African horse sickness virus. Medical search

A species of ORBIVIRUS that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys. Via its principal vector CULICOIDES, it can also infect dogs, elephants, camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and, in special circumstances, humans.

An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.

A genus of REOVIRIDAE infecting a wide range of arthropods and vertebrates including humans. It comprises at least 21 serological subgroups. Transmission is by vectors such as midges, mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks.

A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.

Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.

A family of hoofed MAMMALS consisting of HORSES, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.

The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.

3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.

A species of ORBIVIRUS causing a fatal disease in deer. It is transmitted by flies of the genus Culicoides.

An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.

Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Disorder caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. It may include nausea, vomiting and dizziness.

A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.

Antigenic profile of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP5 and identification of a neutralizing epitope shared with bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. (1/63)

African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a fatal disease in horses. The virus capsid is composed of a double protein layer, the outermost of which is formed by two proteins: VP2 and VP5. VP2 is known to determine the serotype of the virus and to contain the neutralizing epitopes. The biological function of VP5, the other component of the capsid, is unknown. In this report, AHSV VP5, expressed in insect cells alone or together with VP2, was able to induce AHSV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, two VP5-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that were able to neutralize the virus in a plaque reduction assay were generated. To dissect the antigenic structure of AHSV VP5, the protein was cloned in Escherichia coli using the pET3 system. The immunoreactivity of both MAbs, and horse and rabbit polyclonal antisera, with 17 overlapping fragments from VP5 was analyzed. The most immunodominant region was found in the N-terminal 330 residues of VP5, defining two antigenic regions, I (residues 151-200) and II (residues 83-120). The epitopes were further defined by PEPSCAN analysis with 12mer peptides, which determined eight antigenic sites in the N-terminal half of the molecule. Neutralizing epitopes were defined at positions 85-92 (PDPLSPGE) for MAb 10AE12 and at 179-185 (EEDLRTR) for MAb 10AC6. Epitope 10AE12 is highly conserved between the different orbiviruses. MAb 10AE12 was able to recognize bluetongue virus VP5 and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus VP5 by several techniques. These data will be especially useful for vaccine development and diagnostic purposes. (+info)

African horse sickness in Portugal: a successful eradication programme. (2/63)

African horse sickness (AHS) was diagnosed for the first time in southern Portugal in autumn 1989, following outbreaks in Spain. AHS virus presence was confirmed by virus isolation and serotyping. An eradication campaign with four sanitary zones was set up by Central Veterinary Services in close collaboration with private organizations. Vaccination began on 6 October. In February 1990, vaccination was extended to all Portuguese equines (170000 animals). There were 137 outbreaks on 104 farms: 206 of the equidae present died (16%) or were slaughtered (14%); 81.5% were horses, 10.7% were donkeys and 7.8% were mules. Clinical AHS occurred more frequently in horses than donkeys and mules. In the vaccinated population, 82 animals (62.2% horses and 37.8% mules and donkeys), died or were slaughtered due to suspected or confirmed AHS. One year after ending vaccination, December 1991, Portugal was declared free of AHS. Cost of eradication was US$1955513 (US$11.5/Portuguese equine). (+info)

Identification and differentiation of the nine African horse sickness virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. (3/63)

This paper describes the first RT-PCR for discrimination of the nine African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotypes. Nine pairs of primers were designed, each being specific for one AHSV serotype. The RT-PCR was sensitive and specific, providing serotyping within 24 h. Perfect agreement was recorded between the RT-PCR and virus neutralization for a coded panel of 56 AHSV reference strains and field isolates. Serotyping was achieved successfully with live and formalin-inactivated AHSVs, with isolates of virus after low and high passage through either tissue culture or suckling mouse brain, with viruses isolated from widely separated geographical areas and with viruses isolated up to 37 years apart. Overall, this RT-PCR provides a rapid and reliable method for the identification and differentiation of the nine AHSV serotypes, which is vital at the start of an outbreak to enable the early selection of a vaccine to control the spread of disease. (+info)

Effects of chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants on several exotic disease viruses. (4/63)

The effects of three representative disinfectants, chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), iodine (potassium tetraglicine triiodide), and quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammonium chloride), on several exotic disease viruses were examined. The viruses used were four enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, African swine fever virus, equine viral arteritis virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and two non-enveloped viruses (swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV)). Chlorine was effective against all viruses except SVDV at concentrations of 0.03% to 0.0075%, and a dose response was observed. Iodine was very effective against all viruses at concentrations of 0.015% to 0.0075%, but a dose response was not observed. Quaternary ammonium compound was very effective in low concentration of 0.003% against four enveloped viruses and AHSV, but it was only effective against SVDV with 0.05% NaOH. Electron microscopic observation revealed the probable mechanism of each disinfectant. Chlorine caused complete degeneration of the viral particles and also destroyed the nucleic acid of the viruses. Iodine destroyed mainly the inner components including nucleic acid of the viruses. Quaternary ammonium compound induced detachment of the envelope of the enveloped viruses and formation of micelle in non-enveloped viruses. According to these results, chlorine and iodine disinfectants were quite effective against most of the viruses used at adequately high concentration. The effective concentration of quaternary ammonium compound was the lowest among the disinfectants examined. (+info)

Identification of antigenic regions on VP2 of African horsesickness virus serotype 3 by using phage-displayed epitope libraries. (5/63)

VP2 is an outer capsid protein of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) and is recognized by serotype-discriminatory neutralizing antibodies. With the objective of locating its antigenic regions, a filamentous phage library was constructed that displayed peptides derived from the fragmentation of a cDNA copy of the gene encoding VP2. Peptides ranging in size from approximately 30 to 100 amino acids were fused with pIII, the attachment protein of the display vector, fUSE2. To ensure maximum diversity, the final library consisted of three sub-libraries. The first utilized enzymatically fragmented DNA encoding only the VP2 gene, the second included plasmid sequences, while the third included a PCR step designed to allow different peptide-encoding sequences to recombine before ligation into the vector. The resulting composite library was subjected to immunoaffinity selection with AHSV-specific polyclonal chicken IgY, polyclonal horse immunoglobulins and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) known to neutralize AHSV. Antigenic peptides were located by sequencing the DNA of phages bound by the antibodies. Most antigenic determinants capable of being mapped by this method were located in the N-terminal half of VP2. Important binding areas were mapped with high resolution by identifying the minimum overlapping areas of the selected peptides. The MAb was also used to screen a random 17-mer epitope library. Sequences that may be part of a discontinuous neutralization epitope were identified. The amino acid sequences of the antigenic regions on VP2 of serotype 3 were compared with corresponding regions on three other serotypes, revealing regions with the potential to discriminate AHSV serotypes serologically. (+info)

Variation of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 in southern Africa. (6/63)

NS3 protein sequences of recent African horsesickness virus (AHSV) field isolates, reference strains and current vaccine strains in southern Africa were determined and compared. The variation of AHSV NS3 was found to be as much as 36.3% across serotypes and 27.6% within serotypes. NS3 proteins of vaccine and field isolates of a specific serotype were found to differ between 2.3% and 9.7%. NS3 of field isolates within a serotype differed up to 11.1%. Our data indicate that AHSV NS3 is the second most variable AHSV protein, the most variable being the major outer capsid protein, VP2. The inferred phylogeny of AHSV NS3 corresponded well with the described NS3 phylogenetic clusters. The only exception was AHSV-8 NS3, which clustered into different groups than previously described. No obvious sequence markers could be correlated with virulence. Our results suggest that NS3 sequence variation data could be used to distinguish between field isolates and live attenuated vaccine strains of the same serotype. (+info)

Membrane association of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 determines its cytotoxicity. (7/63)

The smallest RNA genome segment of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) encodes the nonstructural protein NS3 (24K). NS3 localizes in areas of plasma membrane disruption and is associated with events of viral release. Conserved features in all AHSV NS3 proteins include the synthesis of a truncated NS3A protein from the same open reading frame as that of NS3, a proline-rich region, a region of strict sequence conservation and two hydrophobic domains. To investigate whether these features are associated with the cytotoxicity of NS3 or altered membrane permeability, a series of mutants were constructed and expressed in the BAC-TO-BAC baculovirus-expression system. Our results indicate that mutations in either of the two hydrophobic domains do not prevent membrane targeting of the mutant proteins but abolish their membrane anchoring. This prevents their localization to the cell surface and obviates their cytotoxic effect. The cytotoxicity of NS3 is therefore dependent on its membrane topography and thus involves both hydrophobic domains. NS3 has many of the characteristics of lytic viral proteins that play a central role in viral pathogenesis through modifying membrane permeability. (+info)

Definition of neutralizing sites on African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP2 at the level of peptides. (8/63)

The antigenic structure of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotype 4 capsid protein VP2 has been determined at the peptide level by PEPSCAN analysis in combination with a large collection of polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies. VP2, the determinant for the virus serotype and an important target in virus neutralization, was found to contain 15 antigenic sites. A major antigenic region containing 12 of the 15 sites was identified in the region between residues 223 and 400. A second domain between residues 568 and 681 contained the three remaining sites. These sites were used for the synthesis of peptides, which were later tested in rabbits. Of the 15 synthetic peptides, three were able to induce neutralizing antibodies for AHSV-4, defining two neutralizing epitopes, 'a' and 'b', between residues 321 and 339, and 377 and 400, respectively. A combination of peptides representing both sites induced a more effective neutralizing response. Still, the relatively low neutralization titres make the possibility of producing a synthetic vaccine for AHSV unlikely. The complex protein-protein interaction of the outer shell of the viral capsid would probably require the presence of either synthetic peptides in the correct conformation or peptide segments from the different proteins VP2, VP5 and VP7. (+info)

... (AHS) is a highly infectious and deadly disease caused by African horse sickness virus. It commonly ... "African Horse Sickness". Animal Research Info. Animal Research Info. Retrieved 29 June 2020. "African Horse Sickness" (PDF). ... Database CIDRAP Overview on African Horse Sickness 3D electron microscopy structures of the African horse sickness virus from ... The Merck Veterinary Manual - African Horse Sickness - Clinical Findings and Lesions "AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS" (PDF). OIE - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_horse_sickness

H. dromedarii can carry the African Horse Sickness Virus. Awad et al. 1981 and Salma et al. 1987 isolated the virus from ... "African Horse Sickness Virus: History, transmission, and current status". Annual Review of Entomology. 62 (1): 343-358. doi: ... Hyalomma dromedarii is widespread in North Africa, the northern regions of West, Central, and East Africa, Arabia, Asia Minor, ... This species is ascribed with spreading the virus that causes the life-threatening Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. The bites ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalomma_dromedarii

Stone-Marschat M, Carville A, Skowronek A, Laegreid WW (March 1994). "Detection of African horse sickness virus by reverse ... 2010). "A duplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting H5N1 avian influenza virus and pandemic H1N1 influenza virus". Virol. J. ... RT-PCR is commonly used in studying the genomes of viruses whose genomes are composed of RNA, such as Influenzavirus A, ... September 2002). "Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction

Includes: Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, among others. Known ... Included: Banna virus, Kadipiro virus, and Liao ning virus. "International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)". talk. ... Included: Rice dwarf virus, Rice gall dwarf virus, and Wound tumor virus. Rotavirus A-E cause infantile gastroenteritis in ... Viruses, International Committee on Taxonomy of; King, Andrew MQ (8 November 2011). Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedoreovirinae

... other orbiviruses include equine encephalosis virus and African horse sickness virus. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus's ... Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus belongs to the family Reoviridae, a family of double-stranded RNA viruses that includes ... "PCR detection of North American and Central African isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) based on genome ... VP6 and VP7 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)". Virus Research. 145 (2): 187-99. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizootic_hemorrhagic_disease_virus

... es listed by serogroup Lebombo virus Pata virus African horse sickness virus (Serotypes 1-9) African horse sickness ... virus Above Maiden virus Ieri virus Lebombo virus Orungo virus Palyam virus Peruvian horse sickness virus St Croix River virus ... virus Eubenengee virus Palyam virus Wallal virus Warrego virus Corriparta virus Peruvian horse sickness virus Wongorr virus ... African horse sickness virus Bluetongue virus Changuinola virus Chenuda virus Chobar Gorge virus Corriparta virus Epizootic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbivirus

African swine fever virus, African horse sickness virus and sheeppox virus. Anti-crop pathogens studied and developed included ... The anti-livestock pathogens included: rinderpest virus; foot-and-mouth disease virus; Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Food_(Soviet_Union)

Found in North America, C. variipennis transmits Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, akabane virus, and epizootic ... C. variipennis transmits the Bluetongue virus, found in North America from latitude 40° N to 35° S. However, the virus is ... When naturally infected with Bluetongue virus, the C. variipennis contains the Bluetongue Virus in the thorax, and then is ... On average, the virus costs $125 million due to the restriction of movement on livestock to countries that are free of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides_variipennis

... quarantine period was considered necessary as many countries feared the importation of the African horse sickness virus. In ... champion middle-distance horse and South African Horse of the Year. His trainer Joey Ramsden said "He was great throughout the ... He is my horse but he really belongs to the whole of South Africa." Shortly after his win in the Godolphin Mile, Variety Club ... After the race Ramsden said "It is fantastic for a horse to come all the way from South Africa - to compete, let alone win, is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_Club_(horse)

MacLachlan, N.; Guthrie, A. J. (2010). "Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other Orbivirus diseases". ... One of the viruses collected from horses that died of the disease was named Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV). The 1997 ... The Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) is a cause of the neurological disorder Peruvian horse sickness resulting in ... 2009). "Peruvian horse sickness virus and Yunnan orbivirus, isolated from vertebrates and mosquitoes in Peru and Australia". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_horse_sickness_virus

... and the African horse sickness virus. This particular species has been recorded in Africa, Asia and Europe. African midges feed ... Culicoides imicola is also known to be the only field vector for the African horse sickness (AHS). In the past, AHS has only ... In Africa, C. imicola is known to feed on horse, cattle, and sheep. Nonetheless, their feeding preferences haven't been studied ... The expansion of C. imicola out of its traditional Old World region of Africa and Asia may be a risk for significant spread ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides_imicola

... and they transmit African horse sickness virus between horses and other equids. Culicoides midges transmit Leucocytozoon ... Mellor, P.S. (1995) The transmission and geographical spread of African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses Annals of ... There are commercially available vaccines to protect animals against bluetongue, and African horse sickness Myiasis: Centers ... Culex mosquitoes transmit West Nile virus between birds and horses; they transmit Rift Valley fever virus to livestock species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_flies_of_domestic_animals

... after vaccinating horses against African horse sickness using a live virus vaccine and equine antiserum. It was later described ... Measuring levels of virus in the originally infected horses has shown that the disease can become chronic, with some horses ... African horse sickness, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis, Bacillus anthracis, tetanus antitoxin, Clostridium perfringens ... suggesting that the virus is poorly transmitted horizontally. However, not all horses that tested positive for this virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theiler's_disease

... related to African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV). First described in South Africa over a hundred years ... such as the African horse sickness virus. As with all vector-borne diseases, EEV is not transmissible from host-to-host, rather ... caused great concern primarily due to the similarity of EEV with the African horse sickness virus, one of the most devastating ... "Investigations on outbreaks of African horse sickness in the surveillance zone in South Africa". Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 25 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_encephalosis_virus

Aino virus (AINOV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), Bozo virus (BOZOV), Bussuquara virus (BSQV), Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), ... Kunjin virus (KUNV), La Crosse virus (LACV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), Marburg virus (MBGV), Marco virus (MCOV), Melao virus (MELV) ... Nola virus (NOLV), Ntaya virus (NTAV), Oriboca virus (ORIV), Orungo virus (ORUV), Restan virus (RESV), Rift Valley fever virus ... West Nile virus (WNV), Wesselsbron virus (WSLV), Yaounde virus (YAOV) Yellow fever virus (YFV), Zegla virus (ZEGV), Zika virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti

... bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus, African horse sickness, bovine ephemeral fever (C. osystoma and C. nipponesis), Akabane ... main vector of bluetongue virus and African Horse Sickness in Southern Europe Culicoides chiopterus - Culicoides dewulfi - ... In 2006, bluetongue virus was first recorded in Northern Europe. In 2007 and 2008, there were huge outbreaks, going as far as ... The main vector of the virus in Southern Europe does not live in Northern Europe, so other species have been screened. Species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides

... bovine ephemeral fever virus, Schmallenberg virus, African horse sickness virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus, and ... Many adults transmit parasites or diseases that can be debilitating or fatal to humans, such as malaria and West Nile virus. ... Biting midges can transmit an extensive range of pathogens of veterinary importance, including Akabane virus, ... bluetongue virus. Extant families Superfamily Culicoidea Dixidae -meniscus midges Corethrellidae -frog-biting midges ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicomorpha

... the potential for developing vaccines for Bluetongue virus and the African Horse sickness virus, RNA-RNA interactions and ... vaccines for Bluetongue and African Horse sickness virus (AHSV) and the possibility of other therapeutics relating to these ... The virus that she has dedicated most of her career to is Bluetongue disease that affects sheep and cattle. She became ... After her post-doctoral work, she went to the University of Alabama at Birmingham to begin her own Blue Tongue Virus research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Roy

Orbivirus African horse sickness virus Bluetongue disease virus Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Equine encephalosis virus ... Louis encephalitis virus West Nile virus Spondweni virus group Spondweni virus Zika virus Yellow fever virus group Yellow fever ... virus Tick-borne viruses Mammalian tick-borne virus group Kyasanur forest disease virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus Family ... Dengue virus group Dengue virus Japanese encephalitis virus group Japanese encephalitis virus Murray Valley encephalitis virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus

African horse sickness is related to bluetongue and is spread by the same midges (Culicoides species). It can kill the horses ... The virus makes initial contact with the cell with VP2, triggering receptor-mediated endocytosis of the virus. The low pH ... Cattle stranded on ship in Spain must be destroyed, say vets amp.theguardian.com, accessed 26 July 2022 African Horse Sickness ... Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus is closely related and crossreacts with Bluetongue virus on many blood tests. "Q&A: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetongue_disease

African horse sickness virus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis C virus, bluetongue virus, ... canine distemper virus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, equine influenza virus, equine herpes virus, ... Vaccines against several pathogens including avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, cytomegalovirus, ... activity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the herpes simplex virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Paoletti

... including Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, Equine encephalosis virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. ... phlebovirus Rotavirus Rubella virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus West Nile virus Yellow fever virus Zika virus Animal viruses ... ssRNA viruses, Group V: -ssRNA viruses, Group VI: ssRNA-RT viruses, and Group VII: dsDNA-RT viruses. Realms are the highest ... ebola virus, HIV, influenza viruses, and the rabies virus. These viruses and others have been prominent throughout history, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboviria

... phlebovirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus African horse sickness virus African swine fever virus Avian influenza virus ... Foot-and-mouth disease virus Goatpox virus Lumpy skin disease virus Avian avulavirus 1 (formerly Newcastle disease virus) Small ... Newly characterized viruses closely related to select agents and/or BSL-4 viruses (for example newly discovered henipaviruses ... agent viruses are often handled in BSL-4 according to facility SOPs or when dealing with new viruses closely related to viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biosafety_level_4_organisms

... including Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus, Equine encephalosis virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. ... the Ebola virus, influenza viruses, the measles virus, and the rabies virus. The first virus to be discovered, tobacco mosaic ... Those three groups are Group III: dsRNA viruses, Group IV: +ssRNA viruses, and Group V: -ssRNA viruses. RNA viruses are ... Rhinoviruses Rift Valley fever phlebovirus Rotavirus Rubella virus West Nile virus Yellow fever virus Zika virus Animal viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthornavirae

... african horse sickness virus MeSH B04.820.630.550.100 - bluetongue virus MeSH B04.820.630.550.400 - hemorrhagic disease virus, ... colorado tick fever virus MeSH B04.909.777.714.550 - orbivirus MeSH B04.909.777.714.550.050 - african horse sickness virus MeSH ... yellow fever virus MeSH B04.820.250.400 - gb virus a MeSH B04.820.250.405 - gb virus b MeSH B04.820.250.410 - GB virus C MeSH ... torque teno virus MeSH B04.280.049.035 - african swine fever virus MeSH B04.280.065.249 - granulovirus MeSH B04.280.065.500 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B04)

African horse sickness virus African swine fever virus Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic) Classical swine fever virus ... viruses: African VHF viruses: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Ebola virus* Lassa fever virus Lujo virus Marburg virus* ... Asian VHF viruses: Kyasanur Forest disease virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus South American VHF viruses: Chapare virus ... Hendra virus Nipah virus Rift Valley fever virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (excluding enzootic subtypes ID and IE) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_agent

It is considered a possible vector for African horse sickness. It is closely related to Culicoides imicola. Meiswinkel R (1989 ... bolitinos to oral infection with eight serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. ... a recently identified vector of African horse sickness". Bull Entomol Res. 90 (6): 509-15. PMID 11107252. Paweska, J. T.; ... reared from the dung of the African buffalo, blue wildebeest and cattle in South Africa". Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 56 (1): 23- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides_bolitinos

... african horse sickness MeSH C22.488.304 - equine infectious anemia MeSH C22.488.409 - glanders MeSH C22.488.861 - strongyle ... marburg virus disease MeSH C22.735.500.850 - simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MeSH C22.735.750 - monkeypox MeSH ... african swine fever MeSH C22.905.170 - classical swine fever MeSH C22.905.260 - edema disease of swine MeSH C22.905.323 - ... bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease MeSH C22.196.148 - brucellosis, bovine MeSH C22.196.250 - encephalopathy, bovine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C22)

... a song from the album Bloom by Caligula's Horse "Marigold", a song from the album The Caitiff Choir by It Dies Today "Marigold ... African marigold or Aztec marigold, Tagetes erecta French marigold, Tagetes patula Mexican marigold, Tagetes lucida Signet ... a song from the album Virus by Haken "Marigolds" (short story), by Eugenia Collier Marigold Farmer, a character in the webcomic ... nickname for the character Winston Spencer Churchill in the British television series In Sickness and in Health Marigold (band ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigold

The virus (EIAV) is endemic in the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle and Far East, Russia, and South Africa. The virus is a ... According to most veterinarians, horses diagnosed EIA positive usually do not show any sign of sickness or disease. EIA may ... EIA-positive horses are infected for life. Options for the horse include sending the horse to a recognized research facility, ... branding the horse and quarantining it at least 200 yards from other horses for the rest of its life, and euthanizing the horse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemia

"Coronavirus variant fear sparks Africa travel curbs". BBC News. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. "South Africa to ... "Winter vomiting virus warning for England". BBC News. 16 July 2021. "Covid-19: UK daily cases surpass 50,000 and F1 fans return ... Travellers begin to gather for the annual Appleby Horse Fair in Cumbria, which was postponed due to COVID, and where health ... "coronavirus isolation and sickness". Wales moves forward by several days its plans to cut the self-isolation period of anyone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July–December_2021)

Injection of horse serum into humans as used in antitoxin can cause hypersensitivity, commonly referred to as serum sickness. ... Analysis by the CDC scientists showed that the measles virus type in this outbreak (B3) was identical to the virus type that ... Nigeria had become a net exporter of the poliovirus to its African neighbors. People in the northern states were also reported ... Because of similarities between the 2009 influenza A subtype H1N1 virus and the 1976 influenza A/NJ virus many countries ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

For instance, approximately 20% of domestic dogs, cats and horses carry anti-Hepatitis E virus antibodies and thus these ... Rabies African sleeping sickness Dirofilariasis Eastern equine encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis ... Dangerous non-human viruses are those that require few mutations to begin replicating themselves in human cells. These viruses ... of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis

... viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. Nearly all ... The 1580 flu pandemic originated in Asia during summer, spread to Africa, then Europe, and finally America. By the end of the ... Other names that have been used for influenza include epidemic catarrh, la grippe from French, sweating sickness, and, ... that contain weakened viruses. There are three types of inactivated vaccines: whole virus, split virus, in which the virus is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

Unemployment benefits and sickness benefits were to be universal. There would be new benefits for maternity. The old-age ... The second half of the 19th century saw a major expansion of Britain's colonial empire in Asia and Africa as well as the ... They sang along at the music hall, fancied their pigeons, gambled on horse racing, and took the family to Blackpool in summer. ... "Coronavirus: Man in 80s is second person to die of virus in UK". BBC News. 7 March 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2021. Yong, Ed ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom

... called African trypanosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. An estimated 60-70 million people in ... 15 October 2010). "Virus Deadly in Livestock Is No More, U.N. Declares". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2010. Pearce ... The usage is not strict and while nagana generally refers to the disease in cattle and horses it is commonly used for any of ... Sleeping sickness was dubbed "the best game warden in Africa" by conservationists[citation needed], who assumed that the land, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly

Dourine or Covering sickness is a serious protozoal venereal disease of equids, mainly horses, donkeys, and mules, caused by ... by a natural cycle of transmission between warthogs and the soft tick vector O moubata in Africa, but the ASF virus can infect ... If the virus were to enter the US, control measures must be initiated to prevent the spread of the virus and eliminate it as ... The FMD virus is found in all excretions and secretions of an infected animal. Transmission of the virus can be from contact ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_animal_disease

For example, a horse is said to have a fever above 101 °F (38.3 °C). In species that allow the body to have a wide range of " ... In the presence of an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, viroids, etc., the immune response of the body is to inhibit ... Harden, L. M.; Kent, S.; Pittman, Q. J.; Roth, J. (1 November 2015). "Fever and sickness behavior: Friend or foe?". Brain, ... or African trypanosomiasis. Remittent fever, where the temperature remains above normal throughout the day and fluctuates more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever

In 2017, Canadian scientists recreated an extinct horse pox virus to demonstrate that the variola virus can be recreated in a ... It most probably evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago. The wide range of dates ... ISBN 0-521-55203-6. Peter J Dowling, "A Great Deal of Sickness": Introduced diseases among the Aboriginal People of colonial ... A second estimate has placed the separation of variola virus from Taterapox (an Orthopoxvirus of some African rodents including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

... horse-derived antitoxin is sometimes avoided for fear of infants developing serum sickness or lasting hypersensitivity to horse ... Phosphorus-deficient cattle, especially in southern Africa, are inclined to ingest bones and carrion containing clostridial ... but the gene that encodes for the toxin protein is actually carried by a virus or phage that infects the bacteria. Little is ... Clostridium botulinum type C toxin has been incriminated as the cause of grass sickness, a condition in horses which occurs in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism

The African wolf is a descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry. One African wolf ... Lice, such as Trichodectes canis, may cause sickness in wolves, but rarely death. Ticks of the genus Ixodes can infect wolves ... Pathogens and parasites, notably rabies virus, may infect wolves. The global wild wolf population was estimated to be 300,000 ... an account of the big game of the United States and its chase with horse, hound, and rifle. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 179-207. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf

14 May - Two TV reporters, Michael Buerk from the BBC and Peter Sharp from ITN are expelled from South Africa as a result of ... 5 January - EastEnders is sold to Australia and goes to air on ABC along with In Sickness and In Health. 6 January The Guardian ... 27 February - The BBC and ITV begins a week of programming aimed at educating people about the AIDS virus. Highlights include ... a matter of weeks after team captain Emlyn Hughes famously mistook a picture of her on a horse for jockey John Reid. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_British_television

... during public health emergencies such as the Zika virus epidemic, the Ebola virus epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic. The ... African Union: African Medicines Agency Australia: Therapeutic Goods Administration Brazil: National Health Surveillance Agency ... Outside of the US, the drug thalidomide was marketed for the relief of general nausea and morning sickness, but caused birth ... The serum was originally collected from a horse named Jim who had contracted tetanus.[citation needed] In June 1906, President ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration

Jesse and Cesar tell the Winchesters they have bought a horse farm in New Mexico they will retire to and Jesse is also a former ... So far, the only known demons of this type are Samhain, the Seven Deadly Sins, and Acheri, as well as the Croatoan Virus. White ... Unable to wake Charlie with the djinn antidote, Dean uses African dream root to enter her dream state where he manages to get ... He can create and manipulate infestations, plagues, diseases, and other sicknesses. Upon Lucifer's rise, Pestilence spreads ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Supernatural_and_The_Winchesters_characters

The kola nut was first domesticated in West Africa. Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice, yams and the ... Sherratt 1981 Furuse, Y.; Suzuki, A.; Oshitani, H. (2010). "Origin of measles virus: Divergence from rinderpest virus between ... horses, and camels) traction (from oxen, onagers, donkeys, horses, camels, and dogs) guarding and herding assistance (dogs) ... Inadequate sanitary practices and the domestication of animals may explain the rise in deaths and sickness following the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution

He identified the virus as transmitted by the aphid Aphis lilii Takahashi. Following establishing strong government inspection ... horse chestnut, and apple trees. On graduating at Cambridge University he was offered to be the first scientifically trained ... "sickness" L Ogilvie Transactions of the British Mycological Society Volume XXII, parts III and IV, 1939, pages 308-9 Vegetable ... co-operative investigations in western Europe and northern Africa L Ogilvie and I G Thorpe Science Progress Volume XLIX number ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ogilvie

... more commonly known as African sleeping sickness) in humans and other animals. The protozoa are transferred via Tsetse flies ... Yellow fever viruses, Dengue fever viruses, and Zika viruses are of the Flavivirus genera and Chikungunya virus is of the ... Dogs, horses: Evidence of infection by human E. coli strains in several dogs and horses across Europe was found, thus ... The animal reservoir of the virus maintains a suitable virus level in the blood to allow the infection of a vector mosquito. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis

African horse sickness, and many other viral and bacterial infections of livestock. Theiler employed Meyer as pathologist (i.e ... Subsequently, a vaccine for horses was developed. And it turned out that the isolation of the virus by Meyer led to the ... Other microbiologists found related types of viruses in other animals than horses.) - Effective mosquito control was the key to ... Meyer found his first employment in South Africa. The Transvaal Department of Agriculture in the (then) Union of South Africa ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Meyer

... caused outbreaks of infection in North Africa and the Middle East in the 1950s and by the 1960s horses in Europe were also ... ISBN 978-0-471-90341-3. Mahy, (a) p. 10 Gottfried RS (1977). "Population, plague, and the sweating sickness: demographic ... There are numerous causes, including viruses - particularly hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. ... the virus spread throughout East Africa. Human activity introduced plant viruses to native crops. The citrus tristeza virus ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses

He was assigned to investigate the case of cattle and horse sickness (called nagana) in Zululand. On 27 October 1894, he and ... When Bruce was transferred to South Africa, he was sent to Zululand to investigate the outbreak of animal disease which the ... but that at most the Tsetse acts as a carrier of a living virus, an infinitely small parasite, from one animal to another, ... There was an outbreak of sleeping sickness in Uganda from 1900. By 1901, it became severe with death toll estimated to about ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bruce_(microbiologist)

The activism of African-American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. led to the Montgomery bus boycott, which ... Escaped horses from Coronado's party spread over the Great Plains, and the Plains Indians mastered horsemanship within a few ... "Coronavirus: 'Plandemic' virus conspiracy video spreads across social media". BBC News. May 8, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2021. " ... with a large amount of sickness and death. Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States

Rourke, Alison (15 March 2013). "Windfarm sickness spreads by word of mouth, Australian study finds". The Guardian. Simon ... Webb, John (2001). "Feminist Numerology". Science in Africa. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 27 May ... viruses and fungi belong. Hamer's GNM claims to explain every disease and treatment according to those premises and to thereby ... "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience

This has since been confirmed in bluetongue virus and Great Island virus, and the non-structural protein was named NS4. In this ... Immunohistochemistry on heart, spleen, and lung tissues from AHSV-infected horses showed that NS4 occurs in microvascular ... The virus has ten double-stranded RNA genome segments encoding seven structural and three non-structural proteins. Recently, an ... African horse sickness is a serious equid disease caused by the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV). ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124281

African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South ... African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South ... Statistical evidence of reassortment within the genomes of African horse sickness (AHS) virus field isolates identified in ... South Africa (E. Rossouw); University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.P. Martin); University of California, Davis, CA ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0718-f4

African horse sickness is one of the most deadly infectious diseases of horses. The disease is caused by African horse sickness ... Jin, Yi (2018) Characterisation of the African horse sickness virus NS4 protein. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ... In addition, we found the NS4 to be a determinant of virus virulence in vivo in NIH-Swiss mice infected with the viruses ... and AHSV-NS4-IIγ replicated more efficiently than the corresponding ΔNS4 viruses in these horse cells. Interestingly, the ...

https://theses.gla.ac.uk/8973/

Transient plant-based expression systems are a rapid and highly scalable means of producing such African horse sickness virus ( ... in susceptible naïve horses. Due to safety concerns with the current live, attenuated AHS vaccine, alternate safe and effective ... triple chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs was confirmed in horses, the target species. We have successfully shown assembly of single and ... African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe arthropod-borne viral disease of equids, with a mortality rate of up to 95% ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-2184-2

... unvaccinated South African horses, as well as 98 samples from horses from an AHS free country, were tested with an AHS virus ( ... accuracy of a duplex real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay for detection of African horse sickness virus. ... accuracy of a duplex real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR assay for detection of African horse sickness virus. ... Blood samples collected from 503 suspect cases of African horse sickness (AHS) and another 503 from uninfected, ...

https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/39837

African Horse Sickness/prevention & Control African Horse Sickness Virus Animals Horses Orbivirus Real-Time Polymerase Chain ... Title : African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1 on Horse Farm, Thailand, 2020 Personal Author(s) : Bunpapong, Napawan; ... African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1 on Horse Farm, Thailand, 2020 Cite ... Development of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) Real-Time PCR for African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/123306

African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 3: Reference strain (Virus, Cultivable virus) ... In the UK African horse sickness virus is classed as SAPO3 and it is worked at within CL3 ... For tropical and RG4 viruses. In the event of a major biological incident regarding tropical (exotic) viruses or Risk Group 4 ... For other human viruses of medical importance. The Charité University Berlin (CUB) is in charge of our hotline dedicated to ...

https://cdn.european-virus-archive.com/virus/african-horse-sickness-virus-serotype-3-reference-strain

African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1 on Horse Farm, Thailand, 2020 Napawan Bunpapong, Kamonpan Charoenkul, Chanakarn ... African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1 on Horse Farm, Thailand, 2020. ...

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/8/21-0004-f2

Sequence analysis of the RNA polymerase gene of African horse sickness virus. ... Different de novo initiation strategies are used by influenza virus RNA polymerase on its cRNA and viral RNA promoters during ... Host restriction of influenza virus polymerase activity by PB2 627E is diminished on short viral templates in a nucleoprotein- ... Mechanisms and functional implications of the degradation of host RNA polymerase II in influenza virus infected cells. ...

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/?f%5Bf_contributors__name%5D%5B%5D=Vreede,%20F

Categories: African horse sickness virus Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=African+horse+sickness+virus&parentid=33136&catid=2180

"Detection of African horse sickness virus by reverse transcription-PCR". J. Clin. Microbiol. 32 (3): 697-700. doi:10.1128/JCM. ... "A duplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting H5N1 avian influenza virus and pandemic H1N1 influenza virus". Virol. J. 7: 113. ... "Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 3 (4): 151-64. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00083.x. PMC 4634683. PMID 19627372.. ... Ratcliff RM, Chang G, Kok T, Sloots TP (July 2007). "Molecular diagnosis of medical viruses". Curr Issues Mol Biol. 9 (2): 87- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-PCR_test

Inference for a spatio-temporal model with partial spatial data: African horse sickness virus in Morocco example Fairbanks, ...

https://unow.nottingham.ac.uk/browse?rpp=20&sort_by=1&type=title&offset=965&etal=-1&order=ASC

African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus with ten genome segments encoding seven structural ... Immunoinformatics Prediction of Peptide-Based Vaccine Against African Horse Sickness Virus Author(s): Malaz Abdelbagi, Tarteel ... Materials and methods: A total of 27 outer capsid protein (VP2) sequences of African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) were retrieved ... protein of the African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) strains reported in the National Center for Biotechnology Information ...

https://www.longdom.org/author-profile/abdah-abdelmonim-430494

African horse sickness virus B4.909.777.714.550.50 (Replaced for 2015 by African Horse Sickness Virus) African Swine Fever ... GB virus A B4.909.777.310.400 GB virus B B4.909.777.310.475.405 GB virus C B4.909.777.310.410 Gemella B3.353.500.310 Gene ... Hepatitis A virus B4.909.777.618.400.410 Hepatitis A Virus, Human B4.909.777.618.400.410.500 Hepatitis B virus B4.909.204.340. ... Influenza A virus B4.909.777.545.405.400 Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype B4.909.777.545.405.400.920 Influenza A Virus, H10N8 ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2016.txt

Infection with African horse sickness virus. - Infection with equid herpesvirus-1 (equine rhinopneumonitis). - Infection with ... Equine viral arteritis African horse sickness (AHS). - African swine fever. - Classical swine fever (CSF). - Avian influenza ( ... African horse sickness. - Equine influenza. - Equine viral arteritis. - Avian influenza. - Rabbit hemorrhagic disease Adopted ... Chapter 2.1.11 African horse sickness. - Chapter 2.1.9. Bluetongue. - Chapter 2.3.1 Bovine brucellosis. - Chapter 2.1.1 Foot ...

https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/previous-editions-of-the-terrestrial-code/

Aino virus infection African horse sickness African swine fever Akabane disease Anaplasmosis (Anaplasmosis marginale, A. ... identified by its common name and includes cattle, swine, horse, turkey, chicken, rabbit, fox, dog and cat; ...

https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/120277/v3?search=animals

African horse sickness virus. African Horse Sickness Virus. Anellovirus. Anelloviridae. Avian leukosis virus. Avian Leukosis ... Avian Myeloblastosis Virus. Feline panleukopenia virus. Feline Panleukopenia Virus. Minute virus of mice. Minute Virus of Mice ... Pseudocowpox virus. Pseudocowpox Virus. Simian immunodeficiency virus. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. B01 - Eukaryota. Adhatoda ...

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2016.htm

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2016.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2016.htm

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2016.htm

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2016.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2016.htm

African horse sickness virus (organism). Code System Preferred Concept Name. African horse sickness virus (organism). ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=72476002

Culicoides vectors of bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses in Mauritius. Med Vet Entomol. 1992;6:306. DOIPubMedGoogle ... Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other orbivirus diseases. Vet Res. 2010;41:35. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes severe clinical disease in certain breeds of sheep; BTV and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus ( ... Bluetongue virus in the French island of Réunion. Vet Microbiol. 2005;106:157-65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/2/10-1293_article

African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an insect-borne pathogen that causes acute disease in horses and other equids. In an ... Cross-protective immune responses against African horse sickness virus after vaccination with protein NS1 delivered by avian ... We now show that a single highly conserved nonstructural protein, NS1, expressed in a modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) ... and compared them with a set of reference samples from individuals never infected by the virus (n = 71). Our results indicate ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Barriales,+Diego

... the same that can transmit two other viruses: bluetongue, which mainly affects sheep, and African horse sickness, which mainly ... The method is based on new monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing a specific protein of the virus responsible for the ... It means that the introduction in Europe of the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus is a concrete possibility. For this reason ... The EDHV virus is transmitted through the bite of insects of the genus Culicoides, ...

https://www.izs.it/IZS/Home_Page/New_monoclonal_antibodies_for_the_identification_of_the_Epizootic_Hemorrhagic_Disease

Use of Nanopore Sequencing to Characterize African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) from the African Horse Sickness Outbreak in ... Molecular epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Marlene Ihling Clara et al. Tropical ... Forecasting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is inherently ambiguous given the current state of virus research Koenen M, et al. PLoS ... Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses Zhou H, et ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/amdClip.action?action=archive&date=03/11/2021

Fall M. et al., Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) midges, the vectors of African horse sickness virus - a host/vector ... Rossi S. et al., Red deer (Cervus elaphus) Did Not Play the Role of Maintenance Host for Bluetongue Virus in France: The Burden ... Sarvasova A. et al., First insights into indoor and outdoor Culicoides activity related to the risk period for Bluetongue virus ... Balenghien T. et al., The emergence of Schmallenberg virus across Culicoides communities and ecosystems in Europe. Prev. Vet. ...

https://ippts.unistra.fr/index.php/recherche-ippts/entomologie?iccaldate=2022-10-1

Professor Peter Mertens worked on the Arboviruses, particularly Bluetongue virus and African horse sickness virus, at the UKs ... It was caused by a virus related to Shamonda virus (isolated in Nigeria). SBV spreads very rapidly and has already infected the ... Schmallenberg virus (SBV), which cases deformities in unborn lambs and calves, started as an outbreak northern Europe during ... The virus was identified as being closely related to a strain previously isolated in Nigeria. ...

http://laoistatler.ie/2013/03/world-renowned-pioneer-of-farm-animal-welfare-autism-advocate-to-visit-ireland/

Statistical evidence of reassortment within the genomes of African horse sickness (AHS) virus field isolates identified in outbreaks in the AHS controlled area in Western Cape Province, South Africa, 2004-2014. (cdc.gov)
There are nine AHSV serotypes present within South Africa and most parts of sub-Saharan Africa [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Blood was collected at slaughter, and serum samples were sent to Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa, to be tested for antibodies against orbiviruses with a homemade indirect ELISA. (cdc.gov)
iBio Inc and the University of Cape Town's Biopharming Research Unit (BRU) announce a Molecular Farming Workshop to be held in Franschhoek in the Western Cape of South Africa, on November 3rd and 4th, 2017. (rybicki.blog)
The workshop will bring together public and private entities driving biologics production and human and animal healthcare in South Africa for the purpose of establishing a plant-based biopharmaceutical manufacturing capability in South Africa. (rybicki.blog)
iBio, Inc wishes to extend its empowerment business model to South Africa. (rybicki.blog)
iBio will offer a complete empowerment package to a Public-Private Partnership in South Africa that includes their proprietary expression system, early-stage product and process development and design-build expertise to design and construct a facility in South Africa that mimics the iBio CDMO large-scale biopharmaceutical facility in Bryan, Texas. (rybicki.blog)
Dr. Holtz stated that "to bring a manufacturing empowerment model to South Africa is the logical extension of our ongoing relationship with South African companies and universities, and our experience in Brazil. (rybicki.blog)
Professor Rybicki commented that "The BRU and others in South Africa have developed a pipeline of protein-based biologics candidates using the plant-made platform that are relevant to the African continent and potential export markets. (rybicki.blog)
It is now necessary to bring experienced biotherapeutics manufacturing to South Africa to further develop these products, and we look forward to partnering with iBio to facilitate this. (rybicki.blog)
The conference brings together leaders from public agencies, academic institutions, parastatals, private companies, regulators and private capital to map out concrete steps to establish the plant-based manufacturing platform in South Africa. (rybicki.blog)
The Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) is an active funder of human and animal health care initiatives in South Africa. (rybicki.blog)
ENSafrica will speak to Intellectual Asset Management and Cape Venture Partners will overview the private capital opportunities in South Africa. (rybicki.blog)
In order to make this advance in field diagnostics, Pirbright researchers were able to collaborate successfully with those from the ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa, the Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria-Sanidad Animal in Spain, and OptiGene Limited in England. (pirbright.ac.uk)
2017). Human cases of WNV fever have been diagnosed in South Africa, while the detection of antibodies against WNV in humans has been recorded in South Africa and Zambia (Bertram et al. (scielo.org.za)
2015). A study performed in South Africa between 2011and 2012 demonstrated a 7.9% WNV seroprevalence among veterinarians (Van Eeden et al. (scielo.org.za)
Britain first authorized the vaccine based on partial results from testing in the United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa that suggested the shots were about 70% effective. (nepalnews.com)
After completing a BSc, BSc (Hons) and MSc (Neuroethology) at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, Dr. Pat Kelly received his undergraduate veterinary degree from the University of Pretoria ( Onderstepoort ), South Africa, in 1982. (ohresearchfoundation.org)

AHSV shares structural and functional similarities with Bluetongue virus, the 'prototype' species of the genus Orbivirus. (gla.ac.uk)
Like Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype Orbivirus [ 6 ], the subcore of AHSV is composed of 120 copies of structural protein VP3 and is covered by a layer of VP7 trimers forming the core particle. (biomedcentral.com)
Red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) Did Not Play the Role of Maintenance Host for Bluetongue Virus in France: The Burden of Proof by Long-Term Wildlife Monitoring and Culicoides Snapshots. (unistra.fr)
Vaccine development efforts focus on human papillomaviruses, Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses, and animal vaccines including bluetongue virus and African horse sickness virus. (rybicki.blog)
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that causes an often fatal, hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. (biomedcentral.com)
BACKGROUND: Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the biological vectors of globally significant arboviruses of livestock including bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and the recently emerging Schmallenberg virus (SBV). (edu.au)

The disease is caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), an arbovirus transmitted by culicoides midges. (gla.ac.uk)
Unlike the BTV NS4, the AHSV NS4 are relatively variable mong different virus strains. (gla.ac.uk)
In order to further understand the biological significance of the AHSV NS4 we used reverse genetics to generate viruses expressing the four types of NS4 (AHSV-NS4-I, AHSV-NS4-IIα, AHSV-NS4-IIβ, AHSV-NS4-IIγ) and the corresponding NS4 deletion mutants (AHSV-ΔNS4-I etc. (gla.ac.uk)
Similarly, both AHSV-NS4-IIβ and the corresponding ΔNS4 mutant showed similar replication kinetics in the interferon competent E. Derm cell line and in primary horse endothelial cells. (gla.ac.uk)
In contrast, AHSV-NS4-I, AHSV-NS4-IIα, and AHSV-NS4-IIγ replicated more efficiently than the corresponding ΔNS4 viruses in these horse cells. (gla.ac.uk)
Transient plant-based expression systems are a rapid and highly scalable means of producing such African horse sickness virus (AHSV) VLPs for vaccine purposes. (biomedcentral.com)
Following optimisation of a large scale VLP purification procedure, the safety and immunogenicity of the plant-produced, triple chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs was confirmed in horses, the target species. (biomedcentral.com)
Plant produced chimeric AHSV-6 VLPs were found to be safe for administration into 6 month old foals as well as capable of eliciting a weak neutralizing humoral immune response in these target animals against homologous AHSV virus. (biomedcentral.com)
African horse sickness virus (AHSV), the causative agent of AHS, is an Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae and is transmitted to susceptible animals via Culicoides midges [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Blood samples collected from 503 suspect cases of African horse sickness (AHS) and another 503 from uninfected, unvaccinated South African horses, as well as 98 samples from horses from an AHS free country, were tested with an AHS virus (AHSV) specific duplex real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay and virus isolation (VI). (up.ac.za)
This assay is potentially highly useful for demonstrating freedom or infection of horses with AHSV, thus it is appropriate that its reproducibility be evaluated in other laboratories as a global standard for detection of AHSV. (up.ac.za)
AHSV, African horse sickness virus. (cdc.gov)
African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus with ten genome segments encoding seven structural proteins (VP1-VP7) and four non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2, NS3, NS3A). (longdom.org)
The aim of this study is to analyze (VP2) protein of the African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) strains reported in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (NCBI) database to select all possible epitopes that can be used to design a peptide vaccine. (longdom.org)
Materials and methods: A total of 27 outer capsid protein (VP2) sequences of African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Info. (longdom.org)

The National Equine Health Survey (NEHS) has been set up to improve the health of horses in the UK and is jointly administered by the British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA) and the Blue Cross animal charity. (robinsonsequestrian.com)
As a result, they decided to survey as many horse owners as possible to gain a 'snapshot' of Britain's equine health and understand just what health issues faced horse owners that week. (robinsonsequestrian.com)
The National Equine Health Survey (NEHS) has been set up to improve the health of horses in the UK a. (robinsonsequestrian.com)
African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral disease that infects all equine species and is often fatal in horses and mules. (pirbright.ac.uk)
Having quick and effective control measures for AHS helps to reduce the threat of this disease on the global equine industries and is critical for the international trade of horses. (pirbright.ac.uk)
An outbreak of illness at a Japanese racing stable in the latter half of 2014 re-awakened awareness of Getah virus and its potential as an equine pathogen. (equimanagement.com)
Because of the close clinical similarity between Getah virus infection and equine viral arteritis and African horse sickness, it is important to differentiate it diagnostically from either of these two diseases. (equimanagement.com)
Prevention and control of Getah virus infection is based on measures to reduce mosquito contact with horses and, optimally, vaccination of at-risk equine populations in countries in which the virus is endemic. (equimanagement.com)
While Getah virus is not considered an important equine pathogen, it can be significantly disruptive when extensive outbreaks occur. (equimanagement.com)
Hence, stakeholders in the equine healthcare market should increase awareness about regular de-worming schedules and professional veterinary advice to reduce the incidence of recurring common horse healthcare problems. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Equine practitioners are performing a risk-benefit analysis to determine if a horse should receive a particular risk-based vaccine. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
With the help of risk-benefit analysis, veterinarians are educating horse owners about different types of risk-based vaccines such as equine influenza and strangles vaccines for horses active at events. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Manufacturers in the equine healthcare market are developing the anthrax vaccine for horses that live in an area where spores are known to thrive in the soil. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Apart from ensuring healthcare services for horses, the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to the wellbeing of equine veterinarians. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Dr. McIlwraith's Joint Disease in the Horse, 2nd Edition is the only book to give you a full account of equine joint disease, combining a thorough, up-to-date survey of scientific advances with a practical guide to both medical and surgical treatments. (mewsie.org)
Step-by-step guidance on injection techniques and medications, along with a survey of practical arthroscopic surgery and developments, make it a truly indispensable reference for all equine veterinarians treating sports and racing horses. (mewsie.org)
Gordon SJG, Bolwell C, Rogers C, Musuka GN, Kelly PJ , Guthrie A, Mellor PS, Hamblin C. A pilot study of the sero -prevalence and sero -incidence of African horse sickness and equine encephalosis in horses and donkeys in Zimbabwe. (ohresearchfoundation.org)

Although AHS is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, outbreaks have also been reported in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Middle East and Asia and, due to climate change, there is an ever-increasing risk of the spread of the disease, and its vectors, to non-endemic countries [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During outbreaks of both viruses in neighboring Réunion Island, several serotypes of BTV were isolated from sheep ( 7 , 8 ) and of EHDV from cattle ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
outbreaks have impacted the Iberian and Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and Northern African countries. (pirbright.ac.uk)
While the vast majority of primary infections in horses are asymptomatic, on occasion the virus can give rise to extensive outbreaks of mild illness characterized by fever, anorexia, serous nasal discharge, hind limb edema, stiff gait, scrotal edema, submandibular lymphadenopathy and urticarial skin rash. (equimanagement.com)
WNV has the broadest geographical distribution among encephalitic flaviviruses and has caused outbreaks in the Americas, Africa, Europe and Asia. (scielo.org.za)

NS4 is an interferon antagonist and a determinant of virus virulence. (gla.ac.uk)
In addition, we found the NS4 to be a determinant of virus virulence in vivo in NIH-Swiss mice infected with the viruses described above. (gla.ac.uk)
The PB2 subunit of the influenza virus RNA polymerase affects virulence by interacting with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein and inhibiting expression of beta interferon. (ox.ac.uk)

It is transmitted by hematophagous Culicoides midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) and causes severe disease in horse that can lead to death. (longdom.org)
The EDHV virus is transmitted through the bite of insects of the genus Culicoides, the same that can transmit two other viruses: bluetongue, which mainly affects sheep, and African horse sickness, which mainly affects horses. (izs.it)
Le catalogue de la collection de référence des espèces du genre Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) est en cours d'informatisation. (unistra.fr)

[5] Due to its simplicity, specificity and sensitivity, RT-PCR is used in a wide range of applications from experiments as simple as quantification of yeast cells in wine to more complex uses as diagnostic tools for detecting infectious agents such as the avian flu virus and SARS-CoV-2 . (wikipedia.org)

it is caused by feline panleukopenia virus or the closely related mink enteritis virus or canine parvovirus. (icdlist.com)

The method is based on new monoclonal antibodies capable of recognizing a specific protein of the virus responsible for the disease (EDHV). (izs.it)
Armillotta G, Di Febo T, Ulisse S, Laguardia C, Iorio M, Krasteva I, Tittarelli M, Mercante MT, Luciani M. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against the VP7 Protein of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus. (izs.it)

Although donkeys, mules and zebras may also be infected, clinical signs in susceptible horses range from mild to high fever, severe respiratory problems, weight loss and lethargy in the acute form [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Isolation and characterization of the positive-sense replicative intermediate of a negative-strand RNA virus. (ox.ac.uk)
Diagnosis of Getah virus infection can be readily accomplished by virus detection in nasal swabs, unclotted blood (buffy coat) samples, and saliva either by PCR assay or virus isolation. (equimanagement.com)

African horse sickness is one of the most deadly infectious diseases of horses. (gla.ac.uk)
The disease is included in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) 2019 list of notifiable animal diseases, resulting in strict quarantine measures governing the export of horses from endemic to non-endemic regions. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered a safe and effective alternative to live attenuated vaccines for many viral diseases [ 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2010, they decided that disease surveillance was based around exotic diseases such as African horse sickness and West Nile virus - leaving a gap in our knowledge about what other health problems the national horse population face. (robinsonsequestrian.com)
Endemic diseases are included for surveillance purposes to detect unusual incidents involving mortality or sickness of animals and diseases of public health significance. (agriculture.gov.au)
The FLI hosts the National Reference Laboratories for several notifiable diseases including foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, bluetongue, and African and classical swine fever within the Institute of Diagnostic Virology. (rapidia.eu)

2020). Published studies indicate that 20% of infected horses may show symptoms ranging from fever to severe neurological signs (90%), while mortality rates in unvaccinated horses range from 30-40% (Venter et al. (scielo.org.za)
In August 2020, blood samples were collected by private veterinarians from 98 horses located at three different stables in Windhoek city areas. (scielo.org.za)
BEIJING (April 23, 2020) - China's agriculture ministry said on Thursday it will start taking samples from horses along its southern borders to check for African Horse Sickness after the deadly disease was detected in Thailand. (wordpress.com)
16, 2020 Thailand, already battling the spread of coronavirus, is now contending with another deadly viral outbreak-in horses. (wordpress.com)

BTV and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) cause clinical disease in some species of deer ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
It means that the introduction in Europe of the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus is a concrete possibility. (izs.it)

Due to safety concerns with the current live, attenuated AHS vaccine, alternate safe and effective vaccination strategies such as virus-like particles (VLPs) are being investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
In these endemic regions, annual prophylactic vaccination of horses with a commercial live attenuated vaccine (Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP)) is an efficient way of preventing serious losses during the peak AHS season [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
iBio is currently working with Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz in Brazil to develop a plant-made biopharmaceutical platform in Brazil with a yellow fever virus subunit vaccine as the lead product. (rybicki.blog)
Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV)**: HDCV is an inactivated virus vaccine prepared from fixed rabies virus grown in WI-38 or MRC-5 human diploid cell culture. (cdc.gov)
AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine provided strong protection against sickness and eliminated hospitalizations and deaths from the disease across all age groups in a late-stage study in the United States, the company announced Monday. (nepalnews.com)

Splicing of influenza A virus NS1 mRNA is independent of the viral NS1 protein. (ox.ac.uk)
NS2/NEP protein regulates transcription and replication of the influenza virus RNA genome. (ox.ac.uk)
The Tufts researchers triggered the regenerative process in African clawed frogs by enclosing the wound in a silicone cap, which they call a BioDome, containing a silk protein gel loaded with the five-drug cocktail. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Although this outbreak was eventually controlled using inactivated virus vaccines, the epidemic caused significant economic losses not only from the disease in livestock but also from trade restrictions. (biomedcentral.com)
Subsequently, the virus was implicated in a clinically similar disease outbreak on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in India during 1990. (equimanagement.com)
Based on the outbreak recorded in India, there was no evidence that Getah virus is abortigenic in the pregnant mare or that infection can result in congenital abnormalities in foals. (equimanagement.com)
Horses had been offered full-time housing in unfamiliar vector-protected services through the African horse illness (AHS) outbreak in Thailand. (todaytopics.com)

African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe arthropod-borne viral disease of equids, with a mortality rate of up to 95% in susceptible naïve horses. (biomedcentral.com)

Host restriction of influenza virus polymerase activity by PB2 627E is diminished on short viral templates in a nucleoprotein-independent manner. (ox.ac.uk)
Different de novo initiation strategies are used by influenza virus RNA polymerase on its cRNA and viral RNA promoters during viral RNA replication. (ox.ac.uk)
Background: African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral disease of equidae. (longdom.org)

Viruses , 2019, 11: 903. (unistra.fr)
2019). This emerging disease in equids and birds has been present in southern Africa since 1958 (Gurthrie et al. (scielo.org.za)

Getah virus is a mosquito-borne arbovirus that is a member of the genus Alphavirus , family Togaviridae . (equimanagement.com)

Apart from drugs, vaccines and supplemental feed additives, market stakeholders are boosting R&D in the equestrian sports technology such as wearables for horses. (transparencymarketresearch.com)

PROPHYL's Test Facility is the No. 1 GLP and GMP farm in Hungary, which has a certificate to conduct studies in all kinds of domestic animals including cattle and horses. (rapidia.eu)
In Africa, south of the Sahara and north of the equator, cattle movements probably account for the many R (B) annulatus populations. (msdvetmanual.com)

Despite reports of clinical signs in other deer species infected with both viruses ( 3 , 4 ), no signs of bluetongue or epizootic hemorrhagic disease were reported for the Rusa deer population in our survey. (cdc.gov)
Results of serologic surveys have confirmed infection in humans and a wide diversity of domestic and wildlife animal species wherever the virus is present. (equimanagement.com)
The only other animal species in which Getah virus has been implicated in causing disease is swine. (equimanagement.com)
Getah virus is primarily a mosquito-borne infection that is transmitted by different species of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes depending on the geographic region of the world in which it occurs. (equimanagement.com)
However, it can occasionally and accidentally infect horses and human beings, leading to sometimes severe or even fatal outcomes in these species. (scielo.org.za)
measles virus is the type species. (icdlist.com)
Approximately 60 of the 84 described rhipicephalid species are found in sub-Saharan Africa. (msdvetmanual.com)
The other rhipicephalid species have their origins in Eurasia and northern Africa, with R sanguineus and R (Boophilus) microplus being spread by human activities into Asia, Australia, and the Americas. (msdvetmanual.com)

Swine are thought to play a role in amplification of the virus in endemic areas. (equimanagement.com)

Today at the Society's Annual Conference, Alice Muntzer spoke about a new way to visualise virus particles inside biting midges that spread disease. (microbepost.org)

In this study, we generated recombinant RNA replicon particles based on single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors. (biomedcentral.com)

Sleeping sickness is caused by a protozoa transmitted by the tsetse fly. (coursehero.com)

Wang C. First report of bovine leukemia virus in the Caribbean. (ohresearchfoundation.org)

The potential for transmission through direct horse-to-horse contact cannot be discounted considering some acutely infected horses shed significant quantities of infectious virus into the respiratory tract. (equimanagement.com)

The first indication that the virus could cause illness in horses was the widespread occurrence of a disease syndrome among racehorses at two training centers in Japan in 1978. (equimanagement.com)
Notwithstanding this fact, however, disease events caused by Getah virus have been very infrequent. (equimanagement.com)
Naturally occurring disease caused by Getah virus has only been reported in horses and in swine. (equimanagement.com)
The virus has been isolated from newborn piglets that died of peracute disease and also from dead fetuses removed from a naturally infected sow. (equimanagement.com)
Download Joint Disease In The Horse Full eBooks in PDF, EPUB, and kindle. (mewsie.org)
Joint Disease In The Horse is one my favorite book and give us some inspiration, very enjoy to read. (mewsie.org)
Expert advice from Dr. McIlwraith, three new co-editors, and new contributors - all distinguished specialists in the field of joint disease in the horse. (mewsie.org)
A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus ( HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS, CRIMEAN-CONGO ). (nih.gov)
But what we're seeing now is, like, the nightmare that we really wanted to avoid, and that is this virus just tearing through a really large country, 1.4 billion people, many of them living in close quarters, a perfect recipe for disaster for a highly contagious disease. (wfae.org)

Mechanisms and functional implications of the degradation of host RNA polymerase II in influenza virus infected cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Affected horses may develop some or all of these clinical signs. (equimanagement.com)
Even though clinical signs were not reported in any of the stables from which the sera were derived, the seroprevalence to the virus suggests that horses with high genetic and/or economic value could benefit from vaccination against WNV. (scielo.org.za)
Hence, participants in the market are educating horse owners to seek professional veterinary advice and veterinary intervention to improve clinical outcomes. (transparencymarketresearch.com)

A novel approach to decrease dengue incidence involves the introduction of Wolbachia endosymbionts that block dengue virus transmission into populations of the primary vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. (edu.au)

R (B) decoloratus , which ranges from southern Africa to the Sahara, is being replaced in the southeastern part of this area by R (B) microplus . (msdvetmanual.com)

First isolated from mosquito pools collected in Sarawak (Malaysia) between 1968 and 1970, Getah or one of its antigenically related viruses, can be found over a wide geographic range extending from Eurasia to Australia. (equimanagement.com)
West Nile virus (WNV) is a vector-borne virus maintained in nature by a bird-mosquito cycle. (scielo.org.za)
2014). The virus is maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird transmission cycle from which it can be transmitted to humans and horses by a bite of an infected mosquito. (scielo.org.za)

a highly contagious dna virus infection of the cat family, characterized by fever, enteritis and bone marrow changes. (icdlist.com)

It has been found that issues of recurring common horse healthcare problems are affecting market growth. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Common horse healthcare problems such as laminitis or thrush can leave a horse more likely to contract it again. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
The high prevalence of allergies, colic, and mud fever, among other common horse healthcare problems, is triggering the demand for healthcare services. (transparencymarketresearch.com)

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Antigenic profile of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP5 and identification of a neutralizing epitope shared with bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. (1/63)

African horse sickness in Portugal: a successful eradication programme. (2/63)

Identification and differentiation of the nine African horse sickness virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. (3/63)

Effects of chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants on several exotic disease viruses. (4/63)

Identification of antigenic regions on VP2 of African horsesickness virus serotype 3 by using phage-displayed epitope libraries. (5/63)

Variation of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 in southern Africa. (6/63)

Membrane association of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 determines its cytotoxicity. (7/63)

Definition of neutralizing sites on African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP2 at the level of peptides. (8/63)

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Antigenic profile of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP5 and identification of a neutralizing epitope shared with bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. (1/63)

African horse sickness in Portugal: a successful eradication programme. (2/63)

Identification and differentiation of the nine African horse sickness virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. (3/63)

Effects of chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants on several exotic disease viruses. (4/63)

Identification of antigenic regions on VP2 of African horsesickness virus serotype 3 by using phage-displayed epitope libraries. (5/63)

Variation of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 in southern Africa. (6/63)

Membrane association of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 determines its cytotoxicity. (7/63)

Definition of neutralizing sites on African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP2 at the level of peptides. (8/63)

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