AfricaSouth Africa: A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.Africa South of the Sahara: All of Africa except Northern Africa (AFRICA, NORTHERN).Africa, Western: The geographical area of Africa comprising BENIN; BURKINA FASO; COTE D'IVOIRE; GAMBIA; GHANA; GUINEA; GUINEA-BISSAU; LIBERIA; MALI; MAURITANIA; NIGER; NIGERIA; SENEGAL; SIERRA LEONE; and TOGO.Africa, Southern: The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA; BOTSWANA; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MOZAMBIQUE; NAMIBIA; SOUTH AFRICA; SWAZILAND; ZAMBIA; and ZIMBABWE.Africa, Eastern: The geographical area of Africa comprising BURUNDI; DJIBOUTI; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; RWANDA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; and UGANDA.Africa, Central: The geographical area of Africa comprising CAMEROON; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC; CHAD; CONGO; EQUATORIAL GUINEA; GABON; and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.Africa, Northern: The geographical area of Africa comprising ALGERIA; EGYPT; LIBYA; MOROCCO; and TUNISIA. It includes also the vast deserts and oases of the Sahara. It is often referred to as North Africa, French-speaking Africa, or the Maghreb. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p856)HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.Guinea: A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and MALI, east of GUINEA-BISSAU. Its capital is Conakry.Asia: The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Cameroon: A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.Kenya: A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.Uganda: A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.History, Ancient: The period of history before 500 of the common era.Emigration and Immigration: The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.Tanzania: A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.Benin: A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)Ghana: A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.Medicine, African Traditional: A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the African peoples. It includes treatment by medicinal plants and other materia medica as well as by the ministrations of diviners, medicine men, witch doctors, and sorcerers.Burkina Faso: A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.Phylogeography: A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Middle East: The region of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)Mali: A country in western Africa, east of MAURITANIA and south of ALGERIA. Its capital is Bamako. From 1904-1920 it was known as Upper Senegal-Niger; prior to 1958, as French Sudan; 1958-1960 as the Sudanese Republic and 1959-1960 it joined Senegal in the Mali Federation. It became an independent republic in 1960.Travel: Aspects of health and disease related to travel.Malawi: A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.Gambia: A republic in western Africa, constituting an enclave within SENEGAL extending on both sides of the Gambia River. Its capital is Banjul, formerly Bathurst.Togo: A republic in western Africa, lying between GHANA on its west and BENIN on its east. Its capital is Lome.Antimalarials: Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)Cote d'Ivoire: A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.Zimbabwe: A republic in southern Africa, east of ZAMBIA and BOTSWANA and west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Harare. It was formerly called Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia.South AmericaAnti-Retroviral Agents: Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.Zambia: A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.Gabon: A republic in west equatorial Africa, south of CAMEROON and west of the CONGO. Its capital is Libreville.Anti-HIV Agents: Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.Hominidae: Family of the suborder HAPLORHINI (Anthropoidea) comprising bipedal primate MAMMALS. It includes modern man (HOMO SAPIENS) and the great apes: gorillas (GORILLA GORILLA), chimpanzees (PAN PANISCUS and PAN TROGLODYTES), and orangutans (PONGO PYGMAEUS).Niger: A republic in western Africa, north of NIGERIA and west of CHAD. Its capital is Niamey.Climate: The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Fossils: Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.Archaeology: The scientific study of past societies through artifacts, fossils, etc.Mozambique: A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.Genetics, Population: The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.Human Migration: Periodic movement of human settlement from one geographical location to another.Rural Health: The status of health in rural populations.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Nigeria: A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.Congo: A republic in central Africa lying between GABON and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and south of Cameroon. Its capital is Brazzaville.Rain: Water particles that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.Botswana: A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest.Guinea-Bissau: A republic in western Africa, south of SENEGAL and west of GUINEA. Its capital is Bissau.Anopheles: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.Endemic Diseases: The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)Chad: A republic in central Africa, east of NIGER, west of SUDAN and south of LIBYA. Its capital is N'Djamena.Mosquito Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.World Health: The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.Plasmodium falciparum: A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.Sierra Leone: A republic in western Africa, south of GUINEA and west of LIBERIA. Its capital is Freetown.Namibia: A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek.Rift Valley Fever: An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.Anthropology, Physical: The comparative science dealing with the physical characteristics of humans as related to their origin, evolution, and development in the total environment.International Cooperation: The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.Epidemics: Sudden outbreaks of a disease in a country or region not previously recognized in that area, or a rapid increase in the number of new cases of a previous existing endemic disease. Epidemics can also refer to outbreaks of disease in animal or plant populations.Central African Republic: A republic in central Africa south of CHAD and SUDAN, north of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, and east of CAMEROON. The capital is Bangui.Americas: The general name for NORTH AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined.Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.EuropeCD4 Lymphocyte Count: The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.Circumcision, Male: Excision of the prepuce of the penis (FORESKIN) or part of it.Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.Indian Ocean Islands: Numerous islands in the Indian Ocean situated east of Madagascar, north to the Arabian Sea and east to Sri Lanka. Included are COMOROS (republic), MADAGASCAR (republic), Maldives (republic), MAURITIUS (parliamentary democracy), Pemba (administered by Tanzania), REUNION (a department of France), and SEYCHELLES (republic).Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active: Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Population Surveillance: Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.Anopheles gambiae: A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.World Health Organization: A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.Population Dynamics: The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.Tropical Climate: A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, i.e., one with continually high temperatures with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Pregnancy Complications, Infectious: The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Incidence: The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.DNA, Mitochondrial: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.HIV Seropositivity: Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).Sexual Behavior: Sexual activities of humans.Tropical Medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Communicable Disease Control: Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Asia, Southeastern: The geographical area of Asia comprising BORNEO; BRUNEI; CAMBODIA; INDONESIA; LAOS; MALAYSIA; the MEKONG VALLEY; MYANMAR (formerly Burma), the PHILIPPINES; SINGAPORE; THAILAND; and VIETNAM.Angola: A republic in southern Africa, southwest of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and west of ZAMBIA. Its capital is Luanda.Asia, Western: The geographical designation for the countries of the MIDDLE EAST and the countries BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; INDIA; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; and SRI LANKA. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993 & Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.Rift Valley fever virus: A mosquito-borne species of the PHLEBOVIRUS genus found in eastern, central, and southern Africa, producing massive hepatitis, abortion, and death in sheep, goats, cattle, and other animals. It also has caused disease in humans.Seasons: Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Satellite Communications: Communications using an active or passive satellite to extend the range of radio, television, or other electronic transmission by returning signals to earth from an orbiting satellite.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Pyrimethamine: One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.Conservation of Natural Resources: The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Morocco: A country located in north Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with a southern border with Western Sahara, eastern border with Algeria. The capital is Rabat.Agriculture: The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.Health Services Accessibility: The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.Lassa Fever: An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.Liberia: A republic in western Africa, south of GUINEA and east of COTE D'IVOIRE. Its capital is Monrovia.HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Antitubercular Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.Paleontology: The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population.Urbanization: The process whereby a society changes from a rural to an urban way of life. It refers also to the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.Artemisinins: A group of SESQUITERPENES and their analogs that contain a peroxide group (PEROXIDES) within an oxepin ring (OXEPINS).Radiometric Dating: Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.Djibouti: A republic in eastern Africa, on the Gulf of Aden at the entrance to the Red Sea. Djibouti is also the name of its capital.Microsatellite Repeats: A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice: Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).Child, Orphaned: Child who has lost both parents through death or desertion.Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.Lost to Follow-Up: Study subjects in COHORT STUDIES whose outcomes are unknown e.g., because they could not or did not wish to attend follow-up visits.(from Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed.)Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.Swaziland: A kingdom in southern Africa, west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Mbabane. The area was settled by the Swazi branch of the Zulu nation in the early 1880's, with its independence guaranteed by the British and Transvaal governments in 1881 and 1884. With limited self-government introduced in 1962, it became independent in 1968. Swazi is the Zulu name for the people who call themselves Swati, from Mswati, the name of a 16th century king, from a word meaning stick or rod. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1170 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p527)Topography, Medical: The systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks.Mediterranean Region: The MEDITERRANEAN SEA, the MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS, and the countries bordering on the sea collectively.Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.Trypanosomiasis, African: A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces "African sleeping sickness." Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.Culicidae: A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.Rwanda: A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.Insecticide Resistance: The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Animal Migration: Periodic movements of animals in response to seasonal changes or reproductive instinct. Hormonal changes are the trigger in at least some animals. Most migrations are made for reasons of climatic change, feeding, or breeding.Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.Child Mortality: Number of deaths of children between one year of age to 12 years of age in a given population.Laboratory Personnel: Professionals, technicians, and assistants staffing LABORATORIES.Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.Disease Transmission, Infectious: The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).Molecular Epidemiology: The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.Chromosomes, Human, Y: The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant: Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.Politics: Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.Lassa virus: A species of ARENAVIRUS, part of the Old World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, OLD WORLD), and the etiologic agent of LASSA FEVER. LASSA VIRUS is a common infective agent in humans in West Africa. Its natural host is the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis.Coinfection: Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.Cost of Illness: The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or QUALITY OF LIFE. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.Onchocerciasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space.Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections: Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.Ethiopia: An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.Latin America: The geographic area of Latin America in general and when the specific country or countries are not indicated. It usually includes Central America, South America, Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Lesotho: A kingdom in southern Africa, within the republic of SOUTH AFRICA. Its capital is Maseru.Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Maps as Topic: Representations, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of material or abstract features on the surface of the earth, the heavens, or celestial bodies.Poverty: A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.Burundi: A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. Its capital is Bujumbura.Neglected Diseases: Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).Capacity Building: Organizational development including enhancement of management structures, processes and procedures, within organizations and among different organizations and sectors to meet present and future needs.Animals, Wild: Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.Paleodontology: The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.Food Supply: The production and movement of food items from point of origin to use or consumption.Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.Monkeypox virus: A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS causing an epidemic disease among captive primates.Communicable Diseases, Emerging: Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man.Plasmodium: A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Bayes Theorem: A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.Urban Health: The status of health in urban populations.Family Characteristics: Size and composition of the family.Gene Flow: The change in gene frequency in a population due to migration of gametes or individuals (ANIMAL MIGRATION) across population barriers. In contrast, in GENETIC DRIFT the cause of gene frequency changes are not a result of population or gamete movement.Bedding and Linens: Articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like.Sudan: A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.Manihot: A plant genus of the family EUPHORBIACEAE that is perennial with conspicuous, almost palmate leaves like those of RICINUS but more deeply parted into five to nine lobes. It is a source of a starch after removal of the cyanogenic glucosides. The common name of Arrowroot is also used with Maranta (MARANTACEAE). The common name of yuca is also used for YUCCA.Tuberculosis, Pulmonary: MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Missions and Missionaries: To be used for articles pertaining to medical activities carried out by personnel in institutions which are administered by a religious organization.Community Health Workers: Persons trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community concerning needs and availability of health services.Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region.Insect Bites and Stings: Bites and stings inflicted by insects.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Progress toward measles elimination--Southern Africa, 1996-1998. (1/197)
Despite routine measles vaccination coverage of >70% in southern Africa during the early 1990s, low-level endemic transmission and periodic epidemics of measles continued. Since 1995, six southern African nations (Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) have launched measles-elimination initiatives in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Regional Office (AFR). Strategies include programs to 1) achieve routine vaccination coverage of > or =95% with one dose of measles vaccine administered at age 9 months; 2) implement a one-time national catch-up measles vaccination campaign to interrupt indigenous transmission of measles; 3) implement periodic national follow-up measles campaigns to maintain interruption of measles transmission; and 4) establish case-based measles surveillance with laboratory confirmation. This report presents preliminary data about the progress toward measles elimination in the six southern Africa countries. (+info)Genetic differentiation of some Glossina morsitans morsitans populations. (2/197)
To study the population structure of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and singlestrand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) methods were used to estimate mitochondrial DNA diversity at four loci in six natural populations from Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and in two laboratory cultures. The Zambian and Zimbabwean samples were from a single fly belt. Four alleles were recorded at 12S and 16S1, and five alleles at 16S2 and COI. Nucleotide sequencing confirmed their singularities. Chi-square contingency tests showed that allele frequencies differed significantly among populations. Mean allele diversities in populations averaged over loci varied from 0.14 to 0.61. Little loss in haplotype diversity was detected in the laboratory cultures thereby indicating little inbreeding. Wright's fixation index F(ST) in the natural populations was 0.088+/-0.016, the correlation of haplotypes within populations relative to correlations in the total. A function of its inverse allows an estimate of the mean equivalent number of females exchanged per population per generation, 5.2. No correlation was detected between pairwise genetic distance measures and geographical distances. Drift explains the high degree of differentiation. (+info)Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba--the "Black Jews of Southern Africa". (3/197)
The Lemba are a traditionally endogamous group speaking a variety of Bantu languages who live in a number of locations in southern Africa. They claim descent from Jews who came to Africa from "Sena." "Sena" is variously identified by them as Sanaa in Yemen, Judea, Egypt, or Ethiopia. A previous study using Y-chromosome markers suggested both a Bantu and a Semitic contribution to the Lemba gene pool, a suggestion that is not inconsistent with Lemba oral tradition. To provide a more detailed picture of the Lemba paternal genetic heritage, we analyzed 399 Y chromosomes for six microsatellites and six biallelic markers in six populations (Lemba, Bantu, Yemeni-Hadramaut, Yemeni-Sena, Sephardic Jews, and Ashkenazic Jews). The high resolution afforded by the markers shows that Lemba Y chromosomes are clearly divided into Semitic and Bantu clades. Interestingly, one of the Lemba clans carries, at a very high frequency, a particular Y-chromosome type termed the "Cohen modal haplotype," which is known to be characteristic of the paternally inherited Jewish priesthood and is thought, more generally, to be a potential signature haplotype of Judaic origin. The Bantu Y-chromosome samples are predominantly (>80%) YAP+ and include a modal haplotype at high frequency. Assuming a rapid expansion of the eastern Bantu, we used variation in microsatellite alleles in YAP+ sY81-G Bantu Y chromosomes to calculate a rough date, 3,000-5,000 years before the present, for the start of their expansion. (+info)The ecology of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis in southern Africa. (4/197)
The only non-human host of Lassa virus so far identified is the multimammate mouse, Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, but its precise role in the natural Lassa fever cycle remains to be determined. This species is also an important link in the plague cycle in southern Africa and is one of the commonest rodents of Africa. It is a prolific breeder and can be kept and bred easily in captivity. It is thus an excellent laboratory animal, although it needs to be handled with care because it is aggressive towards man and bites readily. The current status of knowledge of its taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and role as a disease vector is reviewed, but attention is drawn to the possibly disastrous consequences of attempting to eradicate a vector species before the natural cycle of the disease and the ecology of the vector are fully understood. (+info)The biology, behaviour, and ecology of Mastomys natalensis in southern Africa. (5/197)
The multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis, is the most widespread and common rodent in Africa south of the Sahara. It is an ideal carrier of normally non-human diseases to the domestic environment, not only because of its semi-commensal habit but also because of a combination of other behavioural and ecological factors. Of these, the most important is an exceptionally high propagation rate. (+info)Culture, sexuality, and women's agency in the prevention of HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. (6/197)
Using an ethnographic approach, the authors explored the awareness among women in southern Africa of the HIV epidemic and the methods they might use to protect themselves from the virus. The research, conducted from 1992 through 1999, focused specifically on heterosexual transmission in 5 sites that were selected to reflect urban and rural experiences, various populations, and economic and political opportunities for women at different historical moments over the course of the HIV epidemic. The authors found that the female condom and other woman-controlled methods are regarded as culturally appropriate among many men and women in southern Africa and are crucial to the future of HIV/AIDS prevention. The data reported in this article demonstrate that cultural acceptability for such methods among women varies along different axes, both over time and among different populations. For this reason, local circumstances need to be taken into account. Given that women have been clearly asking for protective methods they can use, however, political and economic concerns, combined with historically powerful patterns of gender discrimination and neglect of women's sexuality, must be viewed as the main obstacles to the development and distribution of methods women can control. (+info)Cooperation, control, and concession in meerkat groups. (7/197)
"Limited control" models of reproductive skew in cooperative societies suggest that the frequency of breeding by subordinates is determined by the outcome of power struggles with dominants. In contrast, "optimal skew" models suggest that dominants have full control of subordinate reproduction and allow subordinates to breed only when this serves to retain subordinates' assistance with rearing dominants' own litters. The results of our 7-year field study of cooperative meerkats, Suricata suricatta, support the predictions of limited control models and provide no indication that dominant females grant reproductive concessions to subordinates to retain their assistance with future breeding attempts. (+info)Foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses exhibit genetically and geographically distinct evolutionary lineages (topotypes). (8/197)
Serotype O is the most prevalent of the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus and occurs in many parts of the world. The UPGMA method was used to construct a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences at the 3' end of the VP1 gene from 105 FMD type O viruses obtained from samples submitted to the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD. This analysis identified eight major genotypes when a value of 15% nucleotide difference was used as a cut-off. The validity of these groupings was tested on the complete VP1 gene sequences of 23 of these viruses by bootstrap resampling and construction of a neighbour-joining tree. These eight genetic lineages fell within geographical boundaries and we have used the term topotype to describe them. Using a large sequence database, the distribution of viruses belonging to each of the eight topotypes has been determined. These phylogenetically based epidemiological studies have also been used to identify viruses that have transgressed their normal ecological niches. Despite the high rate of mutation during replication of the FMD virus genome, the topotypes appear to represent evolutionary cul-de-sacs. (+info)Southern Africa. 70: 37. Bibcode:1971MNSSA..30...37C. "k1Coronae Australis". Alcyone.de. Retrieved 23 January 2015. "k2Coronae ... Corben, P. M. (1971). "Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colours for Bright Southern Stars". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. ...
Southern Africa. 24: 41. Bibcode:1965MNSSA..24...41L. Evans, D. S. (2006). "The Revision of the General Catalogue of Radial ... Lake, R. (1965). "Photometric Magnitudes and Colours for Bright Southern Stars (Sixth List)". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc ...
"Photoelectric magnitudes and colours for bright southern stars". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. Southern Africa. 25: 44. ... and Papua New Guinea as one of five stars which comprise the Southern Cross. It is also featured in the flag of Brazil, along ... star system located 321 light-years from the Sun in the constellation of Crux and part of the asterism known as the Southern ...
The Rhodes Trust has defined "Southern Africa" to include South Africa, and at various times, Botswana, East Africa, Ghana, ... "Southern Africa" region has included a number of countries in addition to South Africa: Botswana ( 4, 1996-2009) East Africa ( ... Southern Africa; USA; Zambia and Zimbabwe. Other countries or regions which have, at one time or another, nominated candidates ... Southern Africa and USA. In 1903, a further 5 scholarships were allotted to Germany. Although 2 Scholarships were awarded in ...
Southern Africa. 70: 37. Bibcode:1971MNSSA..30...37C. Houk, N.; Swift, C. (1999). "Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional ... Corben, P. M. (1971). "Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colours for Bright Southern Stars". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. ...
Southern Africa. 23: 136. Bibcode:1964MNSSA..23..136L. Wilson, Ralph Elmer (1953). "General catalogue of stellar radial ... Lake, R. (1964). "Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colours for 100 Southern Stars (Fifth List)". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. ...
Sources Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Bainbridge, James; Firestone, Matthew D. (2010-03-11). Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. ... Ramokgwebana lies at the northern end of the only railway line in Botswana, which runs from Ramatlabama on the South African ...
Murphy, Alan; Armstrong, Kate; Bainbridge, James; Firestone, Matthew D. (2010-03-11). Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978- ... The first gold rush in Southern Africa began in 1867. In 1869 the Englishman Daniel Francis came to hunt for gold on the river ... Main, Michael (2001-10-31). African Adventurer's Guide to Botswana. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-576-2. Retrieved 2012-09-19. ...
Free Trade Agreement with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa grouping 20 states and the Southern African ... the Southern African Network for Biosciences (SANBio), based in Pretoria, the West African Biosciences Hub (WABNet), based in ... South African universities attracted 61 000 foreign students in 2009. Students from the other 14 countries of the Southern ... ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1. Kraemer-Mbula, Erika; Scerri, Mario (2015). Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 ( ...
African Books Collective. ISBN 99908-87-50-0. Murphy, Alan (2007). "Livingstonia". Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059 ... African Books Collective. ISBN 99908-87-15-2. McIntosh, Hamish (1993). Robert Laws: servant of Africa. Handsel. ISBN 1-871828- ... He went as far as to say that the Associations could prepare Africans to elect Europeans, and later Africans, to the ... Laws aimed to teach Africans the skills needed to run trades and small industries so they would not be at the mercy of the " ...
"Southern Africa". 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2017. ... John Leadstone, an ex-pirate nicknamed "Old Captain Crackers" who established a trading post on the west coast of Africa. Fox, ...
Southern Africa. Lonely Planet travel guide. p. 327. ISBN 9781740597456. ...
Southern Africa. 25: 44. Bibcode:1966MNSSA..25...44C. Gontcharov, G. A. (2006). "Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for ... de Vaucouleurs, A. (1957). "Spectral types and luminosities of B, A and F southern stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal ... Corben, P. M. (1966). "Photoelectric magnitudes and colours for bright southern stars". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. ...
Southern Africa. 29 (7). Bibcode:1970MNSSA..29....7C. Kharchenko, N. V.; et al. (2007). "Astrophysical supplements to the ASCC- ...
Southern Africa. 25: 44. Bibcode:1966MNSSA..25...44C. Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989). "The Perkins catalog of ... Corben, P. M. (1966). "Photoelectric magnitudes and colours for bright southern stars". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. ...
Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (1 January 1988). The Catholic directory of Southern Africa. Southern African ... Overland Through Southern Africa. Struik, 1998. ISBN 1868721051. Godfrey Mwakikagile (30 April 2010). Zambia: Life in an ... Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge; Matthew D. Firestone (11 March 2010). Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. pp. 668-. ... Willie Olivier; Sandra Olivier (1998). Overland Through Southern Africa. Struik. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-86872-105-4. Retrieved 18 ...
"UBV Photometry of Some Southern Stars (Second List)". Monthly Notes of the Astron. Soc. Southern Africa. 32: 11. 1973. Bibcode: ...
Southern Africa". Theafricareport.com. Retrieved 2013-06-22. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21580163- ...
Southern Africa. 46: p. 72. Bibcode:1987MNSSA..46...72W. CS1 maint: Extra text (link) Tomov, T.; Swierczynski, E.; Mikolajewski ... M.; Ilkiewicz, K. (April 2015). "SALT observations of southern post-novae". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 576: A119, 24 pp. Bibcode ...
Botha, Cynthia (2006). "Southern Africa". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia. The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer ... Phelps and his family emigrated to South Africa in 1909, he was successively warden of St Peter's Home in Grahamstown and ... Botha 2006, p. 198-. New Primate Of South Africa Dr. Phelps Elected The Times Friday, Dec 19, 1930 "ARCHBISHOP OF CAPE TOWN. ...
Botha, Cynthia (2006). "Southern Africa". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia. The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer ... An Anglo-Catholic opposition to the 1920 South African edition of the Book of Common Prayer was led by Darragh. The ... Lewis, Cecil; Edwards, G. E. (1935). South Africa: The Growth of the Church of the Province. London: Society For Promoting ... Dublin who served as a priest and school master in the Anglican Church in South Africa in the late nineteenth century, at ...
A Profile of Higher Education in Southern Africa. Volume 2: National Perspectives. Johannesburg: Southern African Regional ... The Republic of Botswana was one of the first countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to adopt a science ... Status of national innovation systems in the Southern Africa Development Community, 2015 Source of table: Mbula-Kraemer, Erika ... Mbula-Kraemer, Erika; Scerri, Mario (2015). Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. ...
... a median number for Southern Africa. This was a higher ratio than the average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole: 91 researchers ... Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 535-555. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1. African ... Status of national innovation systems in the Southern Africa Development Community in 2015, in terms of their potential to ... In 2014, Malawian scientists had the third-largest output in Southern Africa, in terms of articles catalogued in international ...
List of species of southern African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 2(1-2): 1-152(pt. 1), 1-270(pt. 2). ... Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist "Pechuel-Loeschea , Species Dictionary , Southern Africa , iSpot Nature". www. ... Pechuel-loeschea, common name Stinkbush or Bitterbos, is a genus of African plants in the elecampane tribe within the sunflower ...
Southern Africa. p. 27. Bibcode:1923JASSA...1...27C. Missing or empty ,url= (help) Royal Observatory, C. of Good Hope (1913). ... Hough concentrated on the completion of Gill's programme and compiled five of the twelve volumes of the Southern African part ... CS1 maint: Extra text (link) "HOUGH, Sydney Samuel [FRS]". Astronomical Society of Southern Africa. "Hough, Sydney Samuel ( ... Biography of Sydney Samuel Hough at the S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science publications by S.S. Hough in ...
South Africa. * Find this book on the National Library of South Africa catalogue ... Find this book in the College of Southern Nevada library catalog. * Find this book in the Colorado State University libraries ... Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue. * Find this book on the University of the Witwatersrand Library ... Find this book in the Southern Methodist University library catalog. * Find this book in the Stanford University library ...
Populations of indigenous people in southern Africa carry a gene that causes lighter skin, and scientists have now identified ... The gene that causes lighter skin pigmentation, SLC24A5, was introduced from eastern African to southern African populations ... More information: Meng Lin el al., "Rapid evolution of a skin-lightening allele in southern African KhoeSan," PNAS (2018). www. ... The DNA and pigmentation sampling took place in the Northern Cape of South Africa in the southern Kalahari Desert and ...
Birds of Southern Africa, the Southern African Bird Atlas Project and Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. It is not used ... There is only limited data on the other Southern African countries. History of Southern Africa Kalahari Sub-Saharan Africa " ... five countries constitute Southern Africa: Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland The Southern African Customs Union ( ... The term southern Africa or Southern Africa, generally includes Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South ...
GenderCC Southern Africa is located on the grounds of the GreenHouse Peoples Environmental Center in Johannesburg. Two members ... GenderCC Southern Africa GenderCC Southern Africa is located on the grounds of the GreenHouse Peoples Environmental Center in ...
Development Southern Africa, the journal of the Development Bank of Southern Africa, publishes articles that reflect innovative ... thinking on key development challenges and policy issues facing South Africa and other southern African countries.. ...
Southernmost region of the African continent, comprising the countries of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, ... Independence and decolonization in Southern Africa*The consolidation of white rule in Southern Africa ... peoples and language groups of Africa (in Africa (continent): Central and Southern Africa) ... Southern Africa, southernmost region of the African continent, comprising the countries of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, ...
... related legal terms and conditions of BP Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd ("BPSA") applying to your use of and access to the website ... You also agree that your information may be shared with other members of the BP Group outside South Africa. Except as set out ... and any matters related to the aforegoing shall be governed by he law s of South Africa, and any dispute arising between you ... confidential arbitration proceedings held in accordance with the prevailing rules of the Arbitration Foundation of South Africa ...
Investment policy in Southern Africa. The NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative supports members of the Southern African ... OECD Home Industry and entrepreneurshipInternational investmentInvestment for developmentInvestment policy in Southern Africa ... Unlocking investment potential in Southern Africa. Using NEPAD and OECD peer learning methods and instruments, this project ... This project is conducted within the institutional framework of the NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative, under the ...
Two monitoring platforms have been put in place: one within 50 metres of a sea floor well and a second 16 kilometres from any sea floor infrastructure. The platforms will be deployed for 25 years. During its first five years of operation, the harsh environment for data acquisition (at depths of approximately 1,400 metres) has affected the quality of some of the data we have been able to obtain from the observation modules. The modules are retrieved from the sea floor every 12 months for data offloading, instrument calibration and battery re-charging. We have gradually refined the operation and the system is now a proven concept for data acquisition. In 2014, we completed an independent review of data gathered by the DELOS equipment and by remotely operated vehicles, which covered parameters such as oxygen concentration, salinity, turbidity, and temperature. Photographic information was also analysed. The review found a very large and statistically significant month to month variation in the ...
Southern Africa is a region that includes several non-tropical countries in Africa. ... Southern Africa. From Wikitravel. Revision as of 05:08, 5 June 2009 by Inas. (talk , contribs) (removed located perth redirect) ... Southern Africa is an adventure haven. The region has some of the highest bungee jumping spots in the world; fantastic hiking ... The Drakensberg (mountains of the dragon) range stretches some 1000km through Southern Africa, from the Eastern Cape through ...
20 Bishopscourt Drive, Bishopscourt, Claremont, Western Cape, 7708, South Africa. Office:. +27 (0)21 763 1325. Fax:. +27 (0)21 ...
Southern Africa is a region that includes several non-tropical countries in Africa. ... Southern Africa. From Wikitravel. Revision as of 09:12, 16 March 2010 by Babbelas. (talk , contribs) (→Countries: added ... Southern Africa is an adventure haven. The region has some of the highest bungee jumping spots in the world; fantastic hiking ... The Drakensberg (mountains of the dragon) range stretches some 1000km through Southern Africa, from the Eastern Cape through ...
South Africa has over 150 000 Covid-19 cases. Do you know someone who has been infected? ...
... On this page you will find a calendar of events likely to be of interest to martial ... 10 September 1999: WTF Taekwondo: 7th All Africa Games (Johannesburg) 16-30 September 1999: Judo African Games (Johannesburg) ... 27-28 April 2001: South African Chinese Kuoshu Tournament (Modderfontein Sports Club, Modderfontein) The South African Chinese ... Martial Arts For Africa (MAA) the only association in South Africa that can offer you International recognition & instruction ...
The Southern African hedgehog is found throughout southern Africa, specifically in Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa and ... Southern African hedgehog range The Southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis) is a species of mammal in the family ... The Southern African hedgehog is not a threat to humans; however, humans are a threat to the Southern African hedgehog, ... which are two medical problems that Southern African hedgehogs typically face. In South Africa, it is illegal to keep ...
A new linguistic analysis finds that modern language originated in sub-Saharan Africa and spread across the world with ... Africa turned out to have the greatest phonemic diversity - it is the only place in the world where languages incorporate ... "Language is such an adaptive thing that it makes sense to have a single origin before the diaspora out of Africa. Its also a ... "This suggests there was one major origin in Africa.". "Its a compelling idea," says Sohini Ramachandran of Brown University in ...
The Southern African free trade zone has been hailed as one of the most significant steps taken by the Southern African ... The Southern African free trade zone has been hailed as one of the most significant steps taken by the Southern African ... The Southern African union will build on the exisiting South African Customs Union, which links South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho ... In addition to the Southern and East African initiatives, a number of English-speaking countries in West Africa recently ...
Do you work for Southern Africa Federation of the Disabled? Become an administrator ...
SAS Southern Africa also invested in media exposure through our Business Analytics Survey and television interview with Desan ... Congratulations to Datacentrix for Reselling the first VA in Southern Africa into a brand new midmarket account. This is a ... We also made some significant inroads into Africa with new partner discussions and will finalise onboariding during Q3, with ...
Officials say the food situation in southern Africa is always precarious, but a total of 370,000 metric tons of food has been ... Hess says USAID and WFP were able to get food aid to six southern African nations in a timely manner. With the United States ... As you all know this chronic situation in southern Africa, lots of complications that have to do with chronic poverty and AIDS ... Hess acknowledges that while famine was averted this year, the food situation in the southern African region is always ...
The Southern Africa Water Wire, Water & Sanitation Water & Sanitation. Sharing Southern Africas Water. By Thabani Okwenjani ... Water officials from across Southern Africa are meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe, on Jun 5-6 to develop a mechanism to monitor the ... HARARE, Jun 5 2012 (IPS) - The Southern African Development Communitys protocol on shared watercourses is recognised as one of ... The water sector is critical in helping build regional integration in Southern Africa. Credit: Zukiswa Zimela/IPS ...
VOAs Scott Bobb reports from our Southern African Bureau in Johannesburg.. Relief officials in southern Africa say heavy rains ... Floods and heavy rains have destroyed the homes and crops of nearly 100,000 people in several countries in southern Africa. ...
Tebogo was selected as one of the young 200 South Africans in 2019 in the Business and entrepreneurship category as well as the ... Loic has 15 years experience at the helm of corporations, and as a CEO, in Africa and Europe has managed turnarounds, market ... Kudi is one of the market leaders in Agent Banking driving financial inclusion in Nigeria and Africa at large. He coordinates ... Darren Franks, Founder & CEO is a thought leader in talent acquisition strategies with a specialist focus on the African ...
The World Economic Forum named Darlene Menzies one of six top Female Technology Entrepreneurs in Africa for 2017. She is a ... Prior to starting both Far Ventures and Finchatbot he also Co-Founded TimeOne South Africa; an award winning online marketing ... He is a seasoned entrepreneur with experience in Business Strategy, Sales Management and Venture building across both Africa ... he is also committed to enabling entrepreneurial talent in Africa. He does this by sharing his lessons and knowledge as a ...
... SHA specialists and their local partners inspect wells in several villages in the Búzi ... Swiss Humanitarian Aid has allocated a total of CHF 2 million to help people in south-east Africa cope with the ensuing ... Idai is one of the most severe tropical storms to have hit south-east Africa in the last 30 years. ...
PO Box 7109, Newton Park, 6055, South Africa. Email:. Click here for email. ...
2018ZambiaEast AfricaSwaziland2019Conversation AfricaBirds of Southern AfricaDevelopment Bank oCentrePopulationsBantuEastern AfricaPresident Cyril RamaphosaBiodiversityProgrammeRhodesiaSearchArchaeologicalKalahari DesertKruger NatiLivelihoodsGenomesNigeriaApartheidOrganisationHunter-gatherersEmergesEcologySpeciesGeneticResearchersSouth African20thElephantsRiversMaizeOfficialsLimpopoCentral AmericaOpening ceremonyParticipantsPractices
- Rapid evolution of a skin-lightening allele in southern African KhoeSan," PNAS (2018). (phys.org)
- Strategic Christian leaders from within southern Africa who have a passion (or the seeds of a passion) for caring for God's good creation gathered from 19-23 February 2018 at the Africa Enterprise Conference Center in Pietermartizburg, South Africa. (lausanne.org)
- The tricky part with the fall armyworm is that it burrows into the plant whereas the African armyworm eats from outside," Coillard Hamusimbi, the head of agri-business at the Zambia National Farmers' Union, told Reuters. (reuters.com)
- Eliot Zitsanza, the Zambia-based chief scientist at the International Red Locust Control Organisation for Central and Southern Africa, which assisted in a local study on the pest, said the South American experience suggested invaded fields could lose 30 to 40 percent of their crop. (reuters.com)
- In particular, it focuses on Zambia (Northern Rhodesia at time of British domination), a landlocked country located in the centre of Southern Africa, whose historical evolution, since it was conquered at the beginning of the twentieth century, is deeply intertwined with the discovery, extraction and export of copper and with the import of fossil fuel. (seenthis.net)
- The analysis of infrastructure development in postcolonial Zambia illustrates the competing strategies through which imperialist powers attempted to secure a new form of control on Africa and elucidates the role of logistics as a decisive tool to shape the African territory. (seenthis.net)
- Vegetation contexts associated with Oldowan and early Acheulean lithic industries, in which climate is driven by an interplay of regional rainfall seasonality together with global CO 2 levels, develop along a regional distinct trajectory compared to eastern South Africa and East Africa. (nature.com)
- Erlier in December, FAO also issued a warning that there is an increased risk of Rift Valley fever (RVF), especially in East Africa. (eurasiareview.com)
- The book is one of a three-part series that takes a closer look at the nexus of climate change and agriculture in three regions of Africa: West Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa-and offers recommendations for how policymakers can build flexibility and resilience into development policies. (ifpri.org)
- One study looked at the records of tropical cyclones in South East Africa going back 66 years. (theconversation.com)
- Three hotspots of species diversity have been highlighted in the report, including the area where the upper Zambezi meets the Kwando and Chobe rivers above Victoria Falls, the Komati and Crocodile river tributaries of the Incomati system in Mpumalanga, South Africa, and the Mbuluzi river basin, also in Mpumalanga, South Africa, and in Swaziland. (iucn.org)
- South Africa has already declared drought status for five provinces, its main cereal producing regions, while Lesotho has issued a drought mitigation plan and Swaziland has implemented water restrictions as reservoir levels have become low. (eurasiareview.com)
- The cases have escalated in number, and reach into other African countries as well, such as Congo and Swaziland in 2008. (worldatlas.com)
- Each year for the past 28 years, he leaves his wife and three children in Swaziland to go and work in the mines of South Africa. (worldbank.org)
- Tebogo was selected as one of the young 200 South Africans in 2019 in the Business and entrepreneurship category as well as the inspiring 50 women in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) in South Africa 2019. (terrapinn.com)
- The Conversation Africa] As COVID-19 becomes the most intensely covered virus in history, there are important lessons to be drawn from the media's reporting of another global pandemic: HIV/Aids. (medworm.com)
- University of the Witwatersrand provides support as a hosting partner of The Conversation AFRICA. (theconversation.com)
- This definition is most often used in South Africa for natural sciences and particularly in guide books such as Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa, the Southern African Bird Atlas Project and Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. (wikipedia.org)
- Development Southern Africa, the journal of the Development Bank of Southern Africa, publishes articles that reflect innovative thinking on key development challenges and policy issues facing South Africa and other southern African countries. (wikipedia.org)
- The first hint of the relationship between African dust and certain soils in the region of the Mediterranean is their reddish or reddish-brown color, similar to that of African aerosol filters, caused by their clay content", co-author of the study and researcher at the Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) at the Universidad Aut³noma de Barcelona, Anna à  vila explained to SINC. (redorbit.com)
- Arrigo Pallotti is Associate Professor of History of Africa at the Department of Political and Social Sciences of the University of Bologna (Forlì Campus), Italy, and Research Fellow in the Centre for Africa Studies at the University of the Free State, South Africa. (routledge.com)
- The gene that causes lighter skin pigmentation, SLC24A5, was introduced from eastern African to southern African populations just 2,000 years ago. (phys.org)
- In previous work , the researchers looked at pigmentation variation in two KhoeSan populations from South Africa by performing a genome-wide association analysis in about 450 individuals. (phys.org)
- A new linguistic analysis attempts to rewrite the story of Babel by borrowing from the methods of genetic analysis - and finds that modern language originated in sub-Saharan Africa and spread across the world with migrating human populations. (newscientist.com)
- Remarkably, this echoes genetic analyses showing that African populations have higher genetic diversity than European, Asian and American populations. (newscientist.com)
- as smaller populations broke off and spread across the world, human language lost some of its phonemic diversity, and sounds that humans first spoke in the African Babel were left behind. (newscientist.com)
- Using SNP data from 2,099 individuals in 43 populations, we show that estimates of recent shared ancestry between Europe and Africa are substantially increased when gene flow from North Africans, rather than Sub-Saharan Africans, is considered. (pnas.org)
- A particular pattern of interest is the higher level of genetic diversity in southern European populations compared with those in northern latitudes. (pnas.org)
- The KhoeSan groups are genetically distinct from all other African populations, and are believed to be one of the "first groups to diverge from the ancestors of all humans," according to a press release . (the-scientist.com)
- Wildlife conservation managers effected strategies to manage/breed the remaining rhinoceros populations in Eastern and Southern Africa within regional sanctuaries. (hindawi.com)
- The team sequenced the lactase persistence regulatory region in 267 individuals from 13 southern African populations (including decedents of hunter-gatherers, herders and mixed farmers), providing the first comprehensive study of the lactase persistence regulatory region in a large group of southern Africans. (eurekalert.org)
- Previous genetic studies have suggested a history of sub-Saharan African gene flow into some West Eurasian populations after the initial dispersal out of Africa that occurred at least 45,000 years ago. (plos.org)
- We also detect 3%-5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in all eight of the diverse Jewish populations that we analyzed. (plos.org)
- Southern Europeans and Middle Eastern populations are known to have inherited a small percentage of their genetic material from recent sub-Saharan African migrations, but there has been no estimate of the exact proportion of this gene flow, or of its date. (plos.org)
- The black peoples of Southern Africa-the overwhelming majority of the region's population-can be divided into speakers of two language families, Khoisan and Bantu . (britannica.com)
- Sangomas perform a holistic and symbolic form of healing by drawing on the embedded beliefs of the Bantu peoples in South Africa , who believe that ancestors in the afterlife guide and protect the living. (wikipedia.org)
- The team concludes that pastoralist practices were brought to southern Africa by a small group of migrants from eastern Africa. (eurekalert.org)
- We show that the spread was mediated by migration from eastern Africa. (eurekalert.org)
- President Cyril Ramaphosa has warned South Africans to prepare for difficult days ahead as Eskom power cuts continue to cripple the country. (polity.org.za)
- The study by the IUCN Species Programme, in collaboration with the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity and the South African National Biodiversity Institute, shows that seven percent of species are known to be regionally threatened or extinct. (iucn.org)
- These are genera which are included both in the Jepson Manual of the Higher Plants of California and in the Plants of Southern Africa Checklist maintained by the South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. (calflora.net)
- The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies revealed their plan to expand the anti-AIDS programme to help 50 million people in Southern Africa to fight the dreaded disease. (medindia.net)
- Of the estimated 34 million people living with HIV/AIDS across the world, almost three quarters live in Eastern and Southern Africa, Sheila Tlou, the Director of the Regional Support Team for the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) told a media briefing in Geneva. (un.org)
- WILPF fully supports the United Nations in its condemnation of the governments of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia and its call for a total isolation of these two racist regimes. (wilpf.org)
- One of the most popular holiday activities in Southern Africa is wildlife safaris in search of spotting the Big Five (lion, elephant, buffalo, leopard, rhino). (wikitravel.org)
- The reserve has the largest concentration of Black and White Rhino in Africa and, provided conditions are right, our guides will lead us on foot to some of the more concealed places in search of these magnificent animals. (tripadvisor.co.uk)
- An article by Tim Forssman on mg.co.za - Unearthing the neglected role of hunter-gatherers in social transformation - reports on the rich cultural sequences in the archaeological record of southern Africa that supplement hunter-gatherer histories, and how hunter-gatherers, in the middle Limpopo Valley area, participated in complex social organisations and contributed to these systems. (bradshawfoundation.com)
- The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimate evidence. (nature.com)
- Archaeological and genetic evidence indicate that anatomically modern humans arrived in Europe from an African source at least 45,000 years ago, following the initial dispersal out of Africa , . (plos.org)
- The Kalahari desert forms the central depression of the Southern African plateau. (britannica.com)
- Kruger National Park in South Africa - One of the best managed wildlife parks in Africa . (wikitravel.org)
- Continue to our tented camp near Kruger National Park and savour a delicious South African dinner in a boma. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Late rains, extended dry periods, two major cyclones and economic challenges have proved a recipe for disaster for food security and livelihoods across Southern Africa . (fao.org)
- Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago. (seenthis.net)
- Using hundreds of thousands of markers, the team was able to show that some 13 percent of the genomes among Khoe pastoralists trace their ancestry to eastern African pastoralist groups. (eurekalert.org)
- Kudi is one of the market leaders in Agent Banking driving financial inclusion in Nigeria and Africa at large. (terrapinn.com)
- In the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou, thousands of African immigrants, many of them small-scale clothing traders from Nigeria, have come seeking business opportunities. (npr.org)
- Since the end of apartheid, South Africa has already benefited from new-found export markets north of the Limpopo - witness the cans of Castle lager that appeared in bars as far away as Zanzibar during the 1990s. (bbc.co.uk)
- These range from politically powerful American corporations, which have a $1.8 billion investment in South Africa, to black Americans -- who constitute an important voting bloc and have become increasingly vocal in their condemnation of apartheid. (csmonitor.com)
- NSJ, a non-profit, professional organisation, promotes quality journalism because it believes that a professional and free media are critical in enhancing democracy in the Southern Africa. (sourcewatch.org)
- The findings also suggest that there was intermingling during that period between the Hadza, the San in southern Africa and the Baka in central Africa, all of whom were traditionally hunter-gatherers. (seenthis.net)
- In a new study, Uppsala University researchers together with South African researchers show that lactase persistence variants were at medium frequencies in the Khoe people, but at very low frequencies or absent among San hunter-gatherers. (eurekalert.org)
- Although no less devastating, none of this is surprising when one considers the game-changing findings of the IPCC Global Warming of 1.5°C report, in which southern Africa emerges as a climate hotspot. (dailymaverick.co.za)
- 1975). The ecology of Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis in southern Africa. (who.int)
- In this selection of papers from the 2006 Literature and Ecology Colloquium, held in Grahamstown, South Africa, the complexities of forging imaginative and pragmatic senses of belonging in Southern Africa are explored from a variety of disciplinary perspectives: philosophical, historical, botanical, and anthropological as well as literary. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The Southern African hedgehog ( Atelerix frontalis ) is a species of mammal in the family Erinaceidae . (wikipedia.org)
- The Southern African hedgehog hibernates during the winter and studies show that heterothermy helps keep the energy balance for this species during winter. (wikipedia.org)
- The results from the assessment of 1,279 freshwater species in southern Africa show that the more developed a country is, the more species are threatened with extinction. (iucn.org)
- Case studies will be used to develop a series of Good Practice Guidelines to help developers and governments take freshwater species into consideration when planning water projects in Africa. (iucn.org)
- LUSAKA (Reuters) - A maize pest that has devastated crops in southern Africa is a South American species which is harder to detect and eradicate than its African counterpart, agriculture officials and experts said on Tuesday. (reuters.com)
- A new species of plant-eating dinosaur with tiny, 1-inch-long jaws has come to light in South African rocks dating to the early dinosaur era, some 200 million years ago. (uchicago.edu)
- The single specimen of the new species was originally chipped out of red rock in southern Africa in the 1960s and discovered in a collection of fossils at Harvard University by Paul Sereno , paleontologist and professor at the University of Chicago and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence. (uchicago.edu)
- Named Pegomastax africanus, or " thick jaw from Africa," the new species had a short, parrot-shaped beak up front, a pair of stabbing canines and tall teeth tucked behind for slicing plants. (uchicago.edu)
- Heterodontosaurs appear to have divided similarly, the study argues, the northern species with simple triangular teeth like Tianyulong and the southern species with taller crowns like Pegomastax . (uchicago.edu)
- Endangered in much of Africa and with their overall numbers sharply in decline, lions have surprisingly reached surplus levels in many public and private wildlife reserves in southern Africa, at a severe cost to other wildlife species. (theglobeandmail.com)
- The large number of shared genera is at least in part of course due to the introduction of many South African species into California, and probably also due to the common introduction of species from the Mediterranean into both South Africa and California, but obviously it says much else about the similar environments in the two places. (calflora.net)
- The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. (seenthis.net)
- Majority of the rhinoceros in both Kenyan and Southern Africa group are monophyletic clusters with insignificant genetic variations while some lineages are underrepresented. (hindawi.com)
- Similarly, the Southern Africa rhinoceros have low genetic diversity compared to the Eastern African population due to extended periods of game hunting during Africa colonization. (hindawi.com)
- Watch for the African "big five" in the region's finest wildlife reserves, meet with National Geographic-supported researchers in the field, and experience local life and culture in vibrant cities. (nationalgeographic.com)
- A veteran veterinarian delivered the first known biologically identical puppy twins in South Africa, researchers who tested the pups' DNA over several weeks confirm. (nbclosangeles.com)
- It has complex Plateaus that create massive mountain structures along the South African border. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the South African hedgehog has evolved to become mostly omnivorous due to habitat loss and trash from human civilization being readily available. (wikipedia.org)
- South African Foreign Minister Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma said monetary union would "depend on the level of integration. (bbc.co.uk)
- That unadorned phrase pithily sums up the current state of United States-South African relations. (csmonitor.com)
- The impending change in the White House comes at a time when the South African government clearly has delineated the path it intends to follow -- toward political partition between black and white. (csmonitor.com)
- South African Prime Minister Pieter W. Botha has recently coined a new set of political catch phrases, such as "political independence, economic interdependence. (csmonitor.com)
- Moreover, South African officialdom makes it clear that unless Western governments wish to aid in execution of this strategy, they had best remain neutral. (csmonitor.com)
- Some Western allies would be much harder hit by the loss of South African minerals than others, and Western unity could hardly be fostered by such a move. (csmonitor.com)
- For there is no doubt that the South African government has contingency plans to halt its mineral exports in retaliation against sanctions. (csmonitor.com)
- We do have general contingency plans," acknowledges F. W. de Klerk, South African minister of mineral and energy affairs, "I think we would be very unwise if we didn't. (csmonitor.com)
- With South African supplies off the world market, that situation presumably would change. (csmonitor.com)
- In the evening, enjoy a traditional South African braai (barbecue) with your fellow travellers. (nationalgeographic.com)
- South African president Thabo Mbeki's doctrine of delivering good governance in Africa in exchange for better trading opportunities in the developed world will be the prime victim. (iwpr.net)
- By contrast, Zwelinzima Vavi, the leader of the Congress of South African Trade Unions, Cosatu - the key partner of Mbeki's ruling African National Congress - has said it is already too late to save Zimbabwe's electoral process, and that the political dice are so irretrievably stacked against the opposition that, with only three weeks to go, the election cannot possibly be free and fair. (iwpr.net)
- And George Bizos, the renowned South African human rights lawyer who defended Nelson Mandela in the Rivonia trial 40 years ago, said in a recent interview in London, "Mr Mugabe would like this election to be certified as free and fair in the hope of getting some relief from the terrible situation which he has led his country to. (iwpr.net)
- The trip should last from 5 to 7 weeks (end of July - beginning of September 2012) with two to three last weeks in South African Republic. (africaguide.com)
- These healers are effectively South African shamans who are highly revered and respected in a society where illness is thought to be caused by witchcraft, pollution (contact with impure objects or occurrences) or through neglect of the ancestors. (wikipedia.org)
- Traditional healers are consulted by approximately 60% of the South African population, usually in conjunction with modern biomedical services. (wikipedia.org)
- The entertainment line-up also saw the up and coming South African Band Bad Peter doing a private show, hip hop dance act by Timeless Attractions and a visual poi act to open the dance floor for DJ Lindilush - one of SA's top DJ's to get the guests on their feet. (engelvoelkers.com)
- T T he name "shongololo" is Zulu for millipede, and that's what the South African Shongololo Express looks like as it crosses the horizon from one breathtaking destination to another, with five-star standards of service and the promise of an African adventure or encounters somewhere along the line. (southafrica.net)
- Modern and traditional local cuisine is on offer with a selection of distinguished South African wines. (southafrica.net)
- The cuisine varies from local South African to Cape Dutch to Malay to, quite often, that of the country you happen to be travelling through. (southafrica.net)
- This leaves Diamond Fields as the only remaining player in South African waters. (globalissues.org)
- In national surveys examining providers' practices and attitudes regarding the use of male circumcision for HIV prevention, many South African and Zimbabwean clinicians who provided STI or contraceptive services reported that they also performed male circumcisions (17%) or offered referrals (49%), and one in five (18%) said they usually or always counseled male patients about circumcision. (guttmacher.org)
- The 20th Congress of WILPF further calls on the Security Council to declare mandatory sanctions against South Africa and for the total application by all governments of such sanctions. (wilpf.org)
- Southern Africa has too many elephants and lions. (theglobeandmail.com)
- Many freshwater fish, crabs, dragonflies, molluscs and aquatic plants are at risk of extinction in southern Africa if its rivers and lakes are not protected from developers, according to IUCN. (iucn.org)
- GIEWS said that the season for planting maize in Southern Africa had already experienced delays, while crops sown faced the prospect of being negatively affected due to inadequate rains and higher temperatures. (eurasiareview.com)
- Maize prices in southern Africa are really getting high," said Shukri Ahmed. (eurasiareview.com)
- Officials from the U.S. Agency for International Development and the World Food Program say enough food has been delivered to avert famine in southern Africa. (voanews.com)
- In South Africa, the storm resulted in severe flooding in the Limpopo province . (theconversation.com)
- Beyond southern Africa, GIEWS analysis of El Niño-related conditions also points to agricultural stress in northern Australia, parts of Indonesia and a wide swathe of Central America and Brazil. (eurasiareview.com)
- Speaking at the opening ceremony, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Council President and Chief Veterinary Officer for South Africa, Dr. Mike Modisane stressed on the need for coordinated preparedness and response actions. (fao.org)
- During the workshop, participants received copies of the Southern Africa Regional Integration Strategy Paper (2011-2015) and the Bank publication African Development Bank Group in Southern Africa: Fostering Growth and Integration. (afdb.org)
- In addition to discussing malaria progress in the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific, meeting participants learned about Swaziland's strong surveillance and response system that has accounted for much of its malaria elimination success and is considered the gold standard for malaria elimination in southern Africa. (ucsf.edu)
- In an effort to develop country capacities in preparedness and response to animal health emergencies, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations organized a training workshop on Good Emergency Management Practices (GEMP) for Southern Africa. (fao.org)
- Although sangoma is a Zulu term that is colloquially used to commonly describe all types of Southern African traditional healers, there are differences between practices: an inyanga is concerned mainly with medicines made from plants and animals, while a sangoma relies primarily on divination for healing purposes and might also be considered a type of fortune teller . (wikipedia.org)
- This article addresses the logistical aspects of colonial and postcolonial governmental practices and the way in which such practices structured the African territory. (seenthis.net)
- The archeological record in southern Africa, for example from domesticated animals and material artifacts, is particularly clear on demonstrating Khoe herding practices and population continuity in the southwestern Cape from about 2,000 years ago and onwards. (eurekalert.org)
- While the bishops of IMBISA - the Inter-Regional Meeting of Bishops in Southern Africa - saw an "improvement in families praying and attending church together," they decried "the increasing secularization and de-solemnization of marriage through legislation, policies, practices and language do not confirm marriage as the earthly manifestation of Christ's union to his bride, the Church. (catholicculture.org)