African horse sickness virus: A species of ORBIVIRUS that causes disease in horses, mules, and donkeys. Via its principal vector CULICOIDES, it can also infect dogs, elephants, camels, cattle, sheep, goats, and, in special circumstances, humans.African Horse Sickness: An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.Orbivirus: A genus of REOVIRIDAE infecting a wide range of arthropods and vertebrates including humans. It comprises at least 21 serological subgroups. Transmission is by vectors such as midges, mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks.Ceratopogonidae: A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.Horses: Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.Equidae: A family of hoofed MAMMALS consisting of HORSES, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.Bluetongue virus: The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic: A species of ORBIVIRUS causing a fatal disease in deer. It is transmitted by flies of the genus Culicoides.Perissodactyla: An order of ungulates having an odd number of toes, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros. (Dorland, 27th ed)Capsid Proteins: Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.Serotyping: Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.Bluetongue: A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet.Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.Motion Sickness: Disorder caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. It may include nausea, vomiting and dizziness.Namibia: A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek.Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals.Plantibodies: Recombinant antibodies produced in TRANSGENIC PLANTS. The plants serve as BIOREACTORS to produce the antibodies for medical use or industrial processes.Disease Eradication: Termination of all transmission of infection by global extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment (From Porta, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed).Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.Disinfectants: Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.Manuals as Topic: Books designed to give factual information or instructions.Electrodes: Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.Electrochemistry: The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.Solar Energy: Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.Electrochemical Techniques: The utilization of an electrical current to measure, analyze, or alter chemicals or chemical reactions in solution, cells, or tissues.Luminescent Measurements: Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.Brachyura: An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.Hepatopancreas: A primitive form of digestive gland found in marine ARTHROPODS, that contains cells similar to those found in the mammalian liver (HEPATOCYTES), and the PANCREAS.Reoviridae: A family of unenveloped RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The twelve genera include ORTHOREOVIRUS; ORBIVIRUS; COLTIVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS; Aquareovirus, Cypovirus, Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus, Seadornavirus, Idnoreovirus, Mycoreovirus, and Oryzavirus.Crustacea: A large subphylum of mostly marine ARTHROPODS containing over 42,000 species. They include familiar arthropods such as lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE), crabs (BRACHYURA), shrimp (PENAEIDAE), and barnacles (THORACICA).Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Heterotrophic Processes: The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.Canaries: Any of several Old World finches of the genus Serinus.WashingtonOccupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.Atlantic Islands: Widely scattered islands in the Atlantic Ocean as far north as the AZORES and as far south as the South Sandwich Islands, with the greatest concentration found in the CARIBBEAN REGION. They include Annobon Island, Ascension, Canary Islands, Falkland Islands, Fernando Po (also called Isla de Bioko and Bioko), Gough Island, Madeira, Sao Tome and Principe, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha.Occupational Health Services: Health services for employees, usually provided by the employer at the place of work.Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.Occupational Health Nursing: The practice of nursing in the work environment.PolandOrthobunyavirus: A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE containing over 150 viruses, most of which are transmitted by mosquitoes or flies. They are arranged in groups defined by serological criteria, each now named for the original reference species (previously called serogroups). Many species have multiple serotypes or strains.Protein-Losing Enteropathies: Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.Lymphangiectasis, Intestinal: Dilatation of the intestinal lymphatic system usually caused by an obstruction in the intestinal wall. It may be congenital or acquired and is characterized by DIARRHEA; HYPOPROTEINEMIA; peripheral and/or abdominal EDEMA; and PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHIES.Hypoproteinemia: A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.Fontan Procedure: A procedure in which total right atrial or total caval blood flow is channeled directly into the pulmonary artery or into a small right ventricle that serves only as a conduit. The principal congenital malformations for which this operation is useful are TRICUSPID ATRESIA and single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis.Colitis, Collagenous: A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.Hypoaldosteronism: A congenital or acquired condition of insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE by the ADRENAL CORTEX leading to diminished aldosterone-mediated synthesis of Na(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE in renal tubular cells. Clinical symptoms include HYPERKALEMIA, sodium-wasting, HYPOTENSION, and sometimes metabolic ACIDOSIS.Pericarditis, Constrictive: Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM that is characterized by the fibrous scarring and adhesion of both serous layers, the VISCERAL PERICARDIUM and the PARIETAL PERICARDIUM leading to the loss of pericardial cavity. The thickened pericardium severely restricts cardiac filling. Clinical signs include FATIGUE, muscle wasting, and WEIGHT LOSS.
Antigenic profile of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP5 and identification of a neutralizing epitope shared with bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. (1/63)
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a fatal disease in horses. The virus capsid is composed of a double protein layer, the outermost of which is formed by two proteins: VP2 and VP5. VP2 is known to determine the serotype of the virus and to contain the neutralizing epitopes. The biological function of VP5, the other component of the capsid, is unknown. In this report, AHSV VP5, expressed in insect cells alone or together with VP2, was able to induce AHSV-specific neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, two VP5-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that were able to neutralize the virus in a plaque reduction assay were generated. To dissect the antigenic structure of AHSV VP5, the protein was cloned in Escherichia coli using the pET3 system. The immunoreactivity of both MAbs, and horse and rabbit polyclonal antisera, with 17 overlapping fragments from VP5 was analyzed. The most immunodominant region was found in the N-terminal 330 residues of VP5, defining two antigenic regions, I (residues 151-200) and II (residues 83-120). The epitopes were further defined by PEPSCAN analysis with 12mer peptides, which determined eight antigenic sites in the N-terminal half of the molecule. Neutralizing epitopes were defined at positions 85-92 (PDPLSPGE) for MAb 10AE12 and at 179-185 (EEDLRTR) for MAb 10AC6. Epitope 10AE12 is highly conserved between the different orbiviruses. MAb 10AE12 was able to recognize bluetongue virus VP5 and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus VP5 by several techniques. These data will be especially useful for vaccine development and diagnostic purposes. (+info)African horse sickness in Portugal: a successful eradication programme. (2/63)
African horse sickness (AHS) was diagnosed for the first time in southern Portugal in autumn 1989, following outbreaks in Spain. AHS virus presence was confirmed by virus isolation and serotyping. An eradication campaign with four sanitary zones was set up by Central Veterinary Services in close collaboration with private organizations. Vaccination began on 6 October. In February 1990, vaccination was extended to all Portuguese equines (170000 animals). There were 137 outbreaks on 104 farms: 206 of the equidae present died (16%) or were slaughtered (14%); 81.5% were horses, 10.7% were donkeys and 7.8% were mules. Clinical AHS occurred more frequently in horses than donkeys and mules. In the vaccinated population, 82 animals (62.2% horses and 37.8% mules and donkeys), died or were slaughtered due to suspected or confirmed AHS. One year after ending vaccination, December 1991, Portugal was declared free of AHS. Cost of eradication was US$1955513 (US$11.5/Portuguese equine). (+info)Identification and differentiation of the nine African horse sickness virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. (3/63)
This paper describes the first RT-PCR for discrimination of the nine African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotypes. Nine pairs of primers were designed, each being specific for one AHSV serotype. The RT-PCR was sensitive and specific, providing serotyping within 24 h. Perfect agreement was recorded between the RT-PCR and virus neutralization for a coded panel of 56 AHSV reference strains and field isolates. Serotyping was achieved successfully with live and formalin-inactivated AHSVs, with isolates of virus after low and high passage through either tissue culture or suckling mouse brain, with viruses isolated from widely separated geographical areas and with viruses isolated up to 37 years apart. Overall, this RT-PCR provides a rapid and reliable method for the identification and differentiation of the nine AHSV serotypes, which is vital at the start of an outbreak to enable the early selection of a vaccine to control the spread of disease. (+info)Effects of chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants on several exotic disease viruses. (4/63)
The effects of three representative disinfectants, chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), iodine (potassium tetraglicine triiodide), and quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammonium chloride), on several exotic disease viruses were examined. The viruses used were four enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, African swine fever virus, equine viral arteritis virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and two non-enveloped viruses (swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV)). Chlorine was effective against all viruses except SVDV at concentrations of 0.03% to 0.0075%, and a dose response was observed. Iodine was very effective against all viruses at concentrations of 0.015% to 0.0075%, but a dose response was not observed. Quaternary ammonium compound was very effective in low concentration of 0.003% against four enveloped viruses and AHSV, but it was only effective against SVDV with 0.05% NaOH. Electron microscopic observation revealed the probable mechanism of each disinfectant. Chlorine caused complete degeneration of the viral particles and also destroyed the nucleic acid of the viruses. Iodine destroyed mainly the inner components including nucleic acid of the viruses. Quaternary ammonium compound induced detachment of the envelope of the enveloped viruses and formation of micelle in non-enveloped viruses. According to these results, chlorine and iodine disinfectants were quite effective against most of the viruses used at adequately high concentration. The effective concentration of quaternary ammonium compound was the lowest among the disinfectants examined. (+info)Identification of antigenic regions on VP2 of African horsesickness virus serotype 3 by using phage-displayed epitope libraries. (5/63)
VP2 is an outer capsid protein of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) and is recognized by serotype-discriminatory neutralizing antibodies. With the objective of locating its antigenic regions, a filamentous phage library was constructed that displayed peptides derived from the fragmentation of a cDNA copy of the gene encoding VP2. Peptides ranging in size from approximately 30 to 100 amino acids were fused with pIII, the attachment protein of the display vector, fUSE2. To ensure maximum diversity, the final library consisted of three sub-libraries. The first utilized enzymatically fragmented DNA encoding only the VP2 gene, the second included plasmid sequences, while the third included a PCR step designed to allow different peptide-encoding sequences to recombine before ligation into the vector. The resulting composite library was subjected to immunoaffinity selection with AHSV-specific polyclonal chicken IgY, polyclonal horse immunoglobulins and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) known to neutralize AHSV. Antigenic peptides were located by sequencing the DNA of phages bound by the antibodies. Most antigenic determinants capable of being mapped by this method were located in the N-terminal half of VP2. Important binding areas were mapped with high resolution by identifying the minimum overlapping areas of the selected peptides. The MAb was also used to screen a random 17-mer epitope library. Sequences that may be part of a discontinuous neutralization epitope were identified. The amino acid sequences of the antigenic regions on VP2 of serotype 3 were compared with corresponding regions on three other serotypes, revealing regions with the potential to discriminate AHSV serotypes serologically. (+info)Variation of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 in southern Africa. (6/63)
NS3 protein sequences of recent African horsesickness virus (AHSV) field isolates, reference strains and current vaccine strains in southern Africa were determined and compared. The variation of AHSV NS3 was found to be as much as 36.3% across serotypes and 27.6% within serotypes. NS3 proteins of vaccine and field isolates of a specific serotype were found to differ between 2.3% and 9.7%. NS3 of field isolates within a serotype differed up to 11.1%. Our data indicate that AHSV NS3 is the second most variable AHSV protein, the most variable being the major outer capsid protein, VP2. The inferred phylogeny of AHSV NS3 corresponded well with the described NS3 phylogenetic clusters. The only exception was AHSV-8 NS3, which clustered into different groups than previously described. No obvious sequence markers could be correlated with virulence. Our results suggest that NS3 sequence variation data could be used to distinguish between field isolates and live attenuated vaccine strains of the same serotype. (+info)Membrane association of African horsesickness virus nonstructural protein NS3 determines its cytotoxicity. (7/63)
The smallest RNA genome segment of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) encodes the nonstructural protein NS3 (24K). NS3 localizes in areas of plasma membrane disruption and is associated with events of viral release. Conserved features in all AHSV NS3 proteins include the synthesis of a truncated NS3A protein from the same open reading frame as that of NS3, a proline-rich region, a region of strict sequence conservation and two hydrophobic domains. To investigate whether these features are associated with the cytotoxicity of NS3 or altered membrane permeability, a series of mutants were constructed and expressed in the BAC-TO-BAC baculovirus-expression system. Our results indicate that mutations in either of the two hydrophobic domains do not prevent membrane targeting of the mutant proteins but abolish their membrane anchoring. This prevents their localization to the cell surface and obviates their cytotoxic effect. The cytotoxicity of NS3 is therefore dependent on its membrane topography and thus involves both hydrophobic domains. NS3 has many of the characteristics of lytic viral proteins that play a central role in viral pathogenesis through modifying membrane permeability. (+info)Definition of neutralizing sites on African horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP2 at the level of peptides. (8/63)
The antigenic structure of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotype 4 capsid protein VP2 has been determined at the peptide level by PEPSCAN analysis in combination with a large collection of polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies. VP2, the determinant for the virus serotype and an important target in virus neutralization, was found to contain 15 antigenic sites. A major antigenic region containing 12 of the 15 sites was identified in the region between residues 223 and 400. A second domain between residues 568 and 681 contained the three remaining sites. These sites were used for the synthesis of peptides, which were later tested in rabbits. Of the 15 synthetic peptides, three were able to induce neutralizing antibodies for AHSV-4, defining two neutralizing epitopes, 'a' and 'b', between residues 321 and 339, and 377 and 400, respectively. A combination of peptides representing both sites induced a more effective neutralizing response. Still, the relatively low neutralization titres make the possibility of producing a synthetic vaccine for AHSV unlikely. The complex protein-protein interaction of the outer shell of the viral capsid would probably require the presence of either synthetic peptides in the correct conformation or peptide segments from the different proteins VP2, VP5 and VP7. (+info)
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Epizootic haemorrhagic diseaseBluetongue virusOutbreaksEndemicAHSVDsRNAProteinsStructuralRescueAnimalSouth AfricaSwine fever virusOrbivirusSpeciesMidgesEquidsGenusDiseasesVaccineRabiesPathogensBluetongue and African horse siInfectiousVaccinesInfectionDonkeysVaccinationDiseaseOutbreakHerpesvirusFeverAvianDiagnosisReplicationAntibodiesSerotypesCauses African sleepingGenomeZebrasUniversity of PretoOutbreaks have occurredInfluenza A virVeterinaryGlandersPulmonaryEquine influenzaCardiacVectorDetection of African horseStrainsGenomesSerumMidgeEncephalosis virusReverse geneticsVesicular
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease1
- Blot hybridization and reassortment in vitro of epizootic haemorrhagic disease serogroup, bluetongue type 10 and Pata viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Bluetongue virus4
- AHSV (nine serotypes) is a member of the genus Orbivirus , with a morphology and coding strategy similar to that of the type member, bluetongue virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Crystal structure of the top domain of African horse sickness virus VP7: comparisons with bluetongue virus VP7. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Recovery of infectious bluetongue virus from RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Development of reverse genetics systems for bluetongue virus: recovery of infectious virus from synthetic RNA transcripts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Outbreaks1
- Outbreaks of African horse sickness in Senegal, and methods of control of the 2007 epidemic. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Endemic1
- AHSV is transmitted by Culicoides , a common European insect, and has the potential to emerge in Europe from endemic countries of Africa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
AHSV1
- African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of equine species. (microbiologyresearch.org)
DsRNA1
- Rapid cDNA synthesis and sequencing techniques for the genetic study of bluetongue and other dsRNA viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Proteins2
- However, these viruses are distinct at the genetic level, in the proteins they encode and in their pathobiology. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Identification and characterization of the structural and nonstructural proteins of African horsesickness virus and determination of the genome coding assignments. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Structural1
- Structural insight into African horsesickness virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Rescue1
- Rescue of a segmented negative-strand RNA virus entirely from cloned complementary DNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Animal1
- A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for animal double-stranded RNA viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
South Africa24
- Statistical evidence of reassortment within the genomes of African horse sickness (AHS) virus field isolates identified in outbreaks in the AHS controlled area in Western Cape Province, South Africa, 2004-2014. (cdc.gov)
- In AHS-endemic temperate regions, such as those occurring throughout much of South Africa, the disease is most prevalent in late summer (7). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Presently, a polyvalent, live, attenuated vaccine (LAV) against AHSV (AHSV-LAV), which is produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (Pretoria, South Africa) and provides broad protection against all 9 AHSV types (10), is used widely in South Africa and adjacent countries. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The Western Cape Province of South Africa, at the southern tip of the African continent, has historically been free from AHS, and for this reason, a legislatively defined AHS controlled area was created there in 1997 to facilitate movement of horses from South Africa. (thefreelibrary.com)
- In this study, more than 500 000 Culicoides midges belonging to at least 26 species were collected in 88 light traps at weekly intervals between July 2010 and September 2011 near horses in the Onderstepoort area of South Africa. (scielo.org.za)
- In South Africa, AHS is endemic in the frost-free north-eastern parts of the country, where it is maintained in zebra ( Equus burchelli ) populations that foal throughout the year (Barnard 1993). (scielo.org.za)
- Epidemiological data from 1955 to 1995 showed that outbreaks occurred nearly every summer in the subtropical northern parts of South Africa, once every 5-10 years in the cooler centre of the country, and only rarely in the Western Cape in the south (Bosman, Brückner & Faul 1995). (scielo.org.za)
- Agriculture officials in South Africa release annual report. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- While there are well established commercial live attenuated vaccines produced in South Africa, risks associated with these have encouraged attempts to develop new and safer recombinant vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Pre-vaccination sera were analysed by VP7 indirect ELISA at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute (ARC-OVI) in Pretoria, South Africa to determine prior exposure of the horses to AHS, either by vaccination with the currently used live attenuated vaccine (LAV) mixture produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP), or by natural infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- Throughout the last century, there has been a steady decline in the number of cases of AHS in South Africa, which correlated with a decline in the number of wild zebra due to hunting. (biomedcentral.com)
- Currently, AHS is not considered to be endemic in the greater part of South Africa, with the exception of the North-eastern Lowveld of Mpumalanga Province where seroconversion of AHSV occurs in zebra in every month of the year and virtually all adult animals have specific antibodies to all nine serotypes of the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
- Developing an energy evaluation protocol for horse feeds in South Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
- The purpose of this study was to find the most accurate and reliable method available in South Africa to evaluate equine diets on an energy basis. (ukzn.ac.za)
- Diet selection and foraging efficiency of Nguni goats in the bushveld of Gauteng, South Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
- Kikuyu is an important summer pasture species in South Africa for animal production, and is seemly suitable for growing out dairy replacement heifers. (ukzn.ac.za)
- 1). Horses are highly sensitive to some of these viruses and have been used as sentinels for the identification of arboviruses associated with neurologic disease in South Africa (2). (thefreelibrary.com)
- In January 2009, a crossbreed yearling horse (case SAE 18/09) was found wandering aimlessly in its paddock in the Vaalwater District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Browsing School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences by Subject "African horse sickness--South Africa. (ukzn.ac.za)
- Within South Africa, these Culicoides species show a marked difference in their abundances according to altitude, with C. imicola highly abundant in lower altitudes, but being replaced as the dominant species by C. bolitinos in cooler, high-altitude regions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Each year, I am one of thousands of horse owners in South Africa who spends six months anxiously awaiting the end of insect season. (equusmagazine.com)
- Vaccines against AHS are available in South Africa, and most of us protect our horses with a series of two injections given sometime between July and December. (equusmagazine.com)
- Most cases were identified in the autumn and winter months, which overlap with African horse sickeness, equine encephalosis , and West Nile virus outbreaks in South Africa (5,15), which have similar clinical signs. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The seasonal abundance of Culicoides midges, the vector of Bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses (BTV/AHSV) and the presence of viruses in midges were determined in 3 geographic areas in South Africa. (edu.au)
Swine fever virus3
- Nucleotide sequence of classical swine fever virus strain Alfort/187 and transcription of infectious RNA from stably cloned full-length cDNA. (asm.org)
- African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes an economically important disease of pigs. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- Just like both Ebola in people and African swine fever virus in pigs, it causes severe haemorrhage and oedema in all organ systems. (320ro.com)
Orbivirus2
- The study has shown that the Orbivirus vectors are present at a high abundance at the Polish horse farm, what may be a helpful tool in the AHS risk assessment in the nonendemic part of Europe. (degruyter.com)
- A similar severe disease of wild ruminants is caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), which, like BTV, is a member of the Orbivirus genus, but is classified in a separate species or serogroup. (scribd.com)
Species13
- One species in Senegal particularly drawn to horses. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious, non-contagious, insect-transmitted disease affecting all species of Equidae. (cabi.org)
- This hot spell has also "burnt" off many of the pasture grass species horses would normally eat, leading horses to experiment more with weeds that may be irritating. (equisearch.com)
- Trapping mosquitoes on horse premises in different regions of the UK, and identifying species of mosquito found. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- The ability of mosquito species commonly found on UK horse premises to spread a chosen arbovirus (in this case mosquito-borne virus) will be investigated. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection involves domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, deer, most species of African antelope and various other Artiodactyla as vertebrate hosts. (scribd.com)
- The serotype of individual viruses in each species is identified on the basis of neutralisation tests and different strains within a serotype are identified by sequence analysis. (scribd.com)
- Historically, tests such as agar gel immunodiffusion and indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect BTV and EHDV species-specific antibodies, but have the major drawback of being unable to consistently distinguish between antibodies to viruses in the two species. (scribd.com)
- Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is an economically significant infection of horses and other equine species caused by the tick-borne protozoa Theileria equi and Babesia caballi . (biomedcentral.com)
- The species Getah virus (GETV) belongs to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. (frontiersin.org)
- Oliveros virus (OLI) A serologically distinct species of the Tacaribe complex of the family Arenaviridae, isolated in 1990 in Oliveros, a village in Argentina from a trapped rodent, Bolomys obscurus. (rrnursingschool.biz)
- Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) A tick-borne species in the genus Flavivirus, member of the Mammalian tick-borne encephalitis serogroup. (rrnursingschool.biz)
- O'Nyong-Nyong virus (ONNV) A species in the genus Alphavirus. (rrnursingschool.biz)
Midges6
- This study, using virus isolation on cell cultures and a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, confirmed low infection prevalence in field midges and that the detection of virus correlated to high numbers. (scielo.org.za)
- Researchers found that the insecticide deltamethrin did not appear to prevent midges from feeding on horses. (thehorse.com)
- The severity of African horse sickness (AHS) is strongly linked to the immunity status of the horse concerned, and the dose of the virus it receives from biting midges. (farmersweekly.co.za)
- Stabling between 4pm and 10am is very important, particularly for young horses, as this is when midges are active. (farmersweekly.co.za)
- For us, biting midges are more than simply a nuisance---they are a mortal threat to our horses because they can carry the virus that causes African horse sickness (AHS), an untreatable and potentially fatal disease. (equusmagazine.com)
- African horse sickness is transmitted by insects known as midges. (wagwalking.com)
Equids4
- Riyadh An ancient sculpted rock, depicting camelids (even-toed ungulate mammals) and equids (a mammal of the horse family), has been found in the northern Saudi province of Al Jawf. (thefreedictionary.com)
- African horse sickness virus causes a non-contagious, infectious disease of equids. (ukzn.ac.za)
- Three of four equids on one premises have tested positive for vesicular stomatitis virus. (thehorse.com)
- AHS mainly affects equids - horses, mules, donkeys and zebras, but is also seen in dogs. (wagwalking.com)
Genus3
- We report a case in which a virus isolated in cell culture from the brain of a euthanized horse that had severe encephalitis was identified as Shuni virus (SHUV), a member of the family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, serogroup Simbu. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Omo virus (OMOV) A serotype of Qalyub virus in the genus Nairovirus. (rrnursingschool.biz)
- West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae and is an arthropod-borne virus. (zoologix.com)
Diseases11
- Optimization of reverse genetics enlarge the possibilities to rescue virus mutants and reassortants, and will greatly benefit the control of these important diseases of livestock and companion animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- The OIE has described management "pillars" to keep most diseases at bay for high-health, high-performance horses. (thehorse.com)
- Find out which foreign animal diseases North American horse owners need to keep an eye on and why. (thehorse.com)
- The viruses/disease agents responsible for serious/emergency diseases can be categorized according to their size and whether or not they contain lipid. (fao.org)
- During the seasonal occurrence of common vector-borne diseases such as African horse sickness and equine encephalosis, many horses have febrile, neurologic, and fatal infections for which the etiology remains undetermined. (thefreelibrary.com)
- These are known to play a role in the transmission of diseases such as West Nile, Schmallenberg and African Horse Sickness viruses. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Key topics include all-new coverage of the latest developments in imaging, biosecurity strategies for individual horse owners and owners of commercial farms and stables, diseases affecting horses at various ages, and a review of colic and other GI tract conditions. (elsevier.com)
- A discussion of the exotic diseases threatening to affect the British horse industry will take place as part of the 2007 Thoroughbred Racing and Breeding Seminar, at Cheltenham racecourse on Thursday, 15 November. (horseandhound.co.uk)
- African horse sickness (AHS) is well known as one of the worst diseases affecting horses out there. (320ro.com)
- The charities which will benefit include The Redwings Horse Sanctuary and the Equine Rescue Fund, which aims to improve the standard of veterinary care to horses in emergency situations.Topics covered during the talks included the emergence of new diseases such as West Nile Virus and African Horse Sickness and how to care for elderly horses. (northdevongazette.co.uk)
- Sellers RF (1980) Weather, host and vector - their interplay in the spread of insect-borne animal virus diseases. (springer.com)
Vaccine14
- Differences were detected between wild type viruses and vaccine strains that had been attenuated by multiple passage in suckling mouse brain or in tissue cultures. (nih.gov)
- A live attenuated vaccine is in use in Africa but it is not licensed in Europe, due to safety concerns. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- The virus-like particles of the plant-based vaccine do not carry the risk of a return to virulence. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- Previously, we reported on the immunogenicity of a plant-produced AHS serotype 5 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, which stimulated high titres of AHS serotype 5-specific neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we report a similar response to the vaccine in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, besides the inability to differentiate between natural and vaccine-induced immunity (non-DIVA), the LAV is restricted to use within southern Africa and this has significant implications for both the horse export industry as well as the equestrian sporting arena. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aim of the present study was to test the safety and immunogenicity of this VLP candidate vaccine in horses, and to consider ways in which the production platform could be scaled up in a cost-effective manner. (biomedcentral.com)
- Full genome characterisation of bluetongue virus serotype 6 from the Netherlands 2008 and comparison to other field and vaccine strains," PLoS ONE , vol. 5, no. 4, article e10323, 2010. (hindawi.com)
- Design of primers and use of RT-PCR assays for typing European bluetongue virus isolates: differentiation of field and vaccine strains," Journal of General Virology , vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 2811-2823, 2007. (hindawi.com)
- Cape Town - Researchers at UCT's Biopharming Research Institute (BRU) have created a vaccine candidate to help prevent a highly infectious and deadly disease, African horse sickness (AHS), from affecting tobacco plants. (320ro.com)
- A new vaccine for African Horse Sickness has shown promising results in new research. (fiercepharma.com)
- The factor that is limiting the growth of the market is that even though the modified-live, multivalent vaccine is given to the horses they do not guarantee that the horses are completely protected from the African horse sickness but only the probability of the horse acquiring this disease decreases. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- The key market players that are involved in the African horse sickness treatment market include Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute and Onderstepoort Biological Products SOC Ltd. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- The vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine that covers seven strains of the AHS virus, but it does not provide absolute protection. (equusmagazine.com)
Rabies2
- Cattle are the most important domestic animals impacted by rabies virus in the New World, leading to thousands of cattle deat. (biomedcentral.com)
- Specimens had been screened as appropriate for poisons and specific pathogens, including rabies, equine herpes virus, African horse sickness virus, and equine encephalosis virus (4,5). (thefreedictionary.com)
Pathogens4
- For virus pathogens (microparasites) of multicellular organisms, transmission occurs in two phases. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- SHUV-specific primers were designed and used to perform reverse transcription PCRs (RT-PCRs) on specimens from an additional 111 horses with fever and nervous disease that had been screened for the more common pathogens over 18 months. (thefreelibrary.com)
- A cytopathic agent isolated from the brain of the horse could not be identified as one of the common horse pathogens, but electron microscopic examination of negative-stained preparations of culture fluid and resin sections of infected cells showed 80-nm to 100-nm particles resembling bunyaviruses (Figure 1). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Blood samples were collected from the sick horse, and PCR/RT-PCR analysis was performed to screen for equine viral pathogens associated with fever. (frontiersin.org)
Bluetongue and African horse si1
- Mellor PS, Boorman JPT, Wilkinson PJ, Martinez-Gomez F (1983) Potential vectors of bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses in Spain. (springer.com)
Infectious13
- Recovery of infectious bluetongue virus from RNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Development of reverse genetics systems for bluetongue virus: recovery of infectious virus from synthetic RNA transcripts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious, notifiable viral disease which poses a substantial challenge to horse owners in sub-Saharan Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to structural proteins VP1-7, at least four non-structural proteins NS1 - 4 are expressed after infection of mammalian and insect cells but these are not present in the infectious virus particle. (biomedcentral.com)
- In order to eliminate disease viruses/agents from clothing, vehicles, tools, carcasses or the environment, there must be a good understanding of the general properties of each infectious agent and the subtle ways each may persist in the environment and infect other animals. (fao.org)
- African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and deadly disease caused by African horse sickness virus. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
- Due to its simplicity, specificity and sensitivity, RT-PCR is used in a wide range of applications from experiments as simple as quantification of yeast cells in wine to more complex uses as diagnostic tools for detecting infectious agents such as the avian flu virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus. (asm.org)
- Here a novel BacMam was constructed containing a frameshift mutation within fp25, which results in virus stocks with higher infectious titres. (brookes.ac.uk)
- There will be a session called Exotic and on our Doorstep, when Brigadier Paul Jepson and James Wood will address the threats and control of African Horse Sickness and West Nile Virus, in the light of other unexpected outbreaks of infectious disease. (horseandhound.co.uk)
- Two types of hepatitis are recognized: 'infectious' (hepatitis A virus, HAV) and 'serum' (hepatitis B virus, HBV). (thebodypro.com)
- All vaccinated pets had been adverse for infectious pathogen in bloodstream whereas the control horses created viraemia with viral titres that ranged between 104.5 to 104.6 TCID50/ml on day time 3, and between 105.5 to 105.8 TCID50/ml on day 5. (lecollege.org)
- It is not known how long horses are infectious following infection, however this is not spread through contact between horses. (wagwalking.com)
Vaccines5
- Vaccines triggered strong immune responses in ponies that protected them completely against the virus. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- New vaccines open way to tell infected horses from inoculated ones. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- The innnocuity team at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) offers a range of tests to detect or exclude the presence of adventitious agents in veterinary vaccines, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma. (www.csiro.au)
- Testing is generally done on seeds for veterinary vaccines, for example, seed cell lines, seed virus or bacteria on permissive cell lines over three to four passages followed by immunodetection or molecular testing. (www.csiro.au)
- For various preventive vaccines in the research and development activities, African horse sickness treatment (AHS) market will prove beneficial thus contributing to the growth of the market. (zionmarketresearch.com)
Infection15
- The basis for this phenomenon has not yet been investigated, but is suggestive of apoptosis being induced following virus infection of the mammalian cells. (up.ac.za)
- Structural insight into African horsesickness virus infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Evaluation of a p21e-spiked western blot (immunoblot) in confirming human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I or II infection in volunteer blood donors. (asm.org)
- Infection by multiple genotypes results in the production of virus occlusion bodies (OBs) with greater pathogenicity than those of any genotype alone. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Virus populations are renowned for their diversity, and many viruses adopt infection strategies to ensure that part of that diversity is present in individual infected hosts ( Hurst 2000 ). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- 2016. Experimental infection of small ruminants with bluetongue virus expressing ToggenburgOrbivirus proteins . (wur.nl)
- mules are somewhat less susceptible, and African donkeys and zebra are refractory to the devastating consequences of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
- GETV infection in horses has been reported in Japan and India, and causes great economic losses. (frontiersin.org)
- This study first determined and described the disease course of horse infected with GETV in China, sequenced and characterized the genome of the field horse-derived GETV strain, and therefore presented an unequivocal report of GETV infection in horses in China. (frontiersin.org)
- Bluetongue virus causes febrile disease in sheep and a fatal hemorrhagic infection in North American White-tailed deer. (biomedcentral.com)
- The serological evidence of Bluetongue virus infection was observed in 58 out of 299 cows, accounting for a 19.4% prevalence rate among cattle in North Kordufan State. (biomedcentral.com)
- The outer capsid, which is composed of two major structural proteins (VP2 and VP5), is involved in cell attachment and virus penetration during the initial stages of infection. (highveld.com)
- In 2002, an outbreak of West Nile virus infection occurred in the state of Louisiana in which 319 human cases of WNV-associated illness were reported. (zoologix.com)
- 2003). Implications of this study are that nonhuman primates can be as susceptible to West Nile virus infection as humans, and captive primate populations can be a potential source of viral carriers. (zoologix.com)
- If the horse has been infected with the fever form prognosis is good, however, recovery following pulmonary or cardiac infection is rarer. (wagwalking.com)
Donkeys9
- AHS usually affects horses, donkeys, mules and zebras. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- Do Donkeys Pose a Disease Threat to Horses at Events? (thehorse.com)
- Researchers found no evidence that donkeys pose more of a disease threat than horses at mixed-equine events. (thehorse.com)
- It commonly affects horses, mules, and donkeys. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
- In African donkeys and zebras mortality is rare. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
- Mild to subclinical disease is seen in zebras and African donkeys. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
- A total of 546 sera (506 horses, 18 mules and 22 donkeys) were collected randomly. (scopemed.org)
- African horse sickness can cause a huge death rate in the horses as they are more susceptible to the disease, while mules have fewer chances of contracting the disease, and donkeys are excluded. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- It is observed in donkeys, zebras, and immunized horses. (thevetexpert.com)
Vaccination5
- As the early history of these horses was not well documented, blood samples were drawn from the animals prior to vaccination (day 0) in order to ascertain the pre-vaccination immune status of the selected animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- Outbreaks of hepatitis occur in humans after vaccination against yellow fever and efforts to vaccinate against Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (using attenuated virus and human serum). (thebodypro.com)
- The factors that attribute to the market growth in the Asia Pacific regions are developing healthcare infrastructure and rise in the awareness about the vaccination of the horses. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- Vaccination is crucial for all horses older than six months, and horses should be vaccinated between 1 June and 1 October annually. (farmersweekly.co.za)
- Testing for passive transfer of immunity in foals, and an evaluation of the African horse sickness vaccination schedule. (semanticscholar.org)
Disease35
- African horse sickness (AHS), an arthropod-borne viral disease affecting all equines, is considered to be the most lethal viral disease of horses. (scielo.org.za)
- African horse sickness is a notifiable disease and should be reported. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- Animals such as camels, African elephants and black and white rhinos may also be susceptible, but are unlikely to be involved in sustained transmission of the disease. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- Blot hybridization and reassortment in vitro of epizootic haemorrhagic disease serogroup, bluetongue type 10 and Pata viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- This disease can be caused by any of the nine serotypes of this virus. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
- Dogs usually contract the disease by eating infected horse meat, a recent report has been made of the disease occurring in dogs with no known horse-meat ingestion. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
- There is not only the potential of a few of these viruses to cause human disease, but also to reduce the supply of crops and livestock. (wikipedia.org)
- Donaldson AI (1972) The influence of relative humidity on the aerosol stability of different strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus suspended in saliva. (springer.com)
- Owing to the potential of this virus to cause widespread death and debilitating disease in naïve equid populations, it is listed as a notifiable equine disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), which makes outbreaks of the disease compulsorily notifiable to the OIE. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is currently predicted, that a widespread outbreak of this disease would have a devastating effect on the horse industry of any country affected [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The disease was first recognised around 60 years after the initial introduction of horses to Africa in 1657, and the first major outbreak occurred in 1719. (biomedcentral.com)
- Shuni virus as cause of neurologic disease in horses. (thefreelibrary.com)
- This information would be essential in helping to control and eradicate a mosquito-borne arboviral disease outbreak in horses, and in minimising the numbers of horses that develop disease. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- In this study, all age groups as well as male and female populations were equally affected by African horse sickness disease. (scopemed.org)
- Questionnaire survey also indicated the presence of African horse sickness disease in the study areas. (scopemed.org)
- East Coast fever (ECF) is a devastating disease of cattle and a significant constraint to improvement of livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
- The devastating disease is prevalent in Africa, with up to 90% of infected horses dying in some outbreaks. (320ro.com)
- AHS disease of horses is transmitted by insect bites. (320ro.com)
- The tiny Teste fly has been a scourge for centuries in many parts of Africa, spreading the debilitating and even deadly disease called African sleeping sickness. (320ro.com)
- Climate and environmental data were used to estimate the risk of testing positive for antibodies to bluetongue (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (EHDV) in cattle in Illinois and western Indiana over three transmission seasons (2000-2002). (ajtmh.org)
- Theiler's disease: Arnold Theiler, a prominent veterinarian, notices that horses are experiencing hepatitis after being vaccinated for African horse sickness (using immune serum and live virus). (thebodypro.com)
- This disease is caused due to the virus African Horse Sickness Virus (AFSV). (zionmarketresearch.com)
- The main factor that has driven the African horse sickness treatment market across all the regions is the existence of the standard operating procedures and the guidelines for the African horse sickness disease. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- In the North American region, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organization is present in the U.S. which deals with the standard operating procedures for the African horse sickness disease. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- The disease has already killed nearly 200 horses in the country. (thestar.com.my)
- Horse trainers, owners and breeders now have reliable advice on equine disease control at their fingertips thanks to a new, free App launched by the Horserace Betting Levy Board (HBLB). (beva.org.uk)
- In the meantime, your vet can treat the symptoms, using anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the fluid in the lungs, or treating piroplasmosis, Lyme disease or babesiosis if the horse is anaemic, shows fever, or has a positive blood smear. (farmersweekly.co.za)
- vaccinated horses can still come down with the disease. (equusmagazine.com)
- From October 2008 through January 2009, a febrile horse disease that was diagnosed as equine encephalosis was observed in dozens of stables across Israel (7). (thefreedictionary.com)
- A recent example is the swine-specific strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Taiwan. (aasv.org)
- The disease was first described in the late 18th century and was believed for many decades to be confined to Africa. (highveld.com)
- Given the extent of the international movement of horses, AHS could be introduced anywhere in the world, mainly if an animal is imported from an affected country where the disease has not been diagnosed. (thevetexpert.com)
- The disease was confined to the African continent until 1944 when it spread to Palestine, Syria, and Jordan. (thevetexpert.com)
- The mortality rate of this disease may vary depending on the form taken, however horses who are showing symptoms suggestive of this disease should be seen by a veterinarian and quarantined from other animals. (wagwalking.com)
- During one outbreak the disease extended to Pakistan and India, and was estimated to kill at least 300,000 horses. (wagwalking.com)
Outbreak7
- Before the 2014 outbreak, these outbreaks were assumed to be caused by illegal movement of viremic animals into the controlled area, although the source was established for only 2 of these outbreaks: a type 7 virus for the 1999 outbreak in the surveillance zone and a type 5 virus for the 2006 outbreak in the PZ (Figure 1) (18,19). (thefreelibrary.com)
- There is no specific treatment available other than supportive treatment and therefore measures to control exposure of horses to biting insects are essential to prevent an outbreak from spreading. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- Screens could be used in event of African horse sickness outbreak in UK. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- Timely diagnosis of influenza A virus infections is critical for outbreak control. (biomedcentral.com)
- Considering these events, the current review outlines the history of African horse sickness, including information concerning virus structure, transmission, viraemia, overwintering ability, and the potential implications that an outbreak would have for Ireland. (biomedcentral.com)
- BANGKOK (Xinhua): Thailand's Ministry of Agriculture on Wednesday issued an order to ban the movement of all horses for 90 days in a bid to contain the African Horse Sickness (AHS) outbreak. (thestar.com.my)
- Surveillance of Bluetongue virus should be extended to include other susceptible animals and to study the distribution of the insect vectors in the region to better predict and respond to BTV outbreak in the State of North Kordufan, Sudan. (biomedcentral.com)
Herpesvirus2
- duck virus enteritis, duck plague herpesvirus, Duck plague. (wa.gov.au)
- Oncorhynchus masou virus Synonym for salmonid herpesvirus 2. (rrnursingschool.biz)
Fever10
- Rift Valley fever virus in wild ruminants in the Etosha National Park, Namibia, 2011. (fao.org)
- Several mosquito-borne alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and orthobunyaviruses, including West Nile, Rift Valley fever, and chikungunya viruses, with zoonotic potential have emerged from Africa to cause major outbreaks in previously unaffected areas. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Based on the clinical forms, the global market is segregated into Dikkop or cardiac form, horse sickness fever, Dunkop or pulmonary form, and mixed form. (zionmarketresearch.com)
- So you can imagine what we thought when my sister's pony---a little mare called Chilli---developed a fever and swelling in the depressions just above both eyes, which is a classic sign of African horse sickness. (equusmagazine.com)
- Two days later when I went to the paddock to bring in the horses, I noticed that my own horse, Peter Pan, had developed the same swelling above his eyes and fever. (equusmagazine.com)
- Omsk virus See Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. (rrnursingschool.biz)
- acute or pulmonary, subacute or cardiac, mixed, and a mild type known as horse sickness fever. (thevetexpert.com)
- After a 3-5 day incubation period the horse experiences an acute febrile reaction that may last only 24-48 hr with temperatures as high as 40 degrees C. the fever is followed by respiratory signs associated with pulmonary edema which include tachypnoea, paroxysms of coughing and frothy nasal discharge is voluminous and at the time of death a bubbly liquid may flow from the horse's mouth. (thevetexpert.com)
- Horse sickness fever is the mildest form of AHS. (thevetexpert.com)
- Horses suffering from this form usually present with fever that worsens in the evenings, other symptoms may include mild anorexia and facial swelling. (wagwalking.com)
Avian3
- Avian influenza viruses of the H5 or H7 subtype that do not have either of the characteristics described above should be sequenced to determine whether multiple basic amino acids are present at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule (HAO). (ufl.edu)
- Avian influenza (AI) viruses, commonly known as bird flu, infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and swine. (pirbright.ac.uk)
- Avian leukosis virus (ALV) infects mainly chickens but can also infect pheasants, partridges and quail. (pirbright.ac.uk)
Diagnosis2
- Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-PCR: A comparison with conventional methods," Journal of Virological Methods , vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 77-89, 2001. (hindawi.com)
- The market for the African horse sickness treatment is globally fragmented into clinical forms and diagnosis. (zionmarketresearch.com)
Replication3
- 1918 pandemic influenza virus - reconstructed replication competent forms containing any portion of the coding regions of all 8 gene segments. (ufl.edu)
- Plasmid-like replicative intermediates of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic origin of DNA replication. (asm.org)
- These areas are important for BTV replication but they also indicate the pathways that may be used by related viruses, which include viruses that are pathogenic to man and animals, thus providing the basis for developing strategies for intervention or prevention. (highveld.com)
Antibodies2
- Folding, assembly, and intracellular trafficking of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein analyzed with monoclonal antibodies recognizing maturational intermediates. (asm.org)
- It also produces neutralising antibodies when administered to healthy horses. (320ro.com)
Serotypes3
- There are at least 24 serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV). (wur.nl)
- Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay based on primer-probe energy transfer for the detection of all serotypes of bluetongue virus," Journal Virological Methods , vol. 167, pp. 165-171, 1970. (hindawi.com)
- However, outer capsid protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP5 shared only 43.1 and 79.3% identity, respectively, indicating that the DH13C120 virus belongs to TIBOV, and it may represent different serotypes with XZ0906. (altmetric.com)
Causes African sleeping1
- The parasite that causes African sleeping sickness can cause death in humans if not treated. (320ro.com)
Genome6
- Molecular epidemiology of African horse sickness virus based on analyses and comparisons of genome segments 7 and 10. (nih.gov)
- Development and initial evaluation of a real-time RT-PCR assay to detect bluetongue virus genome segment 1," Journal of Virological Methods , vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 115-126, 2007. (hindawi.com)
- Identification of a highly conserved sequence element at the 3' terminus of hepatitis C virus genome RNA. (asm.org)
- Sequences regulating tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 for brain capillary endothelial cells map to a unique region on the viral genome. (asm.org)
- In general, viral oncogenes are transduced genetic sequences found in the genome of acutely transforming viruses which have cellular homologs (proto-oncogenes) from which they were derived. (rrnursingschool.biz)
- Evolutionary changes in the virus genome have led in some cases to considerable differences between the products of the viral oncogenes and their cellular homologs, but their relationship can be clearly seen at the genetic level. (rrnursingschool.biz)
Zebras1
- Some horse farm owners have told the department that they suspect zebras imported from Africa are the most likely source of the virus. (thestar.com.my)
University of Preto1
- The horse became progressively ataxic and, when recumbent, was referred to the hospital at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. (thefreelibrary.com)
Outbreaks have occurred2
- Outbreaks have occurred outside Africa, including in the Near and Middle East, Spain, Portugal and Morocco. (cabi.org)
- Several outbreaks have occurred in the Equidae throughout Africa and elsewhere. (horsesandpeople.com.au)
Influenza A vir3
- Use of PCR-enzyme immunoassay for identification of influenza A virus matrix RNA in clinical samples negative for cultivable virus. (asm.org)
- Due to their rapidity and other logistical advantages, lateral flow immunoassays can support influenza A virus surveillance pr. (biomedcentral.com)
- This product has demonstrated effectiveness against influenza A virus and is expected to inactivate all influenza A viruses including Pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus. (drugs.com)
Veterinary4
- Nine British veterinary specialists raise funds to vaccinate hundreds of horses in a remote South African region. (horsetalk.co.nz)
- High throughput detection of bluetongue virus by a new real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: application on clinical samples from current Mediterranean outbreaks," Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation , vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 7-17, 2006. (hindawi.com)
- Short communication: a simple and rapid method for detection of African horse sickness virus serogroup in cell cultures using RT-PCR," Veterinary Research Communications , vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 319-324, 2006. (hindawi.com)
- Cubillo, C. Rubio, E. Romero, and M. A. Jiménez-Clavero, "Real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of African horse sickness virus," Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation , vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 325-328, 2008. (hindawi.com)
Glanders1
- The organization's plan includes six studies focused on equine influenza, African horse sickness, and glanders. (thehorse.com)
Pulmonary2
Equine influenza1
- Viruses of Equine herpes virus Type 1 and Type 3 and Equine Influenza. (drugs.com)
Cardiac2
- If the horse survives the first stage (the lung stage), it may start showing cardiac signs, and the vet will start to treat symptomatically with a different range of drugs to improve heart function. (farmersweekly.co.za)
- In contrast, all the control horses developed clinical signs consistent with the cardiac form of African horse sickness. (lecollege.org)
Vector2
- Assessing the impact of climate change on vector-borne viruses in the EU through the elicitation of expert opinion. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- a bluetongue virus vector in Spain and Portugal. (springer.com)
Detection of African horse1
- Detection of African horse sickness virus by reverse transcription-PCR. (asm.org)
Strains2
- Similarly, the geographical features of the Mediterranean basin, which spans over portions of three continents, may facilitate the appearance of clinically relevant reassortants via co-circulation of BTV strains of African, Asian and European origins. (mdpi.com)
- Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GZ201808 clustered in Group III, and was located in an independent branch distant from other horse-derived GETV strains, indicating a unique evolutionary pattern of GZ201808. (frontiersin.org)
Genomes1
- Reassortment contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses with segmented genomes, including Bluetongue virus (BTV). (mdpi.com)
Serum2
- Immunogenicity of MVA-VP2(9) All horses were sero-negative at the beginning of the study and developed serum VNAb upon inoculation with MVA-VP2(9). (lecollege.org)
- however, confirmation of the type of infecting virus is possible only by detection of a fourfold or greater rise in virus-specific neutralizing antibody titers in either cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum by performing the plaque reduction neutralization assay (PRNT) with several flaviviruses (Johnson et al. (zoologix.com)
Midge3
- The midge abundances at both sites were comparable with the total numbers of insects trapped of 43,153 and 34,829 at the cattle and horse farm, respectively. (degruyter.com)
- Of course we take other precautions, as well: We turn our horses out later in the day and bring them in before sundown during buggy months, avoiding dusk and dawn when midge activity is at its highest. (equusmagazine.com)
- The virus localizes in the salivary glands and is sent when the midge feeds on susceptible animals. (thevetexpert.com)
Encephalosis virus1
- To our relief, she told us the mare likely had the equine encephalosis virus (EEV), which is related to AHS but far less serious. (equusmagazine.com)
Reverse genetics1
- A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for animal double-stranded RNA viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Vesicular2
- McDonald is the state's newest vesicular stomatitis virus-infected county. (thehorse.com)
- Riley joins growing list of Kansas counties with vesicular stomatitis virus outbreaks. (thehorse.com)
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