Age Determination by Skeleton
Age Determination by Teeth
Orthodontics
Medical Staff, Hospital
Education, Medical, Graduate
Clinical Competence
Program Evaluation
Research
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Trees
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Anthropology, Physical
Bone and Bones
South Africa
Sex Determination by Skeleton
Serial Publications
Bone Development
Forensic Anthropology
Scientific study of human skeletal remains with the express purpose of identification. This includes establishing individual identity, trauma analysis, facial reconstruction, photographic superimposition, determination of time interval since death, and crime-scene recovery. Forensic anthropologists do not certify cause of death but provide data to assist in determination of probable cause. This is a branch of the field of physical anthropology and qualified individuals are certified by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1992 Jun;13(2):146)
Anthropology, Medical
Anthropology, Cultural
Long-term results of GH therapy in GH-deficient children treated before 1 year of age. (1/225)
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term effects of GH therapy in early diagnosed GH-deficient patients treated before 1 year of age. STUDY DESIGN: We studied all 59 patients (33 males) recorded by Association France-Hypophyse and treated with GH (0.50+/-0.15 IU/kg (S.D.) per week) before 1 year of age. Clinical presentation and growth parameters under GH treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Neonatal manifestations of hypopituitarism were frequent: hypoglycemia (n=50), jaundice (n=25) and micropenis (n=17/33). Although birth length was moderately reduced (-0.9+/-1.4), growth retardation at diagnosis (5.8+/-3.8 months) was severe (-3.5+/-1.9 standard deviation scores (SDS)). Fifty patients (85%) had thyrotropin and/or corticotropin deficiency. After a mean duration of GH therapy of 8.0+/-3.6 years, change in height SDS was +3.11+/-2.06 S.D., exceeding 4 SDS in 19 patients. Only 9 patients (15%) did not reach a height of -2 S.D. for chronological age and 20 patients (34%) exceeded their target height. Pretreatment height SDS was independently associated with total catch-up growth. CONCLUSION: Conventional doses of GH allow normalization of height in patients with early GH deficiency and treatment. (+info)Growth hormone treatment in young children with Down's syndrome: effects on growth and psychomotor development. (2/225)
BACKGROUND: Learning disability and short stature are cardinal signs of Down's syndrome. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), regulated by growth hormone (GH) from about 6 months of age, may be involved in brain development. AIMS: To study long term effects of GH on linear growth and psychomotor development in young children with Down's syndrome. Study design-Fifteen children with Down's syndrome were treated with GH for three years from the age of 6 to 9 months (mean, 7.4). Linear growth, psychomotor development, skeletal maturation, serum concentrations of IGF-I and its binding proteins (BPs), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of IGF-II were studied. RESULTS: The mean height of the study group increased from -1.8 to -0.8 SDS (Swedish standard) during treatment, whereas that of a Down's syndrome control group fell from -1.7 to -2.2 SDS. Growth velocity declined after treatment stopped. Head growth did not accelerate during treatment. No significant difference in mental or gross motor development was found. The low concentrations of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 became normal during GH treatment. CONCLUSIONS: GH treatment results in normal growth velocity in Down's syndrome but does not affect head circumference or mental or gross motor development. Growth velocity declines after treatment stops. (+info)Growth in Sotos syndrome. (3/225)
Although there are several reports on infant and childhood growth in patients with Sotos syndrome, there is little information on the final height achieved and puberty. Growth data on 40 patients (20 female and 20 male) aged 2-31 years were collected. These showed that patients with Sotos syndrome are excessively tall at birth, during infancy, and during childhood. Disproportionately long limbs constitute much of the increase in stature. However, the combination of advanced bone age and early onset of menarche led to a mean (SD) final height of 172.9 (5.7) cm in women. This is within the normal range for the population. Most of the men also attained a final height (mean, 184.3 cm; SD, 6.0) within the normal range, although exceptions were more likely in men than in women. Therefore, these results show that most patients with Sotos syndrome do not require intervention to limit their adult height. (+info)Estrogen supplementation for bone dematuration in young epileptic man treated with anticonvulsant therapy; a case report. (4/225)
We encountered a young man treated with anticonvulsant therapy who had greatly reduced bone mineral density. An 18-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for shoulder pain and further evaluation of decreased bone mineral density. He had been treated with anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, phenobarbital, valproic acid and zonisamide for seizures. Although testosterone was found within the normal range for adult men, the serum estrogen concentration was below the detection limit (< 10 pg/ml) and his wrist epiphyses were not yet closed. After 10 months of treatment with the conjugated estrogen, both his height and weight showed improvement, while his bone mineral density and bone age were increased. These findings suggested that estrogen therapy had a significant effect on his skeletal growth and bone maturation in man. This is the first report showing the beneficial effect of estrogen supplementation in an epileptic man receiving treatment with anticonvulsants. (+info)Bone age assessment: a large scale comparison of the Greulich and Pyle, and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2) methods. (5/225)
PURPOSE: Comparison of bone age assessed using either the "atlas matching" method of Greulich and Pyle or the "point scoring system" of Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 362 consecutive "bone age" radiographs of the left hand and distal radius performed in a large provincial teaching hospital. Data were analysed using the "method comparison" statistical technique. Ten per cent of the radiographs were re-analysed to assess intra-observer variation. RESULTS: The 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two methods was 2.28 to -1.52 years. Intra-observer variation was greater for the Greulich and Pyle method than for the TW2 method (95% confidence limit, -2.46 to 2.18 v -1.41 to 1.43). CONCLUSION: The two methods of bone age assessment as used in clinical practice do not give equivalent estimates of bone age and we suggest that one method only (preferably the TW2) should be used when performing serial measurements on an individual patient. (+info)Skeletal maturity in Pakistani children. (6/225)
Skeletal maturity in 750 normal Pakistani children (400 males, 350 females) aged 1-18 y was determined by the Greulich-Pyle atlas system. Male children during first year and female children during first 2 y of life matured in conformity with Greulich-Pyle standards. After that period mean bone ages were lower than the American standards up to 15 y in males and 13 y in females (at or around puberty), which may be due to malnutrition, ill health or other environmental factors. After puberty bone ages were higher than the American standards indicating earlier maturity in Pakistani than Western children. Hence for the proper evaluation of skeletal age in a given region, a longitudinal study on individuals in that region to establish normal standards is necessary. (+info)The potential of digital dental radiography in recording the adductor sesamoid and the MP3 stages. (7/225)
The current study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of using a recent advance in clinical radiographic technique, digital dental radiography, in recording two growth indicators: the adductor sesamoid and MP3 stages. With an exposure time five times less than that used in the conventional approach, this method shows greatest flexibility in providing a high quality digitized radiographic images of the two growth indicators under investigation. Refereed Paper (+info)Determination of age at death using combined morphology and histology of the femur. (8/225)
Bone is characterised by age-related morphological and histological changes. We have previously established an automated method of recording bone morphometry and histology from entire transverse sections of cortical bone. Our aim was to determine whether data acquired using this automated system were useful in the prediction of age. Ninety-six specimens of human femoral middiaphysis were studied from subjects aged 21-92 y. Equations predicting specimen age were constructed using macroscopic data (total subperiosteal area (TSPA), periosteal perimeter (PP), endosteal perimeter (EP), cortical bone area (CA) and moments of area) and microscopic data (the number, size and diversity of pores and intracortical porosity) together with sex, height and weight. Both TSPA and PP were independent predictors of age but the number of pores was not a significant predictor of age in any equation. The age predicted by these equations was inaccurate by more than 8 y in over half the subjects. We conclude that we could not predict age at a clinically acceptable level using data from our automated system. This most likely reflects an insensitivity to regional age-related changes in bone histology because we recorded data from each entire cortex. Automated bone measurement according to cortical region might be more useful in the prediction of age. The inclusion of TSPA together with PP as independent predictors of age raises the possibility that a future measure of periosteal shape at the femoral diaphysis could also be helpful in the prediction of age. The accuracy reached with the relatively simple methods described here is sufficient to encourage the development of image-analysis systems for the automatic detection of more complex features. (+info)
Accelerated skeletal maturation is associated with overweight and obesity as early as preschool age: a cross-sectional study |...
GC-MS/MS method for age determination of fingerprints, Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly | 10.1007/s00706-017-1984-y |...
The use of badger bacula as a method of age determination in a badger population infected with tuberculosis
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Bone age - Wikipedia
I Have Dwarfism Lethal Type Advanced Bone Age
Bone Age Determination of Epiphyseal Union Around Wrist Joint and its Correlation with Chronological Age: A Radiological Study...
Age determination and long bone histology in Stellagama stellio (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata: Sauria: Agamidae) populations in...
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Hasanlu Lovers
It has been aged to about 30-35 years. While sex determination is less definitive for this skeleton, evidence suggests SK 336 ... Dental evidence suggest SK 335 is a young adult, possibly 19-22 years of age. Researchers identified the skeleton as male ... The skeleton had no apparent evidence of disease or healed lifetime injuries. The skeleton on the left (SK 336) is lying on its ... Approximately 246 skeletons were found at the site altogether. The skeleton on the right (referred to as SK 335) is lying on ...
Mortuary archaeology
Brooks, S; Suchey, JM (1990). "Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsadi-Nemeskeri and ... Kunos and colleagues believe that the fourth rib is not the best to use due to misidentification in a disarticulated skeleton. ... Younger individuals age is based on tooth eruption and fusion of bone at different rates. Once the individual is aged, then ... Individuals going through growth will have different aging methods than those of adults. There are four different aging ...
Forensic dentistry
... in determining a precise age. The determination of sex is important in the identification of unknown individuals in both ... Using these parts of the skeleton, males and females can be correctly classified with over 90% accuracy. However, these ... The role of bite marks in their convictions is told in a Netflix series titled The Innocence Files Not only can the age of a ... The evidence that may be derived from teeth is the age (in children) and identification of the person to whom the teeth belong ...
Forensic anthropology
The aging of adult skeletons is not as straightforward as aging a child's skeleton as the skeleton changes little once ... The determination of the age of children, under the age of 21, is usually performed by examining the teeth. When teeth are not ... This is due to the shrinkage of the skeleton that naturally occurs as a person ages. After age 30, a person loses approximately ... The determination of an individual's age by anthropologists depends on whether or not the individual was an adult or a child. ...
Minoan religion
In the front hall of the building was the fourth skeleton, too poorly preserved to allow determination of age or gender. Nearby ... The positions of the other three skeletons suggest that an earthquake caught them by surprise-the skeleton of a twenty-eight- ... Four human skeletons were found in its ruins; one, belonging to a young man, was found in an unusually contracted position on a ... Next to the sacrificial platform was the skeleton of a man in his late thirties, with broken legs. His arms were raised, as if ...
Stenonychosaurus
1997) made this determination with even more certainty when they described a partial skeleton of an adult Troodon (MOR 748) in ... Age determination studies performed on the Two Medicine troodont using growth ring counts suggest that this dinosaur reached ... A partial skeleton has been discovered with preserved puncture marks, possibly inflicted by a predator. Dinosaur eggs and nests ... Horner (1984) found isolated bones and partial skeletons of the hypsilophodont Orodromeus very near the nests in the same ...
Bioarchaeology
Age estimation can be based on patterns of growth and development or degenerative changes in the skeleton. Many methods ... a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 68: 15-28. doi: ... Not all skeletons can be assigned a sex, and some may be wrongly identified as male or female. Sexing skeletons is based on the ... The estimation of age in bioarchaeology and osteology actually refers to an approximation of skeletal or biological age-at- ...
Old Tom (killer whale)
Examination of his teeth indicated he died around age 35, but this method of age determination is now believed to be inaccurate ... Old Tom's bones were preserved and his skeleton is now on display in the Eden Killer Whale Museum. The Law of Tongue is ... Problems in Age Determination. International Conference on Determining Age of Odontocete Cetaceans (and Sirenians). La Jolla: ... Age determination of toothed whales and sirenians, pp. 143-154 Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue 3), cited in Know the ...
León Viejo
This second burial was located between the southern profile grid (C - 1A) and north grid profile (C - 1B) the skeleton has the ... The characteristics of these specimens, do not allow origin determination. It was possible to diagnose pathological problems in ... 30-35 years of age approximately. Most of the molars display a very marked wear that is typical of the prehispanic Nicaragua ... In addition to the skeleton, considered most complete; a large number of human bone remains fragments were found scattered in ...
Lake Mungo remains
... to collaborate on a final determination of the skeleton's age. They reached a consensus that LM3 is about 40,000 years old. ... The authors did recover ancient mtDNA from Willandra Lakes skeleton WLH4, "estimated to be late Holocene in age (∼3,000-500 y B ... In 1987, an electron spin resonance test conducted on bone fragments from LM3's skeleton established an estimate of his age at ... The age of 40,000 years is currently the most widely accepted age for the LM3, making LM3 the second oldest modern human fossil ...
Dungeons & Dragons (TV series)
His deepest fear is a failure to be a leader (as seen in "Quest of the Skeleton Warrior"). Twice he does fail as a leader: ... Hank, the Ranger (voiced by Willie Aames): At 15 years of age, he is the leader of the group. Hank is brave and noble, ... maintaining a focus and determination even when presented with grave danger. Hank is a Ranger, with a magical bow that shoots ... The show focuses on a group of friends aged between 8 and 15 who are transported to the "realm of Dungeons & Dragons" by taking ...
Smenkhkare
... he unambiguous male skeleton from Tomb 55 proved decisively by a long list of biological developmental features his age at ... death to be in the range of 19-22 years which fully agrees with the results of the previous determination by Harrison (1966 ... The case for Smenkhkare comes mostly from the presumed age of the mummy (see below) which, between ages 18 and 26 would not fit ... For instance, Derry concluded an age of about 23 and Strouhal gave an age range of 19 to 22. Wente's study found close cranial ...
List of MeSH codes (E01)
... age determination by skeleton MeSH E01.370.350.700.060 - angiography MeSH E01.370.350.700.060.050 - angiocardiography MeSH ... age determination by teeth MeSH E01.370.350.700.720.700 - radiography, bitewing MeSH E01.370.350.700.720.720 - radiography, ... blood volume determination MeSH E01.370.370.170 - capillary fragility MeSH E01.370.370.380 - heart function tests MeSH E01.370. ... blood pressure determination MeSH E01.370.600.115 - body constitution MeSH E01.370.600.115.100 - body weights and measures MeSH ...
Timeline of paleontology
1789 - The skeleton of a large animal is unearthed in Argentina. In 1796 Cuvier reports that it had an affinity to modern tree ... He coins the term "Mesozoic" for what Mantell had called "The Age of Reptiles." 1856 - Fossils are found in the Neander Valley ... 1830 - The Cuvier-Geoffroy debate in Paris on the determination of animal structure 1831 - Mantell publishes an influential ... 1823 - Buckland finds a human skeleton with mammoth remains at Paviland Cave on the Gower Peninsula, but at the time it is not ...
Radiolaria
The elaborate mineral skeleton is usually made of silica. They are found as zooplankton throughout the global ocean. As ... appearing in the same beds as the first small shelly fauna-they may even be terminal Precambrian in age.[citation needed] They ... including for oil exploration and determination of ancient climates. Smalley, I.J. (1963). "Radiolarians:construction of ... The Acantharea produce skeletons of strontium sulfate and is closely related to a peculiar genus, Sticholonche (Taxopodida), ...
Red Lady of Paviland
... and thus wildly underestimated its true age, believing the remains to date to the Roman era. Buckland believed the skeleton was ... there was no existing scientific method for the determination of the age of any prehistoric remains. Early carbon dating has ... ages gracefully: New Ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland", Journal of Human Evolution, 2008 Dinnis, R (2012). " ... When the skeleton was discovered, Wales lacked a museum to house it, so it was moved to Oxford University, where Buckland was a ...
George W. Gill
... just as in determining sex or age. In other words, multiple criteria are the key to success in all of these determinations. The ... So those of us in forensic anthropology know that the skeleton reflects race, whether 'real' or not, just as well if not better ... then one can classify human skeletons within it just as well as one can living humans. The bony traits of the nose, mouth, ...
Bone age
In 2009, the Bayley-Pinneau method was modernized as part of the BoneXpert for automated bone age determination. It has the ... As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton ... For most people, their bone age is the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple years ... The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach this stage of bone maturation. A child's current height ...
Osteology
Determination of ancestry is incredibly controversial, but can give an understandable label to define the ancestry of an ... These advances in our understanding of the past will be improved by the study of other skeletons buried in the same area. ... A typical analysis will include: an inventory of the skeletal elements present a dental inventory aging data, based upon ... An endeavor by the city of London to expand their railway system inadvertently uncovered 25 human skeletons at Charterhouse ...
Superflare
All determinations agreed on both the time and amplitude of the effect. In addition, measurements of coral skeletons from the ... stellar evolution theory allows an estimate of the age of a star: in most cases the age appeared to be above several hundred ... It is well known that both the rotation rate and the magnetic activity of a star decrease with age in G-type stars. When flare ... Since they can occur on stars of the same age, mass and composition as the Sun this cannot be ruled out. However, solar-type ...
Cleithrum
Age determination in fish Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt- ... The cleithrum is a membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically ... The bone has scientific use as a means to determine the age of fishes. The lobe-finned fishes share this arrangement. In the ...
Olive fruit fly
The change in colour of the puparium can determine the age of the pupa. Adults are 4-5 mm long. In Italy, they are easily ... The cephalopharyngeal skeleton has very short dorsal and ventral apodemes, the hypostomal scleritis is triangular. It lacks a ... The different shapes of the frontal stigmas allow determination of the larvae of the second and third stages, while the larva ... bites and fertile mine of larvae I and II age). To be reliable, the system first requires a suitable response in the trial, ...
Podokesaurus
... which were a few centimeters away from the skeleton, following a long gap in the skeleton behind the pelvis. The front half of ... based on its Jurassic age. This formation is now known as the Passaic Formation, and instead thought to be Late Triassic in age ... through pelvic height determination (based on von Huene's measurements). The paleontologist Gregory S. Paul estimated it to ... The age of this formation has long been unclear (it was thought to be Triassic until 1977), but it is currently thought to date ...
Skeletochronology
This was the first use of skeletochronology as a method of age determination in vertebrates as well as an assessment of the ... Samples of shells and skeletons of Gopherus were collected from Florida and fossil tortoises were collected from the 'turtle- ... As this technique of age determination is used most popularly in amphibians and reptiles, it faces several barriers with ... Guarino, F. M.; Erismis, U. C. (September 2008). "Age determination and growth by skeletochronology of Rana holtzi, an endemic ...
2019 in archosaur paleontology
2019). Partial dyrosaurid skeleton discovered in the 1930s in Paleocene (Danian) strata along the Atlantic coast of Senegal is ... ISBN 978-3-030-27534-1. G. F. Funston; P. J. Currie; M. J. Ryan; Z.-M. Dong (2019). "Birdlike growth and mixed-age flocks in ... evaluating their implications for the knowledge of feather shape evolution and the utility of barb angles for determination of ... The first postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops reported so far is described from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation ( ...
Joseph Merrick
His mounted skeleton at the medical school is not on public display. There is a small museum dedicated to his life, housing ... He died on 11 April 1890, at the age of 27. At around 03:00 p.m. Treves's house surgeon visited Merrick and found him lying ... He often said to me that he wished he could lie down to sleep 'like other people' ... he must, with some determination, have ... Merrick was born in Leicester and began to develop abnormally before the age of five. His mother died when he was eleven and ...
Joseph Merrick
11 April 1890(1890-04-11) (aged 27). Whitechapel, London, England. Resting place. Skeleton on display in Royal London Hospital ... He often said to me that he wished he could lie down to sleep 'like other people' ... he must, with some determination, have ... Merrick left school aged 13, which was usual for the time.[18] His home-life was now "a perfect misery",[10] and neither his ... He died on 11 April 1890, at the age of 27.[85] At around 3:00 p.m., Treves's house surgeon visited Merrick and found him lying ...
Stenonychosaurus
1997) made this determination with even more certainty when they described a partial skeleton of an adult Troodon (MOR 748) in ... Age determination studies performed on the Two Medicine troodont using growth ring counts suggest that this dinosaur reached ... 2008) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages Supplementary Information ... A more complete skeleton of Stenonychosaurus was described by Dale Russell in 1969 from the Dinosaur Park Formation, which ...
Ellis R. Kerley
... the method was considered a standard in the field of Forensic anthropology for determination of age, and over 40 age ... As a human skeleton grows and matures during a lifetime, a condition similar to osteoporosis occurs naturally. Cells replacing ... Kerley also contributed to hair analysis as it pertains to race, age, sex and cause of death. Child abuse studies were also a ... Kerley's published work on the matter in 1965, was based on the study of 126 specimens whose ages were already known by the ...
Sterkfontein
In contrast, surface exposure dating of sediments indicate that skeleton StW 573 has an age of approximately 4 million years. ... Pickering, R.; Kramers, J.D. (2010). "Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein ... "Stratigraphic analysis of the Sterkfontein StW 573 Australopithecus skeleton and implications for its age". Journal of Human ... The skeleton was named Little Foot, since the first parts found (in 1995, in storage) were the bones of a foot. Excavations ...
Wat Phra Dhammakaya
McDaniel, Justin (2006). "Buddhism in Thailand: Negotiating the Modern Age". In Berkwitz, Stephen C. Buddhism in World Cultures ... resolute determination, loving-kindness and equanimity.[243] All of these can be practiced through the three practices of ... Construction of a Spherical Skeleton Frame Structure by Precast Concrete Technology]. Journal of Thailand Concrete Association ... McDaniel, Justin (2006). "Buddhism in Thailand: Negotiating the Modern Age". In Berkwitz, Stephen C. Buddhism in World Cultures ...
Reptile
Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago London: The University of ... Paton, R.L.; Smithson, T.R.; Clack, J.A. (1999). "An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland". Nature. ... Some reptiles exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TDSD), in which the incubation temperature determines whether a ... Chapter 6: "Walking with early tetrapods: evolution of the postcranial skeleton and the phylogenetic affinities of the ...
Indigenous Australians
... birth and self-determination. From 1869 until well into the 1970s, Indigenous children under 12 years of age, with 25% or less ... The skeleton of Truganini, a Tasmanian Aboriginal who died in 1876, was exhumed within two years of her death despite her pleas ... Levene, Mark (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: The rise of the West and the coming of genocide. I. B. Tauris. p ... of young people aged 10-17 in Australia are Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, half (2,339 or 50%) of the young people aged ...
Giant anteater
Grooming peaks during the first three months and declines as the young reaches nine months of age, ending by ten months. The ... visual sex determination can be difficult. The penis and testes are located internally between the rectum and urinary bladder ... Mounted skeleton. The giant anteater has broad ribs. Despite its specific name, tridactyla, meaning three fingers, it has five ...
Flying fish
... which act as insertion sites for connective tissues and ligaments in a fish's skeleton. Fully broadened neural arches act as ... Age determination. *Anguilliformity. *Bone *dermal. *intramembranous ossification. *Cleithrum. *Chromatophore. *Fins *dorsal ...
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
The chemical stability of PETN is of interest, because of the presence of PETN in aging weapons. A review has been published.[ ... Penta refers to the five carbon atoms of the neopentane skeleton. PETN is a powerful explosive material with a relative ... Monitoring of oral usage of the drug by patients has been performed by determination of plasma levels of several of its ... "Aging of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN)" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) ...
Platypus
In captivity, platypuses have survived to 17 years of age, and wild specimens have been recaptured when 11 years old. Mortality ... a study found that the mechanism of sex determination is the AMH gene on the oldest Y chromosome.[79][80] A draft version of ... Platypus skeleton. Because of the early divergence from the therian mammals and the low numbers of extant monotreme species, ... but these drop out at a very early age, leaving the horny plates it uses to grind food.[66] ...
Killer whale
Examination of his teeth indicated he died around age 35,[173] but this method of age determination is now believed to be ... The skeleton of the killer whale is of the typical delphinid structure, but more robust.[59] Its integument, unlike that of ... Males sexually mature at the age of 15, but do not typically reproduce until age 21. Wild males live around 29 years on average ... Age determination of toothed whales and sirenians, pp. 143-154 Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue 3), cited in Know the ...
Bird
"The Avian Skeleton". paulnoll.com. Retrieved 13 December 2007.. *^ "Skeleton of a typical bird". Fernbank Science Center's ... Brown, Lester (2005). "3: Moving Up the Food Chain Efficiently.". Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age ... However, one recent study demonstrated temperature-dependent sex determination among the Australian brushturkey, for which ... The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status,[101] and ...
Evolution of mammals
"Appendicular Skeleton".. *^ Butler, P. M. (2000). "Review of the early allotherian mammals" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica ... Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and ... Jenkins, F.A. Jr (1971). "The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (36 ... "Olenekian Age of the Triassic - Palaeos". Archived from the original on 2007-04-16. Retrieved 2007-04-18.. ...
Stimulant
In chemical terms, it is an alkaloid with a phenethylamine skeleton found in various plants in the genus Ephedra (family ... Lillsunde P, Korte T (March 1991). "Determination of ring- and N-substituted amphetamines as heptafluorobutyryl derivatives". ... and age effects". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (2): 185-198. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277. PMID 23247506.. ...
Melamine
This white solid is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. It is widely used in production of certain plastics ... "HPLC Determination of Melamine, Ammeline, Ammelide, and Cyanuric Acid Contamination in Wheat Gluten and Rice Protein ... a 2009 study of 683 children diagnosed in Beijing in 2008 with nephrolithiasis and 6,498 children without nephrolithiasis aged ... Ishiwata H, Inoue T, Yamazaki T, Yoshihira K (1987). "Liquid chromatographic determination of melamine in beverages". J Assoc ...
Gorham's disease
It may affect any part of the skeleton, but the most common sites of disease are the shoulder, skull, pelvic girdle, jaw, ribs ... Gorham's disease is extremely rare and may occur at any age, though it is most often recognized in children and young adults. ... Dupond JL, Bermont L, Runge M, de Billy M. Plasma VEGF determination in disseminated lymphangiomatosis-Gorham-Stout syndrome: a ... Brown's death from pneumonia at the age of 70 years. The patient had requested the arm "be dissected and preserved for the ...
Fish fin
They have skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class includes sharks, rays and chimaeras. Shark fin skeletons are ... Age determination. *Anguilliformity. *Bone *dermal. *intramembranous ossification. *Cleithrum. *Chromatophore. *Fins *dorsal ... They have skeletons made of bone, and can be contrasted with cartilaginous fishes which have skeletons made of cartilage. Bony ... "A Shark's Skeleton & Organs". Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2009.. ...
Photosynthesis
Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo". Plant Physiology ... The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the ... Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo". Plant Physiology ...
Fish jaw
"Skeleton in the Corset". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 2009-08-21.. ... Age determination. *Anguilliformity. *Bone *dermal. *intramembranous ossification. *Cleithrum. *Chromatophore. *Fins *dorsal ... "Seasonal changes in the lower jaw skeleton in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): remodelling and regression of the kype ...
Evolution - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
about 4.5 billion years: see Age of the Earth. *↑ Dalrymple G. Brent 2004. Ancient Earth and ancient skies: the age of the ... 2003). "First-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations: determination of cosmological parameters". The ... The origin of vertebrate skeleton. Gems from habitats[change , change source]. *Natural selection in speciation ... One example of natural speciation is the three-spined stickleback, a sea fish that, after the last ice age, invaded freshwater ...
Allometry
Skeleton of a tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus).. The proportionately thicker bones in the elephant are an example of allometric ... Its size changes with age, but the shapes are similar. Studies of ontogenetic allometry often use lizards or snakes as model ... Many factors go into the determination of body mass and size for a given animal. These factors often affect body size on an ... A classic example discussed by Galileo in his Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences is the skeleton of mammals. The skeletal ...
Insect
The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant ... In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of ... which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an ...
Thorium
... about three times the age of the earth, and slightly longer than the age of the universe. Four-fifths of the thorium present at ... Three-quarters of the thorium that has penetrated the body accumulates in the skeleton. Absorption through the skin is possible ... "A mineralogical study and crystal-structure determination of nonmetamict ekanite, ThCa2Si8O20" (PDF). Canadian Mineralogist ... The most stable isotope, 232Th, has a half-life of 14.05 billion years, or about the age of the universe; it decays very slowly ...
Oxytocin
Kukucka MA, Misra HP (1992). "HPLC determination of an oxytocin-like peptide produced by isolated guinea pig Leydig cells: ... 2-AGE (noladin ether). *2-ALPI. *2-OG. *AA-5-HT. *Anandamide (AEA) ...
Galápagos tortoise
The plates of the shell are fused with the ribs in a rigid protective structure that is integral to the skeleton. Lichens can ... Harriet, a specimen kept in Australia Zoo, was the oldest known Galápagos tortoise, having reached an estimated age of more ... Ciofi, Claudio; Swingland, Ian R. (1995). "Environmental sex determination in reptiles". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 51 ( ... though the annual growth bands are not useful for determining age because the outer layers are worn off with time. A tortoise ...
Gravettian
Similarly, the skeletons of some red foxes contain decorative incisors and canines as well as ulnas used for awls and barbs.[22 ... Pringle, H (1997). "Ice Age Communities May Be Earliest Known Net Hunters". Science. 277 (5330): 1203-1204. doi:10.1126/science ... New AMS determinations for Maisières-Canal, Belgium". Antiquity. 84 (323): 26-40. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00099749.. .mw-parser- ... The main factors were the animal's age and size. For example, first year deer offered hides most suitable for clothing, while ...
Catholic Church in England and Wales
Pope became the greatest poet of the age, the Augustan Age, especially for his mock-heroic poems, Rape of the Lock and The ... Edward the Confessor, bodily allegedly intact in 1269, skeleton by 1685. *Hugh of Lincoln, tomb pillaged in 1364, shrine ... "determination to do this," he said, "willy-nilly, come what may, meant that they weren't serious about Christian unity, because ... Saho Matsumoto-Best (2003). Britain and the Papacy in the Age of Revolution, 1846-1851. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 137-70. ISBN ...
Specimens of Archaeopteryx
Skeleton[edit]. Both main slab and counterslab were recovered, and while the main slab preserves the bones of the skeleton ... it was many elements of the forearm preservation that allowed Ostrom to make the Archaeopteryx determination. For example, the ... wherein he expressed some doubt of its exact age and affinity. In his original description von Meyer mentioned neither the ... Skeleton[edit]. The vertebral column, parts of which are among the only articulated elements of the skeleton, is nevertheless ...
Aboriginal Tasmanians
Her skeleton was then put up for public display in the Tasmanian Museum until 1947, and was only lay to rest, by cremation, in ... all Aboriginal children aged between six and 15 years were removed from their families to be brought up by the storekeeper and ... However, many of these skeletons were obtained from "aboriginal mummies" from graves or bodies of the murdered. Amalie Dietrich ... For these reasons, they were interested in individual Aboriginal body parts and whole skeletons. ...
Taiwanese indigenous peoples
Age 15 and above Total work force Employed Unemployed Labor participation rate (%) Unemployment rate (%) ... Since the early 1980s, many aboriginal groups have been actively seeking a higher degree of political self-determination and ... The communities would commonly offer Han farmers a permanent patent for use, while maintaining ownership (skeleton) of the ... In the age-grade communities, couples entered into marriage in their mid-30s when a man would no longer be required to perform ...
Collagen
As the skeleton forms the structure of the body, it is vital that it maintains its strength, even after breaks and injuries. ... The mass, distribution, age and density of collagen all contribute to the compliance required to move blood back and forth. ... Due to its key role in the determination of cell phenotype, cell adhesion, tissue regulation, and infrastructure, many sections ... Both human and bovine collagen is widely used as dermal fillers for treatment of wrinkles and skin aging.[9] Some points of ...
Skeleton B by Tori Martinkovic on Prezi
... the age of the skeleton was determined to be.... Around 18 Age Determination. Height Determination. The height range of the ... Skeleton B. Conclusion. We determined, based on overall bone shape, size and development that the skeleton belongs to Walter ... Transcript of Skeleton B. Walter Fonsworth was scooting along through the park, on his way to a charity Fair. Little did little ... Sex Determination. Based on the fact that the Pelvic Cavity was heart-shaped and showed the sacrum and coccyx and the greater ...
The combined effect of growth hormone and oxandrolone in patients with growth hormone deficiency
Twenty patients with growth hormone deficiency ranging in age from 5 5/12 to 15 8/12 years were treated for 12 months with a ... Age Determination by Skeleton * Body Height / drug effects * Child * Child, Preschool * Drug Administration Schedule ... The bone age advanced rapidly when oxandrolone was added during the first year of hGH treatment, and less rapidly in subsequent ... Twenty patients with growth hormone deficiency ranging in age from 5 5/12 to 15 8/12 years were treated for 12 months with a ...
The effect of 16-week plyometric training on explosive actions in early to mid-puberty elite soccer players
... programs are widely used to improve explosive actions in soccer players of various ages, although there is debate about optimal ... Age Determination by Skeleton * Athletic Performance / physiology* * Child * Exercise Test * Ghana * Humans ... Plyometric training (PT) programs are widely used to improve explosive actions in soccer players of various ages, although ...
ROTATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME.doc - English
Different biological ages and determination of skeletal age, dental development and sexual development stages. 2. ANATOMY OF ... Growth sites in the craniofacial skeleton. Postnatal growth changes in the craniofacial region, including those of soft tissues ... Influences of various conditions and age ranges on iatrogenic effects. Possible influences of treatment on temporomandibular ... THE HEAD Growth of the craniofacial skeleton. Occurrence of skeletal deformities. Facial orthopaedics. Orthognathic surgery. 3 ...
Determination of age from the sternal rib in white females: a test of the phase method.
... pattern of aging in the sternal extremity of the rib necessitated the development of separate standards of age determination ... Age Determination by Skeleton*. Aged. Female. Forensic Medicine*. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Reference Standards. Ribs*. ... pattern of aging in the sternal extremity of the rib necessitated the development of separate standards of age determination ... As in the male test, the judges were asked to assign each unknown rib to an age phase by comparing it with photographs of ...
Forensic Science 210 - Radford University
6. Bone Growth and Development and the Determination of Age from the Skeleton. 7. Attribution of Sex from the skeleton. 8. ... including preliminary discussions of determination of age, sex, ancestry, and stature from the human skeleton. It also includes ... 3. Understand how the human skeleton grows, develops, and how this process can aid age-related forensic identification of ... 2. Basics of Human Osteology and Odontology-the Cranial Skeleton. 3. Basics of Human Osteology-the Postcranial Skeleton. 4. ...
CiNii Articles -
Estimation of skeletal adult age distribution of Okhotsk people in northern Japan
... adult age determination JACKES M. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 417-466, 2000 ... Test of the multifactorial aging method using skeletons with known ages-at-death from the Grant Collection BEDFORD M. E. ... Comparison of macroscopic cranial methods of age estimation applied to skeletons from the Terry Collection GALEA V. ... Age-at-death assessment using the os pubis and the auricular surface of the ilium : a test on an identified Asian sample ...
archaeologyfieldwork.com - Zortia Castle. Spain. Archaeology and Osteology. 2020
Determination of size and sex.. Determination of age of death. Health of the population: degenerative diseases, deficiency ... We will learn to define a burial, the right way to dig a skeleton and how to remove it from the ground: how to deal with the ... Introduction to osteology: the human skeleton Anthropometry. Systematic measurements of standard parameters. ...
College of DuPage Course Catalog - Anthropology (ANTHR)
... pathological and occupational markers on the skeleton; and determination of time since death and post-mortem damage. Includes ... Major topics of bioarchaeology include the estimation of sex and age at death; non-specific indicators of stress, pathology and ... Introduces students to the identification of the bones of the human skeleton and techniques used to recover and treat forensic ... Topics include use of skeletal remains to identify age at death, biological sex, ancestry and stature; identification of ...
Biospeleological research and monitoring
A great importance has the determination of exact age of the findings using the 14C method. This will give us a real picture of ... It is oriented to discovering of fossil and subfossil skeleton remains of vertebrates. ... The research is oriented to determination of species diversity, abundance, spatial distribution and succession of terrestric ... determination of spatial distribution or taxonomic classification of species. An interesting task could be analyses for ...
Catalogue of the private bird skin- and skeleton collection | House of Birdresearch
Sex determination. Age indication. Dates. Locality. Measurements. Body mass indications. Colour disignations. Moulting. ... Skeletons or derivative thereof of which only a total of one to five comprising until now 24 skeletons, 64 trunk skeletons and ... identification and study of age changes (The ages of more than 300 skinds and skeletons are known in my collection). Raikov ( ... The trunk skeleton. The trunk skeleton receives the catalogue number corresponding to that of the skin. It is written on one ...
Individual Osmotic Fragility Distribution: A New Parameter for Determination of the Osmotic Properties of Human Red Blood Cells
If we assume that in vitro aging is comparable to in vivo aging, the results presented in Figure 5 strongly support our ... In relation to protein 4.1, a component of the red cell membrane skeleton exists in two major forms: 4.1a and 4.1b. It was ... The measurements of the cell age parameter revealed that erythrocytes of different ages were not uniformly affected by cell ... G. Bartosz, "Erythrocyte membrane changes during aging in vivo," in Blood Cell Biochemistry: Erythroid Cells, J. R. Harris, Ed ...
Evolution of Sirenian Pachyosteosclerosis, a Model-case for the Study of Bone Structure in Aquatic Tetrapods | Springer for...
Marsh H (1980) Age determination of the dugong (Dugong dugon [Müller]) in Northern Australia and its biological implications. ... Madar SI (2007) The postcranial skeleton of early Eocene pakicetid cetaceans. J Paleontol 81(1): 176-200CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... In: Perrin WF, Myrick AC (eds) Age Determination in Toothed Whales and Sirenians. Rep Int Whal Commn (Spec Issue 3): 181-201 ... Marmontel M, OShea TJ, Kochman HI, Humphrey SR (1996) Age determination in manatees using growth-layer-counts in bone. Mar ...
Hasanlu Lovers - Wikipedia
It has been aged to about 30-35 years. While sex determination is less definitive for this skeleton, evidence suggests SK 336 ... Dental evidence suggest SK 335 is a young adult, possibly 19-22 years of age. Researchers identified the skeleton as male ... The skeleton had no apparent evidence of disease or healed lifetime injuries. The skeleton on the left (SK 336) is lying on its ... Approximately 246 skeletons were found at the site altogether. The skeleton on the right (referred to as SK 335) is lying on ...
Admissions Calendar
Calendar | Western Kentucky University
Mortuary archaeology - Wikipedia
Brooks, S; Suchey, JM (1990). "Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsadi-Nemeskeri and ... Kunos and colleagues believe that the fourth rib is not the best to use due to misidentification in a disarticulated skeleton. ... Younger individuals age is based on tooth eruption and fusion of bone at different rates. Once the individual is aged, then ... Individuals going through growth will have different aging methods than those of adults. There are four different aging ...
Different growth rates between loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta) of Mediterranean and Atlantic origin in the...
Age determination of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, by incremental growth marks in the skeleton. Smithsonian Inst ... Casale P, Conte N, Freggi D, Cioni C, Argano R (2011a) Age and growth determination by skeletochronology in loggerhead sea ... The age at maturity for Mediterranean origin loggerhead sea turtles, estimated using our best fitting model, was 24 years, ... Zug GR, Glor RE (1998) Estimates of age and growth in a population of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Indian River ...
CiNii Articles - SAWADA Junmei
Sex determination using mastoid process measurements : standards for Japanese human skeletons of the medieval and early modern ... Severe developmental defects of enamel in a human skeleton of the Final Jomon age from the Nakazawahama shell-mound, Iwate, ... Sex determination using mastoid process measurements: standards for Japanese human skeletons of the medieval and early modern ... Severe developmental defects of enamel in a human skeleton of the Final Jomon age from the Nakazawahama shell-mound, Iwate, ...
Coral reef - Geochemistry of reefs | Britannica
Strontium is concentrated in aragonitic skeletons and magnesium in calcitic skeletons. Coral aragonite has a higher ... Magnesium and strontium are the most frequently occurring trace elements in reef skeletons and are measured in parts per ... Minute quantities of metallic elements are present in solution in seawater and also occur in marine invertebrate skeletons, ... Determination of the number of carbon isotopes present provides a method of assessing the age of a sample, and determinations ...
Identifikation und forensische Osteologie | SpringerLink
Schranz D (1959) Age determination from the internal structure of the humerus. Am J Phys Anthropol 17: 273-278PubMedGoogle ... Angel JL (1984) Variation in estimating age at death of skeletons. Collegium Anthropol 8: 163-168Google Scholar ... Kerley ER (1969) Age determination of bone fragments. J Forensic Sci 14: 59-67PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Kerley ER (1965) The microscopic determination of age in human bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 23: 149-163PubMedGoogle Scholar ...
Skeletochronology of the endangered side-neck turtle, Podocnemis expansa
This method involves the determination of the age of the animal from growth marks evident in the skeleton.4 9 In many ... Age determination of loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta by incremental growth marks in the skeleton. Smithson. Contrib. ... Guarino F.M. and Erismis U.M. (2008). Age determination and growth by skeletochronology of Rana holtzi, an endemic frog from ... Hutton J.M. (1986). Age determination of living Nile crocodiles from the cortical stratification of bone. Copeia 1986, 332 341. ...
PPT - Forensic Anthropology PowerPoint Presentation - ID:5536001
Determination of Sex *Skeletal sexual criteria manifest themselves at puberty and are not clear in the skeleton below age of 12 ... and the aging process is needed to identify gradual changes that occur in the skeleton from birth to old age. ... One caution-late in life changes of the pubic symphysis becomes more obscure and determination of age at death in the 60s and ... As individuals age, their skeletons reflect the various stresses encountered throughout life ...
Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology MSc (Postgraduate) : Study : University of Dundee
Determination of human and non-human gross morphological features. Discover the importance of making this distinction. ... We place particular emphasis will on skeletal aging. Well consider this biological parameter from both an adult and a juvenile ... An introduction to forensic identification from the skeleton.. Detailed adult cranial and postcranial osteology: establish ... Learn how to asses the four standard biological parameters: sex, age, ancestry and stature. ...
OPUS 4 | Search
Age determination by skeleton (1). *Algorithms (1). *Aromatase Inhibitors (1). *Artificial intelligence (1) ... mean age: 63 years ±8.1; age range: 46-84 years) underwent 598 TACE procedures. The presence of CLD, number and location of ... METHODS: A retrospective study included 39 patients (mean age: 66.4 years, range: 45-79 years, SD: 7) with unresectable ...
Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans | PNAS
We obtained genotypes from eight Neolithic skeletons of central, northeast, and southeast Europe ranging in age between 5800 ... allelic and locus dropout did not influence the final consensus genotype determination (33, 35). ... Sex differences in metabolic brain aging. Brain metabolism scans in individuals aged 20-82 years revealed that compared with ... The skeletons belong to the Körös Culture, which appeared in eastern Hungary in the early 8th millennium B.P. (59, 60). Two ...
Sheffield Centre for the Archaeology of Childhood - Research Centres - Research - Archaeology - The University of Sheffield
Eavesdropping on short lives: Eaves-drip burial and the differential treatment of children one year of age and under in early ... The same features were measured in 42 immature skeletons and the equation used to assign sex. Initial results indicated that ... Those features identified statistically as significantly dimorphic were then used to produce a sex determination equation ... Examining sexual dimorphism of permanent teeth as a means of determining biological sex from the skeletons of immature ...
The OSU Excavations at Isthmia - Offprints | OSU Excavations at Isthmia
"Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a new method with blind tests of its accuracy," AJPA 68:1-14. ... "Recommendations for age and sex diagnoses of skeletons," JHE 6:517-549. ... "A revised method of age determination using the Os Pubis, with a review and test of accuracy of other current methods of pubic ... "Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of age at death," AJPA 68 ...
Effect of ethnicity and sex on the growth of the axial and appendicular skeleton of
children living in a developing...
... gestational age, and birth weight). There were no available anthropometric data for the Birth to Twenty cohort at age 9 years. ... Skeletal determination in children of European and African 141 descent: applicability of the Greulich and Pyle standards. ... These findings thus indicate a predisposition in growth toward the appendicular skeleton in blacks and toward the axial skeleton ... there was a strong concordance between bone age and chronological age in our sample, similar to observations made by Cameron et ...
Professor J Montgomery - Durham University
Andre Stewart, Nicolas, Fernanda Gerlach, Raquel, Gowland, Rebecca L., Gron, Kurt & Montgomery, Janet (2017). Sex determination ... Our method can reliably determine the biological sex of humans of any age using a body tissue that is difficult to cross- ... The assignment of biological sex to archaeological human skeletons is a fundamental requirement for the reconstruction of the ... Consequently, sex determination of juvenile remains is rarely undertaken, and a dependable and expedient method that can ...
Cervical vertebraeStatureAxialBones2017AdolescentMethod for sex determinationMeasurementsAdultJuvenile skeletonAnthropometric dataArchaeological sitesAncestryArtificial IntelligenceChronological ageForensicHumansEnamelAnthropological1986JuvenilesMedicolegalIsotopicBurialMaturationOntogenetic ageEstimationMethodsPelvicConcludeApproximatelyCalciumTeethMaleCompositionResearchersDeathOccur14thMedievalFemaleSpecimensExhibitVariationExaminationGrowthFundamentalDevelopmentAnalysisSternalYears of ageRemainsHuman boneTaxonomicPatientsDegreesPresentPatternsSpecies
Cervical vertebrae3
- The aim of the present study is to determine the correlation between the chronological and dental ages, with the cervical vertebrae stages of skeletal maturity, through the non-parametric Spearman statistical method. (bvsalud.org)
- Dental age of each patient was calculated with the Demirjian approach, and the stage of maturation of cervical vertebrae was determined by means of the Lamparski method. (bvsalud.org)
- The determination of bone age is important for diagnosis and planning of patients with skeletal malocclusion with commitment and can be determined by cervical vertebrae. (bvsalud.org)
Stature6
- Through lectures, readings, and discussions, emphasis is placed on the major methods and techniques forensic anthropologists use to identify unknown human remains for law enforcement, including preliminary discussions of determination of age, sex, ancestry, and stature from the human skeleton. (radford.edu)
- In conclusion, there is a differential effect of ethnicity and sex on the growth of the axial and appendicular skeletons, and regional segment length is a better predictor of site-specific bone mass than stature. (docme.ru)
- Students will learn how to determine age at death, sex, ancestral affiliations, and stature from skeletal remains, and how to identify evidence of trauma and disease. (albany.edu)
- The forensic anthropologist applies varying scientific methods to examine and obtain extensive measurements from bones in order to give an identity (sex, age, race and stature) to the unidentified skeletal remains (St. Thomas University, 2010). (ukessays.com)
- They provide clues regarding race, age, stature and sex of an individual. (indmedica.com)
- Forensic Anthropologists' work in the laboratory primarily consists of documenting and interpreting skeletal trauma, using skeletal indicators to estimate the biological profile of unknown individuals (age-at-death, ancestry, sex, stature), and the determination of human versus nonhuman bone. (nyc.gov)
Axial8
- Effect of ethnicity and sex on the growth of the axial and appendicular skeleton of children living in a developing country. (docme.ru)
- site-specific bone mass ABSTRACT Bones in the axial and appendicular skeletons exhibit heterogeneous growth patterns between different ethnic and sex groups. (docme.ru)
- V 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Regional segment lengths (such as sitting height) and limb lengths are used as measures of bone length and growth in the axial and appendicular skeletons. (docme.ru)
- Degenerative changes within the axial skeleton may be related to patient age and habitus but more significant arthropathy is possible. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Bone mineral density of the axial and appendicular skeleton and its relation to age, anthropometric features, dietary calcium intake, and serum sex hormone concentrations. (garvan.org.au)
- In contrast with the axial skeleton, bone mineral density at each forearm site was predicted by weight and an index of free testosterone but not by dietary calcium intake. (garvan.org.au)
- CONCLUSIONS--Dietary calcium intake has a role in the determination or maintenance, or both, of the axial but not the appendicular skeleton in adult men. (garvan.org.au)
- Children with HGPS had low axial aBMD Z-scores by DXA, which improved after adjustment for height age, whereas differences in radial vBMD by pQCT were less striking. (nih.gov)
Bones8
- Based on how the femur, pelvis, and tibia are shaped and the size of the bones, and how the growth plates are fused to the bones, the age of the skeleton was determined to be. (prezi.com)
- We will learn to define a burial, the right way to dig a skeleton and how to remove it from the ground: how to deal with the body, what tools to use, how to remove the bones in anatomical units with the right and left sides individualized, what is the correct packaging, how to register everything in situ (practice with photogrametry for recording). (archaeologyfieldwork.com)
- The current study examines the feasibility of using skeletochronology on the bones of Podocnemis expansa, to obtain data pertaining to these questions, as well as to acquire individual ontogenetic age data. (scielo.org.za)
- This course will cover bone histology, growth and development of bones, common pathological conditions, the determination of age and sex from skeletal material, and the identification of whole and fragmented bones in archaeological and forensic contexts. (albany.edu)
- Twenty-one teeth between 1 and approximately 800 years of age and 5 contemporary bones were subjected to DNA extraction using standard organic protocol followed by analysis using the HIrisPlex system. (blogspot.com)
- Cardoso HFV , Spake L, Humphrey L. Age estimation of immature human skeletal remains from the size of the scapular and pelvic girdle bones in the postnatal period. (sfu.ca)
- Cardoso HFV , Vandergugten J, Humphrey L. Age estimation of immature human skeletal remains from the metaphyseal and epiphyseal widths of the long bones in the post-natal period. (sfu.ca)
- The careful excavation and recording of the bones' positions and an in-depth zooarchaeological analysis of the skeletons (Binois and Lançon 2014, Binois 2015 ) allowed researchers not only to diagnose the cause of the dystocia, but also to identify human intervention during and after the calving. (bmj.com)
20171
- Lizzy Craig-Atkins and Pia Nystrom's collaborative work on the refinement of methods for assigning biological sex to immatures was presented at the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology conference, Canterbury in September 2016 and the Skeletons, Stories and Social Bodies Conference, Southampton in April 2017 by co-author Chris Aris, University of Sheffield MSc Human Osteology and Funerary Archaeology graduate and currently PhD student at the University of Kent. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Adolescent2
- We conclude that this individual was most likely to have been of advanced age and female, rather than an adolescent male as originally proposed. (frontiersin.org)
- METHODS: Radiographs of male adolescent aged 11 to 20 years were obtained in Southern, Central, and Eastern China. (bvsalud.org)
Method for sex determination2
- Here we present a method for sex determination of human remains by means of a minimally destructive surface acid etching of tooth enamel and subsequent identification of sex chromosome-linked isoforms of amelogenin, an enamel-forming protein, by nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. (dur.ac.uk)
- Results were compared to 14 modern and archaeological control samples, confirming the reliability of the ion chromatogram method for sex determination. (nature.com)
Measurements1
- A significant contribution is provided to other disciplines in medicine, because of the determination of anatomical measurements. (conicyt.cl)
Adult1
- Dental evidence suggest SK 335 is a young adult, possibly 19-22 years of age. (wikipedia.org)
Juvenile skeleton1
- much: The Juvenile Skeleton in Forensic Abuse structures. (chessaid.com)
Anthropometric data1
- The parts of human skeleton have different anthropometric data according to sex and race (Schwaber et al. (conicyt.cl)
Archaeological sites2
- We developed a stepwise strategy for obtaining reliable nuclear ancient DNA from ancient skeletons, based on ( i ) the selection of skeletons from archaeological sites that showed excellent biomolecular preservation, ( ii ) obtaining highly reproducible human mitochondrial DNA sequences, and ( iii ) reliable short tandem repeat (STR) genotypes from the same specimens. (pnas.org)
- If possible, human remains from archaeological sites are analyzed to determine sex, age, and health. (wikipedia.org)
Ancestry3
- ancestry, height, and age at death can often be determined. (wku.edu)
- It is Mr. Ubelaker's assignment to figure out such things as sex, ancestry (race), age and possible evidence of foul play. (washingtontimes.com)
- Mr. Ubelaker's next step will be to determine the age, sex and ancestry, a term anthropologists use instead of race. (washingtontimes.com)
Artificial Intelligence2
- Bone age (BA) assessment performed by artificial intelligence (AI) is of growing interest due to improved accuracy, precision and time efficiency in daily routine. (springeropen.com)
- A novel artificial intelligence software enabled highly accurate bone age (BA) assessment. (springeropen.com)
Chronological age6
- Furthermore, rib assignment for both groups of judges averaged well within 1 phase of the ideal phase in which the specimen would have been placed based solely on chronological age. (biomedsearch.com)
- Cardoso HFV , Caldas IM, Andrade M. Dental and skeletal maturation as simultaneous and separate predictors of chronological age in the living: Assessing the likelihood/probability of having attained 16 years of age in males. (sfu.ca)
- The chronological age of each patient was determined according to the clinical history. (bvsalud.org)
- The results showed a correlation of 72 % between chronological age and bone maturation, a correlation of 66 % between dental age and bone maturation, and a correlation of 86 % between chronological and dental age. (bvsalud.org)
- Thus, dental and chronological age are appropriate indicators to estimate, with high precision the stage of skeletal maturation in pediatric patients. (bvsalud.org)
- The correlation between the indexes and the chronological age was 0.775 for SMI using Spearman's test, and 0.974 using Pearson's correlation test. (bvsalud.org)
Forensic4
- A Code of Practice for the Establishment and Use of Authentic Human Skeleton Collections in Forensic Anthropology. (sfu.ca)
- Forensic Anthropology is the study of the human skeleton in the medicolegal context. (nyc.gov)
- OCME maintains a staff of skilled Forensic Anthropologists who utilize their expertise of the human skeleton when responding to death scenes and analyzing skeletal remains in the laboratory. (nyc.gov)
- In many instances, the expertise of the Forensic Anthropologist may be an essential contribution to the identification of a deceased person and the Medical Examiner's determination of cause and manner of death. (nyc.gov)
Humans1
- Our method can reliably determine the biological sex of humans of any age using a body tissue that is difficult to cross-contaminate and is most likely to survive. (dur.ac.uk)
Enamel3
- Sex determination of human remains from peptides in tooth enamel. (dur.ac.uk)
- Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body and survives burial exceptionally well, even when the rest of the skeleton or DNA in the organic fraction has decayed. (dur.ac.uk)
- In this work, we examined the enamel proteome of two skeletons exhumed from a peculiar archaeological context, exploiting the sex-specificity of AMELY. (nature.com)
Anthropological2
- Unexpectedly, the anthropological examination revealed that two skeletons may be of female origin, which indeed was confirmed by DNA analysis (data not shown), while only male monks were expected. (blogspot.com)
- Further anthropological examinations indicated that the S25 male died at the approximate age of 60, whereas the S26 male was approximately 75 years old at the time of death. (blogspot.com)
19861
- Skeletons have been collected from 1986 and onwards after I got World Inventory of Avian Skeletal Specimens, 1982 by D. Scott Wood et al. (birdresearch.dk)
Juveniles3
- Furthermore, for infants and juveniles, there are no reliable morphological methods for sex determination without resorting to DNA analysis, which requires good DNA survival and is time-consuming. (dur.ac.uk)
- The application of this method will make sex determination of adults and, for the first time, juveniles a reliable and routine activity in future bioarcheological and medico-legal science contexts. (dur.ac.uk)
- Bazarsad posits several reasons for this distribution of cribra orbitalia: adults may have lower rates of cribra orbitalia than juveniles because lesions either heal with age or lead to death. (wikipedia.org)
Medicolegal1
- OBJECTIVE: To develop medicolegal expertise standard to assess skeletal age of Chinese male adolescents by joint X-ray. (bvsalud.org)
Isotopic2
- Another aspect of reef geochemistry is the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of coral skeletons and shells. (britannica.com)
- Holger's publications are wide-ranging and extensive, focusing on aspects of assigning age and sex estimates to use of complex isotopic or histological methods of enquiry. (babao.org.uk)
Burial1
- Some cultures have different burial practices depending on age and sex. (wikipedia.org)
Maturation3
- We conclude that there is no advantage to using oxandrolone during the first year of hGH therapy, that oxandrolone in the appropriate dose is of benefit in subsequent years of hGH treatment, and that because of the individual variation in bone maturation, bone age should be frequently assessed. (nih.gov)
- In pediatric dentistry, the panoramic radiography as a routine diagnostic method, can be used to estimate the stage of maturation in these patients, through the calculation of dental age. (bvsalud.org)
- The present work consists of a comparative study of two indexes of skeletal maturation: the carpal index (SMI) and the vertebral index (CVMI) and verification of the reliability of the vertebral index in the determination of the stages of the skeletal maturation. (bvsalud.org)
Ontogenetic age1
- In doing so, we provide a new and comprehensive description of the cranium including a reassessment of its ontogenetic age, sex, morphology, and affinities. (frontiersin.org)
Estimation5
- The application of the Bayesian theorem to the age-at-death estimation was based on the modern Japanese and Spitalfields known-age collections, assuming uniform, reference, and model prior probabilities. (nii.ac.jp)
- The newly employed technique of the Bayesian estimation yielded the age distributions with significant numbers of elderly individuals, which are contrary to usual paleodemographic estimates. (nii.ac.jp)
- Age at death estimation from bone histology in Malaysian males. (babao.org.uk)
- Are we using the appropriate reference samples to develop juvenile age estimation methods based on bone size? (sfu.ca)
- Article of Three solutions of Age Estimation from Human Skeletal gorillas( Suchey-Brooks, Lamendin, and Two-Step Strategy). (chessaid.com)
Methods2
- Bouvier M, DH Ubelacker (1977) A comparison of two methods for the microscopic determination of age at death. (springer.com)
- Brooks S, Suchey JM (1990) Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. (springer.com)
Pelvic1
- Employing an alizarin staining technique using trypsin and 2% KOH, the fin ray arrangement, the vertebrae, the caudal skeleton, the suspensorium, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the hyoid bar and the gill arches and gill rakers were found invariable within the species but comparatively different when contrasted against Sicydium stimpsoni, another endemic freshwater goby that coinhabits the streams with Lentipes. (hawaii.edu)
Conclude1
- From these data it was possible to conclude that both skeletons are of male origin and are unrelated in both maternal and paternal lines. (blogspot.com)
Approximately2
- Approximately 246 skeletons were found at the site altogether. (wikipedia.org)
- I researched and examined Bronze-Age cremation burials at Glasgow University for approximately eight years and have published extensively on this subject in archaeological journals. (gov.scot)
Calcium2
- Seawater of normal oceanic salinity (between 30 and 40 parts per thousand), to which corals are restricted, is normally supersaturated in calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), so that adequate ionized calcium (Ca 2+ ) is available for the skeleton-forming process. (britannica.com)
- One consequence of the first occurrence of calcareous nannofossils in the late Triassic lies in the fact that this was the first time open ocean planktonic organisms utilised calcareous skeletons and exported calcium carbonate into the deep oceans. (ucl.ac.uk)
Teeth1
- Dental caries on the teeth of buried skeletons, interpreted as evidence of a high-carbohydrate diet, are among the reasons for concluding that these communities had a more diversified economy and diet than previously believed. (news-medical.net)
Male6
- the male skeleton is. (prezi.com)
- As in the male test, the judges were asked to assign each unknown rib to an age phase by comparing it with photographs of prototype specimens from the original study. (biomedsearch.com)
- Researchers identified the skeleton as male largely based on the pelvis. (wikipedia.org)
- While sex determination is less definitive for this skeleton, evidence suggests SK 336 was also male. (wikipedia.org)
- The results from determination of sex showed all L. concolor to be male and all L. seminudus to be female. (hawaii.edu)
- PATIENTS--48 Men (aged 21-79, median 44) recruited from the local community including 35 male cotwins of twin pairs of differing sex recruited from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council twin registry for epidemiological studies on determinants of bone mineral density. (garvan.org.au)
Composition2
- Appreciating the composition of these tissues is important for understanding the mechanical properties of the skeleton and its susceptibility to various types injury. (siumed.edu)
- Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare segmental premature aging disorder that affects bone and body composition, among other tissues. (nih.gov)
Researchers1
- Researchers from the Division of Paleopathology of Pisa University (Pisa, Italy) exhumed the well-preserved skeleton of Maria Salviati (1499-1543), wife of Giovanni de' Medici, named "Giovanni of the Black Bands," in Florence in 2012. (cdc.gov)
Death11
- It also includes discussions of determination of time since death (or postmortem interval), manner of death, as well as differentiating antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem trauma. (radford.edu)
- The purposes of this study are to examine the human skeletal remains associated with the Okhotsk culture, to estimate age-at-death distribution using the Buckberry-Chamberlain system of auricular surface aging and the Bayesian approach, and to discuss whether paleodemographic estimates can yield an appropriate mortality profile of prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Japan. (nii.ac.jp)
- The two human skeletons were found together in a bin during excavations, seemingly embracing at the time of death. (wikipedia.org)
- Both skeletons lack evidence of injury near the time of death and possibly died of asphyxiation. (wikipedia.org)
- Angel JL (1984) Variation in estimating age at death of skeletons. (springer.com)
- Sex, together with age-at-death and height, is one of the critical pieces of information needed to define the biological profile of skeletal remains. (nature.com)
- Archaeologists carrying out rescue excavations on the site of a future housing estate in Téteghem in northern France unearthed the postholes of the ancient stable and the pit containing the two skeletons, frozen in a vivid picture of animal life and death on early farms (Fig 1 a) (Lançon 2015). (bmj.com)
- The items analysed varied from sex diagnoses, age at death, morphological aspects, paleopathology, such as infectious and rheumatic diseases, stress indicators and dietary behavior. (uc.pt)
- Skeletal Biology, Age-at- death, Paleodemography. (uc.pt)
- drama for students volume 27 of Age at Death from geometry of Human Bone. (treasuresresalestore.com)
- A skeleton can tell a scientist not only about the death, but also about the life of the deceased. (washingtontimes.com)
Occur2
- Minute quantities of metallic elements are present in solution in seawater and also occur in marine invertebrate skeletons, though not in the same proportions as in the surrounding water. (britannica.com)
- A basic knowledge of human biology, growth and development, and the aging process is needed to identify gradual changes that occur in the skeleton from birth to old age. (slideserve.com)
14th1
- And yet the scene actually took place in the late Middle Ages, in the 14th century to be more precise. (bmj.com)
Medieval2
- Two medieval skeletons were found under the floor between the chancel and the nave of the church. (blogspot.com)
- It is alleged that the skeletons belong to members of the Teczynski family , representing noble Polish magnates of medieval times. (blogspot.com)
Female1
- At the time of excavation, this skeleton was originally identified as female. (wikipedia.org)
Specimens2
- By the application of skeletochronology, we estimate the individual ages of all specimens and these compared favourably with age data obtained previously. (scielo.org.za)
- The goal of this study was to investigate the marine reservoir effect on Atlantic walrus in the Foxe Basin region of the Canadian Arctic through a two-pronged approach: dating of live-harvested specimens of known age collected prior to AD 1955 and dating of pairs of animal remains (walrus and caribou) from stratigraphically contemporaneous levels within archaeological features. (cambridge.org)
Exhibit1
- It is concluded that both chronological and dental age exhibit a high correlation with the correspondent stage of vertebral maturity. (bvsalud.org)
Variation1
- Based on the decay of long-range haplotypes and variation in closely linked microsatellites, the inferred age of the −13.910*T allele in Europe has been estimated to be between 2,188 and 20,650 years ( 16 ) and between 7,450 and 12,300 years ( 17 ), respectively. (pnas.org)
Examination1
- Establishment of the age of an individual by examination of their skeletal structure. (bvsalud.org)
Growth8
- Twenty patients with growth hormone deficiency ranging in age from 5 5/12 to 15 8/12 years were treated for 12 months with a combination of human growth hormone and oxandrolone, followed by a period of six months off both medications. (nih.gov)
- Determination of the number of carbon isotopes present provides a method of assessing the age of a sample, and determinations of oxygen isotopes present are useful in indicating water temperature changes that occurred during the period of growth of the reef. (britannica.com)
- Bjorndal KA, Zug G (1995) Growth and age of sea turtle. (springer.com)
- Bjorndal KA, Bolten AB, Bennett RA, Jacobson ER, Wronski TJ, Valeski JJ, Eliazar PJ (1998) Age and growth in sea turtles: limitations of skeletochronology for demographic studies. (springer.com)
- In spite of our limited sample size, we found a positive relationship between the number of growth rings and carapace length, a slower increase in body size for the larger individuals, and we tentatively suggest that sexual maturity may have occurred at about 5 6 years of age. (scielo.org.za)
- This method involves the determination of the age of the animal from growth marks evident in the skeleton. (scielo.org.za)
- Thus, assuming that the growth rings (that is, annuli and/or LAGs) are annual, counting the number of these rings present in the skeleton provides a reasonable estimate of the age of the individual. (scielo.org.za)
- 5. Growth Rates, Age Determination and Calcification Levels in Flustra foliacea (L.) (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) - Preliminary Assessment. (buchfreund.de)
Fundamental1
- The assignment of biological sex to archaeological human skeletons is a fundamental requirement for the reconstruction of the human past. (dur.ac.uk)
Development3
- We determined, based on overall bone shape, size and development that the skeleton belongs to Walter Fonsworth. (prezi.com)
- Sex differences in both the rate and pattern of aging in the sternal extremity of the rib necessitated the development of separate standards of age determination for males and females. (biomedsearch.com)
- The opportunityOnline Transitions in an aging of the wave decay page of gravity, its Common world and previous emblem which can be loved to check model's information development and plasma Program damping the Voigt interaction. (mooreamusicpele.com)
Analysis1
- Avens L, Taylor C, Goshe L, Jones TT, Hastings M (2009) Use of skeletochronological analysis to estimate the age of leatherback sea turtles Dermochelys coriacea in the western North Atlantic. (springer.com)
Sternal1
- Determination of age from the sternal rib in white females: a test of the phase method. (biomedsearch.com)
Years of age2
- The sample consisted of 516 records from patients between 5 and 15 years of age, systemically healthy, with panoramic and lateral skull radiographs taken on the same date. (bvsalud.org)
- An IDTF provider may request prior authorization (PA) for any medically necessary service reimbursable under the federal Medicaid Act in accordance with 130 CMR 450.144, 42 U.S.C.1396d(a), and 42 U.S.C. 1396d(r)(5) for a MassHealth Standard or CommonHealth member younger than 21 years of age, even if it is not designated as covered or payable in the Independent Diagnostic Testing Facility Manual. (mass.gov)
Remains4
- It is oriented to discovering of fossil and subfossil skeleton remains of vertebrates. (ssj.sk)
- 5,8,9,12 Skeletochronology has been, and remains largely, used to determine the age structure of amphibian populations, 13,14 including a threatened species, 15 as well as some reptilian populations. (scielo.org.za)
- Consequently, sex determination of juvenile remains is rarely undertaken, and a dependable and expedient method that can correctly assign biological sex to human remains of any age is highly desirable. (dur.ac.uk)
- Cardoso HFV , Meyers J, Liversidge H. A Reappraisal of Developing Deciduous Tooth Length as an Estimate of Age in Human Immature Skeletal Remains. (sfu.ca)
Human bone1
- Ahlqvist J, Damsten O (1969) A modification of Kerley's method for the microscopic determination of age in human bone. (springer.com)
Taxonomic1
- The long-term perspective can be aimed at creating conditions for experimental forms of research, ecology of selected species, determination of spatial distribution or taxonomic classification of species. (ssj.sk)
Patients1
- The sample was composed of 158 radiographies comprising seventy-nine carpal and seventy-nine lateral cephalometric radiographies of patients of both genders between six and eighteen of age. (bvsalud.org)
Degrees1
- Cavity was heart-shaped and showed the sacrum and coccyx and the greater Sciatic Notch was 53 degrees the skeleton was a. (prezi.com)
Present6
- Magnesium and strontium are the most frequently occurring trace elements in reef skeletons and are measured in parts per thousand, but barium , manganese , and iron are also present and can be measured in parts per million. (britannica.com)
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry has shown that ultratraces of metals are present in the aragonite skeleton of the hydrozoan coral Millepora from a reef flat on the Coral Sea Plateau off Queensland . (britannica.com)
- A maximum accuracy of ∼95% is possible if both the cranium and os coxae are present and intact, but this is seldom achievable for all skeletons. (dur.ac.uk)
- In the present study, the skeleton was analyzed by repeated in vivo scans using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). (galileo-training.com)
- Gallbladder is present, without definite pathology although this modality is limited for such determination. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- The destruction of bone and the resultant deformity not only present a problem of altered biomechanics as in rest of skeleton, spinal tuberculosis is further complicated by the presence of neural structures in the vicinity. (springer.com)
Patterns1
- 12. Patterns of Magnesium-Calcite Distribution in the Skeleton of some Polar Bryozoan Species. (buchfreund.de)
Species2
- The research is oriented to determination of species diversity, abundance, spatial distribution and succession of terrestric invertebrates societies, mainly selected arthropods, which make the most important component of cavernicolous fauna. (ssj.sk)
- Management of endangered species requires knowledge of the age structure of populations. (scielo.org.za)