Aflatoxins
Furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by ASPERGILLUS from STERIGMATOCYSTIN. They are structurally related to COUMARINS and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become ALKYLATING AGENTS. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.
Aflatoxin B1
A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
Aflatoxin M1
A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus
Sterigmatocystin
Food Contamination
Poisons
Anthraquinones
Arachis hypogaea
Ochratoxins
Carcinogens
Condiments
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Zea mays
Zearalenone
(S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.
Food Microbiology
Biotransformation
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Mutagens
DNA Adducts
Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (1/749)
Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied. (+info)Effect of sex difference on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by the rat. (2/749)
Hepatic microsome-catalyzed metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to aflatoxin M1 and aflatoxin Q1 and the "metabolic activation" of AFB1 to DNA-alylating metabolite(s) were studied in normal male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, in gonadectomized animals, and in castrated males and normal females treated with testosterone. Microsomes from male animals formed 2 to 5 times more aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin Q1, and DNA-alkylating metabolite(s) than those from females. Castration reduced the metabolism of AFB1 by the microsomes from males by about 50%, whereas ovariectomy had no significant effect on AFB1 metabolism by the microsomes from females. Testosterone treatment (4 mg/rat, 3 times/week for about 6 weeks) of castrated immature males and immature females enhanced the metabolism of AFB1 by their microsomes. A sex difference in the metabolism of AFB1 by liver microsomes was also seen in other strains of rats tested: Wistar, Long-Evans, and Fischer. The activity of kidney microsomes for metabolic activation was 1 to 4% that of the liver activity and was generally lower in microsomes from male rats as compared to those from female rats of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans strains. The in vitro results obtained with hepatic microsomes correlated well with the in vivo metabolism of AFB1, in that more AFB1 became bound in vivo to hepatic DNA isolated from male rats and from a female rat treated with testosterone than that isolated from control female rats. These data suggest that the differences in hepatic AFB1 metabolism may be the underlying cause of the sex difference in toxicity and carcinogenicity of AFB1 observed in rats. (+info)Effect of zinc on adenine nucleotide pools in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. (3/749)
The adenylic acid systems of Aspergillus parasiticus were studied in zinc-replete and zinc-deficient media. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels of the fungus were high during exponential phase and low during stationary phase in zinc-replete cultures. On the other hand, the levels of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adenosine 5'-monophosphate were low during exponential phase of growth and high during stationary phase. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels during exponential phase may indicate higher primary metabolic activity of the fungus. On the other hand, high adenosine 5'-monophosphate levels during stationary phase may inhibit lipid formation and may enhance aflatoxin levels. The inorganic phosphorus content was low in a zinc-replete medium throughout the growth period, thereby favoring aflatoxin biosynthesis. The energy charge during the exponential phase was high but low during the stationary phase. In general the energy charge values were lower because of high adenosine 5'-monophosphate content. (+info)Characterization of the promoter for the gene encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway regulatory protein AFLR. (4/749)
Most genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus parasiticus are regulated by the binuclear zinc cluster DNA-binding protein AFLR. The aflR promoter was analyzed in beta-glucuronidase reporter assays to elucidate some of the elements involved in the gene's transcription control. Truncation at 118 bp upstream of the translational start site increased promoter activity 5-fold, while truncation at -100 reduced activity about 20-fold. These findings indicate the presence of an important positive regulatory element between -100 and -118 and a negative regulatory region further upstream. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays on nuclear extracts from A. parasiticus induced for aflatoxin expression suggest that AFLR and another, possibly more abundant, protein bind to the -100/-118 region. Another protein binds to a sequence at position -159 to -164 that matches the consensus binding site for the transcription factor involved in pH-dependent gene regulation, PACC. (+info)HGF-mediated apoptosis via p53/bax-independent pathway activating JNK1. (5/749)
Current studies have indicated both positive and negative roles for the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met receptor signaling system in tumor development. Recently, we have shown that HGF has the capacity to induce both growth inhibition and programmed cell death in aflatoxin-transformed (AFLB8) rat liver epithelial cells. Using the same cell line, we have now investigated a potential mechanism for HGF-induced apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis of bcl-2 gene family member (bax, bcl-2, bclX-s/l) expression showed no correlation with HGF treatment, suggesting that HGF-mediated apoptosis is bax independent. Following HGF treatment retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was present in the hypophosphorylated state. HGF treatment increased cyclin A, cyclin G1 and nuclear transcriptional factor (NFkappaB) protein expression. However, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that NFkappaB activity decreased with HGF treatment. Under these apoptotic conditions, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2) were activated with lower level activation of ERK2, while no involvement of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase was observed. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was not protective, and actually induced cells to undergo apoptosis to a level similar to that of HGF alone or EGF/HGF in combination. These results suggest the possibility of cross-talk between HGF/c-met and EGF/EGFR signaling pathways, and the involvement of JNK1 induction in HGF-mediated apoptotic cell death. (+info)Divergence of West African and North American communities of Aspergillus section Flavi. (6/749)
West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B1. However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G1 in NH4 medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G1. This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management. (+info)Interactions of saprophytic yeasts with a nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus. (7/749)
The nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus has a defective norsolorinic acid reductase, and thus the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway is blocked, resulting in the accumulation of norsolorinic acid, a bright red-orange pigment. We developed a visual agar plate assay to monitor yeast strains for their ability to inhibit aflatoxin production by visually scoring the accumulation of this pigment of the nor mutant. We identified yeast strains that reduced the red-orange pigment accumulation in the nor mutant. These yeasts also reduced aflatoxin accumulation by a toxigenic strain of A. flavus. These yeasts may be useful for reducing aflatoxin contamination of food commodities. (+info)Enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins and biosynthetic relationship between G- and B-group aflatoxins. (8/749)
We detected biosynthetic activity for aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) in cell extracts of Aspergillus parasiticus NIAH-26. We found that in the presence of NADPH, aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) were produced from O-methylsterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin, respectively. No G-group aflatoxins were produced from aflatoxin B(1), aflatoxin B(2), 5-methoxysterigmatocystin, dimethoxysterigmatocystin, or sterigmatin, confirming that B-group aflatoxins are not the precursors of G-group aflatoxins and that G- and B-group aflatoxins are independently produced from the same substrates (O-methylsterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin). In competition experiments in which the cell-free system was used, formation of aflatoxin G(2) from dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin was suppressed when O-methylsterigmatocystin was added to the reaction mixture, whereas aflatoxin G(1) was newly formed. This result indicates that the same enzymes can catalyze the formation of aflatoxins G(1) and G(2). Inhibition of G-group aflatoxin formation by methyrapone, SKF-525A, or imidazole indicated that a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase may be involved in the formation of G-group aflatoxins. Both the microsome fraction and a cytosol protein with a native mass of 220 kDa were necessary for the formation of G-group aflatoxins. Due to instability of the microsome fraction, G-group aflatoxin formation was less stable than B-group aflatoxin formation. The ordA gene product, which may catalyze the formation of B-group aflatoxins, also may be required for G-group aflatoxin biosynthesis. We concluded that at least three reactions, catalyzed by the ordA gene product, an unstable microsome enzyme, and a 220-kDa cytosol protein, are involved in the enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins from either O-methylsterigmatocystin or dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin. (+info)
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Inhibitory Effects of Respiration Inhibitors on Aflatoxin Production
Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea mays
Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea mays
Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda
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Scope Aflatoxin exposure coincides with micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. group, - Suppression of KRas-mutant...
Effect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition<...
Prevalence of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and...
Aflatoxin - Wikipedia
The saprophytic soil fungus infects crops and produces aflatoxin. (valine leucine - MEK Inhibitors Reverse cAMP-Mediated Anxiety
中国科学院水生生物研究所机构知识库(IHB OpenIR): Antioxidant-related catalase CTA1 regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence...
Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutions
Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct<...
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Aflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free Dictionary
BRIGHT GREENISH YELLOW FLUORESCENCE AS A PRESUMPTIVE INDICTOR OF AFLLATOXINS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES - Eprints Install
Mycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West Africa
An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013
Dr. MAINA J. WAGACHA
Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus...
Effect of mycotoxins in swine
How Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish Site
African Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countries
BetumiBlog: Hope for reducing aflatoxins in African peanuts and maize
KNUSTSpace: Association between aflatoxin exposure and health characteristics, liver function, hepatitis and malaria infections...
Effects of Glucosinolate-Rich Broccoli Sprouts on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts and Phenanthrene Tetraols in a...
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Chapter 13. Storage Problems of Feedstuffs
Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains? | BMC Research Notes | Full...
DR. LANE MAKES HIS CASE FOR AFLATOXIN
EFSA Journal | European Food Safety Authority
EFSA Journal | Europäische Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit
Puzzles | Foldit
Injectable Trace Minerals Improve Oxidative Stress After Aflatoxin Challenge in Dairy Cows - Gold-Eagle Cooperative
Aflatoxin prevalence data collection :: IFPRI Publications
Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin : Table 4
Veratox HS for Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGEN
Veratox HS for Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGEN
Aflatoxin M1 ELISA - Randox Online Store
Drought stress and aflatoxin contamination: transcriptional responses of Aspergillus flavus to oxidative stress are related to...
Global Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market Trend 2021 with Top Countries Data Industry Price Trend, Size Estimation, Industry...
aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody Gentaur Molecular Products
IBIMA Publishing Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti Cheese
Haemato-immunology and histo-architectural changes in Labeo rohita fingerlings: Effect of dietary aflatoxin and mould inhibitor...
Aflatoxins | definition of aflatoxins by Medical dictionary
Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Subject: Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 - PubAg...
Modeling kinetics of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in maize-based medium and maize grain
Development of High-Speed Dual-Camera System for Batch Screening of Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn Using Multispectral...
Potential Problems for Livestock Producers to Consider in 2007 | The Pig Site
Inhibition of aflatoxin-producing fungi by Welsh onion extracts
Time of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin formation in ripening of figs.
Detection of Aflatoxin B1 with a Label-Free Ellipsometry Immunosensor - Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive
Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of vegetative compatibility groups determine biocontrol strategies to mitigate...
Early Detection of the Aflatoxin B₁ Mutational Fingerprint: A Diagnostic Tool for Liver Cancer
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Aflatoxin M1 FAST
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The Role of Auxin in Defense Response to Aspergillus Flavus in Zea Mays L
Volatile profiling reveals intracellular metabolic changes in Aspergil by Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda et al.
Whats in the milk? Aflatoxin and antibiotic residues in cows milk in Assam, Northeast India
In vivo activation of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in C57BL/6N mice carrying a human fetus-specific...
Glutathione-S-transferase A3 knockout mice are sensitive to acute cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1<...
Studies of Food Thickeners in Nigeria for Contamination by Aflatoxigen by G. I. Okwu, Premila Achar et al.
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Role of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human
Digestion Model
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Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B<sub...
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Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). - Free...
Common problems in poultry liver health and mycotoxin risk - Biomin.net
Aflatoxin
... but it and aflatoxin M2 are also produced when an infected liver metabolizes aflatoxin B1 and B2. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB), ... Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic and is produced by both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin M1 ... In dogs, aflatoxin has potential to lead to liver disease. Low levels of aflatoxin exposure require continuous consumption for ... Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the ...
Aflatoxin B1
... is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD50 3.2 ... Aflatoxin B1 is mostly found in contaminated food and humans are exposed to aflatoxin B1 almost entirely through their diet. ... Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic aflatoxin and it is highly implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans.[ ... Aflatoxin B1 must first be metabolized into its reactive electrophilic form, aflatoxin B1-8,9-exo-epoxide by cytochrome p450. ...
Aflatoxin M1
... is usually considered to be a detoxication by-product of aflatoxin B1. The main sources of aflatoxins in feeds are ... Aflatoxin M1 is the 4-hydroxy derivative of aflatoxin B1 and is secreted in the milk of mammals that consume aflatoxin B1. ... Aspergillus flavus produces only B-type aflatoxins. Aflatoxin M1 is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and can be ... Aflatoxin M1 was found to be a DNA-damaging agent, with an activity about one-third that of aflatoxin B1. Many methods have ...
Aflatoxin total synthesis
... concerns the total synthesis of a group of organic compounds called aflatoxins. These compounds occur ... The synthesis of racemic aflatoxin B1 has been reported by Buechi et al. in 1967 and that of racemic aflatoxin B2 by Roberts et ... Aflatoxins in particular add another dimension because it is suspected that they have been mass-produced in the past from ... Total synthesis of (±)-aflatoxin-B2". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic. 1: 22-24. doi:10.1039/J39680000022. PMID ...
2013 European aflatoxin contamination
"Hy-Vee issues recall of several dog food products due to aflatoxin". www.theglobaldispatch.com. "Testing for aflatoxin in milk ... Aflatoxins have been mainly an "import problem" up to now. However, global warming is increasingly affecting the mycotoxin map ... Aflatoxin detected in milk from two Dutch dairy farmer - People's Daily Online Blond, Josie Le (3 March 2013). "Germany tests ... In the 10 years prior to the last harvest-between 2001 and 2011-a total of nine cases of aflatoxins were reported in maize. ...
Aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide
... is a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B1. It's formed by the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the ... In the liver, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. The resulting epoxide ... Aflatoxin B1 Cytochrome P450 Arinç, Emel; Schenkman, John B.; Hodgson, Ernest (2012). Molecular and Applied Aspects of ... Turner, Paul Craig (2013). "The Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Aflatoxin Driven Impaired Child Growth". Scientifica. 2013: ...
Foodborne illness
In the US, the acceptable level of total aflatoxins in foods is less than 20 μg/kg, except for Aflatoxin M1 in milk, which ... The pronounced forms of Aflatoxins are those of B1, B2, G1, and G2, amongst which Aflatoxin B1 predominantly targets the liver ... For example, an outbreak which occurred in the UK in 1960 caused the death of 100,000 turkeys which had consumed aflatoxin- ... "Aflatoxins". Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Retrieved August 12, 2007. "GASGA Technical Leaflet - 3 Mycotoxins in ...
Brazil nut
Aflatoxins can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed. Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts ... "Aflatoxins in food". European Food Safety Authority. March 1, 2007. "Research improves the control of Brazil nut contamination ... However, mechanical sorting and drying was found to eliminate 98% of aflatoxins; a 2003 EU ban on importation was rescinded ... Brazil nuts are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxins, produced by fungi, once they fall to the ground. ...
Almond
If aflatoxin does not meet the strict safety regulations, the entire consignment may be reprocessed to eliminate the aflatoxin ... "Aflatoxins in food". European Food Safety Authority. 2010. "New EU Aflatoxin Levels and Sampling Plan" (PDF). USDA Foreign ... Almonds are susceptible to aflatoxin-producing molds. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic chemicals produced by molds such as ... Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Workshop 2000. Yosemite, California, USA. p. 17. van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2019). Food plants of the world (2nd ed ...
T. A. Venkitasubramanian
He also worked on Aspergillus parasiticus, a type of mold which produces aflatoxin and in the biosynthesis of those cancer- ... T. V. Reddy; L. Viswanathan; T. A. Venkitasubramanian (September 1971). "High Aflatoxin Production on a Chemically Defined ... "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: effect of adenine nucleotides, cyclic AMP and N6-O2' -dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the ... "Biosynthesis of aflatoxins". Bacteriol Rev. 41 (4): 822-855. doi:10.1128/MMBR.41.4.822-855.1977. PMC 414029. PMID 23090.{{cite ...
Pistachio
Aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk, particularly in warmer and humid environments. Food contaminated with aflatoxins ... As with other tree seeds, aflatoxin is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic ... "Aflatoxins in pistachios" (PDF). European Union. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Doster and ... Damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination. In some cases, a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below ...
Sajjad Fazel
"Aflatoxins : The invisible poison". 1 August 2016. "New questions on food poison". 2 August 2016. "Tanzania eyes new tech to ... Sajjad continued his advocacy by bringing to light the Aflatoxin epidemic in Tanzania and proposing a solution for it. ... fight aflatoxins". 13 April 2021. "PHARMACIST: Cut cost by physical fitness in 2017". 4 January 2017. "PHARMACIST : Be healthy ...
Tomb of Casimir IV Jagiellon
The likely cause of the deaths has been attributed to the aflatoxins produced by this fungus.[unreliable medical source?] It is ... ISBN 978-1-4985-6913-2. Tirmenstein, Mark A.; Mangipudy, Raja (2014). "Aflatoxin". In Wexler, Philip (ed.). Encyclopedia of ... This type of fungus produces toxic substances called aflatoxins which are linked to a number of serious health conditions ...
Mycotoxicology
... the term aflatoxin can be construed to mean aflatoxin B1. However, well over a dozen other aflatoxins (e.g., P1. Q1, B2a, and ... Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent natural carcinogen known and is usually the major aflatoxin produced by toxigenic strains. It ... Aflatoxins: The aflatoxins were isolated and characterized after the death of more than 100,000 turkey poults (turkey X disease ... The four major aflatoxins are called B1, B2, G1, and G2 based on their fluorescence under UV light (blue or green) and relative ...
Trichothecene
Dhand NK, Joshi DB, Jand SK (1998). "Aflatoxins in dairy feeds/ingredients". Ind. J. Anim. Nutr. 15: 285-286. Vasanthi S, Bhat ... Hesseltine CW, Shotwell OL, Smith M, Ellis JJ, Vandegraft E, Shannon G (1970). "Production of various aflatoxins by strains of ... Skrinjar M, Danev M, Dimic G (1995). "Investigation on the presence of toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins in raw milk". Acta ... Phillips SI, Wareing PW, Dutta A, Panigrahi S, Medlock V (1996-01-01). "The mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin, zearalenone ...
Mycotoxin
The umbrella term aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins produced, which are B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1, ... Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus. ... Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics, such as cotton, peanuts, spices, ... 2005). "Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central ...
Recurrent airway obstruction
"Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins B 1, B 2, and M 1 in corn associated with equine death." Archives of environmental ... "Toxicological effects of aflatoxins in horses." The veterinary journal 188.3 (2011): 270-273. Bennett, Joan W., and Maren A. ...
Conocephalum
Aspergillus produces highly potent toxins, carcinogens, referred to as aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are harmful both plants and ... against aflatoxins producing fungi". South African Journal of Botany. 131: 384-390. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.02.035. ISSN 0254- ...
Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide
Aflatoxin has a similar mechanism of action, though its binding is through the N7, rather than the N2, position of guanine. ... Eaton, D. L.; Gallagher, E. P. (1994). "Mechanisms of Aflatoxin Carcinogenesis". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. ...
Aspergillus zonatus
2005). Aflatoxin and food safety. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-420-02817-1. Pelletier, edited by S. William; ...
Benzo(a)pyrene
This mechanism of action is similar to that of aflatoxin which binds to the N7 position of guanine. There are indications that ... Eaton, D. L.; Gallagher, E. P. (1994). "Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. ...
Plant-fungus horizontal gene transfer
Aspergillus nidulans produces sterigmatocystin - a precursor to aflatoxins. Aspergillus was found to have horizontally ... Podospora and Aspergillus show high conservation and microsynteny sterigmatocystin/aflatoxin clusters along with intergenic ... regions containing 14 binding sites for AfIR, a transcription factor for the activation of sterigmatocystin/aflatoxin ...
Biliary atresia
Moreover, the baby feeds aflatoxin M1 from its mom, as aflatoxin M1 is the detoxification product of aflatoxin B1. It is a ... abnormally high levels of aflatoxin B1 and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 was found in liver tissue and blood of all neonates ... Some cases of biliary atresia may result from exposure to aflatoxin B1, and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 during late ... The aflatoxin damaged liver cells and bile duct cells are removed by neutrophil elastase and by involvement of immune system ...
Peanut oil
"Aflatoxin suspected in cooking oil". United Press International. 29 December 2011. Common Allergens - Peanut FARE (FoodAllergy. ... peanuts that contain the mold that produces highly toxic aflatoxin can end up contaminating the oil derived from them. Those ...
Aspergillus fumigatus
Trail F, Mahanti N, Linz J (April 1995). "Molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis". Microbiology. 141 (4): 755-65. doi: ...
Odette L. Shotwell
Shotwell is best known for her contributions to the research of mycotoxins, especially to the study of aflatoxin, a carcinogen ... 37 (7): 8-9. Shotwell, O. L.; Hesseltine, C. W.; Stubblefield, R. D.; Sorenson, W. G. (1 May 1966). "Production of aflatoxin on ...
List of food contamination incidents
2013 aflatoxin contamination - Contamination with aflatoxins results in a milk recall in Europe and a dog food recall in the ... 2004 - Aflatoxin-contaminated maize in Kenya resulted in 317 cases of hepatic failure and 125 deaths. 2004 - EHEC O104:H4 in ... The Aflatoxin Investigative Group (2005). "Case-Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004". Environmental ...
Rihab Taha
2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ...
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver failure; Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; ...
United Nations Special Commission
2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ...
Aflatoxin: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Aflatoxins are toxins produced by a mold (fungus) that grows in nuts, seeds, and legumes. ... Aflatoxins. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/aflatoxins. Updated December 28, 2018. Accessed April ... Although aflatoxins are known to cause cancer in animals, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows them at ... Aflatoxins ingested in large mounts may cause acute liver damage. Chronic intoxication may lead to weight gain or weight loss, ...
CDC - Health Studies Program: Chemical Exposures - Aflatoxin
Exposure to aflatoxin is known to cause both chronic and acute hepatocellular injury. In Kenya, acute aflatoxin poisoning ... Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that commonly contaminates maize and other types of crops during production, harvest, storage or ... CDC teams worked with the Kenyan Ministry of Health to trial a rapid, portable aflatoxin screening tool that could be used in ... Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning - Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January-July 2004. MMWR. September 3, 2004 / 53(34);790 ...
Browsing Journal Articles - Bulletin by Subject "Aflatoxins"
content/basf/www/be/en/who-we-are/sustainability/whats-new/sustainability-news/2018/aflatoxin-mitigation
... host a workshop that brings together stakeholders involved in aflatoxin management to discuss possible solutions for aflatoxin ... Aflatoxins are natural compounds created by mould that are extremely toxic to humans and animals causing diarrhoea, liver ... Due to the high aflatoxin burden mostly in the Eastern and Western region, Tanzania has been selected as a pilot country for ... Globally, an estimated 4-5 billion people are at risk of being exposed to poisonous aflatoxin. Children are at higher risk, as ...
Aflatoxins saga:bitter truth - The Island
What is aflatoxin?. People are curious about the speculated news of aflatoxin, and the word aflatoxin appears new to the ... How foodstuff contaminate with aflatoxins. It is interesting to know how aflatoxins get into the food items. The responsible ... Toxicity due to aflatoxins do not appear quickly but has a cumulative effect over time. Sometimes, it might take around 10 to ... Since aflatoxins are produced in grains, fruits, and seeds, it is very stable and cannot be eradicated. An infection due to ...
Aflatoxins are containable | Monitor
... to avoid aflatoxin build-up. From the onset, farmers are advised to use improved and aflatoxin-free seed, control pests and ... Aflatoxin-causing agents are resident in the soil and oftentimes are escalated by poor harvesting, handling and storage ... Aflatoxins are a group of poisons which compromise the safety and quality of the food and feed. ... To conclusively tackle the aflatoxin problem, Uganda needs to use all tools in the tool box by adopting an open-minded but ...
Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18
Testing Status of Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18. CASRN: EMTDP-18. Genetic Toxicology. *Salmonella (509271) ... Citation: Lawlor, T.E., Haworth, S.R., Zeiger, E., Park, D.L., and Lee, L.S. Mutagenic potential of ammonia-related aflatoxin ... Testing Status of Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18. ...
ProGnosis Biotech launches lateral flow tests for aflatoxin
ProGnosis Biotech has launched two lateral flow tests for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin. ... We participated on all mycotoxins with our ELISAs and for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin with Symmetric B1 ES and Total ES. ... ProGnosis Biotech targets aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin. By Joseph James Whitworth ... The European Union lower limits are 2 parts per billion (ppb) for Aflatoxin B1 and 4 ppb of total aflatoxins. ...
Liver Damage: Aflatoxin-Induced | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural
Aflatoxin-Induced indicating that the following substances may be helpful: Curcumin, Sulforaphane, and Semecarpus anacardium ... Curcumin ameliorates aflatoxin-induced changes in SDH and ATPase activities in liver and kidney of mice.Jul 01, 2008. ... There is evidence that aflatoxin exposure plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer in the US population. Jan 01, 1999. ... Diseases : DNA damage, Heavy Metal Toxicity, Liver Damage: Aflatoxin-Induced, Sepsis. Pharmacological Actions : Cytoprotective ...
Aflatoxins: Major concern for the dairy industry - All About Feed
Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) are mycotoxins of major concern to the dairy industry. They can be found in different raw materials ... 2) feed with aflatoxin B1 supplied by aflatoxin-contaminated maize grain. Aflatoxin B1 daily intake was 170 μg/head. Aflatoxin ... Aflatoxin B1 is the most carcinogenic natural compound known. Aflatoxin M1 is the natural metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and it has ... Aflatoxin M1 concentration in milk was reduced by 34.98%, aflatoxin M1 excretion was reduced by 36.36%, and aflatoxin transfer ...
Webinar: Aflatoxins - The climate, gender and nutritional linkages
Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress, particularly in ... Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress, particularly in ... How might aflatoxin levels change for maize and groundnuts as a result of climate change? ... Timothy Thomas, a Research Fellow at IFPRI, will present projections of aflatoxin concentration under climate change, work ...
AgraQuant® Total Aflatoxin ELISA Test
Aflatoxin news and latest updates
All the latest news about aflatoxin from Medical Xpress ... News tagged with aflatoxin. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day 3 ... Aflatoxin. Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, the most ... Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized ... by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M1. ...
Aflatoxins in food and feed: Impacts risks, and management strategies - CGIAR
Aflatoxin B1 is not only the most potent natural carcinogen known, but also the most commonly produced toxic strain. As of 2010 ... Consumption of aflatoxins is cumulative: they are not eradicated through standard cooking processes, and the body is unable to ... Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites-mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus living in soil-that ... This policy note examines what aflatoxins are; how they are linked to gender, climate change, and nutrition; and how they can ...
Aflatoxin levels in maize and peanut and blood in women and children: The case of Timor-Leste | Scientific Reports
The study measured levels of aflatoxin in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate ... Although low in concentration, blood aflatoxin levels and aflatoxin contamination levels in maize across municipalities were ... lower than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. Although aflatoxin-albumin conjugate was detected in more than 80% of ... The average concentration of aflatoxin in the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - ...
PoPuPS | Electronic nose for determination of aflatoxins in maize
The European Commission fixed maximum levels for aflatoxin B1 (5.0 μg.kg-1) and total (B1, B2, G1, G2) aflatoxins (10.0 μg.kg-1 ... Signals from these two sensors gave higher response for aflatoxins containing than aflatoxins free maize samples, showing the ... was adopted as classification model to make distinction from aflatoxins containing samples and aflatoxins free ones. Analysis ... Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are a principal public health concern because of their pivotal role in the occurrence of primary ...
Africa Improved Foods - The Fight Against Aflatoxin - Clinton Foundation
... was to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize through better awareness about aflatoxin and use of aflatoxin management strategies; ... We believe that in days to come, every farmer will have understood the benefits of fighting aflatoxin and we will be aflatoxin ... Aflatoxins are poisonous substances produced by certain kinds of fungi that are found naturally all over the world; they can ... We have been able to cut down the effects of aflatoxin in our crops at a good percentage of at least 95%. Our farmers are happy ...
Aflatoxin... Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog Food
And learn how to protect your pet from chronic aflatoxin poisoning. ... Discover what makes aflatoxin the most deadly natural toxin in dog food. ... Aflatoxin… Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog Food. Aflatoxin… Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog Food. * ... How Toxic Is Aflatoxin?. Compared to other natural poisons…. Aflatoxin has the highest toxicity of all mold toxins.2 And for ...
Aflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in Karnataka
... the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently ... Aflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in Karnataka () ... In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. ... Chong, Y.H. and Beng, C.G. (1965) Aflatoxins in unre-fined groundnut oils. Medical Journal of Malaya, 20(1), 49-50. ...
Aflatoxins in Nigerian foods, cancer, HIV...antidotes The Nation Newspaper
Natural aflatoxin remedies. Since mold and aflatoxins are known to cause all sorts of cancer, the first line of defence against ... But they may not capture all the mold and aflatoxin in the net. So, when we eat, we should be reminded that aflatoxins may be ... Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolised by the ... "Aflatoxins are most commonly ingested, but the most toxic form of Aflatoxin B1 can permeate through the skin. ...
Fungi and Aflatoxin Levels in Traditionally Processed Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Products in Homa Bay County, Kenya
Mean aflatoxin levels in chopped, fermented, and sun-dried cassava (,i,Akuoga),/i, were 0.36 ,i,μ,/i,g/kg compared ... Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 55% of the samples and ranged from 0–5.33 ,i,μ,/i,g/kg. ... The levels of aflatoxin were determined using an indirect competitive ELISA protocol. Yeast and mould contamination was ... This study assessed the levels of fungi and aflatoxin contamination in traditionally processed cassava products (,i,Akuoga,/i, ...
Charm II Aflatoxin Test For Grains | Charm Sciences
First portable low-cost device developed for rapid detection of aflatoxins - ICRISAT
What is Aflatoxin?. Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by mold fungi (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) that can grow ... Aflatoxin contaminated food can pose a serious health risk. Symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning include: liver cancer, fluid ... Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 25% of all crops in the world are ... Currently, the test can be applied to detect aflatoxin in groundnuts.. The test kit launched officially today by Dr Wilkson ...
Sci | Free Full-Text | Effects of the Use of Good Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxin Levels in Maize Grown in Nandi County,...
Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. This study evaluated what effect ... About 18/90 (20%) of all farmers reported that they had a relative who had died from liver cancer, and the mean aflatoxin ... The majority of the farmers (90%) used fertilizers, dried maize after harvesting, knew that aflatoxins were harmful to humans, ... Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme- ...
Werken aan aflatoxin-resistente pindasoorten - Hyfoma.com
Werken aan aflatoxin-resistente pindasoorten. vrijdag 16 maart 2007. Earlier varieties with smaller seeds and technical ... Fatty acid composition differs depending on whether or not the variety is aflatoxin-resistant, and the fatty acid metabolism ... This was demonstrated by a European project conducted by CIRAD, centring on protecting groundnut against aflatoxins in Africa. ... Furthermore, varieties with improved drought resistance have been developed from an aflatoxin-resistant parent and are ...
Reducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production | Standards and Trade Development Facility
Reducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production. Validate and transfer to stakeholders a sustainable and effective safety ... Reducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production. Javascript is required to view this map. ... management system for reducing and controlling aflatoxin occurrence along the Brazil nut production chain, as a means to ...
"Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix ja" by Sean Moody
Avian species are highly susceptible to the hepatotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Domesticated turkeys are exquisitely ... Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix japonica and Callipepla californica ... Avian species are highly susceptible to the hepatotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Domesticated turkeys are exquisitely ... Moody, Sean, "Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix japonica and Callipepla californica" (2021). ...
Aflatoxin Peanut Paste Sample, Less than 10ppb
Sportmix Expands Dog & Cat Food Recall: Fatal Aflatoxin Risk | NASC LIVE
There is no evidence to suggest that pet owners who handle products containing aflatoxin are at risk of aflatoxin poisoning. ... Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus, which can grow on corn and other grains used as ingredients in ... Veterinarians treating aflatoxin poisoning are urged by the FDA to ask the client for the pets diet history. FDA also welcomes ... If a pets food contains aflatoxins, the toxins could accumulate in the pets system as they continue to eat the same food. ...
ContaminationMycotoxinsAspergillusAfricaCarcinogenicReduce aflatoxinMycotoxinToxicFungiGroundnutsGuidelines for acceptable aflatoxin levelsPoisonousPeanutsFungalConcentrationCropsHigh levels of aflatoxinsMitigationZearalenoneLivestockAmounts of aflatoxinEffects of aflatoxinsExposure to aflatoxinsDetection of aflatoxinConsumptionOccurrenceSusceptibleFungusTotal aflatoxinsFoodCornGroundnutChronic aflatoxinContain aflatoxinAddress aflatoxinsExposuresPeanutGrainLevelsPrenatalEnzyme-linkeImpactsPoultryLimitsHepatocellular carcinomaIARCGrainsAccumulateToxicityParasiticusMoldsKenyaAccumulationCommonlyLiver cancerFeed contaminatedRiskDeterminationFarmers
Contamination34
- In May, 2006, an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis was reported in a region of Kenya where aflatoxin contamination of homegrown maize has been a recurrent problem. (cdc.gov)
- The occurrence of aflatoxin contamination is reported to be sporadic and highly reliant on environmental conditions. (island.lk)
- Aflatoxin contamination has gained wider attention in food safety concerns. (island.lk)
- It is important to prevent contamination right from the field and combine this with good practices during harvest, handling, drying, and storage, to avoid aflatoxin build-up. (monitor.co.ug)
- This offers more effective means to prevent aflatoxin contamination in crops. (monitor.co.ug)
- The effects of aflatoxin contamination as the disease progresses depend upon the severity of the liver damagecaused. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Jonathan Bauchet , Purdue University, will show results from a USAID-funded field experiment on interventions designed to reduce aflatoxin contamination among smallholder farmers. (cgiar.org)
- Both crops are cultivated in a tropical environment conducive to aflatoxin contamination with temperatures ranging from 25-35 °C. The rural population of Timor-Leste predominately comprises subsistence farmers, who generally eat what they produce, so contamination of maize and peanuts with aflatoxin will rapidly enter people's diets. (nature.com)
- In this context, recent studies have demonstrated EN capability in order to discriminate between non-infected and infected samples with different species or different strain of toxigenic fungi, through the production of volatile secondary metabolites and to demonstrate the variation of the metabolic pathway due to the contamination of grain (Keshri et al. (ac.be)
- Because contamination can occur at any stage from field to table, an integrated approach is necessary to reduce the health and economic risks posed by aflatoxins. (clintonfoundation.org)
- In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. (scirp.org)
- This study assessed the levels of fungi and aflatoxin contamination in traditionally processed cassava products ( Akuoga and Abeta ). (hindawi.com)
- Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 55% of the samples and ranged from 0-5.33 μ g/kg. (hindawi.com)
- Cassava is not generally associated with mould and aflatoxin contamination when fresh, due to the high moisture content and the presence of antiaflatoxin compounds [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In poultry and livestock, aflatoxin can cause feed refusal, loss of weight, reduced egg production, and contamination of milk. (icrisat.org)
- One of the main results of the project concerned seed ripening rate: this is a key criterion in groundnut tolerance of aflatoxin contamination. (hyfoma.com)
- Together, the results presented in this dissertation underscore the importance of viewing aflatoxin contamination as a component of food safety within complex food systems. (tufts.edu)
- However, hot, dry conditions during grain fill increase the risk of Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in the field. (iastate.edu)
- Although the presence of Aspergillus mold does not necessarily indicate aflatoxin contamination, there is certainly an increased risk. (iastate.edu)
- In addition, aflatoxin contamination does not occur uniformly from kernel to kernel. (iastate.edu)
- Since this appears to be a high risk year in southeast and south central Iowa for aflatoxin contamination, it is likely that aflatoxin screening will be done at local elevators. (iastate.edu)
- There is little that can be done this late in the season to reduce the risk of Aspergillus preharvest aflatoxin contamination. (iastate.edu)
- However, postharvest aflatoxin contamination can be reduced. (iastate.edu)
- Aflatoxin contamination in five pearl millet varieties (ICMP-50I, ICMV-155 moulds, ICMH-451, ICTP-8203, and WCC-75 were studied in Andhra Pradesh in India and their connection between parameters such as maturation stage of grains and infestation of pest and insects during the storage were evaluated. (foodinfotech.com)
- The results of the study showed that the seed samples collected from farm during the monsoon season have more aflatoxin contamination, as compared to seeds harvested during the winter season. (foodinfotech.com)
- From the research, ICMH-451 was considered to be extremely prone to aflatoxin contamination and ICMV-155 was the least susceptible. (foodinfotech.com)
- The aflatoxin contamination depends on different factors. (foodinfotech.com)
- For both lots, germ, bran, and animal feed flour showed a marked concentration factor from 239 to 911% accounting for both the low yields of the derived products and the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone contamination in the outer parts of the kernels. (greenmedinfo.com)
- The program was expected to take stock of existing government and donor-supported initiatives to address aflatoxin contamination in the country, address outstanding gaps and priorities, and to promote coordination and synergies between the relevant stakeholders. (au.int)
- Therefore, controlling aflatoxin contamination is essential in efforts to control child undernutrition and, more generally, to ensure a safe food supply. (spring-nutrition.org)
- SPRING/Ghana is working with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture's Agriculture Extension Agents (AEA) through farmer field schools (FFS) to help farmers, especially women who raise groundnuts, to modify a few practices at each stage of groundnut production (planting, growing, harvesting, and storage) to reduce the possibility of aflatoxin contamination and spread. (spring-nutrition.org)
- Identifying the fungus that produces aflatoxin, testing grain for contamination, and managing contaminated grain can help control aflatoxin in corn. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- Develop a plan to test grain for aflatoxin contamination. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- To prevent and mitigate aflatoxin contamination , the stages of the peanut chain most vulnerable to contamination must be assessed to determine how to interrupt the movement of contaminated produce. (bvsalud.org)
Mycotoxins14
- The toxic compounds generated by the fungi are called mycotoxins, and aflatoxin is a kind of those. (island.lk)
- We participated on all mycotoxins with our ELISAs and for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin with Symmetric B1 ES and Total ES. (foodnavigator.com)
- Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus , a fungus found in areas with hot and humid climates. (foodnavigator.com)
- Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) are mycotoxins of major concern to the dairy industry. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus , a fungus, the most notable ones being Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus . (medicalxpress.com)
- 2001). Although numerous toxic fungal metabolites can be found in maize, attention has focused on the few mycotoxins that occur with greater frequency such as aflatoxins that are a group of secondary metabolites produced by the Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus . (ac.be)
- Aflatoxins form one of the major groupings of mycotoxins. (thenationonlineng.net)
- In an effort to further our understanding of growth impairment in relation to mycotoxins and other risk factors, biospecimens from a cohort of children enrolled in the Bhaktapur, Nepal MAL-ED study were assessed for aflatoxin exposure at 15, 24, and 36 months of age. (elsevier.com)
- A meta-analysis (Andretta et al 2011) carried out on broiler performance in response to mycotoxins showed that aflatoxin (average concentration 0.95mg/kg of feed) and ochratoxin had the biggest effects on broiler performance. (anco.net)
- Aflatoxins presented the most important effects of all mycotoxins on organ weight in broilers. (anco.net)
- Removes radioactive elements, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins as well as toxic agents. (pableen.com)
- Listen and learn about byproducts of mold, aspergillus and penicillium, the bad things they produce that make one sick, ochratoxin and aflatoxin, the mycotoxins which are found on urine, and many other toxins that might cause cancer. (justinhealth.com)
- And so, when we test our clients for the urine, and we're looking for mycotoxins, we're looking for stuff like ochratoxin and aflatoxin. (justinhealth.com)
- Bleach with 5% sodium hypochlorite kills trichothecene mycotoxins as well as other mycotoxins including aflatoxin. (nationalbiosafe.com)
Aspergillus18
- The responsible fungi, Aspergillus spp is reported to be soil-borne and produce aflatoxins under extreme environmental conditions like drought and high humidity. (island.lk)
- Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites-mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus living in soil-that contaminate crops throughout growth, harvest, storage, transportation, and processing. (cgiar.org)
- Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp. (nature.com)
- Aflatoxin is a potent 'natural' poison that's produced by a common type of food mold known as Aspergillus flavus . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Aflatoxins are poisonous and cancer-causing chemicals that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and greens. (thenationonlineng.net)
- The term "Aflatoxin" is derived from the names of one of the molds that produce it, Aspergillus flavus. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by mold fungi (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) that can grow on poorly managed agricultural crops, particularly groundnuts. (icrisat.org)
- Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus, which can grow on corn and other grains used as ingredients in pet food. (nasc.cc)
- The Aspergillus flavus was identified and the colonies producing aflatoxin M1 appeared in yellow color on the Aspergillus agar (M1127). (scirp.org)
- Chalivendra S, DeRobertis C, Reyes Pineda J, Ham JH, Damann K. Rice Phyllosphere Bacillus Species and Their Secreted Metabolites Suppress Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production In Vitro and In Maize Seeds. (ucdenver.edu)
- The concern with this disease is the production of aflatoxins, which are extremely toxic chemicals produced by two molds Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. (iastate.edu)
- UV photography in glucose, yeast exstract (GY) agar medium was tested as a simple and rapid method for the distinction of aflatoxin-positive from aflatoxin-negative strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. (irb.hr)
- Two novel inhibitors of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus were isolated from the mycelial extracts of Streptomyces sp. (elsevier.com)
- Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite produced by certain fungi, particularly the Aspergillus species. (foodinfotech.com)
- Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in agricultural crops such as corn kernels, cotton seeds, and tree nuts. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- In the Southern United States, higher insect populations and air temperatures can increase the incidence of Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- Poor grain conditioning and storage conditions, such as insufficient drying, can lead to post-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production on infected kernels. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- 2 Since not all strains of Aspergillus produce aflatoxins, black light test results should not be accepted as grounds for rejection of corn. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Africa6
- Aflatoxins account for up to 30 percent of food waste in Africa. (basf.com)
- Over the last two years, the Clinton Development Initiative (CDI), Africa Improved Foods (AIF), the Ministry of Agriculture, and Eastern African Grain Council (EAGC) have partnered to implement a project, funded by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), to combat aflatoxin in the maize supply chain. (clintonfoundation.org)
- ICRISAT has been working with smallholder farmers in Africa to combat the aflatoxin problem. (icrisat.org)
- This was demonstrated by a European project conducted by CIRAD, centring on protecting groundnut against aflatoxins in Africa. (hyfoma.com)
- None of the birth outcomes studied were associated with maternal aflatoxin levels, which were considerably lower than those observed in Africa and the Middle East where a relationship with low birth weight has been previously documented. (tufts.edu)
- Exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin common in maize and groundnuts, has been associated with childhood stunting in sub-Saharan Africa. (elsevier.com)
Carcinogenic9
- Aflatoxin B1 is the most common in food and among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic. (foodnavigator.com)
- Aflatoxin B1 is the most carcinogenic natural compound known. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. (medicalxpress.com)
- Since 1993, aflatoxin B1 has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) (IARC, 1993). (ac.be)
- Aflatoxin is carcinogenic and can cause liver and other cancers in humans. (icrisat.org)
- Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. (icrisat.org)
- Numerous studies have focused on the mechanism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolism and its carcinogenic mechanism, but how AFB1 is transported into hepatocytes and how it is transferred inside hepatocytes remains unknown. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Aflatoxins are poisonous, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances. (foodinfotech.com)
- HBV demonstrates the ability to integrate and bind to p53 protein in the host DNA and propagate hepatocyte vulnerability through carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) damage. (who.int)
Reduce aflatoxin2
- Ensiling will not reduce aflatoxin concentrations, although if the silage is properly managed, concentrations will not increase. (iastate.edu)
- If the grain is to be used on-farm, anhydrous ammonia can be used to reduce aflatoxin contaminations. (iastate.edu)
Mycotoxin4
- And that was why, a few years ago, the European Union (EU) banned importation of foods from Nigeria after it was discovered that their aflatoxin and mycotoxin load was too high for the safety of the health of Europeans. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Avian species are highly susceptible to the hepatotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). (usu.edu)
- Global mycotoxin surveys for 2015 feed and feed ingredient samples revealed that 20% of complete diets were contaminated with Aflatoxin of which 5% at a level of Aflatoxins above risk threshold. (anco.net)
- Currently, aflatoxin B1 is the only mycotoxin with MPLs. (anco.net)
Toxic10
- Aflatoxins are natural compounds created by mould that are extremely toxic to humans and animals causing diarrhoea, liver disease and cancer. (basf.com)
- Both Nigella sativa and date reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin-B1 in liver and kidney. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Aflatoxin B1 is not only the most potent natural carcinogen known, but also the most commonly produced toxic strain. (cgiar.org)
- How Toxic Is Aflatoxin? (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Aflatoxins are most commonly ingested, but the most toxic form of Aflatoxin B1 can permeate through the skin. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Chemically, aflatoxins belong to the bifuranocoumarin group, with aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) being the most toxic. (anco.net)
- Aflatoxin in corn must be monitored closely as it is highly toxic to many animals and can be fatal to livestock. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- Regulatory authorities like the World Health Organization, however, don't consider this as edible in its raw form, because it contains aflatoxin, a toxic component. (vikalpsangam.org)
- A review of the FDA pet food recalls and literature on commercial diets are used to discuss well-known health risks such as nutritional imbalances, bacterial pathogens, aflatoxin, and toxic contaminations. (purinainstitute.com)
- Due to the widespread use of pesticides, consumption of foods tainted with aflatoxin, and cyanobacterial toxic algae blooms in areas where liver disease is prevalent, exposure to environmental toxins and the resulting effects on liver health has attracted public attention in recent decades. (healthylifehuman.com)
Fungi9
- The economic losses caused by aflatoxins are many and multi-component: First of all, all toxigenic fungi cause plant yield loss. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Yam and potatoes, for example, are thereby fungi-infected and loaded with aflatoxins in the cooking pot and dining table. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Not only would the acids in melon have reacted with the cellophane, picking petroleum residue for the pot of soup it is intended for, the melon may have over time become oxidised by oxygen, thereby stocking free radicals for the soup, and, additionally, bring along aflatoxins, being a ready prey for fungi attack. (thenationonlineng.net)
- In Northern Nigeria, the prevalence of fungi and aflatoxin in millet, sesame and their products was studied in 146 food samples, including traditional beer produced from millets, sorghum (50), dough prepared from millets (50) and seeds of sesame (50). (foodinfotech.com)
- Aflatoxin analysis revealed that sesame had higher levels of fungi and aflatoxin than millet and sorghum. (foodinfotech.com)
- Most fungi that produce aflatoxin can grow in a pH range (1.7 - 9.3) and higher pH ranges promote fungal growth and aflatoxin production. (foodinfotech.com)
- Sunlight inhibits aflatoxin production, while darkness promotes aflatoxin production by fungi. (foodinfotech.com)
- Relative humidity of 85% is ideal for the growth of aflatoxin-producing fungi and the temperature range for aflatoxin production is 25 - 35°C. (foodinfotech.com)
- When corn is stressed, the fungi can initiate aflatoxin production on infected kernels of susceptible products. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Groundnuts11
- How might aflatoxin levels change for maize and groundnuts as a result of climate change? (cgiar.org)
- Chong, Y.H. (1966) Aflatoxins in groundnuts and groundnut products. (scirp.org)
- Currently, the test can be applied to detect aflatoxin in groundnuts. (icrisat.org)
- Groundnuts for sale and export should be free from aflatoxin. (icrisat.org)
- In Study 1, we estimated pregnant women's frequency of consumption of aflatoxin-prone foods (i.e. maize and groundnuts) and calculated dietary diversity scores. (tufts.edu)
- Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Quantile Regression models were used to compare the strength of associations between frequencies of consumption of maize and groundnuts and dietary diversity, and serum aflatoxin levels (n=1648). (tufts.edu)
- After adjusting for wealth and other covariates, women who had consumed maize and/or groundnuts more frequently showed higher levels of aflatoxin albumin adducts. (tufts.edu)
- Improved aflatoxin mitigation, management and control for groundnuts was identified as one of the top four issues that the country needed to address in support of export growth. (au.int)
- The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT), with the support of the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF), initiated a consultative process to develop a program for the control of aflatoxins in groundnuts to facilitate export development. (au.int)
- Aflatoxin exposure, namely through infected groundnuts, is hypothesized to be associated with decreased linear growth in children (stunting) through increased infection and suppressing the immune system . (spring-nutrition.org)
- The first drama relays information on sources of good seeds for planting, seed selection, characteristics of bad nuts, and safe disposal of likely aflatoxin-contaminated groundnuts, and it offers a call to action by linking farmers to AEAs. (spring-nutrition.org)
Guidelines for acceptable aflatoxin levels1
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had developed guidelines for acceptable aflatoxin levels based on intended use (Table 1). (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Poisonous1
- Globally, an estimated 4-5 billion people are at risk of being exposed to poisonous aflatoxin. (basf.com)
Peanuts9
- Peanuts and peanut butter are some of the most rigorously tested products because they often contain aflatoxins and are widely eaten. (medlineplus.gov)
- Even though more news is speculated that maize is suspected to be contaminated with aflatoxins these days, we must not forget that other crops like rice, peanuts, cotton, almond, cashew, soya, spices, and coffee may be contaminated with aflatoxins. (island.lk)
- The study measured levels of aflatoxin in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate in blood samples of women and young children (514 and 620 respectively) across all municipalities. (nature.com)
- Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn : report of an FAO technical consultation, Rome, 3-6 May 1993. (who.int)
- Effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts: An EU-China perspective. (bvsalud.org)
- In the last 5 years, peanuts imported from China exceeded legal European Union (EU) aflatoxin limits more than 180 times. (bvsalud.org)
- This paper discusses effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts to reduce a contaminant that is an impediment to trade. (bvsalud.org)
- Peanuts (a legume) are commonly affected by aflatoxins, a toxin produced by molds. (petful.com)
- Grown in the dry climate of the southwestern United States, these peanuts are certified organic and free from aflatoxins. (momanthology.com)
Fungal3
- Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that commonly contaminates maize and other types of crops during production, harvest, storage or processing. (cdc.gov)
- Shelled corn should be dried to 15 percent moisture or less within 24 to 48 hours of harvest, and cooled to 35--40 °F for the duration of winter to reduce fungal growth and aflatoxin production. (iastate.edu)
- Aflatoxin production is influenced by biological factors such as fungal species, weeds and insect injuries. (foodinfotech.com)
Concentration9
- An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of an aflatoxin-deactivating agent* on primary measures of milk quality: aflatoxin concentration in milk, aflatoxin excretion in milk and aflatoxin transfer from feed to milk. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Aflatoxin concentration in both feed and milk samples were analysed by HPLC. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Timothy Thomas, a Research Fellow at IFPRI, will present projections of aflatoxin concentration under climate change, work jointly developed with the University of Florida. (cgiar.org)
- The average concentration of aflatoxin in the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - lower than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. (nature.com)
- Although aflatoxin-albumin conjugate was detected in more than 80% of blood samples, the average concentration in children and adults of 0.64 and 0.98 pg mg −1 alb, respectively, is much lower than in other similar rural-based countries. (nature.com)
- These results could be used in further studies aimed at development of a robust classification model, which could be useful to screen for aflatoxins at concentration limits proposed by the European legislation. (ac.be)
- Obviously, it is vital that a good estimate of aflatoxin concentration is obtained so that an educated decision can be made. (iastate.edu)
- Calibrant containing Aflatoxin G1 at a concentration of 25μg/mL in Acetonitrile and packaged in 10mL volume. (trilogylab.com)
- Peak area ratios (aflatoxin B1-lysine m/z: aflatoxin B1-lysine-d 4 m/z) were linearly related to concentration. (cdc.gov)
Crops10
- In developed countries, commercial crops are routinely screened for aflatoxin using detection techniques that are performed in a laboratory setting. (cdc.gov)
- Inadequate harvesting and storage techniques allow for the growth of aflatoxin-producing fungus and homegrown crops are not routinely tested for the presence of aflatoxin. (cdc.gov)
- A major threat to farmers' crops - and both the agricultural economy and nutritional safety of the nation - are aflatoxins. (clintonfoundation.org)
- Beyond the health risks, aflatoxins also pose a significant economic burden, causing an estimated 25% or more of the world's food crops to be destroyed annually (World Health Organization, 2018). (clintonfoundation.org)
- Maize is one of the most productive crops, as important as it is, maize farmers face a great challenge in this sector due to the aflatoxin virus that is commonly found in grains. (clintonfoundation.org)
- With funding from the McKnight Foundation and in collaboration with partners including the National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi-NASFAM, Farmers Union Malawi (FUM), Kamuzu Central Hospital and Nkhoma Hospital, Malawi, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) developed the rapid test kit for aflatoxins. (icrisat.org)
- The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 25% of all crops in the world are affected by aflatoxins. (icrisat.org)
- All farmers prepared the land before planting, applied correct spacing between the planted crops, carried out weeding, cleaned their stores before use, checked the condition of the maize after harvesting, sorted maize after shelling, and knew about aflatoxins. (mdpi.com)
- Aflatoxin infection in crops is considered a universal threat, influencing the agricultural economy and food processing industry. (foodinfotech.com)
- Aflatoxins are a type of toxins produced by some Aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G2 and aflatoxin G1, which are the most common aflatoxins found naturally in food crops and their products. (foodinfotech.com)
High levels of aflatoxins2
- Aflatoxicosis is the disease caused by the consumption of high levels of aflatoxins. (allaboutfeed.net)
- As of 2010, roughly 5 billion people worldwide were estimated to be exposed to high levels of aflatoxins. (cgiar.org)
Mitigation5
- BASF and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) have partnered to host a workshop that brings together stakeholders involved in aflatoxin management to discuss possible solutions for aflatoxin mitigation in Tanzania. (basf.com)
- Sarah Mshiu from the Prime Minister's office presents the status of Aflatoxin mitigation in Tanzania. (basf.com)
- This will help advance Tanzania's national aflatoxin mitigation strategy, and findings can also benefit other countries in the region. (basf.com)
- Stakeholders drawn from different sectors including academia, government, international and private sectors will combine expertise to provide innovative mitigation solutions that will, in effect, support the government's efforts toward reducing the effects of aflatoxin exposure to the general population. (basf.com)
- Sustainable management of aflatoxins requires robust detection, surveillance and deployment of integrated mitigation approaches while increasing public awareness and responsiveness. (monitor.co.ug)
Zearalenone3
- Effect of industrial processing on the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone in corn-milling fractions. (greenmedinfo.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone levels in various corn-milling fractions. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Aflatoxins, deoxinivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 toxins and zearalenone are all examples of what feed contaminant that can sometimes be found in corn and corn byproducts? (hoards.com)
Livestock2
- In livestock and poultry, ingestion of feeds contaminated with aflatoxins is associated with growth suppression leading to reduced feed intake, poor utilisation of nutrients and poor meat quality. (monitor.co.ug)
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates aflatoxin levels in food and livestock feed. (iastate.edu)
Amounts of aflatoxin2
- The FDA believes occasionally eating small amounts of aflatoxin poses little risk over a lifetime. (medlineplus.gov)
- Chronic, long-term exposure to tiny, undetectable amounts of aflatoxin in your pet's food has the potential to cause serious damage to the future health of your dog. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
Effects of aflatoxins3
- It is expected that there will be a reduction in the effects of aflatoxins to those exposed to the fortified flour. (basf.com)
- This calls for collective interventions and strategies aimed at counteracting the adverse effects of aflatoxins. (monitor.co.ug)
- Beef and dairy cattle are more susceptible to aflatoxicosis than sheep and horses, whereas, young animals of all species are more sensitive to the effects of aflatoxins than mature animals. (allaboutfeed.net)
Exposure to aflatoxins2
- This paper presents information on the association between nutritional state of children and dietary exposure to aflatoxins in Kisumu District. (bvsalud.org)
- Chronic hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to aflatoxins is fundamental in the formation of HCC in developing countries. (who.int)
Detection of aflatoxin1
- A recent development is the detection of aflatoxin exceeding the maximum allowable limit in Thriposha according to the head of the government's public health inspectors' (PHI) union. (island.lk)
Consumption4
- Consumption of aflatoxins is cumulative: they are not eradicated through standard cooking processes, and the body is unable to destroy or excrete them. (cgiar.org)
- It is unlikely that the consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is a causative factor in the current level of malnutrition and stunting affecting Timor-Leste children. (nature.com)
- Levels of aflatoxin exposure observed in this study likely reflect consumption of various foods susceptible to aflatoxin from multiple sources. (tufts.edu)
- Consumption of large amounts of aflatoxins results in death. (foodinfotech.com)
Occurrence3
- Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are a principal public health concern because of their pivotal role in the occurrence of primary liver cancer. (ac.be)
- Validate and transfer to stakeholders a sustainable and effective safety management system for reducing and controlling aflatoxin occurrence along the Brazil nut production chain, as a means to recover and consolidate market access, particularly in the European Union (EU). (standardsfacility.org)
- https://www.anco.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Aflatoxin-occurrence_2016b-4.jpg 384 876 Anco https://www.anco.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/anco_Logo-300x110.png Anco 2016-06-06 09:54:03 2016-10-13 16:51:09 Aflatoxin: How big is the threat of aflatoxins in poultry diets? (anco.net)
Susceptible4
- Dogs are highly susceptible to aflatoxin poisoning. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Two reference varieties were chosen for study: a cultivar that gives average yields under drought conditions but has good aflatoxin resistance, and another that is higher-yielding but more susceptible to the fungus. (hyfoma.com)
- Pets are highly susceptible to aflatoxin poisoning because, unlike people, who eat a varied diet, pets generally eat the same food continuously over extended periods of time. (nasc.cc)
- Poultry is considered as the most susceptible animal species to aflatoxins. (anco.net)
Fungus2
- Aflatoxins are toxins produced by a mold (fungus) that grows in nuts, seeds, and legumes. (medlineplus.gov)
- The levels of aflatoxin in millet and sorghum differs with temperature and relative humidity, whereas fungus present in sesame seeds increases with latitude. (foodinfotech.com)
Total aflatoxins2
- The European Union lower limits are 2 parts per billion (ppb) for Aflatoxin B1 and 4 ppb of total aflatoxins. (foodnavigator.com)
- The obtained results indicate that the electronic nose was able to distinguish between maize samples according to the presence and absence of total aflatoxins. (ac.be)
Food28
- Although aflatoxins are known to cause cancer in animals, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows them at low levels in nuts, seeds, and legumes because they are considered "unavoidable contaminants. (medlineplus.gov)
- It is not practical to attempt to remove aflatoxin from food products in order to make them safer. (medlineplus.gov)
- In developing nations, many people are exposed to aflatoxin through food grown at home. (cdc.gov)
- According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), aflatoxins are a major risk to food security and safety in developing countries. (basf.com)
- Nevertheless, both humans and animals can unintentionally consume contaminated food with aflatoxins. (island.lk)
- It is interesting to know how aflatoxins get into the food items. (island.lk)
- According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the maximum allowable limit for total aflatoxin in food items is 20 ppb (parts per billion) and the levels may vary on the type of food items. (island.lk)
- Aflatoxins are a group of poisons which compromise the safety and quality of the food and feed. (monitor.co.ug)
- In addition to conforming to the developed aflatoxin standards, Uganda also needs regulations for monitoring foods and strict enforcement of measures on the quality of food at household and market levels. (monitor.co.ug)
- At the regional level, concerted efforts are needed to strengthen coordination of polices on safety and standards, branding of aflatoxin-safe products, and incentives for safe food. (monitor.co.ug)
- In this webinar, panelists from the International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI ), USAID's Bureau for Food Security , Purdue University and an independent consultant will discuss how aflatoxins relate to climate change, gender and nutrition. (cgiar.org)
- Lynn Brown, an Independent Consultant and the former chief economist of the World Food Program, will discuss linkages of aflatoxins with gender and nutrition as well as potential solutions. (cgiar.org)
- Ahmed Kablan , Senior Nutrition and Food Safety Research Advisor, Bureau of Food Security, USAID, will discuss the Bureau's approaches to tackling aflatoxin challenges. (cgiar.org)
- For aflatoxin the guidelines to regulate the levels of its exposure relate to human food and animal feed 8 . (nature.com)
- Working to stay ahead of the curve, AIF and CF have been focusing on aflatoxin management and reduction in the maize supply chain - to ensure food safety and maximize revenue from maize sales through high-quality crop production. (clintonfoundation.org)
- Aflatoxin is one of the most dangerous natural poisons known to food scientists. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Aflatoxin has led to the tragic death of hundreds of dogs … and has caused an increasing number of life-threatening dog food recalls . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Corn has been the most common source of aflatoxin in every poison-related dog food recall . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Compared to almost any other dog food contaminant , aflatoxin has the potential to be FAR more dangerous . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- When contaminated food is processed, aflatoxins enter the general food supply where they have been found in both pet and human food as well as in feedstocks for agricultural animals. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Animals fed with contaminated food can pass aflatoxin transformation products into eggs, milk products and meat. (thenationonlineng.net)
- The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level for aflatoxin present in food or feed is 20-300ppb. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Around 90 countries have regulations that establish maximum aflatoxin limits in food and feed products. (icrisat.org)
- Aflatoxin contaminated food can pose a serious health risk. (icrisat.org)
- If a pet's food contains aflatoxins, the toxins could accumulate in the pet's system as they continue to eat the same food. (nasc.cc)
- The second study examined the correlations between food handling procedures and good agricultural practices (GAPs) in maize, groundnut and chili farming households, and aflatoxin exposure as measured by aflatoxin albumin adducts during pregnancy. (tufts.edu)
- Hy-Vee, Inc. is recalling 2 types of dog food because of elevated levels of Aflatoxin. (petprojectblog.com)
- The new guidelines adopted in the meeting were about ready-to-usetherapeuticfoods, management of biological food-borne outbreaks, and maximum levels for aflatoxins in cereals. (agrobiology.eu)
Corn12
- We've noted zero aflatoxin-related recalls from major brands, including those that use corn in their recipes. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Corn is not the only source of aflatoxin. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- An "action level" of 20 parts per billion (ppb) for aflatoxins in corn has been established for interstate commerce. (iastate.edu)
- Corn that is contaminated with aflatoxin at levels greater than 20 ppb may not be sold for interstate commerce, but it does have uses. (iastate.edu)
- Blending aflatoxin-contaminated corn is not legal except for on-farm use. (iastate.edu)
- The feed ingredient most frequently contaminated with aflatoxin above risk threshold level was corn. (anco.net)
- In Brazil, the presence of aflatoxins in corn is regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture through Decree 183 of March 21, 1996 and Resolution 274 of October 15, 2002 of the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency, which established a maximum limit of 20 μg/kg for the sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. (anco.net)
- Aflatoxin can infect corn across the Midwest and Southern United States, especially if corn is under insect or drought stress. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- Aflatoxin does not occur uniformly in bulk corn, so samples should be taken in several areas of a load or storage bin. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- Corn product selection is an important step in aflatoxin management. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- Measurements of airborne aflatoxins during the handling of 1979 contaminated corn. (cdc.gov)
- Corn, Barley (M.H. Farms), & Corn, Wheat (Bethel) are subject to DON (VOM) &/ or aflatoxin testing and quality deductions. (markhersheyfarms.com)
Groundnut5
- Chong, Y.H. and Beng, C.G. (1965) Aflatoxins in unre-fined groundnut oils. (scirp.org)
- Basappa, S.C. and Sreenivasamurthy, V. (1977) State of aflatoxin in groundnut oil. (scirp.org)
- Basappa, S.C. and Sreenivasamurthy, V. (1979) Decon-tamination of groundnut oil from aflatoxin. (scirp.org)
- Fatty acid composition differs depending on whether or not the variety is aflatoxin-resistant, and the fatty acid metabolism can thus be assumed to be another parameter linked to groundnut resistance mechanisms prior to harvest. (hyfoma.com)
- Seasonality was a strong predictor of prenatal aflatoxin exposure, with the highest levels seen in the winter months following maize and groundnut harvest seasons. (tufts.edu)
Chronic aflatoxin2
- Feed refusal, reduced growth rate, and decreased feed efficiency are the predominant signs of chronic aflatoxin poisoning. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Results from this preliminary analysis demonstrated chronic aflatoxin exposure in children residing in Bhaktapur with a geometric mean of 3.62 pg AFB 1 -lysine/mg albumin. (elsevier.com)
Contain aflatoxin2
- To help minimize risk, the FDA tests foods that may contain aflatoxin. (medlineplus.gov)
- Which Ingredients Contain Aflatoxin? (dogfoodadvisor.com)
Address aflatoxins1
- What are the key nutritional and gendered entry points to address aflatoxins? (cgiar.org)
Exposures1
- Aflatoxin exposures of agricultur al workers. (cdc.gov)
Peanut1
- Having pegged its nationally acceptable limit of aflatoxin in peanut at 10 parts per billion (ppb) as far back as 2018, Ghana could well be leading, and not just supporting the regional block's preference of setting the MRL for aflatoxin in peanut at 10 ppb. (usda.gov)
Grain8
- These include mechanisms for rapid aflatoxin detection for grain traders, robust surveillance and building public awareness. (monitor.co.ug)
- 2) feed with aflatoxin B1 supplied by aflatoxin-contaminated maize grain. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Aflatoxin-affected grain presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. (nature.com)
- Subsistence farmers, who both produce and consume their own produce, are especially exposed to the negative impacts of aflatoxin affected grain, as it is not subject to quality testing. (nature.com)
- An electronic nose (EN) may represent a promising analytical tool to be used for an early detection of mould spoilage in grain. (ac.be)
- The Charm II radioimmunoassay aflatoxin test for grain detects aflatoxin B1 at 5 to 40 ppb. (charm.com)
- Since aflatoxin levels are usually highest in damaged kernels, cleaning the grain using a rotary screen or gravity table may reduce their levels. (iastate.edu)
- Grain that is contaminated with aflatoxin at levels below 300 ppb (parts per billion) can be fed to local beef cattle. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Levels11
- However, high concentrations of aflatoxins, or prolonged exposure at low levels, cause visual symptoms in cattle, and especially in young calves. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical climates. (cgiar.org)
- The levels of aflatoxin were determined using an indirect competitive ELISA protocol. (hindawi.com)
- Mean aflatoxin levels in chopped, fermented, and sun-dried cassava ( Akuoga) were 0.36 μ g/kg compared to 0.25 μ g/kg in chopped and sun-dried ( Abeta) products. (hindawi.com)
- Many countries reject imports of agricultural products that exceed certain levels of aflatoxin, costing farmers millions of dollars every year. (icrisat.org)
- Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. (mdpi.com)
- This study evaluated what effect training farmers on GAP has on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kaptumo, Kilibwoni, and Kipkaren divisions in Nandi County. (mdpi.com)
- Study 3 used linear and logistic regression models to explore the relationship between prenatal aflatoxin levels and selected adverse birth outcomes in a sub-sample of 1621 mother-newborn pairs. (tufts.edu)
- However, this is expensive and not always successful since aflatoxin levels also can be high in undamaged kernels. (iastate.edu)
- In this manuscript, the levels of aflatoxin exposure in the Nepal cohort were compared with those observed in aflatoxin studies, with child growth parameters as a health outcome. (elsevier.com)
- Future work will analyze the relationships between aflatoxin levels, growth, and other risk factors collected by the MAL-ED study. (elsevier.com)
Prenatal2
- Effects of prenatal aflatoxin B1 exposure on behaviors of rat offspring. (bvsalud.org)
- REDDY, P. S. Prenatal exposure to aflatoxin B1: developmental, behavioral, and reproductive alterations in male rats. (bvsalud.org)
Enzyme-linke1
- Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). (mdpi.com)
Impacts1
- Even though we have not seen the laboratory test reports or satisfactory evidence to prove their allegation, it is a timely requirement to make the public aware of the health impacts of aflatoxins and how to prevent their ingestion. (island.lk)
Poultry3
- For example, contaminated poultry feed is suspected in the findings of high percentages of samples of aflatoxin-contaminated chicken meat and eggs in Pakistan. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Aflatoxin: How big is the threat of aflatoxins in poultry diets? (anco.net)
- The aflatoxin B1 limit for poultry diets in the EU is 20 μg/kg. (anco.net)
Limits1
- The hygienic quality of the milk in the current study was found to be poor due to exceeding the standard limits in number of specific pathogens, antibiotic, aflatoxin M1, pesticide and heavy metal residues. (scirp.org)
Hepatocellular carcinoma1
- Genetic Features of Aflatoxin-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
IARC2
- The International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has reported that aflatoxins can cause cancer in both humans and animals and are classified into the Group 1 category of chemical hazards due to their potent nature. (island.lk)
- According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), aflatoxin B1 is considered as a Class 1 Human Carcinogen. (foodinfotech.com)
Grains3
- Beyond their dire effects on regional trade, especially in grains, aflatoxins have been extensively linked to liver cancer, child-stunting, malnutrition and impaired growth in humans. (monitor.co.ug)
- however, accumulation of the aflatoxin in the distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) will occur. (iastate.edu)
- Aflatoxin does not accumulate in the ethanol but can be concentrated in the dried distiller's grains (DDGs). (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Accumulate1
- So you can take action … before smaller doses of aflatoxin can accumulate in your dog's body. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
Toxicity3
- However, aflatoxins are different in their toxicity depending on their chemical composition and molecular structure. (island.lk)
- Aflatoxin has the highest toxicity of all mold toxins. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
- Children are more vulnerable to aflatoxin toxicity. (foodinfotech.com)
Parasiticus1
- Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite produced by toxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. (anco.net)
Molds2
- Harvesting and storing wet produce is reported to be the leading stimulant for growth of molds that cause accumulation of aflatoxins. (monitor.co.ug)
- The quality of milk can be affected by the presence of additional water, detergents, disinfectants, antibiotics, pesticides and pathogens like bacteria, viruses, toxins released by molds such as aflatoxins and heavy metals etc. (scirp.org)
Kenya3
- In Kenya, acute aflatoxin poisoning results in liver failure and death in up to 40% of cases. (cdc.gov)
- We randomly surveyed 165 households in Southeastern Kenya and tested a small portion of their maize supplies for the presence of aflatoxin using our modified rapid screening test. (cdc.gov)
- Aflatoxin contaminated maize is of public health concern in Kenya. (mdpi.com)
Accumulation3
- Aflatoxin accumulation is usually associated with poor storage conditions. (iastate.edu)
- A chemical test can be performed at a certified laboratory to detect and quantify potential aflatoxin accumulation in a sample. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
- The longer infected ears remain in the fields, the greater the opportunity for aflatoxin accumulation. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Commonly1
- Most of the aflatoxins were isolated from different varieties of pearl millet, but aflatoxin G2 was commonly found in seed samples collected during the winter season. (foodinfotech.com)
Liver cancer3
- There is evidence that aflatoxin exposure plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer in the US population. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Children are particularly affected by aflatoxin exposure, which leads to stunted growth, delayed development, liver damaged and liver cancer. (thenationonlineng.net)
- Symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning include: liver cancer, fluid retention, increased incidence of Hepatitis B infection, and stunting in children. (icrisat.org)
Feed contaminated1
- Ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxins not only undermines agricultural productivity but also poses health risks to consumers. (monitor.co.ug)
Risk5
- Children are at higher risk, as aflatoxins cause nutrient deficiency, stunting and delayed development. (basf.com)
- This risk is the AFLATOXIN risk. (thenationonlineng.net)
- The study shows that cassava consumers are exposed to the risk of aflatoxin poisoning. (hindawi.com)
- There is no evidence to suggest that pet owners who handle products containing aflatoxin are at risk of aflatoxin poisoning. (nasc.cc)
- Products with larger, tighter fitting husks, insect resistance traits, and drought tolerance can help reduce the potential risk of aflatoxin. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Determination1
- It also suggests that additional research is necessary to elucidate the aflatoxin-fetal growth relationship, including determination of threshold values. (tufts.edu)
Farmers4
- From the onset, farmers are advised to use improved and aflatoxin-free seed, control pests and diseases and harvest on time. (monitor.co.ug)
- We still have farmers who are struggling in taking good care of their production and what we are doing is to educate them again on the side effects of aflatoxin and losses it can cause to their production. (clintonfoundation.org)
- This exciting advancement combined with a mobile extraction kit that will be ready in two months, will be the first portable cost-effective way for farmers and others to detect aflatoxins instantly. (icrisat.org)
- To support the hands-on learning in the FFSs, we produced two radio dramas to reach other farmers and community members about key aflatoxin control practices. (spring-nutrition.org)