Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.
Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.
Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.
Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.
Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.
Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.
A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to KETO ACIDS with the generation of AMMONIA and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. L-amino acid oxidase is widely distributed in and is thought to contribute to the toxicity of SNAKE VENOMS.
A genus of parasitic nematodes that occurs in mammals including man. Infection in humans is either by larvae penetrating the skin or by ingestion of uncooked fish.
A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)
Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.
Proteins obtained from species of REPTILES.
Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)
Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies.
Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.
ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
('Costa Rica' in medical context is not a defined term) However, in general context, Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its advanced healthcare system and high life expectancy, which could be relevant to various medical or health-related discussions.

Cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of a basic-acidic hybrid phospholipase A2-II from Agkistrodon halys pallas. (1/68)

A cDNA encoding a basic-acidic hybrid phospholipase A2-II from Agkistrodon halys Pallas with an N-terminus highly homologous to that of BPLA2 and a C-terminus sequence almost the same as that of APLA2 was inserted into a bacterial expression vector and effectively expressed in Escherichia coli RR1. The protein was produced as insoluble inclusion bodies. After partial purification by washing, the inclusion bodies with Triton X-100, denaturing and refolding, the renatured recombinant protein was purified by FPLC column superose 12. The purified recombinant enzyme with an isoelectric point of pH 6.8 could cross-react with antiserum prepared against acidic phospholipase A2. The enzymatic activity of the expressed basic-acidic hybrid phospholipase A2-II is close to that of denatured-refolded native basic phospholipase A2, and has the same inhibiting effect on platelet aggregation as denatured-refolded acidic phospholipase A2, but lacks the hemolytic activity of denatured-refolded basic phospholipase A2. To study the structural relationships among basic phospholipase A2, acidic phospholipase A2 and basic-acidic hybrid phospholipase A2-II, molecular modeling of basic-acidic hybrid phospholipase A2-II was done. The roles of various amino acid residues in the enzymatic activity and pharmacological activities of phospholipase A2 are discussed.  (+info)

cDNA cloning and bacterial expression of phospholipase A(2) inhibitor PLIalpha from the serum of the Chinese mamushi, Agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus(1). (2/68)

The cDNA encoding of a phospholipase A(2) inhibitor (PLIalpha) of the Chinese mamushi, Agkistrodon blomhoffii siniticus, was identified from a liver cDNA library by use of a probe prepared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the basis of the amino acid sequence of PLIalpha. It encoded a polypeptide of 166 amino acid residues, including 19 residues of the signal sequence and 147 residues of the complete mature sequence of PLIalpha. The PLIalpha cDNA was subcloned into the expression vector pET-16b and used to transform Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS. The recombinant PLIalpha expressed as a fusion protein was solubilized and purified to homogeneity by use of a metal affinity resin. The purified PLIalpha fusion protein underwent folding to form a trimeric structure like the intact PLIalpha, and showed inhibitory activity against the group II acidic PLA(2) from A. blomhoffii siniticus venom; although its binding constant (1/K(i)) value was 30-fold lower than that of the natural PLIalpha. The elimination of the N-terminal additional peptide from the fusion protein resulted in a marked increase in the inhibition activity with a binding constant comparable to that of the natural PLIalpha against the acidic PLA(2). Furthermore, the carbohydrate chains of the natural PLIalpha were found to play an important role in the inhibitory activity against the basic PLA(2).  (+info)

Purification, cloning and sequence analyses for pro-metalloprotease-disintegrin variants from Deinagkistrodon acutus venom and subclassification of the small venom metalloproteases. (3/68)

Acidic and basic hemorrhagic metalloproteases were purified from the venom of Deinagkistrodon acutus (from Fujian Province, China) using gel filtration and anion exchange on FPLC and reversed-phase HPLC. Their hemorrhagic activities and N-terminal sequences were characterized. Extensive screening of the venom gland cDNA after PCR amplification resulted in the identification and sequencing of a total of seven cDNA clones encoding the multidomain precursors of six acidic and one alkaline low molecular mass metalloproteases. Two of the precursors contain a processable disintegrin domain. Disintegrins of 5 kDa were also purified from the venom. The partial amino-acid sequences and molecular masses determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the purified proteins specifically match those deduced from two of the cDNA sequences. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on 30 complete sequences of low molecular mass venom metalloproteases revealed that they may be classified into three functional subtypes: acidic hemorrhagins, basic and moderate hemorrhagins, and nonhemorrhagic enzymes. Subtype-specific amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal regions of the enzymes were highlighted to explore the structure-activity relationships of the enzymes.  (+info)

Characterization and cDNA cloning of a platelet aggregation inhibitor. (4/68)

A novel platelet aggregation inhibitor, sal-C, was purified to homogeneity from the venom of Korean snake (Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus). Several lines of experimental evidence clearly indicated that sal-C inhibits not only the collagen-induced platelet aggregation, but also the aggregation mediated by the cell surface glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa). We have isolated the cDNA encoding sal-C from the cDNA library of the snake venom gland and analyzed its complete nucleotide sequence. Sal-C is a single-chain polypeptide composed of 212 amino acids including 24 cysteines. The deduced polypeptide sequence of sal-C demonstrated considerable homology to previously described protein species of the collagen-induced platelet aggregation inhibitor family. Sal-C does not have the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, but contains the Ser-Glu-Cys-Asp sequence. Interestingly, sal-C was found to inhibit GP IIb-IIIa binding to immobilized fibrinogen which is antagonized by the typical RGD motif of disintegrins.  (+info)

Ultrastructure of the capillary pericytes and the expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin and desmin in the snake infrared sensory organs. (5/68)

The infrared sensory membranes of pit organs of pit vipers have an extremely rich capillary vasculature that forms many vascular loops, each serving a small number of infrared nerve terminals. We clarified the ultrastructure of capillary pericytes in the pit membranes by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and examined the immunoreactivity in their cytoplasm to two contractile proteins: smooth muscle alpha-actin (SM alpha-actin) and desmin. The capillary pericytes had two major cytoplasmic processes: thickened primary processes that radiate to embrace the endothelial tube and flattened secondary processes that are distributed widely on the endothelium. Coexpression of SM alpha-actin and desmin was observed in the pericytes of entire capillary segments, and SM alpha-actin was characterized by prominent filament bundles directed mainly at right angles to the capillary long axis. This expression pattern was different from that of capillary pericytes of the scales, where SM alpha-actin was expressed diffusely in the cytoplasm. In a series of electron microscopic sections, we often observed the pericyte processes depressing the endothelial wall. We also observed a close relationship of the pericytes with inter-endothelial cell junctions, and pericyte processes connected with the endothelial cells via gap junctions. From these findings, we surmised that capillary pericytes in the pit membrane have a close functional relationship with the endothelium, and through their contractile and relaxing activity regulate capillary bloodflow to stabilize production of infrared nerve impulses.  (+info)

Toward understanding interfacial activation of secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2): membrane surface properties and membrane-induced structural changes in the enzyme contribute synergistically to PLA2 activation. (6/68)

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes phospholipids to free fatty acids and lysolipids and thus initiates the biosynthesis of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor, potent mediators of inflammation, allergy, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The relative contributions of the physical properties of membranes and the structural changes in PLA2 to the interfacial activation of PLA2, that is, a strong increase in the lipolytic activity upon binding to the surface of phospholipid membranes or micelles, are not well understood. The present results demonstrate that both binding of PLA2 to phospholipid bilayers and its activity are facilitated by membrane surface electrostatics. Higher PLA2 activity toward negatively charged membranes is shown to result from stronger membrane-enzyme electrostatic interactions rather than selective hydrolysis of the acidic lipid. Phospholipid hydrolysis by PLA2 is followed by preferential removal of the liberated lysolipid and accumulation of the fatty acid in the membrane that may predominantly modulate PLA2 activity by affecting membrane electrostatics and/or morphology. The previously described induction of a flexible helical structure in PLA2 during interfacial activation was more pronounced at higher negative charge densities of membranes. These findings identify a reciprocal relationship between the membrane surface properties, strength of membrane binding of PLA2, membrane-induced structural changes in PLA2, and the enzyme activation.  (+info)

Serine protease isoforms of Deinagkistrodon acutus venom: cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. (7/68)

The major coagulating fibrinogenase of Deinagkistrdon acutus venom, designated acutobin, was purified by anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC. Approximately 80% of its protein sequence was determined by sequencing the various fragments derived from CNBr cleavage and digestion with endoprotease. Extensive screening of the venom gland cDNA species after amplification by PCR resulted in the isolation of four distinct cDNA clones encoding acutobin and three other serine proteases, designated Dav-PA, Dav-KN and Dav-X. The complete amino acid sequences of these enzymes were deduced from the cDNA sequences. The amino-acid sequence of acutobin contains a single chain of 236 residues including four potential N-glycosylation sites. The purified acutobin (40 kDa) contains approx. 30% carbohydrate by weight, which could be partly removed by N-glycanase. The phylogenetic tree of the complete amino acid sequences of 40 serine proteases from 18 species of Crotalinae shows functional clusters reflecting parallel evolution of the three major venom enzyme subtypes: coagulating enzymes, kininogenases and plasminogen activators. The possible structural elements responsible for the functional specificity of each subtype are discussed.  (+info)

Aggretin, a heterodimeric C-type lectin from Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper), stimulates platelets by binding to alpha2beta1 integrin and glycoprotein Ib, activating Syk and phospholipase Cgamma 2, but does not involve the glycoprotein VI/Fc receptor gamma chain collagen receptor. (8/68)

Aggretin, a potent platelet activator, was isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom, and 30-amino acid N-terminal sequences of both subunits were determined. Aggretin belongs to the heterodimeric snake C-type lectin family and is thought to activate platelets by binding to platelet glycoprotein alpha(2)beta(1). We now show that binding to glycoprotein (GP) Ib is also required. Aggretin-induced platelet activation was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to GPIb as well as by antibodies to alpha(2)beta(1). Binding of both of these platelet receptors to aggretin was confirmed by affinity chromatography. No binding of other major platelet membrane glycoproteins, in particular GPVI, to aggretin was detected. Aggretin also activates platelets from Fc receptor gamma chain (Fcgamma)-deficient mice to a greater extent than those from normal control mice, showing that it does not use the GPVI/Fcgamma pathway. Platelets from Fcgamma-deficient mice expressed fibrinogen receptors normally in response to collagen, although they did not aggregate, indicating that these platelets may partly compensate via other receptors including alpha(2)beta(1) or GPIb for the lack of the Fcgamma pathway. Signaling by aggretin involves a dose-dependent lag phase followed by rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins. Among these are p72(SYK), p125(FAK), and PLCgamma2, whereas, in comparison with collagen and convulxin, the Fcgamma subunit neither is phosphorylated nor coprecipitates with p72(SYK). This supports an independent, GPIb- and integrin-based pathway for activation of p72(SYK) not involving the Fcgamma receptor.  (+info)

Crotalid venoms are the toxic secretions produced by the members of the Crotalinae subfamily, also known as pit vipers. This group includes rattlesnakes, cottonmouths (or water moccasins), and copperheads, which are native to the Americas, as well as Old World vipers found in Asia and Europe, such as gaboon vipers and saw-scaled vipers.

Crotalid venoms are complex mixtures of various bioactive molecules, including enzymes, proteins, peptides, and other low molecular weight components. They typically contain a variety of pharmacologically active components, such as hemotoxic and neurotoxic agents, which can cause extensive local tissue damage, coagulopathy, cardiovascular dysfunction, and neuromuscular disorders in the victim.

The composition of crotalid venoms can vary significantly between different species and even among individual specimens within the same species. This variability is influenced by factors such as geographic location, age, sex, diet, and environmental conditions. As a result, the clinical manifestations of crotalid envenomation can be highly variable, ranging from mild local reactions to severe systemic effects that may require intensive medical treatment and supportive care.

Crotalid venoms have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential therapeutic applications. For example, certain components of crotalid venoms have shown promise as drugs for treating various medical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, pain, and inflammation. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of these venom components and to develop safe and effective therapies based on them.

Ancrod is a thrombin-like enzyme that is derived from the venom of the Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma). It has been used in clinical settings as an anticoagulant and for the treatment of cerebral thrombosis, although its use is not widespread due to the availability of other effective treatments and potential side effects.

Ancrod works by selectively cleaving fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood clotting, into fibrin degradation products. This action reduces the formation of blood clots and increases the bleeding time, making it useful as an anticoagulant. However, ancrod also has potential side effects such as bleeding complications, allergic reactions, and anaphylaxis, which limit its use in clinical practice.

It is important to note that the use of ancrod and other snake venom-derived enzymes for medical purposes should only be done under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, and with careful monitoring of potential side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "snakes" is not a medical term. It refers to a group of legless reptiles that can be found on every continent except Antarctica. If you have any questions about snakes in a different context, please provide more information and I'll do my best to help!

Batroxobin is a serine protease enzyme that is isolated from the venom of Bothrops atrox, also known as the South American fer-de-lance snake. It has thrombin-like activity and can induce fibrinogen to form fibrin, which is an important step in blood clotting. Batroxobin is used medically as a defibrinating agent to treat conditions such as snake envenomation, cerebral infarction, and arterial thrombosis. It may also be used for research purposes to study hemostasis and coagulation.

"Viper venoms" refer to the toxic secretions produced by members of the Viperidae family of snakes, which include pit vipers (such as rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths) and true vipers (like adders, vipers, and gaboon vipers). These venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, enzymes, and other bioactive molecules that can cause a wide range of symptoms in prey or predators, including local tissue damage, pain, swelling, bleeding, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as coagulopathy, cardiovascular shock, and respiratory failure.

The composition of viper venoms varies widely between different species and even among individuals within the same species. However, many viper venoms contain a variety of enzymes (such as phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, and serine proteases) that can cause tissue damage and disrupt vital physiological processes in the victim. Additionally, some viper venoms contain neurotoxins that can affect the nervous system and cause paralysis or other neurological symptoms.

Understanding the composition and mechanisms of action of viper venoms is important for developing effective treatments for venomous snakebites, as well as for gaining insights into the evolution and ecology of these fascinating and diverse creatures.

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds produced by specialized glands in snakes. They primarily consist of proteins and peptides, including enzymes, neurotoxins, hemotoxins, cytotoxins, and cardiotoxins. These toxins can cause a variety of pharmacological effects on the victim's body, such as disruption of the nervous system, blood coagulation, muscle function, and cell membrane integrity, ultimately leading to tissue damage and potentially death. The composition of snake venoms varies widely among different species, making each species' venom unique in its toxicity profile.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in glycerophospholipids, releasing free fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids. These products are important precursors for the biosynthesis of various signaling molecules, including eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and lipoxins, which play crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, and other cellular processes.

Phospholipases A2 are classified into several groups based on their structure, mechanism of action, and cellular localization. The secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) are found in extracellular fluids and are characterized by a low molecular weight, while the calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s) are larger proteins that reside within cells.

Abnormal regulation or activity of Phospholipase A2 has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the biology and function of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these disorders.

Phospholipases A are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids into fatty acids and lysophospholipids by cleaving the ester bond at the sn-1 or sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. There are three main types of Phospholipases A:

* Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
* Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-2 position, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid, which is a precursor for eicosanoids) and a lysophospholipid.
* Phospholipase A/B (PLA/B): This enzyme has both PLA1 and PLA2 activity and can hydrolyze the ester bond at either the sn-1 or sn-2 position.

Phospholipases A play important roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and host defense. They are also involved in several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

Phospholipases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. Phospholipases cleave specific ester bonds in phospholipids, releasing free fatty acids and other lipophilic molecules. Based on the site of action, phospholipases are classified into four types:

1. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
2. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): PLA2 cleaves the ester bond at the sn-2 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid) and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation and other physiological processes.
3. Phospholipase C (PLC): PLC hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond in the headgroup of a glycerophospholipid, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and a soluble head group, such as inositol trisphosphate (IP3). DAG acts as a secondary messenger in intracellular signaling pathways, while IP3 mediates the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
4. Phospholipase D (PLD): PLD cleaves the phosphoester bond between the headgroup and the glycerol moiety of a glycerophospholipid, releasing phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free head group. PA is an important signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell survival.

Phospholipases have diverse roles in normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation, immunity, and neurotransmission. Dysregulation of phospholipase activity can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

Disintegrins are a group of small, cysteine-rich proteins that are derived from the venom of certain snakes, such as vipers and pit vipers. They are named for their ability to disrupt the integrin-mediated adhesion of cells, which is an important process in many physiological and pathological processes, including hemostasis, inflammation, and cancer metastasis.

Disintegrins contain a conserved RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) or KTS (Lys-Thr-Ser) sequence that allows them to bind specifically to integrin receptors on the surface of cells. This binding can cause various effects, such as inhibiting cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, or promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Due to their potent biological activities, disintegrins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including thrombosis, cancer, and inflammation. However, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and safety profiles before they can be used clinically.

L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is an enzyme that belongs to the family of flavin monooxygenases. It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids into corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction takes place in the presence of molecular oxygen and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) as a cofactor.

LAAO is found in various organisms, including mammals, reptiles, fish, insects, bacteria, and plants. In some species, LAAO plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids, while in others, it functions as a part of the immune system or contributes to the development of venoms and toxins.

In humans, LAAO is primarily located in the peroxisomes of liver, kidney, and intestinal cells, where it participates in the catabolism of amino acids. In addition, LAAO has been found to have potential roles in several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, and cancer, due to its ability to generate hydrogen peroxide and induce oxidative stress.

"Gnathostoma" is a genus of parasitic nematodes (roundworms) that are known to cause gnathostomiasis, a foodborne zoonotic disease. The adult worms typically infect the stomach of carnivorous animals such as cats and dogs, while the larvae can migrate through various tissues in humans and other animals, causing cutaneous and visceral lesions.

The term "Gnathostoma" itself is derived from the Greek words "gnathos" meaning jaw and "stoma" meaning mouth, which refers to the distinctive muscular mouthparts (called "hooks") that these parasites use to attach themselves to their host's tissues.

It's worth noting that there are several species of Gnathostoma that can infect humans, with Gnathostoma spinigerum being one of the most common and widely distributed species. Proper cooking and hygiene practices can help prevent gnathostomiasis infection in humans.

'Agkistrodon' is a genus of venomous snakes commonly known as pit vipers, found predominantly in North America and parts of Asia. This genus includes several species, among them the copperhead (A. contortrix), cottonmouth or water moccasin (A. piscivorus), and the cantil (A. bilineatus). These snakes are characterized by their triangular heads, heat-sensing pits between the eyes and nostrils, and elliptical pupils. They deliver venom through hollow fangs and can cause significant harm to humans if they bite.

It is important to note that 'Agkistrodon' species are often misidentified due to their similarities with other pit vipers. Accurate identification of a snakebite victim is crucial for proper medical treatment, so seeking professional help from herpetologists or medical professionals is highly recommended in such situations.

Antivenins, also known as antivenoms, are medications created specifically to counteract venomous bites or stings from various creatures such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine animals. They contain antibodies that bind to and neutralize the toxic proteins present in venom. Antivenins are usually made by immunizing large animals (like horses) with small amounts of venom over time, which prompts the animal's immune system to produce antibodies against the venom. The antibody-rich serum is then collected from the immunized animal and purified for use as an antivenin.

When administered to a victim who has been envenomated, antivenins work by binding to the venom molecules, preventing them from causing further damage to the body's tissues and organs. This helps minimize the severity of symptoms and can save lives in life-threatening situations. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if bitten or stung by a venomous creature, as antivenins should be administered as soon as possible for optimal effectiveness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Reptilian Proteins" does not have a specific or established medical or scientific meaning. The term "reptilian" generally refers to characteristics of reptiles, and proteins are complex molecules that perform various functions within all living organisms, including reptiles. However, there isn't a recognized category or classification called "Reptilian Proteins" in the field of medicine or biology. If you have any questions about specific reptile-related proteins or reptile physiology, I would be happy to try and help with those!

A snake bite is a traumatic injury resulting from the puncture or laceration of skin by the fangs of a snake, often accompanied by envenomation. Envenomation occurs when the snake injects venom into the victim's body through its fangs. The severity and type of symptoms depend on various factors such as the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the individual's sensitivity to the venom. Symptoms can range from localized pain, swelling, and redness to systemic effects like coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, or cardiotoxicity, which may lead to severe complications or even death if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Poison Control Centers are specialized organizations that provide immediate, free, and expert advice and treatment recommendations for exposure to potentially harmful substances, also known as poisons. They are staffed by trained healthcare professionals, including medical toxicologists, nurses, pharmacists, and poison information providers. These centers manage a wide range of poisoning cases, from accidental ingestions in children to intentional overdoses and chemical exposures in adults. They offer 24/7 emergency hotline services to the public, healthcare providers, and first responders for poison-related emergencies and provide valuable resources for poison prevention and education. The primary goal of Poison Control Centers is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with poison exposures and promote overall public health and safety.

Cobra venoms are a type of snake venom that is produced by cobras, which are members of the genus Naja in the family Elapidae. These venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and other molecules that have evolved to help the snake immobilize and digest its prey.

Cobra venoms typically contain a variety of toxic components, including neurotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins. Neurotoxins target the nervous system and can cause paralysis and respiratory failure. Hemotoxins damage blood vessels and tissues, leading to internal bleeding and organ damage. Cytotoxins destroy cells and can cause tissue necrosis.

The specific composition of cobra venoms can vary widely between different species of cobras, as well as between individual snakes of the same species. Some cobras have venoms that are primarily neurotoxic, while others have venoms that are more hemotoxic or cytotoxic. The potency and effects of cobra venoms can also be influenced by factors such as the age and size of the snake, as well as the temperature and pH of the environment.

Cobra bites can be extremely dangerous and even fatal to humans, depending on the species of cobra, the amount of venom injected, and the location of the bite. Immediate medical attention is required in the event of a cobra bite, including the administration of antivenom therapy to neutralize the effects of the venom.

Metalloendopeptidases are a type of enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins, specifically at interior positions within the polypeptide chain. They require metal ions as cofactors for their catalytic activity, typically zinc (Zn2+) or cobalt (Co2+). These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes such as protein degradation, processing, and signaling. Examples of metalloendopeptidases include thermolysin, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and neutrophil elastase.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Medical Definition:

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) is a standard measurement in toxicology that refers to the estimated amount or dose of a substance, which if ingested, injected, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin by either human or animal, would cause death in 50% of the test population. It is expressed as the mass of a substance per unit of body weight (mg/kg, μg/kg, etc.). LD50 values are often used to compare the toxicity of different substances and help determine safe dosage levels.

Fibrinogen is a soluble protein present in plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays an essential role in blood coagulation. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen gets converted into insoluble fibrin by the action of thrombin, forming a fibrin clot that helps to stop bleeding from the injured site. Therefore, fibrinogen is crucial for hemostasis, which is the process of stopping bleeding and starting the healing process after an injury.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).

Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.

Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:

1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.

Hydrolysis is a chemical process, not a medical one. However, it is relevant to medicine and biology.

Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a chemical compound due to its reaction with water, often resulting in the formation of two or more simpler compounds. In the context of physiology and medicine, hydrolysis is a crucial process in various biological reactions, such as the digestion of food molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Enzymes called hydrolases catalyze these hydrolysis reactions to speed up the breakdown process in the body.

Peptides are short chains of amino acid residues linked by covalent bonds, known as peptide bonds. They are formed when two or more amino acids are joined together through a condensation reaction, which results in the elimination of a water molecule and the formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

Peptides can vary in length from two to about fifty amino acids, and they are often classified based on their size. For example, dipeptides contain two amino acids, tripeptides contain three, and so on. Oligopeptides typically contain up to ten amino acids, while polypeptides can contain dozens or even hundreds of amino acids.

Peptides play many important roles in the body, including serving as hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, and antibiotics. They are also used in medical research and therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.

In this process:

1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.

EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

I apologize, but "Costa Rica" is not a medical term or concept. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its rich biodiversity and progressive environmental policies. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

in German and Latin). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agkistrodon. Agkistrodon at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. ... Agkistrodon is a genus of venomous pit vipers commonly known as American moccasins. The genus is endemic to North America, ... Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ... The name Agkistrodon comes from the Greek words ankistron (ἄγκιστρον, 'fishhook', with the irregular transliteration gk rather ...
A female Agkistrodon taylori Close up view of a female Agkistrodon taylori A male Taylor's cantil (Agkistrodon taylori) ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agkistrodon bilineatus. Agkistrodon taylori at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. ... Agkistrodon contortrix) are the most basal (ancestral) living lineage of the genus, with the cottonmouths (Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon taylori) is relatively simple and straight forward compared to many species. Agkistrodon bilineatus, In part: ...
... ) Belly or ventral view of a Broad-banded copperhead (Agkistrodon laticinctus) A juvenile Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon contortrix at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 7 December 2007. Agkistrodon contortrix at University of ... As juveniles, all species of Agkistrodon have a bright green-yellow color to their tail tips, believed to be used as a lure to ... Agkistrodon laticinctus, commonly known as the broad-banded copperhead, is a venomous pit viper species, formerly considered a ...
Agkistrodon bilineatus (Squamata: Viperidae): a race against time". Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 7 (1): 48-73. (Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon russeolus, commonly called the Yucatecan cantil, is a venomous pit viper species endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula ... A subspecies of Agkistrodon bilineatus (Serentes: Crotalidae) on the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological ... Agkistrodon bilineatus russeolus, new subspecies). Porras, Louis W.; Wilson, Larry David; Schuett, Gordon W.; Reiserer, Randall ...
... is the largest species of the genus Agkistrodon. Adults commonly exceed 80 cm (31 in) in total length ( ... Agkistrodon piscivorus is the most aquatic species of the genus Agkistrodon, and is usually associated with bodies of water, ... Agkistrodon piscivorus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 7 December 2007. Agkistrodon piscivorus in the CalPhotos ... Agkistrodon piscivorus, pp. 109, 156). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agkistrodon piscivorus. Wikispecies has ...
... is a taxonomic synonym that may refer to: Hypnale nepa, a.k.a. Sri Lankan hump-nosed viper, venomous pitviper ...
Mexico.Agkistrodon howardgloydi, Agkistrodon russeolus and Agkistrodon taylori were formerly considered subspecies. Lee, J.; ... Agkistrodon bilineatus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 7 December 2007. Agkistrodon taylori at the Reptarium.cz ... Agkistrodon bilineatus is a highly venomous pit viper species found in Mexico and Central America as far south as Honduras. ... Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ...
Agkistrodon bilineatus, Agkistrodon russeolus, and Agkistrodon howardgloydi) based on morphology, biogeography, and ... Agkistrodon howardgloydi can be distinguish from other members of the genus Agkistrodon by the presence of a loreal scale ( ... than Agkistrodon bilineatus or Agkistrodon taylori.: 93 p. : 416 p. In 1984, while preparing a monograph on the genus ... Agkistrodon howardgloydi was rated 17, a species of high vulnerability.: 63-64 p. Agkistrodon howardgloydi is a rare species ...
... is a taxonomic synonym that may refer to: Ovophis monticola, a.k.a. the mountain pitviper, a venomous ...
... is a taxonomic synonym that may refer to: Gloydius halys, a.k.a. the Siberian pit viper, a venomous pitviper ...
The Osage copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster) was once classified as a subspecies of the copperhead (Agkistrodon ... ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hc), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (pb). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agkistrodon contortrix. Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix), and the northern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen). The three subspecies were ... The venom of Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster is similar to the venoms produced by other species of the Agkistrodon genus. ...
The eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) was once classified as a subspecies of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) and the western cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) and synonymized the two ... Considering gene flow when using coalescent methods to delimit lineages of North American pitvipers of the genus Agkistrodon. ... ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9 Uetz P, Freed P, Aguilar R, Hošek J (editors) (2021). The Reptile Database, Agkistrodon piscivorus ( ...
The northern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen) was once classified as a subspecies of the copperhead (Agkistrodon ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agkistrodon contortrix. Agkistrodon contortrix at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. ... Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) and the Osage copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster). The three subspecies were ... Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ...
... is a taxonomic synonym that may refer to: Gloydius saxatilis, a.k.a. the Amur viper, a venomous ...
Agkistrodon contortrix at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 7 December 2007. Agkistrodon contortrix at University of ... Agkistrodon laticinctus, having priority. The resulting taxonomy does not recognize the Trans-Pecos copperhead (Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster) and the broad-banded copperhead, (Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus). The two subspecies ... As juveniles, all species of Agkistrodon have a bright green-yellow color to their tail tip believed to be used as a lure to ...
... (a taxonomic synonym) may refer to: Gloydius saxatilis, a.k.a. the Amur viper, a venomous ...
The genus agkistrodon, found in Latin America from Mexico to northwestern Costa Rica. Agkistrodon bilineatus, is one of the ... 3 (1): 1-7. "Agkistrodon". Características, Hábitat y Reproducción. (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2020-10-03. Campbell, ...
... while Agkistrodon laticinctus (formerly Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus) and the fifth subspecies are a single distinct ... Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster). Eastern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) Westchester County, New York (May 2002). ... The eastern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), also known simply as the copperhead, is a species of venomous snake, a pit ... Agkistrodon mokasen, pp. 136-139 + Plate 27, Figures 79-81). Gloyd HK (1934). "Studies on the Breeding Habits and Young of the ...
Agkistrodon tsushimaensis, new species). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloydius. Gloydius at the Reptarium.cz Reptile ... However, by 1999 cladistic studies clearly showed that Agkistrodon did not form a clade (indeed, it was not even paraphyletic) ... Named after American herpetologist Howard K. Gloyd, this genus is very similar to the North American genus Agkistrodon. 24 ... Gloydius lateralis, new species). Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society ...
Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ... Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex. A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Contributions to ...
Agkistrodon piscivorus); alligators (Alligator mississippiensis); and carnivorans like raccoons (Procyon lotor), red foxes ( ...
This species is similar to the cottonmouths and copperheads (Agkistrodon sp.) of the Americas, and it was long considered part ... ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Gloydius blomhoffi, p. 28). Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A ... ISBN 0-916984-20-6. (Agkistrodon blomhoffi complex, pp. 273-309). Fukuda, Tadashi; Iwaki, Masaaki; Hong, Seung Hwa; Oh, Ho Jung ... Agkistrodon halys) bite". Medical J Kagoshima Univ 30: 129-135. (in Japanese). Takeshita, T; Yamada, K; Hanada, M; Oda-Ueda, N ...
Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster); the Sonoran sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes cercobombus); the Arizona black rattlesnake ( ...
Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster); the Sonoran sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes cercobombus); the Arizona black rattlesnake ( ...
Agkistrodon acutus, pp. 387-390 + Plate XXIII, figures D-G). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deinagkistrodon acutus. ... May 1997 [1] "Agkistrodon acutus pit vipers." Medical-Explorer.com; accessed April 2010. [2] Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of ... ISBN 0-8153-4078-8. Chen JH, Liang XX, Qiu PX, Yan GM (May 2001). "Thrombolysis effect with FIIa from Agkistrodon acutus venom ... ISBN 978-9971-62-217-6. Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the ...
Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ...
Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ... "Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus, new subspecies", pp. 463-464.) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloydius blomhoffii. ...
ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume). Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A ...
Volume 1: Heloderma, Micruroides, Micrurus, Pelamis, Agkistrodon, Sistrurus. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xviii ...
Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ...
in German and Latin). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agkistrodon. Agkistrodon at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. ... Agkistrodon is a genus of venomous pit vipers commonly known as American moccasins. The genus is endemic to North America, ... Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. ... The name Agkistrodon comes from the Greek words ankistron (ἄγκιστρον, fishhook, with the irregular transliteration gk rather ...
You are being directed to We do not guarantee that the websites we link to comply with Section 508 (Accessibility Requirements) of the Rehabilitation Act. Links also do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.. I Understand. Take me there. ...
A hand-picked, annotated list of Web resources about Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti. ... Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Agkistrodon_piscivorus_conanti/External_Links&oldid=582271" ...
... [ Follow Ups ] [ Post Followup ] [ DFW Herp Society Forum ]. Posted by carlfranklin on ... In Reply to: Agkistrodon piscivorus - size max posted by bonita on January 03, 2003 at 22:58:33:. There have been cottonmouths ...
Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus - CROTHER et al. 2012. Agkistrodon piscivorus - CROTHER et al. 2012. Agkistrodon piscivorus ... Agkistrodon piscivorous - MEHRTENS 1987: 355 (in error). Agkistrodon piscivorus - CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 228. Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon piscivorus - WALLACH et al. 2014: 18. Agkistrodon piscivorus - BURBRINK & GUIHER 2014. Agkistrodon piscivorus - ... Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma - CROTHER 2000: 56. Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma - DIXON 2000. Agkistrodon piscivorus ...
Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix). by Jeff LeClere. An eastern copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, from Van Buren ... An eastern copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, from Van Buren County, Iowa.. Subspecies. No subspecies of the eastern ... An eastern copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, from Van Buren County, Iowa.. Habits. Eastern copperheads were first reported ...
Ink on scratchboard. Based on collected articles and photographs. Published in Stories from Where We Live: The Gulf Coast by Sara St. Antoine. M...
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the extract from Agkistrodon halys venom on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- ... Extract of Agkistrodon halys venom. The extract from Agkistrodon halys venom was supplied by the Snake Venom Research Institute ... The extract from Agkistrodon halys venom protects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injury. *Quan-Hai Wang1 ... The extract used in the study was a component which we recently isolated from Agkistrodon halys venom. The extract has been ...
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Agkistrodon contortrix) is a member of the pit viper family. Care sheet provided by Rhett Stanberry. ... Agkistrodon contortrix is a member of the pit viper family. As pit-vipers they have facial pits that sense heat and are used to ... Agkistrodon contortrix can be a light brown or tan in color with dark, irregular banding. The bands can be solid in color or ...
Queensland Museum Collection Directory Copyright Disclaimer Privacy & Security Right to information © The State of Queensland (Queensland Museum) 2010 - 2023 Queensland Government ...
Taxonomy of the genus Agkistrodon. Biodiversity of the family Viperidae. Bibliography of the genus. Agkistrodon (American ... Agkistrodon howardgloydi. Conant, R. 1984. A new subspecies of the pit viper, Agkistrodon bilineatus (Reptilia: Viperidae) from ... Agkistrodon contortrix. Abbuhl, B. 2008. Natural history notes: Agkistrodon contortrix mokeson (Northern Copperhead). Mid- ... Agkistrodon contortix contortix. Litteratura Serpentium (English Edition) 10(1): 54.. Boerema, H. 1991. Agkistrodon contortrix ...
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Agkistrodon piscivorus) United States: Louisiana: Rapides Parish Seepages off of Loving Creek Evangeline Unit of Kisatchie ... Cottonmouth, Water Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus). United States: Louisiana: Rapides Parish. Seepages off of Loving Creek. ...
Home ›417196423 Chinese Medicine › Pien Tze Huang Series › Pientzehuang Agkistrodon Acutus Itch-Relieving Tablet (36 Tablets) ... Pientzehuang Agkistrodon Acutus Itch-Relieving Tablet (36 Tablets). Pientzehuan 公價貨品 ... Agkistrodon Acuts, Fructus Tribuli, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizac, Paeoniae Sinjiangensis, Radix Sophorae Flavescentis, Semen ...
This study examined the habitat selection of North Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) inhabiting an isolated riverine slough ... Generalist Habitat Selection By Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) in a Hydrologically-Dynamic Wetland. ... This study examined the habitat selection of North Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) inhabiting an isolated riverine slough ...
Agkistrodon piscivorus. Agkistrodon piscivorus is a venomous snake, a species of pit viper, found in the southeastern United ... This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Agkistrodon_piscivorus ...
Wildlife enthusiasts in search of a lot of alligators will most definitely enjoy this 2.64 mile (4.25 km) auto tour loop. There are six parking areas where you can pull over and enjoy what this wonderful area has to offer, but while in between these areas, please be courteous to other visitors and allow them the opportunity to pass. There is a 220 m boardwalk and observation platform on the west side of Shoveler Pond that gives visitors the opportunity to immerse themselves into the marsh environment. The nearby rookery can host hundreds of nesting ibis and egrets and can be quite the spectacle in the late spring and summer months. This is a must experience for anyone visiting the refuge! Shoveler Pond is a 220 acre man-made fresh-water impoundment which predates the refuge. It was originally created as a reservoir to assist in flooding rice fields and for cattle. The Boardwalk Trail was constructed in 1998 in memory of H. Fletcher Brown (1910-1996) with funds from his wife Katherine and his son ...
Agkistrodon contortrix. 582. MSUMC. KY. 1979 Oct 29. Equivocal§. Negative. Possible. Coluber constrictor. 603. MSUMC. KY. 1980 ...
Moccasins comprise the genus Agkistrodon, which includes the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) and copperhead (Agkistrodon ... Agkistrodon blomhoffii), Siberian pit viper (Agkistrodon halys), and Central Asian pit viper (Agkistrodon intermedius) in ... Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix). Photo courtesy of Sean Bush, MD. View Media Gallery ... Cottonmouth or water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus). Photo courtesy of Sean Bush, MD. View Media Gallery ...
The northern copperhead is a large, venomous snake found across the eastern United States in terrestrial and semiaquatic habitats. This copper-colored snake has an unmarked head and chestnut brown, hourglass-shaped crossbands along its body.
L-amino acid oxidase from Agkistrodon halys pallas ... L-amino acid oxidase from Agkistrodon halys pallas Coordinates ... a novel L-amino-acid oxidase with cell apoptosis-inducing activity from Agkistrodon halys pallas venom. Acta Crystallogr.,Sect. ...
Agkistrodon piscivorus. Description. The cottonmouth is named for the cotton-white lining of its mouth, which it opens widely ...
Agkistrodon contortrix. STATUS: Common statewide. Most frequently encountered venomous snake in Alabama. May be increasing in ...
Agkistrodon contortrix: Information Subject:. Life Science. Zoology. Material Type:. Reading. Provider:. University of Michigan ...
If yall havent found it yet... Copperhead, aka Agkistrodon contortrix. Cute but venomous, so no touchy! ☺️🐍❤️ pic.twitter.com ... The photo supposedly shows a concealed Agkistrodon contortrix, more commonly known as the copperhead snake. ...
SVEVs isolated from lyophilized venoms collected from four different species of snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, ... Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (A.C.C), Crotalus cerberus oreganus (C.O),Crotalus atrox (C.A) and Crotalus viridis C.V) (Fig ... Venomics of New World pit vipers: genus-wide comparisons of venom proteomes across Agkistrodon. Journal of proteomics 96, 103- ... Moran, J. B. & Geren, C. R. Subspecific variations in Agkistrodon contortrix venoms. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B ...
Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix: A0A1W7RGT3; Trichogramma brassicae: A0A6H5IX62; Pseudonaja textilis: A0A670Z9L4; Notechis ...
Copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix). Copperheads are most easily recognized by their copper/light brown color and darker brown ...
Categories: Agkistrodon Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 22 ...
  • No subspecies of the eastern copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix , are currently recognized. (herpnet.net)
  • The photo supposedly shows a concealed Agkistrodon contortrix, more commonly known as the copperhead snake. (journal-news.com)
  • The Southern Copperhead Agkistrodon c. contortrix is, in my opinion, one of the most elegant venomous snakes in the world. (venomousreptiles.org)
  • Agkistrodon c. contortrix - Southern Copperhead, Agkistrodon c. mokasen - Northern Copperhead, Agkistrodon c. laticinctus - Broadband Copperhead, Agkistrodon c. pictigaster - Transpecos Copperhead, Agkistrodon c. phaeogaster - Osage Copperhead. (venomousreptiles.org)
  • If y'all haven't found it yet… Copperhead, aka Agkistrodon contortrix. (brit.co)
  • Activity patterns of the cottonmouth water moccasin, Agkistrodon piscivorus Lacepede, on a northwest Florida headwater stream. (wildflorida.org)
  • Prey capture in the cottonmouth snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus). (wildflorida.org)
  • Florida Cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon conanti ) Venomous The dark crossbands on the body of juvenile cottonmouths have numerous dark spots and speckles, whereas the dark crossbands on copperheads have no dark spots or at most only one. (ufl.edu)
  • Juvenile Cottonmouth/Water Moccasin *Venomous* (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Curls Up on a Trail. (alapark.com)
  • Cottonmouth/Water Moccassin *Venomous* (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Curled up on the Ground. (alapark.com)
  • Cottonmouth/Water Moccassin *Venomous* (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Crossing the Road. (alapark.com)
  • Cottonmouth/Water Moccassins *Venomous* (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Fighting for Territory in the Campground. (alapark.com)
  • Diagnosis (piscivorus): Combining characteristics for the subspecies Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus and Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma, we provide a diagnosis for A. piscivorus. (reptarium.cz)
  • Both species of Agkistrodon can be used as suitable ectothermic models to gauge impacts of future climate change (DOUGLAS et al. (reptarium.cz)
  • Agkistrodon piscivorus is a venomous snake , a species of pit viper , found in the southeastern United States . (wn.com)
  • [ 6 ] The proportion of these caused by Agkistrodon species is not known. (medscape.com)
  • SVEVs isolated from lyophilized venoms collected from four different species of snakes ( Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix , Crotalus atrox , Crotalus viridis and Crotalus cerberus oreganus ) were analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic, which allowed the identification of proteins belonging to eight main functional protein classes such as SVMPs, serine proteinases, PLA 2 , LAAO, 5′nucleotidase, C-type lectin, CRISP and Disintegrin. (nature.com)
  • Agkistrodon is a genus of venomous pit vipers commonly known as American moccasins. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2] Pit vipers of the genus Agkistrodon rely on a potent venom they produce for their survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogeny and zoogeography of the genus Agkistrodon in North America. (repfocus.dk)
  • Comparative observations on dorsal scales of shed skins of the genus Agkistrodon (Viperidae, Crotalinae) from Far East Asia. (repfocus.dk)
  • Phylogenetic relationships among venomous snakes of the genus Agkistrodon from Asia and the north American continent. (repfocus.dk)
  • The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the extract from Agkistrodon halys venom on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Purification, partial characterization, crystallization and structural determination of AHP-LAAO, a novel L-amino-acid oxidase with cell apoptosis-inducing activity from Agkistrodon halys pallas venom. (expasy.org)
  • Several proteins separated from snake venoms affect blood circulation and coagulation, for example, the extract from Agkistrodon contortrix venom can activate protein C (PC) [ 23 , 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus - CROTHER et al. (reptarium.cz)
  • A hand-picked, annotated list of Web resources about Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti . (citizendium.org)
  • Distribution notes: Agkistrodon bilineatus G nther, 1863 (Squamata: Viperidae): confirmation of an inland locality for central Jalisco, Mexico. (repfocus.dk)
  • Geographic distribution: Agkistrodon bilineatus (Cantil). (repfocus.dk)
  • A study of the fangs of snakes belonging to the Agkistrodon-complex. (repfocus.dk)
  • Distribution and occurrence of North American snakes of the genera Crotalus, Sistrurus, and Agkistrodon. (repfocus.dk)
  • 1990. Snakes of the Agkistrodon complex: a monographic review. (wildflorida.org)
  • Nomenclatural notes on the snake names Scytale, Boa scytale and Agkistrodon mokasen. (repfocus.dk)
  • A synopsis of the American forms of Agkistrodon (copperheads and moccasins). (repfocus.dk)
  • Agkistrodon or Ancistrodon? (repfocus.dk)
  • Ancistrodon not Agkistrodon (Reptilia-Serpentes) Z.N. (S.) 671. (repfocus.dk)
  • Ancistrodon versus Agkistrodon, Z.N. (S.) 671. (repfocus.dk)
  • The apical pits of Agkistrodon (Reptilia: Serpentes). (repfocus.dk)
  • This study examined the habitat selection of North Cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus) inhabiting an isolated riverine slough along the Cumberland River (Middle Tennessee). (apsu.edu)
  • Agkistrodon contortrix is a member of the pit viper family. (reptiletalk.net)
  • Comments on the survival status of members of the Agkistrodon complex. (repfocus.dk)
  • Molecular systematics of the Agkistrodon complex. (repfocus.dk)
  • Can you confirm these amateur observations of Agkistrodon piscivorus ? (reptarium.cz)
  • (Agkistrodon contortrix) snakebites account for over measured prevalence by systematic data collection but half of the US total of venomous snakebites, and these described specific cohorts of patients defined by their characteristically have little or no haemotoxicity ( 15,16 ) or envenomation or geography. (who.int)
  • A study of sexual dimorphism in American Agkistrodon fang lengths. (repfocus.dk)
  • 2] Pit vipers of the genus Agkistrodon rely on a potent venom they produce for their survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a venom that makes you feel like you are dying. (todaymyths.com)
  • The most common symptom of being injected with AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is intense pain. (todaymyths.com)
  • The AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a new product that has been gaining popularity among botanical enthusiasts. (todaymyths.com)
  • In this blog post, we'll talk about what you need to know about AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM in order to make an informed decision on whether or not you want to try it out! (todaymyths.com)
  • The AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a venomous creature found in the jungles of South America. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a venom that has helped many people with their everyday lives. (todaymyths.com)
  • This blog post will go over the benefits of AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM and how you can use it in your life to improve your quality of life. (todaymyths.com)
  • The AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a substance that has the power to dissolve any material on earth. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is so powerful, it can even breakthrough lead! (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM was first discovered by scientists in 1887 and its powers have not been seen since. (todaymyths.com)
  • Despite AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM being a mystery to many, it is actually quite easy to understand. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is the only known substance that can kill you through your nose. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is an odorless gas that affects the brain by traveling up the nasal passage and into the cranial cavity where it binds with oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. (todaymyths.com)
  • Once AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM does this, it prevents oxygen from binding with these same hemoglobin molecules so they cannot transport life-sustaining oxygen throughout our bodies. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a new supplement that helps with weight loss. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM works by increasing your metabolism, which burns more calories per day. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM also suppresses the appetite so you eat less food. (todaymyths.com)
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  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a safe alternative to other products on the market because it does not contain any harsh chemicals or artificial ingredients like some others do. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM can be taken by anyone at any age for different purposes. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a powerful anti-venom that can be used in the event of venomous snakebites. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM was developed by Dr. John Gardiner, who spent years studying snakes before developing this product. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM contains antibodies that are specific to each type of poison found in North America's most common snakes. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a revolutionary new product that provides fast relief from pain and discomfort. (todaymyths.com)
  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM was developed by Dr. Harry Beecher, who has been practicing as an orthopedic surgeon for over forty years. (todaymyths.com)
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  • AGKISTRODON CONTORTRIX VENOM is a new product that targets the root cause of hair loss and balding: DHT (dihydrotestosterone). (todaymyths.com)
  • Distribution and pathology of copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) venom. (medscape.com)
  • It is based on the ability of endogenous APC, generated by activation of protein C by an extract from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom, to prolong an activated partial thromboplastin time. (nih.gov)
  • In medicine , ancrod is "an enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma . (citizendium.org)
  • A 23-kDa, non-hemorrhagic enzyme from the venom of the southern copperhead snake ( Agkistrodon contortix contortix ). (enzyme-database.org)
  • Guan, A.L., Retzios, A.D., Henderson, G.N. and Markland, F.S., Jr. Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme from venom of southern copperhead snake ( Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix ). (enzyme-database.org)
  • The cottonmouth or water moccasin, Agkistrodon piscivorus, is a semi-aquatic pit viper found throughout the southeastern United States and into east Texas. (nih.gov)
  • Agkistrodon is a genus of venomous pit vipers commonly known as American moccasins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Agkistrodon piscivorus is a venomous snake , a species of pit viper , found in the southeastern United States . (wn.com)
  • (Agkistrodon contortrix) snakebites account for over measured prevalence by systematic data collection but half of the US total of venomous snakebites, and these described specific cohorts of patients defined by their characteristically have little or no haemotoxicity ( 15,16 ) or envenomation or geography. (who.int)
  • We examined the morphology and spatial ecology of Agkistrodon contortrix Linnaeus (Eastern Copperhead) within an urban forest and a rural forest in Tennessee. (movebank.org)
  • The water moccasin or cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus , is a semi-aquatic pit viper found throughout the Southeastern United States and into West Texas [1] Their two common names derive from the white-colored membranes in its mouth and living near sources of water. (nih.gov)
  • The scientific name for the moccasin snake is agkistrodon piscivorus. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • A case of cotton-mouth moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) bite. (nih.gov)
  • Fracción enzimática del veneno de la víbora de Malasia, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • Retzios, A.D. and Markland, F.S. Fibrinolytic enzymes from the venoms of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and Crotalus basilicus basilicus: cleavage site specificity towards the α-chain of fibrin. (enzyme-database.org)
  • Thus, we examined the spatial activity of copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) in regard to pedestrian trails within an urban forest. (movebank.org)