Agmatine. Medical search

Receptors of CLONIDINE and other IMIDAZOLINES. Activity of the ligands was earlier attributed to ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. Endogenous ligands include AGMATINE, imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, and harman.

A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.

Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.

Enzymes that catalyze the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). EC 4.1.1.

A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.

Drugs that bind to and block the activation of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to form spermidine.

A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.

A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.

Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to tyramine and carbon dioxide. The bacterial enzyme also acts on 3-hydroxytyrosine and, more slowly, on 3-hydroxyphenylalanine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.1.1.25.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID bacteria that is frequently used as starter culture in SILAGE fermentation, sourdough, and lactic-acid-fermented types of beer and wine.

Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.

A class of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups and has a carboxyl group as an acceptor. EC 2.7.2.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline (CITRULLINE) from CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE and L-ornithine (ORNITHINE). Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3.

Curved bacteria, usually crescent-shaped rods, with ends often tapered, occurring singly, in pairs, or short chains. They are non-encapsulated, non-sporing, motile, and ferment glucose. Selenomonas are found mainly in the human buccal cavity, the rumen of herbivores, and the cecum of pigs and several rodents. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.

A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.

A monophyletic group of green plants that includes all land plants (EMBRYOPHYTA) and all green algae (CHLOROPHYTA and STREPTOPHYTA).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.

Use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. Splinting and casting are FRACTURE FIXATION.

The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.

A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ornithine (ORNITHINE) and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes HYPERARGININEMIA. EC 3.5.3.1.

Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.

An organic cation transporter found in kidney. It is localized to the basal lateral membrane and is likely to be involved in the renal secretion of organic cations.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine moiety from 5'-deoxy-5'-S-(3-methylthiopropylamine)sulfonium adenosine to putrescine in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 73,000 kDa and is composed of two subunits of equal size.

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

A group of enzymes including those oxidizing primary monoamines, diamines, and histamine. They are copper proteins, and, as their action depends on a carbonyl group, they are sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide.

A foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the opposite direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

An increase in MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.

A biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.

Drugs used for their effects on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume. The most commonly used are the diuretics. Also included are drugs used for their antidiuretic and uricosuric actions, for their effects on the kidneys' clearance of other drugs, and for diagnosis of renal function.

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

Derivatives and polymers of styrene. They are used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber, plastics, and resins. Some of the polymers form the skeletal structures for ion exchange resin beads.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.

Bluish-colored region in the superior angle of the FOURTH VENTRICLE floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.

Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.

A family of proteins involved in the transport of organic cations. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics, and their metabolites from the body.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ATP, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. This enzyme is specific for arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. Absence or lack of this enzyme may cause CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE. EC 6.3.4.16.

The venous trunk which returns blood from the head, neck, upper extremities and chest.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Iodinated derivatives of acetic acid. Iodoacetates are commonly used as alkylating sulfhydryl reagents and enzyme inhibitors in biochemical research.

An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (src) originally isolated from the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The proto-oncogene src (c-src) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family and was the first proto-oncogene identified in the human genome. The human c-src gene is located at 20q12-13 on the long arm of chromosome 20.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.

A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.

Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

A technique for maintaining or growing TISSUE in vitro, usually by DIFFUSION, perifusion, or PERFUSION. The tissue is cultured directly after removal from the host without being dispersed for cell culture.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

A species of the family Ranidae occurring in a wide variety of habitats from within the Arctic Circle to South Africa, Australia, etc.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to INULIN clearance.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Agmatine modulates polyamine content in hepatocytes by inducing spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase. (1/193)

Agmatine has been proposed as the physiological ligand for the imidazoline receptors. It is not known whether it is also involved in the homoeostasis of intracellular polyamine content. To show whether this is the case, we have studied the effect of agmatine on rat liver cells, under both periportal and perivenous conditions. It is shown that agmatine modulates intracellular polyamine content through its effect on the synthesis of the limiting enzyme of the interconversion pathway, spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SSAT). Increased SSAT activity is accompanied by depletion of spermidine and spermine, and accumulation of putrescine and N1-acetylspermidine. Immunoblotting with a specific polyclonal antiserum confirms the induction. At the same time S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity is significantly increased, while ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and the rate of spermidine uptake are reduced. This is not due to an effect on ODC antizyme, which is not significantly changed. All these modifications are observed in HTC cells also, where they are accompanied by a decrease in proliferation rate. SSAT is also induced by low oxygen tension which mimics perivenous conditions. The effect is synergic with that promoted by agmatine. (+info)

Analgesic effect of agmatine and its enhancement on morphine analgesia in mice and rats. (2/193)

AIM: To study the effect of agmatine on pain and morphine analgesia. METHODS: The effect of agmatine on pain was observed in mouse heat radiant tail-flick test, mouse acetic acid writhing test, and rat 4% saline test. Its enhancing effect on analgesia of morphine and clonidine was assessed in rat and mouse heat radiant tail-flick tests. RESULTS: Agmatine did not significantly prolong tail-flick latency of mice, but reduced the number of acetic acid-induced writhing of mice and inhibited writhing responses to saline completely. It potentiated the analgesic effects of morphine and clonidine in dose-dependent manner and decreased the analgesic ED50 of morphine and clonidine by more than 75% in mouse heat radiant tail-flick test. These effects of agmatine were antagonized by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: Agmatine has weak analgesic effects and potentiates morphine and clonidine analgesia by activation of imidazoline receptors. (+info)

Agmatine inhibited tolerance to and dependence on morphine in guinea pig ileum in vitro. (3/193)

AIM: To observe effect of agmatine (Agm) on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine (Mor) in guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle (GPILM). METHODS: The experiment was performed in electric field stimulation (EFS) test in vitro. RESULTS: Mor inhibited twitch contractions of GPILM induced by EFS [IC50 = 140 (107-182) nmol.L-1]. Incubation of GPILM with Mor 270 nmol.L-1 for 8 h evoked a 37-fold increase in IC50 of Mor (tolerance) and a contractile response to naloxone (Nal, substance dependence). When the preparations were coincubated with Mor + Nal and Mor + Agm, Mor lost the ability to induce tolerance and inhibited the contractile responses of the preparations to Nal by 90% and 75%, respectively. These effects of Agm could be almost completely antagonized by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: Agm prevented the development of tolerance to and substance dependence on Mor in GPILM in vitro by activation of imidazoline receptors. (+info)

Effects of agmatine on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine in mice. (4/193)

AIM: To study the effects of agmatine on tolerance to and dependence on morphine. METHODS: Inhibitory effects of agmatine on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine were observed in mouse tolerant models and in mouse jumping test, respectively. RESULTS: Agmatine 0.125-2.5 mg.kg-1 prevented the development of tolerant to morphine in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of mice with morphine induced an over 3-fold increase in analgesic ED50 (20.1, 14.4-28.0 mg.kg-1) than those with normal saline (6.3, 5.1-7.8 mg.kg-1). Pretreatment of mice with both of agmatine and morphine made morphine loss the ability to induce tolerance. Withdrawal jumps and loss in body weight induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent mice were prevented by agmatine (2.5-10 mg.kg-1) in a dose-dependent manner. ED50 of naloxone (21.4, 18.4-24 mg.kg-1) required to precipitate withdrawal jumps in mice pretreated with both agmatine and morphine was 8 times higher than that with morphine alone (2.5, 2.1-2.8 mg.kg-1). These effects of agmatine were blocked by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: Agmatine prevented tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine in mice by activation of imidazoline receptors. (+info)

Correlation between inhibitions of morphine withdrawal and nitric-oxide synthase by agmatine. (5/193)

AIM: To study correlation between inhibitions of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps and nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity by agmatine. METHODS: NOS activities in mouse brain were measured by determination of concentration of [3H]citrulline, the product of [3H]arginine. RESULTS: Agmatine inhibited NOS activity in naive and morphine-dependent mouse cerebellum, forebrain, and thalamus in substrate-competitive manner in vitro. Naloxone induced withdrawal jumps and an increase in NOS activity in cerebellum, forebrain, and thalamus of abstinent mice. Pretreatment of mice with morphine plus agmatine inhibited the effect of naloxone to precipitate withdrawal jumps and increase in NOS activity. The effect of agmatine was blocked by idazoxan. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of agmatine on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumps is related to its inhibition of NOS activity by substrate competitive manner and activation of imidazoline receptors. (+info)

Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. (6/193)

This study was designed to assess the potential neuroprotective effect of several imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine on glutamate-induced necrosis and on apoptosis induced by low extracellular K+ in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Exposure (30 min) of energy deprived cells to L-glutamate (1-100 microM) caused a concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, as determined 24 h later by a decrease in the ability of the cells to metabolize 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) into a reduced formazan product. L-glutamate-induced neurotoxicity (EC50=5 microM) was blocked by the specific NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine). Imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine fully prevented neurotoxicity induced by 20 microM (EC100) L-glutamate with the rank order (EC50 in microM): antazoline (13)>cirazoline (44)>LSL 61122 [2-styryl-2-imidazoline] (54)>LSL 60101 [2-(2-benzofuranyl) imidazole] (75)>idazoxan (90)>LSL 60129 [2-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole](101)>RX82 1002 (2-methoxy idazoxan) (106)>agmatine (196). No neuroprotective effect of these drugs was observed in a model of apoptotic neuronal cell death (reduction of extracellular K+) which does not involve stimulation of NMDA receptors. Imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine fully inhibited [3H]-(+)-MK-801 binding to the phencyclidine site of NMDA receptors in rat brain. The profile of drug potency protecting against L-glutamate neurotoxicity correlated well (r=0.90) with the potency of the same compounds competing against [3H]-(+)-MK-801 binding. In HEK-293 cells transfected to express the NR1-1a and NR2C subunits of the NMDA receptor, antazoline and agmatine produced a voltage- and concentration-dependent block of glutamate-induced currents. Analysis of the voltage dependence of the block was consistent with the presence of a binding site for antazoline located within the NMDA channel pore with an IC50 of 10-12 microM at 0 mV. It is concluded that imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine are neuroprotective against glutamate-induced necrotic neuronal cell death in vitro and that this effect is mediated through NMDA receptor blockade by interacting with a site located within the NMDA channel pore. (+info)

An emerging role for agmatine. (7/193)

Polyamines, required components of proliferation, are autoregulated by the protein antizyme. To date, agmatine is the only molecule other than the polyamines that can induce antizyme, and thus influence cell homeostasis and growth. Agmatine has effectively suppressed proliferation in immortalized and transformed cell lines. An increased sensitivity to the anti-proliferative effects of agmatine observed in Ras transformed versus native cells paralleled an increase in agmatine uptake in the transformed cells. We hypothesize that agmatine may target transformed cells via selective transporters. (+info)

Helicobacter pylori rocF is required for arginase activity and acid protection in vitro but is not essential for colonization of mice or for urease activity. (8/193)

Arginase of the Helicobacter pylori urea cycle hydrolyzes L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. H. pylori urease hydrolyzes urea to carbon dioxide and ammonium, which neutralizes acid. Both enzymes are involved in H. pylori nitrogen metabolism. The roles of arginase in the physiology of H. pylori were investigated in vitro and in vivo, since arginase in H. pylori is metabolically upstream of urease and urease is known to be required for colonization of animal models by the bacterium. The H. pylori gene hp1399, which is orthologous to the Bacillus subtilis rocF gene encoding arginase, was cloned, and isogenic allelic exchange mutants of three H. pylori strains were made by using two different constructs: 236-2 and rocF::aphA3. In contrast to wild-type (WT) strains, all rocF mutants were devoid of arginase activity and had diminished serine dehydratase activity, an enzyme activity which generates ammonium. Compared with WT strain 26695 of H. pylori, the rocF::aphA3 mutant was approximately 1, 000-fold more sensitive to acid exposure. The acid sensitivity of the rocF::aphA3 mutant was not reversed by the addition of L-arginine, in contrast to the WT, and yielded a approximately 10, 000-fold difference in viability. Urease activity was similar in both strains and both survived acid exposure equally well when exogenous urea was added, indicating that rocF is not required for urease activity in vitro. Finally, H. pylori mouse-adapted strain SS1 and the 236-2 rocF isogenic mutant colonized mice equally well: 8 of 9 versus 9 of 11 mice, respectively. However, the rocF::aphA3 mutant of strain SS1 had moderately reduced colonization (4 of 10 mice). The geometric mean levels of H. pylori recovered from these mice (in log(10) CFU) were 6.1, 5.5, and 4.1, respectively. Thus, H. pylori rocF is required for arginase activity and is crucial for acid protection in vitro but is not essential for in vivo colonization of mice or for urease activity. (+info)

... is a chemical substance which is naturally created from the amino acid arginine. Agmatine has been shown to exert ... Agmatine has been shown to enhance glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and to exert nephroprotective effects. Agmatine has been ... In 1994, endogenous agmatine synthesis in mammals was discovered. Agmatine biosynthesis by arginine decarboxylation is well- ... A number of potential medical uses for agmatine have been suggested. Agmatine produces mild reductions in heart rate and blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine

In enzymology, an agmatine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction agmatine + H2O ⇌ {\ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is agmatine iminohydrolase. This enzyme is also called agmatine amidinohydrolase. This ... Smith TA (1969). "Agmatine iminohydrolase in maize". Phytochemistry. 8 (11): 2111-2117. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88168-6. ... displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } N-carbamoylputrescine + NH3 Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are agmatine and H2O, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine_deiminase

In enzymology, an agmatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + agmatine ⇌ {\ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:agmatine N4-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include phosphagen ... displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + N4-phosphoagmatine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and agmatine, ... phosphokinase, and ATP:agmatine 4-N-phosphotransferase. Piccinni E, Coppellotti O (1979). "Phosphagens in protozoa. II. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine_kinase

Other names in common use include p-coumaroyl-CoA-agmatine N-p-coumaroyltransferase, agmatine coumaroyltransferase, and 4- ... In enzymology, an agmatine N4-coumaroyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.64) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 4-coumaroyl- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-coumaroyl-CoA:agmatine N4-coumaroyltransferase. ... the two substrates of this enzyme are 4-coumaroyl-CoA and agmatine, whereas its two products are CoA and N-(4-guanidinobutyl)-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine_N4-coumaroyltransferase

Agmatine (putative endogenous ligand at I1; also interacts with NMDA, nicotinic, and α2 adrenoceptors) Apraclonidine (α2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor

The systematic name of this enzyme class is agmatine amidinohydrolase. Other names in common use include agmatine ureohydrolase ... "Entrez Gene: AGMAT agmatine ureohydrolase (agmatinase)". Morris SM (2004). "Vertebrate agmatinases: what role do they play in ... In enzymology, an agmatinase (EC 3.5.3.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction agmatine + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ... Vicente C, Legaz ME (1982). "Preparation and properties of agmatine amidinohydrolase of Evernia prunastri". Physiol. Plant. 55 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatinase

Gibson DA, Harris BR, Rogers DT, Littleton JM (October 2002). "Radioligand binding studies reveal agmatine is a more selective ... Reis DJ, Regunathan S (May 2000). "Is agmatine a novel neurotransmitter in brain?". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 21 (5 ... glycine site antagonist Agmatine - endogenous polyamine site antagonist Argiotoxin-636 - naturally occurring dizocilpine or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

Agmatine is transformed into N-carbamoylputrescine by agmatine imino hydroxylase (AIH). Finally, N-carbamoylputrescine is ... In one pathway, arginine is converted into agmatine. The conversion is catalyzed by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase (ADC). ... Srivenugopal KS, Adiga PR (September 1981). "Enzymic conversion of agmatine to putrescine in Lathyrus sativus seedlings. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrescine

Alterations in production of endogenous NMDA antagonists such as agmatine and kynurenic acid have been shown in schizophrenia. ... Robust negative feedback at NMDA from kynurenic acid, magnesium, zinc, and agmatine prevents runaway feedback. Misregulation of ... "Increased plasma agmatine levels in patients with schizophrenia". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 47 (8): 1054-60. doi:10.1016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia

... is also a precursor for urea, ornithine, and agmatine; is necessary for the synthesis of creatine; and can also be ... Moreover, cluster analyses revealed that L-arginine and its main metabolites L-citrulline, L-ornithine and agmatine formed ... Assays also confirmed significantly reduced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but increased agmatine concentration and ... used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine, citrulline, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine

... the biosynthetic enzyme for agmatine". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1670 (2): 156-164. doi:10.1016/j ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZIN2

Agmatine: Blocks NMDA receptors and other cation ligand-gated channels. Can also potentiate opioid analgesia. Argiotoxin: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

Agmatine is also often used as an alternative or supplement to arginine. Taurine is also a common ingredient in pre-workout, ... Laube G, Bernstein HG (July 2017). "Agmatine: multifunctional arginine metabolite and magic bullet in clinical neuroscience?". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-workout

Srivenugopal KS, Adiga PR (1981). "Enzymic conversion of agmatine to putrescine in Lathyrus sativus seedlings. Purification and ... Roon RJ, Barker HA (1972). "Fermentation of agmatine in Streptococcus faecalis: occurrence of putrescine transcarbamoylase". J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrescine_carbamoyltransferase

Gong S, Richard H, Foster JW (August 2003). "YjdE (AdiC) is the arginine:agmatine antiporter essential for arginine-dependent ... Iyer R, Williams C, Miller C (November 2003). "Arginine-agmatine antiporter in extreme acid resistance in Escherichia coli". ... catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine into agmatine and carbon dioxide. The process consumes a proton in the decarboxylation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine_decarboxylase

Srivenugopal KS, Adiga PR (1981). "Enzymic conversion of agmatine to putrescine in Lathyrus sativus seedlings. Purification and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamate_kinase

Both the gabD and gabT genes were shown, in various experiments, to be induced by metabolites such as agmatine and lysine that ... Chou HT, Kwon DH, Hegazy M, Lu CD (March 2008). "Transcriptome analysis of agmatine and putrescine catabolism in Pseudomonas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GabT_RNA_motif

In addition, agmatine may play an important regulatory role in mammals. Formiminoglutamase catalyses the fourth step in ... Agmatinase hydrolyses agmatine to putrescine, the precursor for the biosynthesis of higher polyamines, spermidine and spermine ... and play important roles in arginine/agmatine metabolism, the urea cycle, histidine degradation, and other pathways. Arginase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureohydrolase

Goldschmidt, Millicent C.; Lockhart, Betty M. (1971-08-01). "Simplified rapid procedure for determination of agmatine and other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Goldschmidt

Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. The imine functional group in agmatine ... then is hydrolysed by agmatine deiminase, releasing ammonia, converting the guanidine group into a urea. The resulting N- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermine

... is generated in the cell by attachment of agmatine to the C2-oxo group of cytidine by TiaS. Agmatine in turn is a ... Conjugation of agmatine moiety at the C2 carbon of C34 induces a tautomeric conversion of C34 which alters its hydrogen bonding ... In step three, the primary amino group of agmatine attacks the C2 carbon of the p-C34 intermediate to release γ-Pi and form ... Agmatidine is similar to lysidine in that the C2-oxo group of cytidine is replaced by the aminoguanidine agmatine instead of by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatidine

Later, he discovered agmatine in herring roe and devised a method for preparing it. Another of Kossel's students was American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel

Ikeuchi Y, Kimura S, Numata T, Nakamura D, Yokogawa T, Ogata T, Wada T, Suzuki T, Suzuki T (April 2010). "Agmatine-conjugated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine

Quistad GB, Lam WW, Casida JE (1993). "Identification of bis(agmatine)oxalamide in venom from the primitive hunting spider, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectreurys_tristis

L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

L-Ornithine is converted to L-arginine, which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis_of_cocaine

It catabolizes a variety of energy sources, including glycerol, lactate, malate, citrate, arginine, agmatine, and many keto ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis

Gründemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schömig E (2003). "Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC22A3

Gründemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schömig E (2003). "Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC22A2

... is a hydroxycinnamic acid amide derivative (HCAA) as well as a dimer of coumaroyl agmatine, and is plentiful during ... The first step in the biosynthesis of hordatine A is characterized by the use of the enzyme agmatine coumaroyltransferase (ACT ... Hordatines and their hydroxycinnamoyl agmatine precursors are of interest because of their antifungal activity against plant ... which catalyzes the formation of p-coumaroylagmatine from p-coumaroyl-CoA and agmatine. The second step in the biosynthesis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordatine_A

Re: Agmatine. Posted by TriedEveryMedication on July 3, 2022, at 21:54:30 ... In reply to Agmatine, posted by linkadge on July 14, 2018, at 9:00:00 ...

https://www.dr-bob.org/babble/20220530/msgs/1120004.html

Read Agmatine supplement reviews from M&S members. ... Huge range of Agmatine supplements at Muscle & Strength. ...

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Agmatine: A novel endogenous vasodilator substance. Yuqi Gao, Bulent Gumusel, Gabor Koves, Anand Prasad, Qingzhong Hao, Albert ... Agmatine: A novel endogenous vasodilator substance. Life Sciences. 1995 Jul 14;57(8):PL83-PL86. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02011 ... Agmatine : A novel endogenous vasodilator substance. In: Life Sciences. 1995 ; Vol. 57, No. 8. pp. PL83-PL86. ... title = "Agmatine: A novel endogenous vasodilator substance",. abstract = "The purpose of the study was to investigate the ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/agmatine-a-novel-endogenous-vasodilator-substance

Some people ingest both the kratom and the agmatine Sulphate at the same time, and it works for them. But if you are taking a ... What about Agmatine, Magnesium, and Kratom?. Both magnesium and agmatine can help reduce the tolerance level of Kratom. ... How to Use Agmatine to Potentiate Kratom?. There are numerous ways to intensify Kratom. And one of the best ways is to use ... Can Agmatine Get You High?. There is no research proving whether or not intake of this supplement can get you high. But we ...

https://www.wekratom.com/agmatine-kratom/

... natural source of agmatine is produced using the most modern fermentation methods. Agmatine effectively increases the secretion ... In studies using Agmatine, it has been shown that its action may support the rate of protein synthesis two-fold! Furthermore, ... patented source of Agmatine Sulphate (AGMASS™) from Compound Solutions in the USA. This noted nootropic and performance ... EVOLVE BASIX AGMATINE SULPHATE is a premium, 100% vegan, ...

https://www.ifitbeauty.com/product-page/agmatine-sulphate

... Battaglia V;Grancara S;Mancon ... The characteristics of agmatine uptake in RBM lead to the conclusion that its transporter is a channel with two asymmetric ... The characteristics of agmatine uptake in RBM lead to the conclusion that its transporter is a channel with two asymmetric ... The diamine agmatine (AGM), exhibiting two positive charges at physiological pH, is transported into rat brain mitochondria ( ...

https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/72211

Agmatine is the next generation arginine and is often referred to as Super Arginine because of its ability to give explosive ... Agmatine, the next generation Super Arginine for ultimate Muscle Pumps: ... Our Agmatine is HPLC tested by an independent lab to guarantee purity and potency. NutraBio Agmatine is 100% pure and contains ... NutraBio Agmatine is GMP manufactured to Guarantee Potency and Purity:. Nutrabio Agmatine Sulfate is manufactured by us in our ...

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Is agmatine a vasodilator? *What does agmatine sulfate do? What is Agmatine Sulfate? The body naturally produces agmatine. It ... Is agmatine sulfate a vasodilator?. The present data demonstrate agmatine, as a CDS and agonist for imidazoline (I) receptors, ... Is agmatine a drug?. Agmatine is both an experimental and investigational drug. As an investigational drug, it is being studied ... What is agmatine sulfate used for? Agmatine is an experimental drug being studied for several indications, including ...

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Is Agmatine Effectual?. The good thing about SNS Agmatine product is that it can live up to its promise. Unlike other products ... Its agmatines true department and as for SNS Agmatine product, it really delivers. Using the said product can give you pumps ... Agmatine is truly a great agmatine product. Its manufacturer SNS really did an amazing job in creating the product for boosting ... However, Agmatine doesnt have a pleasing taste. In fact, it tastes bitter since its ingredient is purely agmatine. There ...

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Meet Agmatine Sulfate! Agmatine Sulfate is a great pre-workout supplement that helps improve blood flow to muscles and organs. ... What is Agmatine Sulfate. Agmatine is a chemical compound commonly found in plants and bacteria. It is produced by arginine, an ... Agmatine sulfate is best known for its ability to help build muscle and is a great Nitric Oxide Supplement! When used in ... conjunction with weight lifting and resistance exercises, agmatine may help fuel muscle growth through a few different ...

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Pure Agmatine Sulfate , Free Delivery & COD available across India! ... Buy Agmatine Sulfate Powder in INDIA from NUTRIJA™ , 100% ... contents of Agmatine Sulfate. We source Agmatine Sulfate in ... With NUTRIJA™ Agmatine Sulfate powder you can take effective dosage as needed in comparison to other Agmatine Sulfate ... Agmatine Sulfate. DIRECTIONS: As a Dietary supplement take 1/4 Teaspoon (500mg) with 100ml glass of water 30 minutes before ...

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The effects of calcium, agmatine and phosphate on mitosis in normal and irradiated populations of rat thymocytes (English) ... The effects of calcium, agmatine and phosphate on mitosis in normal and irradiated populations of rat thymocytes. scientific ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72898678

Top Preworout 2018 DMHA Stimulants DMAA Agmatine

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We are good quality Pharmaceutical Muscle Growth Health Care Product Agmatine sulfate 2482-00-0 manufacturers & exporter - Buy ... Agmatine sulfate can help athletes in a myriad of ways. Agmatine has been suggested to assist with numerous athletic needs, ... Heres where agmatine sulfate comes to the rescue again! By supporting nitric oxide production, taking agmatine sulfate after ... The second way agmatine is the go-to-guy for NO, is that it acts as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase-an enzyme which ...

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Therapeutic Effect of Agmatine on Neurological Disease: Focus on Ion Channels and Receptors. Neurochemical Research. 2019 Apr 1 ... Barua, S., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. H., & Lee, J. E. (2019). Therapeutic Effect of Agmatine on Neurological Disease: ... Therapeutic Effect of Agmatine on Neurological Disease : Focus on Ion Channels and Receptors. / Barua, Sumit; Kim, Jong Youl; ... Therapeutic Effect of Agmatine on Neurological Disease : Focus on Ion Channels and Receptors. In: Neurochemical Research. 2019 ...

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Agmatine XT provides 500 mg. per capsule at a cost effective price! Agmatine is commonly used to help provide dramatic and long ...

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However, moxonidine has an affinity of 33:1 in favor of I1 over α2 [73]. The endogenous ligand of I1 is agmatine, a polyamine ... Weiss T, Bernard R, Bernstein HG, Veh RW, Laube G. Agmatine modulates spontaneous activity in neurons of the rat medial ... Kotagale N, Dixit M, Garmelwar H, Bhondekar S, Umekar M, Taksande B. Agmatine reverses memory deficits induced by Abeta1-42 ... Kotagale N, Deshmukh R, Dixit M, Fating R, Umekar M, Taksande B. Agmatine ameliorates manifestation of depression-like behavior ...

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... ... This effect of agmatine, however, was not associated with any change in the frequency characteristics of the SWD complexes. ... Results: Agmatine, administered 80 mg/kg systemically, temporarily increased the number and cumulative duration of SWDs ... There was no effect on neither the incidence nor the cumulative duration of SWDs when agmatine administered in lower doses (20 ...

http://acikerisim.demiroglu.bilim.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11446/4422

STRUCTURE OF OCTOPINE-DEHYDROGENASE IN COMPLEX WITH NADH AND AGMATINE - 3IQD , canSARS ...

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Agmatine significantly enhanced locomotion in open filed test and decreased anxiety as observed in elevated plus maze test (p & ... The study aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of action of agmatine at synaptic level using behavioral and biochemical ... Various studies have also validated agmatine as a putant neuromodulator and revealed its mechanism of action with other ... The study was designed to reveal the potentials of agmatine in benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome by maintaining GABA/glutamate ...

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Synthesis and thermophysical properties of agmatine-based ionic liquids and salts bearing biorelevant anions; Elektronski vir ... Morda vas bo zanimalo: Synthesis and thermophysical properties of agmatine-based ionic liquids and salts bearing biorelevant ... Opomba glede Synthesis and thermophysical properties of agmatine-based ionic liquids and salts bearing biorelevant anions; ... Synthesis and thermophysical properties of agmatine-based ionic liquids and salts bearing biorelevant anions [Elektronski vir ...

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Agmatine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.12) (Putative agmatine deiminase) (EC 3.5.3.12) 17295914, 18955433 ... MSMEG_0444 MSMEG_0444 Agmatine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.12) (Putative agmatine deiminase) (EC 3.5.3.12). Mycobacterium smegmatis ( ...

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Prevention of mitotic delay in irradiated suspension cultures of L mouse cells by agmatine.. *J. Whitfield, R. Rixon, T. ... The effects of calcium, agmatine and phosphate on mitosis in normal and irradiated populations of rat thymocytes.. *J. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Estradiol-induced-mitotic-delay-in-HeLa-cells%3A-by-Rao/b55dea00b04122784cea124d84e1a30a26b6649f

Agmatine is great for an overall increase in mood. In the daytime I use Ashwagandha KSM-66, magnesium threonate, l-theanine (a ... The combos I use for sleep (sometimes I mix and match) are lemon balm extract, l-theanine, magnesium Glycinate, Agmatine and ... little bit of caffeine), agmatine, NAC (helps me with compulsive thoughts), and Nigella Sativa Extract. As well as a good B- ...

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Endogenous ligands include AGMATINE, imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, and harman. HN - 2008(1988) BX - Imidazoline-Guanidinium ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/dcsnew2008.txt

Agmatine Sulfate Supplements Sale! (muscleandstrength.com)
Agmatine Sulfate 1500 mg by Horbaach was designed specifically to burn stubborn belly fat. (paykickstart.com)
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Nutrabio Agmatine Sulfate is manufactured by us in our own FDA registered and inspected GMP manufacturing facility to meet FDA 21 CFR Part 111 quality regulations. (nutricartel.com)
Is Agmatine Sulfate A Vasodilator? (drugs-forum.org)
What is agmatine sulfate used for? (drugs-forum.org)
Is agmatine sulfate banned? (drugs-forum.org)
What does agmatine sulfate do? (drugs-forum.org)
What is Agmatine Sulfate? (drugs-forum.org)
Agmatine sulfate is best known for its ability to help build muscle and is a great Nitric Oxide Supplement! (bulksupplements.com)
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NUTRIJA™ Agmatine Sulfate powder is USP Grade and free of flavors & fillers thus you get 100% contents of Agmatine Sulfate. (nutrija.com)
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Here's where agmatine sulfate comes to the rescue again! (steroid-raws.com)
Agmatine sulfate can help athletes in a myriad of ways. (steroid-raws.com)
IFORCE Agmatine Sulfate 50 Grams That's 50 Unflavored Servings! (bestpricenutrition.com)
Agmatine Sulfate is the precursor to Arginine. (bestpricenutrition.com)
Agmatine sulfate - Enhances insulin action without affecting insulin levels to act synergistically with insulin enhancers. (a1supplements.com)
Agmatine Sulfate was created. (priceplow.com)
Agmatine Sulfate is a byproduct of Arginine through decarboxylation. (citizenlinkvoter.com)

Agmatine acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator with a vast array of actions in the body. (nutricartel.com)
The primary amine agmatine, a neuromodulator synthesized in the brain by decarboxylation of l-arginine, can regulate ion channel cascades and receptors that are related to the major CNS disorders. (elsevier.com)
Various studies have also validated agmatine as a putant neuromodulator and revealed its mechanism of action with other neurotransmitters. (springeropen.com)

Objective: Studies on the actions of exogenous agmatine in experimental models have shown its anti-convulsant effects. (bilim.edu.tr)

First, arginine can be converted into agmatine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC). (medscape.com)

In addition to spermidine, spermine, and putrescine, also agmatine (AGM), deriving from arginine and identified in mammals in the 1990s, is a polyamine and several studies have reported its potentially positive role in the production of secretagogues, and in neuronal, vascular, metabolic, and therapeutic functions. (drugs-forum.org)
This enzyme harbours agmatine iminohydrolase, ornithine transcarbamylase, putrescine transcarbamylase and carbamate kinase activities, whose concerted action results in agmatine → putrescine conversion. (who.int)

Agmatine is a metabolic byproduct of Arginine. (nutricartel.com)
As a metabolic byproduct of Arginine, Agmatine goes beyond Arginine and works its wonders by stimulating the release of pituitary hormones such as Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Growth Hormone. (bodybuilding.com)

Agmatine produces the byproducts guanidino-butyladehyde and the polyamines putruscene, spermine, and spermidine which are involved in cell growth. (nutricartel.com)

Agmatine is found in tissues throughout the body and is synthesized and stored astrocytes, glial cells in the brain and spinal cord, which provide structural and metabolic support to the nervous system. (nutricartel.com)

Our Agmatine is HPLC tested by an independent lab to guarantee purity and potency. (nutricartel.com)
The product is pure agmatine without any additives for flavoring's sake, hence, its potency and effectiveness. (nutramanix.com)

The present data demonstrate agmatine, as a CDS and agonist for imidazoline (I) receptors, possesses marked systemic vasodilator activity in the rat. (uthscsa.edu)
The modulation of imidazoline receptors by agmatine has also been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. (nutricartel.com)
In this review, we will focus on the pathophysiological aspects of the neurological disorders regulated by these ion channels and receptors, and their interaction with agmatine in CNS injury. (elsevier.com)
Conclusion: Higher doses of agmatine temporarily and slightly increase the incidence of SWDs in WAG/Rij rats, which may suggest its possible aggravating activity in absence epilepsy patients through its activity on adrenergic, serotonergic and AMPA receptors. (bilim.edu.tr)

Agmatine, is a metabolite of L-Arginine and has many benefits which is why you can find Agmatine in many pre-workouts as well as nootropic supplements. (tigerfitness.com)
Agmatine is another metabolite of the amino acid arginine. (vitaminexpress.org)

The characteristics of agmatine uptake in RBM lead to the conclusion that its transporter is a channel with two asymmetric energy barriers, showing some characteristics similar to those of the imidazoline receptor I(2) and the sharing with the polyamine transporter. (unito.it)
Then, is agmatine a polyamine? (drugs-forum.org)

In its pure form, agmatine comes as a white powder that tastes bitter and has a Sulphur like a smell. (wekratom.com)

Agmatine is an imidazoline receptor agonist. (nutricartel.com)

This changes the nature of the amino acid, and allows agmatine to be a jack of all trades. (steroid-raws.com)

In fact, it tastes bitter since its ingredient is purely agmatine. (nutramanix.com)
Blueprint features the ingredient Agmatine. (bodybuilding.com)

Agmatine isn't a very effective bodybuilding supplement that warrants anyone investing in it. (drugs-forum.org)
This particular supplement is claimed to be one of the best in the agmatine industry. (nutramanix.com)
ideally, agmatine should be taken right after your workout with a supplement or meal containing protein and carbs.When nutrients can be delivered to working muscle tissue faster, you get optimal recovery and muscular growth. (steroid-raws.com)

Agmatine by SNS charges $33 for a hundred servings. (nutramanix.com)

Agmatine is one of the best supplements that many doctors would suggest for you. (wekratom.com)
The compound can also be found in fermented foods and supplements such as agmatine Sulphates. (wekratom.com)
But when you use Agmatine supplements, the withdrawal symptoms can significantly reduce. (wekratom.com)
And one of the best ways is to use Agmatine supplements. (wekratom.com)
Whether you are using magnesium or agmatine, the trick is to take the supplements some 20-30 minutes earlier before taking your Kratom, so that you give them time to get absorbed in the body and interact well with the Kratom herb. (wekratom.com)

Studies have described the therapeutic role of agmatine in various neurological disorders such as depressive mood, learning deficits, anxiety, memory impairment, and psychosis. (springeropen.com)

Studies have suggested that agmatine may support neuroprotective effects by providing support against excessive levels of glutamate. (steroid-raws.com)
The study was designed to reveal the potentials of agmatine in benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome by maintaining GABA/glutamate balance. (springeropen.com)
The present study reveals the possible mechanism of action of agmatine on NMDA receptor at GABA interneurons and glutamate post synaptic neuron that may lead to GABA/glutamate balance during withdrawal syndrome. (springeropen.com)

Agmatine has the ability to aid in increasing insulin response which can improve body composition (Hwang et al. (tigerfitness.com)

Material and Method: Three different doses (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg) of agmatine or saline were administered intraperitoneally to the adult WAG/Rij rats, and electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded for 2.5 hours. (bilim.edu.tr)
There was no effect on neither the incidence nor the cumulative duration of SWDs when agmatine administered in lower doses (20 or 40 mg/kg). (bilim.edu.tr)

The second way agmatine is the go-to-guy for NO, is that it acts as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase-an enzyme which prevents the production of NO. With this one-two punch, nitric oxide levels can be peaked for optimal athletic performance. (steroid-raws.com)

Agmatine products are for increasing muscle pumps and lean muscle mass. (nutramanix.com)
Agmatine is commonly used to help provide dramatic and long lasting pumps and to help improve strength, endurance, performance, recovery, and overall body-composition. (anabolicminds.com)

Agmatine is the next generation arginine and is often referred to as "Super Arginine" because of its ability to give explosive increases in Nitric Oxide synthesis. (nutricartel.com)
Agmatine is a support system of nitric oxide production-much like a necessary spotter for that 1 rep max bench press-by assisting the production of optimal levels of NO. (steroid-raws.com)
In our previous studies, we established that agmatine was related to the regulation of cell differentiation, nitric oxide synthesis, and murine brain endothelial cell migration, relief of chronic pain, cerebral edema, and apoptotic cell death in experimental CNS disorders. (elsevier.com)

The body naturally produces agmatine. (drugs-forum.org)

What about Agmatine, Magnesium, and Kratom? (wekratom.com)
Both magnesium and agmatine can help reduce the tolerance level of Kratom. (wekratom.com)
The combos I use for sleep (sometimes I mix and match) are lemon balm extract, l-theanine, magnesium Glycinate, Agmatine and sensoril Ashwagandha. (reddit.com)
In the daytime I use Ashwagandha KSM-66, magnesium threonate, l-theanine (a little bit of caffeine), agmatine, NAC (helps me with compulsive thoughts), and Nigella Sativa Extract. (reddit.com)

Agmatine also reverses or averts glutamatergic pathways dependent biological mechanisms in CNS [ 32 ]. (springeropen.com)

Our bodies produce agmatine compound naturally. (wekratom.com)

Researchers conducted tests on agmatine and found that it can also modulate the release of LH from its interaction with hypothalamic tissues. (nutricartel.com)

Kratom is used primarily for pain reduction and managing mood disorders, conditions which could also be treated by the use of agmatine. (wekratom.com)
Agmatine is great for an overall increase in mood. (reddit.com)

Agmatine is a chemical compound commonly found in plants and bacteria. (bulksupplements.com)

Agmatine is an experimental drug being studied for several indications, including cardioprotection and diabetes, decreased kidney function and neuroprotection (stroke and severe CNS injuries), epilepsy, glaucoma and neuropathic discomfort), and psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and cognition. (drugs-forum.org)
Agmatine is both an experimental and investigational drug. (drugs-forum.org)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of agmatine, an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance (CDS), on systemic hemodynamics in the anesthetized rat. (uthscsa.edu)
Doing so will provide enough time for agmatine to be metabolized in your system so that it can help boosts the kratom effects . (wekratom.com)
Agmatine has side effects so higher dosage should be avoided unless prescribed by the doctor. (wekratom.com)
Therefore, we investigated the effects of the agmatine in the occurrence of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in the Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk rats (WAG/Rij) model of genetic absence epilepsy. (bilim.edu.tr)

Agmatine isn't for boosting mental and physical energy before working out, so it's only expected that it doesn't bring out such results. (nutramanix.com)
Results: Agmatine, administered 80 mg/kg systemically, temporarily increased the number and cumulative duration of SWDs compared with saline injected WAG/Rij rats. (bilim.edu.tr)

The diamine agmatine (AGM), exhibiting two positive charges at physiological pH, is transported into rat brain mitochondria (RBM) by an electrophoretic mechanism, requiring high membrane potential values and exhibiting a marked non-ohmic force-flux relationship. (unito.it)
The mechanism of this transport apparently resembles that observed in rat liver mitochondria (RLM), but there are several characteristics that strongly suggest the presence of a different transporter of agmatine in RBM. (unito.it)
The study aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of action of agmatine at synaptic level using behavioral and biochemical evaluations. (springeropen.com)
The study aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism of action of agmatine at synaptic level. (springeropen.com)
Potential mechanism of action of agmatine against withdrawal syndrome is given in Fig. 1 . (springeropen.com)
Potential mechanism of action of agmatine against withdrawal syndrome. (springeropen.com)

Agmatine may block NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor found on GABAergic interneurons. (springeropen.com)

NutraBio Agmatine is 100% pure and contains absolutely no additives, fillers or excipients. (nutricartel.com)
Our Agmatine is so pure we won't even use dyes, so don't expect fancy colored capsules, we leave the gimmicks to the marketing brands. (nutricartel.com)

Agmatine is truly a great agmatine product. (nutramanix.com)
Agmatine is great for mental functioning such as mental health, stress management, and mental clarity (Examine). (tigerfitness.com)

Experts advise that you pick one day in a week where you can drop the dose of the herb with a significant amount, and increase the agmatine dose by just a small percentage. (wekratom.com)

Besides the obvious muscular benefits, agmatine may also assist with positive psychological attributes. (steroid-raws.com)

By starting at 1 gram, you can also make a container of Agmatine last longer. (nutramanix.com)

Agmatine has been suggested to assist with numerous athletic needs, including pre-workout training and post-workout recovery. (steroid-raws.com)

Anabolic Support Nutrient Partitioner Featuring Agmatine! (bodybuilding.com)

Agmatine XT provides 500 mg. per capsule at a cost effective price! (anabolicminds.com)
The SWD frequency characteristics were quantified by means of average power-spectra of the first 2 s segments of the SWD complexes before and after the effective dose of agmatine. (bilim.edu.tr)

Anatomy25

Organisms13

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs93

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Agmatine modulates polyamine content in hepatocytes by inducing spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase. (1/193)

Analgesic effect of agmatine and its enhancement on morphine analgesia in mice and rats. (2/193)

Agmatine inhibited tolerance to and dependence on morphine in guinea pig ileum in vitro. (3/193)

Effects of agmatine on tolerance to and substance dependence on morphine in mice. (4/193)

Correlation between inhibitions of morphine withdrawal and nitric-oxide synthase by agmatine. (5/193)

Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. (6/193)

An emerging role for agmatine. (7/193)

Helicobacter pylori rocF is required for arginase activity and acid protection in vitro but is not essential for colonization of mice or for urease activity. (8/193)

Ureohydrolases

Imidazoline Receptors

Putrescine

Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases

Polyamines

Hydrolases

Carboxy-Lyases

Idazoxan

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists

Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2

Arginine

Ornithine Decarboxylase

Guanidines

Yohimbine

Morphine Dependence

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists

Receptors, Drug

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists

Ornithine

Tyrosine Decarboxylase

Lactobacillus brevis

Biogenic Polyamines

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Spermidine

Phosphotransferases (Carboxyl Group Acceptor)

Clonidine

Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase

Selenomonas

Drug Tolerance

Pentylenetetrazole

Viridiplantae

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Dizocilpine Maleate

Restraint, Physical

Decarboxylation

Arginase

Benzofurans

Organic Cation Transporter 1

Drug Interactions

Morphine

Spermidine Synthase

Analgesics, Opioid

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)

Cadaverine

Amino Acid Transport Systems

Neuroprotective Agents

Agmatine

Enterococcus faecalis

Dioxanes

Adrenergic Agonists

Injections, Spinal

Adrenergic Fibers

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Streptococcus mutans

Diamines

Antiporters

Mitochondrial Swelling

Spermine

Renal Agents

Nitrogen Isotopes

Amidines

Kinetics

Ammonia

Mitochondria, Liver

Vigabatrin

Urea

Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide

ADP Ribose Transferases

Styrenes

Rats, Wistar

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Imidazoles

Snake Venoms

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

Transferases

Locus Coeruleus

Hippocampus

Indazoles

Analgesia

Citrulline