressed gene in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compared with coding regions, which are generally highly constrained by protein structure and function, enhancers are freer to evolve, because TFBSs are small (6-10 nucleotides long) and accept much higher levels of sequence divergence than the genetic code, i.e. each transcription factor can recognize a variety of binding site sequences. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Their clearance rate and route of excretion can be optimized by modification of the protein sequence and labeling strategies. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Humans1
  • Melanocortin 5 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC5R gene. (wikipedia.org)
Appetite1
  • This depresses various appetite signals such as neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and ghrelin. (wellnessresources.com)
Food intake1
  • However, ketone bodies (KB) seem to be able to increase food intake through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the release and production of adiponectin. (frontiersin.org)
Receptor5
  • Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we show that targeting a specific G-protein coupled receptor promotes senescence in synovial fibroblasts, enabling amelioration of joint inflammation. (nature.com)
  • Melanocortin 2 Receptor accessory protein (MRAP) traps MC5R protein inside cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Melanokortin receptor 3 je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran MC3R genom . (wikipedia.org)
  • MC 3 je G-protein spregnuti receptor za melanocit-stimulišući hormon i adrenokortikotropski hormon koji je izražen u tkivima izvan adrenalnog korteksa i melanocita. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitory1
  • 2015. The effects of environmental enrichment and age-related differences on inhibitory avoidance in zebrafish (danio rerio hamilton). (uib.no)
Mouse3
  • The mouse agouti gene has been cloned and sequenced (Bultman et al. (google.es)
  • A transgenic mouse assay for agouti protein activity. (genetics.org)
  • We therefore hypothesized that the anorexia and degenerative phenotypes in the anx/anx mouse could be related to defects in the OXPHOS. (diva-portal.org)
What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence?
What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence? (medscape.com)
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What are the race-related demographics of obesity in children, and which ethic groups have the highest incidence of childhood... (medscape.com)
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What is the role of insufficient cardiorespiratory fitness in weight gain and the risk of being overweight in children aged 6... (medscape.com)
Plus it
Plus it (care.diabetesjournals.org)
Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination
Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination (emedicine.medscape.com)
Obesity in Children Guidelines: Guidelines Summary
Obesity in Children Guidelines: Guidelines Summary (emedicine.medscape.com)
Table of Contents - September 25, 2007, 104 (39) | PNAS
Table of Contents - September 25, 2007, 104 (39) | PNAS (pnas.org)
Climate change drives microevolution in a wild bird | Nature Communications
Climate change drives microevolution in a wild bird | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Agouti-Related Protein | Profiles RNS
Agouti-Related Protein | Profiles RNS (profiles.umassmed.edu)
Community Academic Profiles - Faculty & Researchers - Stanford Medicine
Community Academic Profiles - Faculty & Researchers - Stanford Medicine (med.stanford.edu)
Arcuate nucleus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium
Arcuate nucleus - encyclopedia article - Citizendium (en.citizendium.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Therapeutic senescence via GPCR activation in synovial fibroblasts facilitates resolution of arthritis | Nature Communications
Therapeutic senescence via GPCR activation in synovial fibroblasts facilitates resolution of arthritis | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Plus it
Plus it (diabetes.diabetesjournals.org)
Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics Products
Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics Products (biovendor.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Agrp - PrimePCR Assay and Template | Life Science | Bio-Rad
Agrp - PrimePCR Assay and Template | Life Science | Bio-Rad (bio-rad.com)
Hypothalamic neurodegeneration and adult-onset obesity in mice lacking the Ubb polyubiquitin gene | PNAS
Hypothalamic neurodegeneration and adult-onset obesity in mice lacking the Ubb polyubiquitin gene | PNAS (pnas.org)
Eating - Wikipedia
Eating - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Effects Of Smoking And Drinking On Bodybuilders!
Effects Of Smoking And Drinking On Bodybuilders! (bodybuilding.com)
Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: genetic architecture and physiological mechanisms | SpringerLink
Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: genetic architecture and physiological mechanisms | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Obesity and Stress: The Melanocortin Connection | SpringerLink
Obesity and Stress: The Melanocortin Connection | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice (jci.org)
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice (jci.org)
Compensatory Refeeding and Neuropeptide mRNA levels in | Open-i
Compensatory Refeeding and Neuropeptide mRNA levels in | Open-i (openi.nlm.nih.gov)
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Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Luis de Lecea | Stanford Medicine Profiles
Luis de Lecea | Stanford Medicine Profiles (med.stanford.edu)
Central Regulation of Growth: Morphological and Functional Considerations - Nova Science Publishers
Central Regulation of Growth: Morphological and Functional Considerations - Nova Science Publishers (novapublishers.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Hindbrain Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Induces Hypothermia Mediated by GLP-1 Receptors | Journal of...
Hindbrain Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Induces Hypothermia Mediated by GLP-1 Receptors | Journal of... (jneurosci.org)
AGRP, human, recombinant | PromoCell
AGRP, human, recombinant | PromoCell (promocell.com)