AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Agouti-Related ProteinAgouti Signaling ProteinHair ColorReceptors, MelanocortinReceptors, CorticotropinPigmentationIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataProteinsAmino Acid SequenceReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 1alpha-MSHReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 4Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3ArtPro-OpiomelanocortinCystine-Knot MiniproteinsCystine Knot MotifsPeriodicals as TopicBibliometricsAccess to InformationJournal Impact FactorMonomethylhydrazineBioreactorsComputer SecurityCystineConfidentialityPrivacyPortal VeinNeuropeptide YEncyclopedias as TopicArcuate NucleusHypothalamusNeuronsNeuropeptidesNeurotransmitter AgentsAction PotentialsPatch-Clamp TechniquesSerotoninInsulin ResistanceInsulinMetabolic Syndrome XBlood GlucoseObesity, AbdominalObesityWaist CircumferenceNucleic AcidsPatents as TopicCorticosteroneCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneAdrenalectomyHyperphagia
Agouti-Related Protein: A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.Agouti Signaling Protein: A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. Agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS and has wide distribution including ADIPOSE TISSUE; GONADS; and HEART. Its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, OBESITY, and metabolic defects similar to type II diabetes in humans.Hair Color: Color of hair or fur.Receptors, Melanocortin: A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. There are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization.Receptors, Corticotropin: Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1: A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in MELANOCYTES. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. Loss of function mutations of the type 1 melanocortin receptor account for the majority of red hair and fair skin recessive traits in human.alpha-MSH: A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4: A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3: A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH; GAMMA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.ArtPro-Opiomelanocortin: A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).Cystine-Knot Miniproteins: A structurally-related family of small proteins that form a stable tertiary fold pattern which is supported by a series of disulfide bonds. The arrangement of disulfide bonds between the CYSTEINE moieties results in a knotted structure which is unique to this family of proteins.Cystine Knot Motifs: Amino acid sequence in which two disulfide bonds (DISULFIDES) and their connecting backbone form a ring that is penetrated by a third disulfide bond. Members include CYCLOTIDES and agouti-related protein.Periodicals as Topic: A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.Bibliometrics: The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Access to Information: Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.Journal Impact Factor: A quantitative measure of the frequency on average with which articles in a journal have been cited in a given period of time.Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.Computer Security: Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.Confidentiality: The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.Privacy: The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Arcuate Nucleus: A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Metabolic Syndrome X: A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Obesity, Abdominal: A condition of having excess fat in the abdomen. Abdominal obesity is typically defined as waist circumferences of 40 inches or more in men and 35 inches or more in women. Abdominal obesity raises the risk of developing disorders, such as diabetes, hypertension and METABOLIC SYNDROME X.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Waist Circumference: The measurement around the body at the level of the ABDOMEN and just above the hip bone. The measurement is usually taken immediately after exhalation.Nucleic Acids: High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.Patents as Topic: Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.Adrenalectomy: Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.

Contribution of melanocortin receptor exoloops to Agouti-related protein binding. (1/265)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin action that functions in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Although previous studies have shown that AGRP binds three of the five known subtypes of melanocortin receptor, the receptor domains participating in binding and the molecular interactions involved are presently unknown. The present studies were designed to examine the contribution of extracytoplasmic domains of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) to AGRP binding by making chimerical receptor constructs of the human melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R; a receptor that is not inhibited by AGRP) and the human MC4R (a receptor that is potently inhibited by AGRP). Substitutions of the extracytoplasmic NH2 terminus and the first extracytoplasmic loop (exoloop) of the MC4R with homologous domains of the MC1R had no effect on AGRP (87-132) binding affinity or inhibitory activity (the ability to inhibit melanocortin-stimulated cAMP generation). In contrast, cassette substitutions of exoloops 2 and 3 of the MC4R with the homologous exoloops of the MC1R resulted in a substantial loss of AGRP binding affinity and inhibitory activity. Conversely, the exchange of exoloops 2 and 3 of the MC1R with the homologous exoloops of the MC4R was found to confer AGRP binding and inhibitory activity to the basic structure of the MC1R. Importantly, these substitutions did not affect the ability of the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogue [Nle4,D-Phe7] melanocyte stimulating hormone to bind or activate the chimeric receptors. These data indicate that exoloops 2 and 3 of the melanocortin receptors are important for AGRP binding.  (+info)

Down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling mediated by the amino terminus of Agouti protein in Xenopus melanophores. (2/265)

Agouti protein and Agouti-related protein (Agrp) regulate pigmentation and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing melanocortin receptor signaling. A carboxyl-terminal fragment of Agouti protein, Ser73-Cys131, is sufficient for melanocortin receptor antagonism, but Western blot analysis of skin extracts reveals that the electrophoretic mobility of native Agouti protein corresponds to the mature full-length form, His23-Cys131. To investigate the potential role of the amino-terminal residues, we compared the function of full-length and carboxyl-terminal fragments of Agrp and Agouti protein in a sensitive bioassay based on pigment dispersion in Xenopus melanophores. We find that carboxyl-terminal Agouti protein, and all forms of Agrp tested, act solely by competitive antagonism of melanocortin action. However, full-length Agouti protein acts by an additional mechanism that is time- and temperature-dependent, depresses maximal levels of pigment dispersion, and is therefore likely to be mediated by receptor down-regulation. Apparent down-regulation is not observed for a mixture of amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal fragments. We propose that the phenotypic effects of Agouti in vivo represent a bipartite mechanism: competitive antagonism of agonist binding by the carboxyl-terminal portion of Agouti protein and down-regulation of melanocortin receptor signaling by an unknown mechanism that requires residues in the amino terminus of the Agouti protein.  (+info)

NMR structure of a minimized human agouti related protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. (3/265)

The structure of the chemically synthesized C-terminal region of the human agouti related protein (AGRP) was determined by 2D 1H NMR. Referred to as minimized agouti related protein, MARP is a 46 residue polypeptide containing 10 Cys residues involved in five disulfide bonds that retains the biological activity of full length AGRP. AGRP is a mammalian signaling molecule, involved in weight homeostasis, that causes adult onset obesity when overexpressed in mice. AGRP was originally identified by homology to the agouti protein, another potent signaling molecule involved in obesity disorders in mice. While AGRP's exact mechanism of action is unknown, it has been identified as a competitive antagonist of melanocortin receptors 3 and 4 (MC3r, MC4r), and MC4r in particular is implicated in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. Full length agouti and AGRP are only 25% homologous, however, their active C-terminal regions are approximately 40% homologous, with nine out of the 10 Cys residues spatially conserved. Until now, 3D structures have not been available for either agouti, AGRP or their C-terminal regions. The NMR structure of MARP reported here can be characterized as three major loops, with four of the five disulfide bridges at the base of the structure. Though its fold is well defined, no canonical secondary structure is identified. While previously reported structural models of the C-terminal region of AGRP were attempted based on Cys homology between AGRP and certain toxin proteins, we find that Cys spacing is not sufficient to correctly determine the 3D fold of the molecule.  (+info)

Anatomy of an endogenous antagonist: relationship between Agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin in brain. (4/265)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently discovered orexigenic neuropeptide that inhibits the binding and action of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) at the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and has been proposed to function primarily as an endogenous melanocortin antagonist. To better understand the interplay between the AGRP and melanocortin signaling systems, we compared their nerve fiber distributions with each other by immunohistochemistry and their perikarya distribution with MC3R and MC4R by double in situ hybridization. Although deriving from distinct cell groups, AGRP and melanocortin terminals project to identical brain areas. Both AGRP and melanocortin neurons selectively express the MC3R, which provides a neuroanatomical basis for a dual-input circuit with biological amplification and feedback inhibition. These studies highlight a broader complexity in POMC-mediated behavior in the brain.  (+info)

Involvement of agouti-related protein, an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic melanocortin receptor, in leptin action. (5/265)

To understand the role of agouti-related protein (AGRP), an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic melanocortin receptor, in leptin action, we produced a full-length recombinant AGRP and examined its effect on the satiety effect of leptin. We also studied leptin's regulation of hypothalamic AGRP mRNA expression. A single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of AGRP significantly increased cumulative food intake and body weight in a dose-dependent manner in rats. The leptin-induced inhibition of food intake and body weight was reversed by co-injection of AGRP in a dose-dependent manner. Hypothalamic AGRP mRNA expression was upregulated in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice and downregulated in lethal yellow agouti mice (KKAy mice) with hyperleptinemia. A single i.c.v. injection of leptin reversed the increased AGRP mRNA levels in ob/ob mice but not in db/db mice. In control mice and KKAy mice, AGRP mRNA expression was upregulated during fasting, when plasma leptin concentrations were decreased. No significant increase in AGRP mRNA expression was noted during fasting in control mice and KKAy mice treated with leptin. This study provides the first direct evidence that AGRP is a negative regulator of leptin action, and leptin downregulates hypothalamic AGRP production. Because leptin is shown to increase hypothalamic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) production, our data suggest that its action via the hypothalamic melanocortin system is determined by the balance between the levels of its agonist and antagonist, alpha-MSH and AGRP.  (+info)

Integration of NPY, AGRP, and melanocortin signals in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence of a cellular basis for the adipostat. (6/265)

Energy stores are held relatively constant in many mammals. The circuitry necessary for maintaining energy homeostasis should (1) sense the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue, (2) sense and integrate the multiple opposing signals regarding nutritional state, and (3) provide output regulating energy intake and expenditure to maintain energy homeostasis. We demonstrate that individual neurons within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) are capable of detection and integration of orexigenic (neuropeptide Y [NPY]) and anorexigenic (melanocortin) signals, that NPY and melanocortins are functional antagonists of each other within the PVH in the regulation of feeding behavior, and that melanocortin administration within the PVH regulates both feeding behavior and energy expenditure. These data provide a cellular basis for the adipostat within neurons in the PVH that appear to be jointly regulated by NPY- and melanocortin-responsive neurons.  (+info)

The central melanocortin system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis and may mediate the effect of leptin. (7/265)

Prolonged fasting is associated with a downregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid (H-P-T) axis, which is reversed by administration of leptin. The hypothalamic melanocortin system regulates energy balance and mediates a number of central effects of leptin. In this study, we show that hypothalamic melanocortins can stimulate the thyroid axis and that their antagonist, agouti-related peptide (Agrp), can inhibit it. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of Agrp (83-132) decreased plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in fed male rats. Intraparaventricular nuclear administration of Agrp (83-132) produced a long-lasting suppression of plasma TSH, and plasma T4. ICV administration of a stable alpha-MSH analogue increased plasma TSH in 24-hour-fasted rats. In vitro, alpha-MSH increased thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) release from hypothalamic explants. Agrp (83-132) alone caused no change in TRH release but antagonized the effect of alpha-MSH on TRH release. Leptin increased TRH release from hypothalami harvested from 48-hour-fasted rats. Agrp (83-132) blocked this effect. These data suggest a role for the hypothalamic melanocortin system in the fasting-induced suppression of the H-P-T axis.  (+info)

Widespread expression of Agouti-related protein (AGRP) in the chicken: a possible involvement of AGRP in regulating peripheral melanocortin systems in the chicken. (8/265)

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a naturally occurring antagonist of melanocortin action. It is expressed mainly in the arcuate nucleus where it plays an important role in the hypothalamic control of feeding and energy homeostasis by antagonism of central melanocortin 4 receptors in mammals. Besides in the brain, the melanocortin 4 receptor is expressed in numerous peripheral tissues in the chicken. To examine whether or not the peripheral melanocortin 4 receptor signaling could be regulated by AGRP, we cloned and localized the expression of the AGRP gene in the chicken. The chicken AGRP gene was found to encode a 154 or 165 amino acid protein, depending on the usage of two alternative translation initiation sites. The coding sequence consisted of three exons, like that of mammalian species. The C-terminal cysteine-rich region of the predicted AGRP displayed high levels of identity to mammalian counterparts (78-84%) and all 10 cysteine residues conferring functional conformation of AGRP were conserved; however, other regions showed apparently no homology, suggesting that biological activities of AGRP are located in its C-terminal region. RT-PCR analysis detected the AGRP mRNA in all tissues examined: the brain, adrenal gland, heart, liver, spleen, gonads, kidney, uropygial gland, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Interestingly, the skin also expressed the AGRP mRNA, where Agouti, another melanocortin receptor antagonist regulating hair pigmentation, is expressed in rodents. Most of those AGRP-expressing tissues have been demonstrated to express melanocortin 4 receptors and/or other subtypes of melanocortin receptor whose mammalian counterparts can bind AGRP. These results imply the possibility that some peripheral melanocortin systems could be regulated by the functional interaction between melanocortins and AGRP at melanocortin receptors in the chicken.  (+info)

Agouti-related peptide - WikipediaAgouti-related peptide - Wikipedia
Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesised only in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene. AgRP is a paracrine signalling molecule made up of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesised in the skin that controls coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 ...
Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the rat. AU - Haskell-Luevano, Carrie. AU - Chen, Peilin. AU - Li, Chien. AU - Chang, Kang. AU - Smith, M. Susan. AU - Cameron, Judy L.. AU - Cone, Roger D.. PY - 1999/1/1. Y1 - 1999/1/1. N2 - Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a recently described homolog of the skin agouti protein. AGRP is transcribed primarily in the adrenal and hypothalamus and is a high affinity antagonist of the neural melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors. The perikarya expressing AGRP messenger RNA are found in the arcuate nucleus of the rat and rhesus monkey. Using a polyclonal antibody against the pharmacologically active domain of AGRP (amino acids 83- 132), we have also characterized the distribution of AGRP-immunoreactive neurons in both species. The major fiber tracts are conserved in both species, with dense projections originating in the arcuate nucleus and proceeding along ...
Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative PeptidesAgouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative Peptides
Creative Peptides offers Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human for your research. We also provide custom peptide synthesis, process development, GMP manufacturing.
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. agouti-related protein ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in miceJCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
Several different neuronal populations are involved in regulating energy homeostasis. Among these, agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons are thought to promote feeding and weight gain; however, the evidence supporting this view is incomplete. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology to provide specific and reversible regulation of neuronal activity in mice, we have demonstrated that acute activation of AgRP neurons rapidly and dramatically induces feeding, reduces energy expenditure, and ultimately increases fat stores. All these effects returned to baseline after stimulation was withdrawn. In contrast, inhibiting AgRP neuronal activity in hungry mice reduced food intake. Together, these findings demonstrate that AgRP neuron activity is both necessary and sufficient for feeding. Of interest, activating AgRP neurons potently increased motivation for feeding and also drove intense food-seeking behavior, demonstrating that AgRP neurons engage brain sites ...
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in miceJCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
Several different neuronal populations are involved in regulating energy homeostasis. Among these, agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons are thought to promote feeding and weight gain; however, the evidence supporting this view is incomplete. Using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology to provide specific and reversible regulation of neuronal activity in mice, we have demonstrated that acute activation of AgRP neurons rapidly and dramatically induces feeding, reduces energy expenditure, and ultimately increases fat stores. All these effects returned to baseline after stimulation was withdrawn. In contrast, inhibiting AgRP neuronal activity in hungry mice reduced food intake. Together, these findings demonstrate that AgRP neuron activity is both necessary and sufficient for feeding. Of interest, activating AgRP neurons potently increased motivation for feeding and also drove intense food-seeking behavior, demonstrating that AgRP neurons engage brain sites ...
Massimo Beltramo - Neurosciences - FBNMassimo Beltramo - Neurosciences - FBN
To further investigate the implication of MC system in chronic pain, we have used a double approach. From one side we have performed in vivo studies on the effects of several MC antagonists on animal models of persistent pain (spinal nerve ligation, chronic constriction injury and formalin). On the other hand we used immunocytochemical analysis and gene expression study to corroborate our in vivo finding. Our finding that the endogenous antagonist agouti related protein is present in key areas of the pain pathway suggests the hypothesis that the endogenous melanocortin system could modulate pain perception not only positively but also negatively. The antinociceptive effect induced by in vivo administration of the agouti related protein lends further support to this hypothesis. The experimental evidence gathered, together with the published data, suggest that MC analgesia is primary mediated by the MC 4 receptors. The development of non-peptidic selective MC4 receptor antagonists would be an ...
JCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behaviorJCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behavior
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
JCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behaviorJCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behavior
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
Patente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google PatentesPatente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google Patentes
Disclosed is a novel gene termed ART which is expressed primarily in selected regions of the brain, as well as adrenal and lung tissues. Polypeptides encoded by ART are also disclosed, as are methods for preparing ART DNA and amino acid sequences.
Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †
Close The Infona portal uses cookies, i.e. strings of text saved by a browser on the users device. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the users data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc.), or their login data. By using the Infona portal the user accepts automatic saving and using this information for portal operation purposes. More information on the subject can be found in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. By closing this window the user confirms that they have read the information on cookie usage, and they accept the privacy policy and the way cookies are used by the portal. You can change the cookie settings in your browser. ...
Glucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | DiabetesGlucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | Diabetes
Within the hypothalamus, an important role can be attributed to the ARC nucleus, which contains two important populations of cells with antagonistic effects on food intake (7). The first consists of appetite-stimulating cells that express two orexigenic peptides: NPY, an agonist of NPY receptors, and Agouti-related protein (AgRP), the antagonist of the melanocortin receptors (types 3 [MC3-R] and 4 [MC4-R]). These cells project to different hypothalamic nuclei, such as the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the LHA (Fig. 3), which in turn are linked to centers regulating appetite and energy expenditure (7,88). It was mentioned earlier that some of these cells express both GK and GLUT2 and, thus, may be capable of directly monitoring nutrient homeostasis via measurement of plasma glucose levels. A second population of ARC neurons produces the anorectic peptide α-MSH, an end product of POMC processing (89), and the cocaine/amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) ...
Fasting May Change Brains Hunger ResponseFasting May Change Brain's Hunger Response
Intermittent fasting is an alternative to calorie restriction used primarily in lab experiments. It usually involves placing animals on a 24-hour on, 24-hour off feeding cycle, and usually results in weight loss. Several studies have suggested that it promotes a number of significant improvements in health. "We concluded that improvements in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular and neuroendocrine stress adaptation occur in response to [intermittent fasting]," one study reported. Intermittent fasting caused changes in the hypothalamus of rats that may explain the low feeding efficiency, reduced body mass, and overeating seen in these animals, researchers reported.. Though most of the research on the benefits of intermittent fasting has been done in lab animals, research is starting to be done in humans, and the results are similar to those seen in animals.. Researchers found increased expression of the orexigenic neurotransmitters agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), ...
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Neuromi \ Recombinant Human Agouti Related Protein, 2 ug. \ PR15056-2 for more molecular products just contact us
Patent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google PatentsPatent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google Patents
The present invention provides peptides related to agouti signaling protein and agouti related protein which are useful in modulating the activity of the melanocortin 3 and melanocortin 4 receptors. Also provided are methods of preparing the peptides, as well as nucleic acid molecules encoding the peptides.
A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight. ...A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight. ...
Liu J, Cao S, Liu M, et al. A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight[J]. Scientific reports, 2018, 8(1): 5514.
Frontiers | Impact of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake | NeuroscienceFrontiers | Impact of hypothalamic reactive oxygen species in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake | Neuroscience
Hypothalamus is a key area involved in the control of metabolism and food intake via the integrations of numerous signals (hormones, neurotransmitters, metabolites) from various origins. These factors modify hypothalamic neurons activity and generate adequate molecular and behavioral responses to control energy balance. In this complex integrative system, a new concept has been developed in recent years, that includes reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a critical player in energy balance. ROS are known to act in many signaling pathways in different peripheral organs, but also in hypothalamus where they regulate food intake and metabolism by acting on different types of neurons, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. Hypothalamic ROS release is under the influence of different factors such as pancreatic and gut hormones, adipokines (leptin, apelin,...), neurotransmitters and nutrients (glucose, lipids,...). The sources of ROS production are
Most recent papers with the keyword Satiety hormons | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Satiety hormons | Read by QxMD
The understanding of adipose tissue role has evolved from that of a depot energy storage organ to a dynamic endocrine organ. While genetics, sexual phenotype and sex steroids can impact the mass and distribution of adipose tissue, there is a counter-influence of white adipocytes on reproduction. This primarily occurs via the secretion of adipokines, the most studied of which- leptin and adiponectin- are highlighted in this article. Leptin, the "satiety hormone" primarily acts on the hypothalamus via pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) NPY neurons to translate acute changes in nutrition and energy expenditure, as well as chronic adipose accumulation into changes in appetite and potentially mediate insulin resistance via shared pathway and notably impacting reproductive health via influence on GnRH secreting neurons ...
Alcohol and obesity cause 90% of liver deaths- scientists »Alcohol and obesity cause 90% of liver deaths- scientists »
Alcohol switches the brain into starvation mode, increasing hunger and appetite, scientists have discovered. In tests on mice, alcohol activated the brain signals that tell the body to eat more food.. The UK researchers, who report their findings in the journal Nature Communications, believe the same is probably true in humans. It would explain why many people say they eat more when they have had a few drinks. Rather than loss of restraint, it is a neuronal response, the Francis Crick Institute team says. The mice were given generous doses of alcohol for three days - a dose being equivalent to around 18 units or a bottle-and-a-half of wine for a person. The alcohol caused increased activity in neurons called AGRP. These are the neurons that are fired when the body experiences starvation. The mice ate more than normal too. When the researchers repeated the experiment but blocked the neurons with a drug, the mice did not eat as much which, the researchers say, suggests that AGRP neurons are ...
Labeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor AngiogenesisLabeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis
BioMed Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering a wide range of subjects in life sciences and medicine. The journal is divided into 55 subject areas.
Ghrelin agonist JMV 1843 increases food intake, body weight and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides in mice - IBMM Peptide...Ghrelin agonist JMV 1843 increases food intake, body weight and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides in mice - IBMM Peptide...
Abstract. Ghrelin and agonists of its receptor GHS-R1a are potential substances for the treatment of cachexia. In the present study, we investigated the acute and long-term effects of the GHS-R1a agonist JMV 1843 (H-Aib-DTrp-D-gTrp-CHO) on food intake, body wt. and metabolic parameters in lean C57BL/6 male mice. Addnl., we examd. stability of JMV 1843 in mouse blood serum. A single s.c. injection of JMV 1843 (0.01-10 mg/kg) increased food intake in fed mice in a dose-dependent manner, up to 5-times relative to the saline-treated group (ED50=1.94 mg/kg at 250 min). JMV 1843 was stable in mouse serum in vitro for 24 h, but was mostly eliminated from mouse blood after 2 h in vivo. Ten days of treatment with JMV 1843 (s.c. administration, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day) significantly increased food intake, body wt. and mRNA expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide in the medial basal hypothalamus and decreased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue. Our data ...
PLOS ONE: Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Mediates the Orexigenic Action of GhrelinPLOS ONE: Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Mediates the Orexigenic Action of Ghrelin
Current evidence suggests that ghrelin, a stomach derived peptide, exerts its orexigenic action through specific modulation of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1)/p53 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, which ultimately increase the expression of agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). However, there is a paucity of data about the possible action of ghrelin on alternative metabolic pathways at this level. Here, we demonstrate that ghrelin elicits a marked upregulation of the hypothalamic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Of note, central inhibition of mTOR signaling with rapamycin decreased ghrelins orexigenic action and normalized the mRNA expression of AgRP and NPY, as well as their key downstream transcription factors, namely cAMP response-element binding protein (pCREB) and forkhead box O1 (FoxO1, total and phosphorylated). Taken together, these data indicate that, in addition to previous reported mechanisms, ghrelin
Non-peptide ligands in the characterization of peptide receptors at the interface between neuroendocrine and mental diseasesNon-peptide ligands in the characterization of peptide receptors at the interface between neuroendocrine and mental diseases
or combined one demonstrated that food intake requires the concerted actions of both receptors, though compensatory mechanisms induced by a general knockout have to take into account.. A series of NPY5-R antagonists developed five years after the study by Kanatani et al. starting with the report on MK0557 (25) (Figure 5) [131] based on spiroindol scaffolds and achieved Ki values of 0.57 nM [132]. A combination of high receptor affinity and suitable brain/ plasma ratio showed a spiroindol linked with a biphenyl. But with a log D > 4 and a poor bioavailability [132] it did not meet the criteria as a probe for in vivo receptor imaging. A further compound provided lower NPY5-R affinity (Ki 1.5 nM) but a log D7.4 of 2.79 and was therefore used as 11C-labeled radioligand. This tracer was not a substrate for the human P-gp transporter [132].. 4. MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS. 4.1. Melanocortins, Agouti-Related Peptide and Their Receptors. Melanocortins, including ACTH and MSH, are characterized by the amino ...
OriGene - AGRP (NM 001138) Human ORF cDNA CloneOriGene - AGRP (NM 001138) Human ORF cDNA Clone
AGRP - AGRP (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human agouti related protein homolog (mouse) (AGRP) available for purchase from OriGene - Your Gene Company.
PROSITEPROSITE
The agouti signaling protein (ASIP or the agouti protein) and its neuropeptide homolog the agouti-related protein (AgRP) are paracrine signaling molecules that act as inverse agonists at distinct subsets of melanocortin receptors. ASIP antagonizes the binding of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) to melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), switching melanin synthesis from eumelanin (black/brown) to phaeomelanin (red/yellow). The effect of ASIP on pigment type-switching is responsible for a variety of coat color patterns accross a broad range of mammalian species. AgRP is involved in energy balance and acts normally at the MC3R and MC4R to control body weight regulation and metabolism [1,2]. Sequence similarity between ASIP and AgRP is confined to their Cys-rich C-terminal domains, which are also responsible for melanocortin receptor binding activity in vitro. Approximately 40 residues in length, there are ten cysteine residues in the C-terminal domain that form a network of five disulfide bonds ...
Effect of starvation on transcriptomes of brain and liver in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio). - Semantic ScholarEffect of starvation on transcriptomes of brain and liver in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio). - Semantic Scholar
We used microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses in adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify metabolic pathways regulated by starvation in the liver and brain. The transcriptome of whole zebrafish brain showed little response to 21 days of starvation. Only agouti-related protein 1 (agrp1) significantly responded, with increased expression in brains of starved fish. In contrast, a 21-day period of starvation significantly downregulated 466 and upregulated 108 transcripts in the liver, indicating an overall decrease in metabolic activity, reduced lipid metabolism, protein biosynthesis, proteolysis, and cellular respiration, and increased gluconeogenesis. Starvation also regulated expression of many components of the unfolded protein response, the first such report in a species other than yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mice (Mus musculus). The response of the zebrafish hepatic transcriptome to starvation was strikingly similar to that of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
ResearchResearch
Lesioning studies performed nearly 100 years ago identified the hypothalamus as a critical structure for the control of food intake. However the dynamics of the hypothalamic circuits that give rise to feeding behavior have long been a mystery. In 2015, we reported the first measurements of the activity dynamics of hypothalamic neurons that control hunger (AgRP neurons) in awake, behaving mice (Chen et al., Cell 2015). Prior to our work, these cells were thought to be regulated primarily by hormones and nutrients that circulate in the blood, such that their activity would gradually fluctuate in unison with changes in nutritional state. We discovered unexpectedly that these hunger neurons are also potently regulated by sensory cues associated with food: that is, we found that merely showing a piece of food to a hungry mouse was sufficient to shut off its AgRP neurons within seconds, often before a single bite of food could be consumed. We showed that this sensory regulation resembles an expected ...
Molekulare Charakterisierung an der hypothalamischen Appetitregulation beteiligter RezeptorenMolekulare Charakterisierung an der hypothalamischen Appetitregulation beteiligter Rezeptoren
Bodyweight and food intake are regulated by the hypothalamus which integrates peripheral hormonal and neural signals. The G-protein-coupled melanocortin-receptors 3 and 4 (MC3R and MC4R) are activated by melanocortins or inhibited by agouti-related pepetide (AgRP) and signal via the cAMP pathway. Brain-derived neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) was recently shown to signal downstream the MC4R via its receptor TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase). Mutations in the MC4R are the most common cause of monogenetic obesity. However, many of these mutations are not functionally relevant in vitro. Here, an amino acid alignment of orthologous MC4R from over 70 species was used to evaluate reported mutations. Loss-of-function mutations were predominantly located at highly conserved positions whereas mutations without effect were located at non-conserved positions. Functional characterization of MC4R point mutations I194F (partial loss of function) and Y302C (complete loss of function) identified in mouse models ...
Exactly Who Can I Follow? Autophagy Compound Library Admirers On The Subject Of Myspace - Hemoroizi ForumExactly Who Can I Follow? Autophagy Compound Library Admirers On The Subject Of Myspace - Hemoroizi Forum
at the., the fasting-induced reductions associated with TRH mRNA from the PVN uses through the decline in hypothalamic ��-MSH along with the increase in NPY/AGRP.162 Because it is obvious chances are a large number of human hormones apply part of their particular consequences by way of a key route, a major question is which usually hypothalamic neuropeptides get excited about mediating the varied outcomes of these kinds of the bodys hormones.
Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system<...Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Satiety effect and sympathetic activation of leptin are mediated by hypothalamic melanocortin system. AU - Satoh, Noriko. AU - Ogawa, Yoshihiro. AU - Katsuura, Goro. AU - Numata, Yoshito. AU - Masuzaki, Hiroaki. AU - Yoshimasa, Yasunao. AU - Nakao, Kazuwa. PY - 1998/6/19. Y1 - 1998/6/19. N2 - Leptin is an adipocyte-derived blood-borne satiety factor that decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure, thereby leading to a substantial decrease in body weight. To explore the possible roles of the hypothalamic melanocortin system in leptin action, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin with or without SHU9119, a potent antagonist of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, on food intake, body weight, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) mRNA expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats. A single ICV injection of leptin decreased cumulative food intake and body weight gain, and increased UCP-1 mRNA expression during 3 h at ...
Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way<...Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interleukin-6 regulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in body weight in a gender-dependent way. AU - Señarís, R. M.. AU - Trujillo, M. L.. AU - Navia, B.. AU - Comes, G.. AU - Ferrer, B.. AU - Giralt, M.. AU - Hidalgo, J.. PY - 2011/8/1. Y1 - 2011/8/1. N2 - Interleukin (IL)-6 has been involved in the control of body weight and body fat. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood because central and peripheral actions of IL-6 are plausible. To gain further insight into the central effects of IL-6, we used transgenic mice expressing the IL-6 gene under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter (GFAP-IL-6 mice), therefore with central nervous system-restricted over-expression of IL-6, and we studied the expression of the main neuropeptides responsible for energy homeostasis in specific hypothalamic nuclei. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone ...
Plus itPlus it
Perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of the melanocortin system is that it has two endogenous antagonists, agouti and AGRP. These proteins are unique in that no inhibitory proteins have been identified for any of the seven-transmembrane receptor family. Agouti and AGRP are paracrine signaling molecules, which are endogenous antagonists of the MCRs (13). Of physiological significance, agouti and AGRP have MCR subtype selectivity (Table 1). Interestingly, agouti and AGRP both have a cysteine-rich COOH-terminal domain. Although the structure of agouti has not been resolved, nuclear magnetic resonance studies demonstrate that the cysteine residues in AGRP adopt a structural motif called an inhibitor cystine knot (32). This motif is common to invertebrate toxins, but in mammals this structure is unique to AGRP and, presumably, agouti. Another commonality is that agouti and AGRP have both been shown in vitro to be inverse agonists (33). Thus they have the potential in vivo to regulate their ...
Brain Neurons Influence Weight Gain and DiabetesBrain Neurons Influence Weight Gain and Diabetes
According to a research report published in The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) Journal, lack of AgRP-neurons, brain cells involved in controlling food intake, led to obesity if the mice studied were fed a regular carbohydrate diet. However, when the animals are raised on a high-fat diet, they end up leaner and healthier.. The different outcomes are due to how the AgRP neurons influence the way the body breaks down and stores nutrients. Mice that lack the brain neurons dont adapt well to a carbohydrate diet and appear to have a metabolism best suited for a high-fat diet.. Your genetics, diet and exercise habits are all major players in your weight and overall health. However, Serge Luquet, lead author of the study, says its "not just a question of what you eat and your genetic makeup, but also how the body manages to convert, store and use food nutrients.". The researchers wanted to see if the AgRP neurons had additional influence beyond what scientists already knew about its ...
Atividade serotoninérgica perinatal: um fator decisivo para o controle da ingestão alimentarAtividade serotoninérgica perinatal: um fator decisivo para o controle da ingestão alimentar
REFERENCES. 1 Lidov H, Molliver M. An immunohistochemical study of serotonin neuron development in the rat: Ascending pathways and terminal fields. Brain Res Bull. 1982;8(4):389-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(82)90077-6 [ Links ] 2 Manjarrez G, Chagoya G, Hernández R J. Early nutritional changes modify the kinetics and phosphorylation capacity of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1994;12(8):695-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-5748(94)90 049-3 [ Links ] 3 Galindo LCM, Barros MLD, Pinheiro IL, Santana RVC, Matos RJB, Leandro CG, et al. Neonatal serotonin reuptake inhibition reduces hypercaloric diet effects on fat mass and hypothalamic gene expression in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2015;46:76-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu. 2015.07.004 [ Links ] 4 Miranda R, Vetter S, Genro J, Campagnolo P, Mattevi V, Vitolo M, et al. SLC6A14 and 5-HTR2C polymorphisms are associated with food intake and nutritional status in children. Clin Biochem. 2015;48(18):1277-82. ...
Hate to diet? Its how we are wiredHate to diet? It's how we are wired
If youre finding it difficult to stick to a weight-loss diet, scientists at the Howard Hughes Medical Institutes Janelia Research Campus say you can likely blame hunger-sensitive cells in your brain known as AGRP neurons. ...
Lou Gehrigs disease progression: | SciforumsLou Gehrig's disease progression: | Sciforums
Researchers show how Lou Gehrigs disease progression could be delayed February 9, 2017 [IMG] Pellecchia and colleagues hypothesize that interactions...
Plus itPlus it
BMPs in the Development of Enteric Neurons Alcmène Chalazonitis, Fabien DAutréaux, Udayan Guha, Tuan D. Pham, Christophe Faure, Jason J. Chen, Daniel Roman, Lixin Kan, Taube P. Rothman, John A. Kessler, and Michael D. Gershon. (see pages 4266-4282). The influence of the local environment drives the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) that derives from the neural crest. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), not being deterred by their name, influence developmental processes in many tissues, including the gut. In this issue, Chalazonitis et al. set out to determine the role of BMP-2 and -4 on the specification and differentiation of enteric neurons. They examined the ENS of mice at embryonic day 12 when neurons first appear in the gut. BMPs, their cognate receptors, as well as several endogenous antagonists were identified in populations of neural crest-derived and non-crest-derived cells. Using transgenic mice that overexpress the endogenous antagonist noggin and thus sequester ...
Frontiers | Inhibitory Effect of the Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II (MTII) on Feeding Depends on Dietary Fat...Frontiers | Inhibitory Effect of the Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II (MTII) on Feeding Depends on Dietary Fat...
Introduction: Conflicting data exist on sensitivity changes of the melanocortin system during diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that melanocortin sensitivity depends on diet composition, in particular on the fat content rather than the level of obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of diet composition on feeding responses to a melanocortin receptor agonist, using free-choice diets that differ in food components.Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected to a chow (CHOW) diet or a free-choice (fc) diet of either chow, saturated fat and liquid sugar (fcHFHS), chow and saturated fat (fcHF), or chow and liquid sugar (fcHS) for 4 weeks. Melanocortin sensitivity was tested by measuring food intake following administration of the melanocortin 3/4 receptor agonist melanotan II (MTII) or vehicle in the lateral ventricle. In a separate experiment, POMC and AgRP mRNA levels were determined in the arcuate nucleus with in situ hybridization in rats subjected to the free-choice diets for 4
Leptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep - StrathprintsLeptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep - Strathprints
Peripheral and hypothalamic mechanisms underlying the hyperphagia of lactation have been investigated in sheep. Sheep were fed ad libitum and killed at 6 and 18 days of lactation; ad libitum-fed nonlactating sheep were killed as controls. Despite increased food intake, lactating ewes were in negative energy balance. Lactation decreased plasma leptin and adipose tissue leptin mRNA concentrations. OB-Rb gene expression, determined by in situ hybridization, was increased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) at both stages of lactation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was increased by lactation in both the ARC and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), although increased gene expression in the DMH was only apparent at day 18 of lactation. Gene expression was decreased for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the ARC and VMH and for proopiomelanocortin in ARC during lactation. Agouti-related peptide gene expression was increased in the ARC, and ...
Most recent papers with the keyword arcuate nucleus | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword arcuate nucleus | Read by QxMD
The study explored effects of brexpiprazole (partial D2/5-HT1A agonist, 5-HT2A and α1B/2C-adrenoceptor antagonist) in rats exposed to predator scent stress (PSS), a proposed model of PTSD-like phenotype. Brexpiprazole (3.0mg/kg, PO), escitalopram (5.0mg/kg, IP) and their combination were administered twice daily for 14 days, starting 14 days after exposure to PSS or sham-PSS, shortly after a situational stress reminder. One day after last treatment behavioral responsivity was assessed. Brexpiprazole+escitalopram-treated rats spent more time in open arms, entered open arms more often and exhibited a lower anxiety index in the elevated plus maze than vehicle-treated, PSS-exposed rats ...
The additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelins orexigenic effect in ratsThe additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelin's orexigenic effect in rats
article{957131c7-5da4-4ef9-89f1-411e13214787, abstract = {,p,The progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (AlloP), is a GABA,sub,A,/sub, receptor modulating steroid and is known to have orexigenic and pro-obesity effects. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these effects are most likely due to enhanced GABAergic signaling in the lateral arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Inspired by the finding that GABAergic signaling is also important for the orexigenic effects of the circulating hormone, ghrelin, we sought to determine the extent to which AlloP (one of the most potent endogenous GABA,sub,A,/sub,-receptor modulators) operates alongside ghrelin to enhance food intake. Male rats with ad libitum access to standard chow were injected intravenously with AlloP and/or ghrelin, alone or in combination. The intake of the standard chow was greater after AlloP 1 mg/kg together with ghrelin 30 μg/kg than with 30 μg/kg ghrelin alone. Food intake ...
Potential New Treatment for Patients with Lou Gehrigs DiseasePotential New Treatment for Patients with Lou Gehrig's Disease
California-based Isis Pharmaceuticals may have discovered an effective treatment for Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrigs disease
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin systemAnatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
The central melanocortin system is perhaps the best-characterized neuronal pathway involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. This collection of circuits is unique in having the capability of sensing signals from a staggering array of hormones, nutrients and afferent neural inputs. It is like …
Similar papers for Eating elicited by orexin-a, but not melanin-concentrating hormone, is opioid mediated. - Semantic ScholarSimilar papers for Eating elicited by orexin-a, but not melanin-concentrating hormone, is opioid mediated. - Semantic Scholar
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin-A are orexigenic peptidergic neurotransmitters produced primarily in the lateral hypothalamus. Because two other hypothalamic peptides, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide, increase food intake by a mechanism that depends on activation of opioid receptors, we assessed whether MCH or orexin-A also elicits food intake via opioid receptor activation. A dose of naloxone (0.3 mg/kg, ip) that had no effect on its own reduced the acute orexigenic effect of third ventricular (i3vt) orexin-A (3 ng/rat). However, this same dose of naloxone had no effect on i3vt MCH (5 microg/rat)-induced hyperphagia. Because the opioid system has also been linked to food selection, we investigated whether MCH or orexin-A alters food choice when rats have simultaneous access to two diets differing in the relative amounts of fat and carbohydrate. Whereas i3vt MCH stimulated intake of both diets and did not alter food choice, i3vt orexin-A stimulated intake of only the high fat
Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a...Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a...
Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat
Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4-R or MC4R) - Pipeline Review, H1 2016 : ReportsnReportsMelanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4-R or MC4R) - Pipeline Review, H1 2016 : ReportsnReports
[65 Pages Report] Check for Discount on Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4-R or MC4R) - Pipeline Review, H1 2016 report by Global Markets Direct. Global Markets Directs, Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4-...
CiNii Articles - Finding partner for orexigenic peptide : The receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a G...CiNii Articles - Finding partner for orexigenic peptide : The receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a G...
メラニン凝集ホルモン(MCH)受容体の発見 : オーファン受容体ストラテジーが解決の鍵となる [in Japanese] Finding partner for orexigenic peptide : The receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a G protein-coupled receptor [in Japanese] ...
Melanocortin Receptor | DC ChemicalsMelanocortin Receptor | DC Chemicals
BMS-470539 dihydrochloride BMS-470539 dihydrochloride is a highly potent and selective melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) agonist with an IC50 of 120 nM, an EC50 of 28 nM. BMS-470539 dihydrochloride does not activate MC-3R and is a very weak partial agonist at MC-4R and MC-5R. BMS-470539 dihydrochloride has potently anti-inflammatory properties.. ...
Asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormoneAsprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone
Asprosin is a recently discovered fasting-induced hormone that promotes hepatic glucose production. Here we demonstrate that asprosin in the circulation crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly activates orexigenic AgRP|sup|+|/sup| neurons via a cAMP-dependent pathway. This signaling results in …
Human HCRTR2/Apoaequorin Stable Cell Line-CHO - Creative BiogeneHuman HCRTR2/Apoaequorin Stable Cell Line-CHO - Creative Biogene
The protein encoded by this gene is a G-protein coupled receptor involved in the regulation of feeding behavior. The encoded protein binds the hypothalamic neuropeptides
Articles by CESARE BATTAGLIA, MD : Obstetrics & GynecologyArticles by CESARE BATTAGLIA, MD : Obstetrics & Gynecology
Obstetrics & Gynecology is the official publication of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Popularly known as The Green Journal, Obstetrics & Gynecology has been published since 1953. Then as is now, the goal of the journal is to promote excellence in the clinical practice of obstetrics and gynecology and closely related fields.
Melanocortin 5 receptorMelanocortin 5 receptor
Melanocortin 4 receptorMelanocortin 4 receptor
NeuromodulationNeuromodulation
ACTH receptorACTH receptor
Melanocortin 3 receptorMelanocortin 3 receptor
GhrelinGhrelin
Mesostriatal systemMesostriatal system
EatingEating
Inhibitor cystine knotInhibitor cystine knot
Melanocortin receptorMelanocortin receptor
EatingEating
Melanokortinski 3 receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаMelanokortinski 3 receptor - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Arcuate nucleusArcuate nucleus
Central melanocortin systemCentral melanocortin system
Dog coat geneticsDog coat genetics
Melanokortinski receptor - ВикипедијаMelanokortinski receptor - Википедија
Agouti-related peptideAgouti-related peptide
Agouti signalling peptideAgouti signalling peptide
弓狀核 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书弓狀核 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
Labrador Retriever coat colour geneticsLabrador Retriever coat colour genetics
Parathyroid hormone-related proteinParathyroid hormone-related protein
MelanocortinMelanocortin
配體 (生物化學) - 维基百科，自由的百科全配體 (生物化學) - 维基百科，自由的百科全
Transforming growth factor beta superfamilyTransforming growth factor beta superfamily
Ephrin A4Ephrin A4
Ligand (biochemistry)Ligand (biochemistry)
Ephrin A5Ephrin A5
Cat coat geneticsCat coat genetics
肥胖症 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书肥胖症 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书
EpigeneticsEpigenetics
Adrenocorticotropic hormoneAdrenocorticotropic hormone
Tahikininski receptor 1 - ВикипедијаTahikininski receptor 1 - Википедија
HuntingHunting
Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa
Abyssinian catAbyssinian cat
ProopiomelanocortinProopiomelanocortin
Great American InterchangeGreat American Interchange
OrexinOrexin
Leopard complexLeopard complex
Equine coat color geneticsEquine coat color genetics
CCK-4 - ВикипедијаCCK-4 - Википедија
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Gray (horse)Gray (horse)
Arginin vazopresinski receptor 1B - ВикипедијаArginin vazopresinski receptor 1B - Википедија
SugarSugar
AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Agouti-Related ProteinAgouti Signaling ProteinHair ColorReceptors, MelanocortinReceptors, CorticotropinPigmentationIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataProteinsAmino Acid SequenceReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 1alpha-MSHReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 4Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3ArtPro-OpiomelanocortinCystine-Knot MiniproteinsCystine Knot MotifsPeriodicals as TopicBibliometricsAccess to InformationJournal Impact FactorMonomethylhydrazineBioreactorsComputer SecurityCystineConfidentialityPrivacyPortal VeinNeuropeptide YEncyclopedias as TopicArcuate NucleusHypothalamusNeuronsNeuropeptidesNeurotransmitter AgentsAction PotentialsPatch-Clamp TechniquesSerotoninInsulin ResistanceInsulinMetabolic Syndrome XBlood GlucoseObesity, AbdominalObesityWaist CircumferenceNucleic AcidsPatents as TopicCorticosteroneCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneAdrenalectomyHyperphagia
Patente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google PatentesPatente US6060589 - Agouti-related proteins - Google Patentes
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative PeptidesAgouti-related Protein (AGRP) (25-82), human - Creative Peptides
Agouti-related peptide - WikipediaAgouti-related peptide - Wikipedia
Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †Design, Pharmacology, and NMR Structure of a Minimized Cystine Knot with Agouti-Related Protein Activity †
Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...
Glucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | DiabetesGlucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | Diabetes
Labeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor AngiogenesisLabeled Cystine-Knot Peptides Based on the Agouti-Related Protein for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis
Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. - PubMed - NCBIAntagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. - PubMed - NCBI
Anti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody | AB3402PAnti-Agouti Related Protein Antibody | AB3402P
Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics ProductsHuman - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics Products
agouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGYagouti-related protein | Ligand page | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
Gentaur Molecular :USCNLife \ Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli \ P91302Mu01Gentaur Molecular :USCNLife \ Agouti Related Protein (AGRP) Organism: Mus musculus (Mouse) Source: Escherichia coli \ P91302Mu01
Gentaur Molecular :Biovend \ Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot. \ RD172030100Gentaur Molecular :Biovend \ Human, Agouti-Related Protein , Rec. Prot. \ RD172030100
Agouti-related peptide neural circuits mediate adaptive behaviors in the starved stateAgouti-related peptide neural circuits mediate adaptive behaviors in the starved state
Structure Activity Studies of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor by in Vitro Mutagenesis: Identification of Agouti-Related...Structure Activity Studies of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor by in Vitro Mutagenesis: Identification of Agouti-Related...
Agouti-Related Protein | Profiles RNSAgouti-Related Protein | Profiles RNS
Products - Catalog Peptides - Agouti-Related Proteins - CPC Scientific Inc.Products - Catalog Peptides - Agouti-Related Proteins - CPC Scientific Inc.
Patent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google PatentsPatent US6303749 - Agouti and agouti-related peptide analogs - Google Patents
VGF is Required for Obesity Induced by Diet, Gold Thioglucose Treatment, and Agouti and is Differentially Regulated in Pro...VGF is Required for Obesity Induced by Diet, Gold Thioglucose Treatment, and Agouti and is Differentially Regulated in Pro...
Agouti protein research offers clues to obesity, diabetes | Jack Baskin School of EngineeringAgouti protein research offers clues to obesity, diabetes | Jack Baskin School of Engineering
Melanocortin 5 receptor - WikipediaMelanocortin 5 receptor - Wikipedia
Neuromodulation - WikipediaNeuromodulation - Wikipedia
What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence?What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence?
What is energy imbalance, and what is its role in childhood obesity?What is energy imbalance, and what is its role in childhood obesity?
Plus itPlus it
Effect of Heat Exposure on Gene Expression of Feed Intake Regulatory Peptides in Laying HensEffect of Heat Exposure on Gene Expression of Feed Intake Regulatory Peptides in Laying Hens
Obesity in Children Medication: Anorexiants, Adrenergic AgonistsObesity in Children Medication: Anorexiants, Adrenergic Agonists
JCI - Leptin resistance contributes to obesity and hypertension in mouse models of Bardet-Biedl syndromeJCI - Leptin resistance contributes to obesity and hypertension in mouse models of Bardet-Biedl syndrome
JCI - Mice lacking the syndecan-3 gene are resistant to diet-induced obesityJCI - Mice lacking the syndecan-3 gene are resistant to diet-induced obesity
Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical ExaminationObesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination
AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Agouti-Related ProteinAgouti Signaling ProteinHair ColorReceptors, MelanocortinReceptors, CorticotropinPigmentationIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataProteinsAmino Acid SequenceReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 1alpha-MSHReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 4Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3ArtPro-OpiomelanocortinCystine-Knot MiniproteinsCystine Knot MotifsPeriodicals as TopicBibliometricsAccess to InformationJournal Impact FactorMonomethylhydrazineBioreactorsComputer SecurityCystineConfidentialityPrivacyPortal VeinNeuropeptide YEncyclopedias as TopicArcuate NucleusHypothalamusNeuronsNeuropeptidesNeurotransmitter AgentsAction PotentialsPatch-Clamp TechniquesSerotoninInsulin ResistanceInsulinMetabolic Syndrome XBlood GlucoseObesity, AbdominalObesityWaist CircumferenceNucleic AcidsPatents as TopicCorticosteroneCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneAdrenalectomyHyperphagia
AGRPPeptidePrimarily in the adrenalAntagonistLigandCellsBlocksAgRPNeuropeptidePeptidesShow that agoutiMolecularObesitySIGNALING PROTEINHypothalamusEncodesLeptinGenesMiceOverexpressionRegulationMoleculeTranscriptStructurallyOrexinSmall moleculesHumanMetabolismPolypeptideAmino AcidsVivoPigmentationBiochemistryObeseSatietyMeSH
AGRP4
Peptide2
Primarily in the adrenal1
Antagonist1
Ligand1
Cells1
Blocks1
AgRP36
Neuropeptide4
Peptides8
Show that agouti1
  • In this paper, we show that agouti expression driven by the human beta-ACTIN promoter produces obese yellow transgenic mice and that this can be used as an assay for agouti activity. (genetics.org)
Molecular7
Obesity12
  • Expression of Agouti protein is normally limited to the skin where it affects pigmentation, but ubiquitous expression causes obesity. (nih.gov)
  • Understanding this protein offers the possibility of controlling its function to treat diabetes, obesity, and other metabolism-related disorders. (ucsc.edu)
  • The ubiquitous unregulated expression of agouti in mice carrying dominant yellow alleles is associated with pleiotropic effects including increased yellow pigment in the coat, obesity, diabetes and increased tumor susceptibility. (genetics.org)
  • To investigate whether myostatin might be an effective target for suppressing the development of obesity in settings of abnormal fat accumulation, we analyzed the effect of the Mstn mutation in two genetic models of obesity, agouti lethal yellow ( A y ) and obese ( Lep ob/ob ). (jci.org)
  • In this paper we show that loss of myostatin prevents an age-related increase in adipose tissue mass and partially attenuates the obese and diabetic phenotypes of two mouse models of obesity and diabetes, agouti lethal yellow ( A y ) and obese ( Lep ob/ob ). (jci.org)
  • 2014). In addition, the melanocortin system's influence on circulating glucose levels suggests it could also be targeted to treat obesity-related type 2 diabetes (Morgan et al. (springer.com)
  • These observations demonstrate that dietary intervention during pregnancy minimizes the deleterious effects of maternal obesity on offspring body composition, potentially reducing the offsprings' risk of developing obesity and related diseases later in life. (physiology.org)
  • In this paper, we focus on the role of gut hormones and their related neuronal networks (the gut-brain axis) in appetite control, and their potentials as novel therapies for obesity. (biomedsearch.com)
  • In addition, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled since 1980 ( http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ ). (biologists.org)
  • Overexpression of either of these proteins results in obesity. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • Therefore, we developed a custom diagnostic targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based analysis to simultaneously identify mutations in 52 obesity-related genes. (bmj.com)
  • median body mass index-SD children +3.4 SD) was analysed in the genome diagnostics section of the Department of Genetics of the UMC Utrecht (The Netherlands) by targeted analysis of 52 obesity-related genes. (bmj.com)
SIGNALING PROTEIN1
Hypothalamus3
Encodes3
Leptin2
  • In the present study, we tested whether circulating human CRP (C-reactive protein) not only diminishes signalling of leptin within the CNS, but also impedes this adipokine's access to the CNS. (biochemj.org)
  • Central and Peripheral Leptin and Agouti-Related Protein during and after Pregnancy in Relation to Weight Change. (gu.se)
Genes3
Mice6
Overexpression1
  • Cathepsin D continues to be comprehensively researched in breasts cancers where overexpression of proteins and mRNA continues to be noticed [10, and been proven to be an unbiased marker of poor prognosis [12, (antibodyassay.com)
Regulation1
  • The pathway maps illustrate protein interactions and regulation to provide a comprehensive picture of signaling and disease processes. (bio-rad.com)
Molecule2
  • in fact, the predicted myostatin protein sequence in the active portion of the molecule is identical among most mammalian and avian species that have been examined. (jci.org)
  • Ubiquitin (Ub) is a highly conserved small protein that functions as a key signaling molecule in multiple proteolytic and nonproteolytic pathways in all eukaryotic cells ( 1 , 2 ). (pnas.org)
Transcript1
  • More specifically, the invention concerns a novel gene, termed "ART" for argouti related transcript, that is expressed in selected tissues, and increases food uptake. (google.es)
Structurally1
Orexin1
Small molecules1
Human9
Metabolism4
Polypeptide1
Amino Acids2
Vivo2
Pigmentation2
Biochemistry1
  • The UCSC lab of Glenn Millhauser, professor of chemistry and biochemistry, has elucidated the structural differences that account for different functions for the two proteins. (ucsc.edu)
Obese1
Satiety1
MeSH1
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice (jci.org)
Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the...
Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the... (ohsu.pure.elsevier.com)
What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence?
What are the long-term advantages of preventing the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence? (medscape.com)
What are the race-related demographics of obesity in children, and which ethic groups have the highest incidence of childhood...
What are the race-related demographics of obesity in children, and which ethic groups have the highest incidence of childhood... (medscape.com)
What is the role of insufficient cardiorespiratory fitness in weight gain and the risk of being overweight in children aged 6...
What is the role of insufficient cardiorespiratory fitness in weight gain and the risk of being overweight in children aged 6... (medscape.com)
Plus it
Plus it (care.diabetesjournals.org)
Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination
Obesity in Children Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination (emedicine.medscape.com)
Obesity in Children Guidelines: Guidelines Summary
Obesity in Children Guidelines: Guidelines Summary (emedicine.medscape.com)
Table of Contents - September 25, 2007, 104 (39) | PNAS
Table of Contents - September 25, 2007, 104 (39) | PNAS (pnas.org)
Climate change drives microevolution in a wild bird | Nature Communications
Climate change drives microevolution in a wild bird | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Community Academic Profiles - Faculty & Researchers - Stanford Medicine
Community Academic Profiles - Faculty & Researchers - Stanford Medicine (med.stanford.edu)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Plus it
Plus it (diabetes.diabetesjournals.org)
Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics Products
Human - Agouti-Related Protein - Polyclonal Antibody - Antibodies | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics Products (biovendor.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Agrp - PrimePCR Assay and Template | Life Science | Bio-Rad
Agrp - PrimePCR Assay and Template | Life Science | Bio-Rad (bio-rad.com)
Hypothalamic neurodegeneration and adult-onset obesity in mice lacking the Ubb polyubiquitin gene | PNAS
Hypothalamic neurodegeneration and adult-onset obesity in mice lacking the Ubb polyubiquitin gene | PNAS (pnas.org)
Eating - Wikipedia
Eating - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: genetic architecture and physiological mechanisms | SpringerLink
Evolution of sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes: genetic architecture and physiological mechanisms | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Obesity and Stress: The Melanocortin Connection | SpringerLink
Obesity and Stress: The Melanocortin Connection | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice
JCI - Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice (jci.org)
Compensatory Refeeding and Neuropeptide mRNA levels in | Open-i
Compensatory Refeeding and Neuropeptide mRNA levels in | Open-i (openi.nlm.nih.gov)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Luis de Lecea | Stanford Medicine Profiles
Luis de Lecea | Stanford Medicine Profiles (med.stanford.edu)
Central Regulation of Growth: Morphological and Functional Considerations - Nova Science Publishers
Central Regulation of Growth: Morphological and Functional Considerations - Nova Science Publishers (novapublishers.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
AGRP, human, recombinant | PromoCell
AGRP, human, recombinant | PromoCell (promocell.com)
Inflammatory Biomarkers Predict Heart Failure Severity and Prognosis in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection...
Inflammatory Biomarkers Predict Heart Failure Severity and Prognosis in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection... (circgenetics.ahajournals.org)
The analgesic effect of refeeding on acute and chronic inflammatory pain | Scientific Reports
The analgesic effect of refeeding on acute and chronic inflammatory pain | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
How Whey Protein Boosts Metabolism and Weight Loss
How Whey Protein Boosts Metabolism and Weight Loss (wellnessresources.com)
International Journal of Molecular Medicine: Ingenta Connect Table Of Contents
International Journal of Molecular Medicine: Ingenta Connect Table Of Contents (ingentaconnect.com)
Neuronal Pomc enhancer turnover | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Neuronal Pomc enhancer turnover | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org)