AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHealth Care
AflatoxinsAflatoxin B1Aflatoxin M1Aspergillus flavusAspergillusSterigmatocystinFood ContaminationPoisonsAnthraquinonesArachis hypogaeaEthoxyquinMycotoxicosisDichlorvosOchratoxinsMycotoxinsCarcinogensCondimentsChromatography, Thin LayerZea maysZearalenoneFood MicrobiologyBiotransformationFood AnalysisLiver NeoplasmsMutagensDNA AdductsLiver
Aflatoxins
Furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by ASPERGILLUS from STERIGMATOCYSTIN. They are structurally related to COUMARINS and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become ALKYLATING AGENTS. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.
Aflatoxin B1
A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
Aflatoxin M1
A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).
Aspergillus flavus
A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.
Aspergillus
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
Sterigmatocystin
A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, and an unidentified species of Bipolaris. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney and has an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA.
Food Contamination
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Poisons
Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Anthraquinones
Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.
Arachis hypogaea
A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.
Ethoxyquin
Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.
Mycotoxicosis
Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).
Dichlorvos
An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
Ochratoxins
Isocoumarins found in ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS and other FUNGI. Ochratoxin contaminated FOOD has been responsible for cases of FOODBORNE DISEASES.
Mycotoxins
Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.
Carcinogens
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Condiments
Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.
Chromatography, Thin Layer
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Zea mays
A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.
Zearalenone
(S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.
Food Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Biotransformation
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Food Analysis
Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Mutagens
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.
DNA Adducts
The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.
Liver
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (1/749)

Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied.  (+info)

Effect of sex difference on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by the rat. (2/749)

Hepatic microsome-catalyzed metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to aflatoxin M1 and aflatoxin Q1 and the "metabolic activation" of AFB1 to DNA-alylating metabolite(s) were studied in normal male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, in gonadectomized animals, and in castrated males and normal females treated with testosterone. Microsomes from male animals formed 2 to 5 times more aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin Q1, and DNA-alkylating metabolite(s) than those from females. Castration reduced the metabolism of AFB1 by the microsomes from males by about 50%, whereas ovariectomy had no significant effect on AFB1 metabolism by the microsomes from females. Testosterone treatment (4 mg/rat, 3 times/week for about 6 weeks) of castrated immature males and immature females enhanced the metabolism of AFB1 by their microsomes. A sex difference in the metabolism of AFB1 by liver microsomes was also seen in other strains of rats tested: Wistar, Long-Evans, and Fischer. The activity of kidney microsomes for metabolic activation was 1 to 4% that of the liver activity and was generally lower in microsomes from male rats as compared to those from female rats of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans strains. The in vitro results obtained with hepatic microsomes correlated well with the in vivo metabolism of AFB1, in that more AFB1 became bound in vivo to hepatic DNA isolated from male rats and from a female rat treated with testosterone than that isolated from control female rats. These data suggest that the differences in hepatic AFB1 metabolism may be the underlying cause of the sex difference in toxicity and carcinogenicity of AFB1 observed in rats.  (+info)

Effect of zinc on adenine nucleotide pools in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. (3/749)

The adenylic acid systems of Aspergillus parasiticus were studied in zinc-replete and zinc-deficient media. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels of the fungus were high during exponential phase and low during stationary phase in zinc-replete cultures. On the other hand, the levels of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adenosine 5'-monophosphate were low during exponential phase of growth and high during stationary phase. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels during exponential phase may indicate higher primary metabolic activity of the fungus. On the other hand, high adenosine 5'-monophosphate levels during stationary phase may inhibit lipid formation and may enhance aflatoxin levels. The inorganic phosphorus content was low in a zinc-replete medium throughout the growth period, thereby favoring aflatoxin biosynthesis. The energy charge during the exponential phase was high but low during the stationary phase. In general the energy charge values were lower because of high adenosine 5'-monophosphate content.  (+info)

Characterization of the promoter for the gene encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway regulatory protein AFLR. (4/749)

Most genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus parasiticus are regulated by the binuclear zinc cluster DNA-binding protein AFLR. The aflR promoter was analyzed in beta-glucuronidase reporter assays to elucidate some of the elements involved in the gene's transcription control. Truncation at 118 bp upstream of the translational start site increased promoter activity 5-fold, while truncation at -100 reduced activity about 20-fold. These findings indicate the presence of an important positive regulatory element between -100 and -118 and a negative regulatory region further upstream. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays on nuclear extracts from A. parasiticus induced for aflatoxin expression suggest that AFLR and another, possibly more abundant, protein bind to the -100/-118 region. Another protein binds to a sequence at position -159 to -164 that matches the consensus binding site for the transcription factor involved in pH-dependent gene regulation, PACC.  (+info)

HGF-mediated apoptosis via p53/bax-independent pathway activating JNK1. (5/749)

Current studies have indicated both positive and negative roles for the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met receptor signaling system in tumor development. Recently, we have shown that HGF has the capacity to induce both growth inhibition and programmed cell death in aflatoxin-transformed (AFLB8) rat liver epithelial cells. Using the same cell line, we have now investigated a potential mechanism for HGF-induced apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis of bcl-2 gene family member (bax, bcl-2, bclX-s/l) expression showed no correlation with HGF treatment, suggesting that HGF-mediated apoptosis is bax independent. Following HGF treatment retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was present in the hypophosphorylated state. HGF treatment increased cyclin A, cyclin G1 and nuclear transcriptional factor (NFkappaB) protein expression. However, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that NFkappaB activity decreased with HGF treatment. Under these apoptotic conditions, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2) were activated with lower level activation of ERK2, while no involvement of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase was observed. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was not protective, and actually induced cells to undergo apoptosis to a level similar to that of HGF alone or EGF/HGF in combination. These results suggest the possibility of cross-talk between HGF/c-met and EGF/EGFR signaling pathways, and the involvement of JNK1 induction in HGF-mediated apoptotic cell death.  (+info)

Divergence of West African and North American communities of Aspergillus section Flavi. (6/749)

West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B1. However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G1 in NH4 medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G1. This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management.  (+info)

Interactions of saprophytic yeasts with a nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus. (7/749)

The nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus has a defective norsolorinic acid reductase, and thus the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway is blocked, resulting in the accumulation of norsolorinic acid, a bright red-orange pigment. We developed a visual agar plate assay to monitor yeast strains for their ability to inhibit aflatoxin production by visually scoring the accumulation of this pigment of the nor mutant. We identified yeast strains that reduced the red-orange pigment accumulation in the nor mutant. These yeasts also reduced aflatoxin accumulation by a toxigenic strain of A. flavus. These yeasts may be useful for reducing aflatoxin contamination of food commodities.  (+info)

Enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins and biosynthetic relationship between G- and B-group aflatoxins. (8/749)

We detected biosynthetic activity for aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) in cell extracts of Aspergillus parasiticus NIAH-26. We found that in the presence of NADPH, aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) were produced from O-methylsterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin, respectively. No G-group aflatoxins were produced from aflatoxin B(1), aflatoxin B(2), 5-methoxysterigmatocystin, dimethoxysterigmatocystin, or sterigmatin, confirming that B-group aflatoxins are not the precursors of G-group aflatoxins and that G- and B-group aflatoxins are independently produced from the same substrates (O-methylsterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin). In competition experiments in which the cell-free system was used, formation of aflatoxin G(2) from dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin was suppressed when O-methylsterigmatocystin was added to the reaction mixture, whereas aflatoxin G(1) was newly formed. This result indicates that the same enzymes can catalyze the formation of aflatoxins G(1) and G(2). Inhibition of G-group aflatoxin formation by methyrapone, SKF-525A, or imidazole indicated that a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase may be involved in the formation of G-group aflatoxins. Both the microsome fraction and a cytosol protein with a native mass of 220 kDa were necessary for the formation of G-group aflatoxins. Due to instability of the microsome fraction, G-group aflatoxin formation was less stable than B-group aflatoxin formation. The ordA gene product, which may catalyze the formation of B-group aflatoxins, also may be required for G-group aflatoxin biosynthesis. We concluded that at least three reactions, catalyzed by the ordA gene product, an unstable microsome enzyme, and a 220-kDa cytosol protein, are involved in the enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins from either O-methylsterigmatocystin or dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin.  (+info)

Toxins | Free Full-Text | Inhibitory Effects of Respiration Inhibitors on Aflatoxin ProductionToxins | Free Full-Text | Inhibitory Effects of Respiration Inhibitors on Aflatoxin Production
Aflatoxin production inhibitors, which do not inhibit the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi, may be used to control aflatoxin without incurring a rapid spread of resistant strains. A respiration inhibitor that inhibits aflatoxin production was identified during a screening process for natural, aflatoxin-production inhibitors. This prompted us to evaluate respiration inhibitors as potential aflatoxin control agents. The inhibitory activities of four natural inhibitors, seven synthetic miticides, and nine synthetic fungicides were evaluated on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus. All of the natural inhibitors (rotenone, siccanin, aptenin A5, and antimycin A) inhibited fungal aflatoxin production with IC50 values around 10 µM. Among the synthetic miticides, pyridaben, fluacrypyrim, and tolfenpyrad exhibited strong inhibitory activities with IC50 values less than 0.2 µM, whereas cyflumetofen did not show significant inhibitory activity. Of the synthetic fungicides, boscalid, pyribencarb,
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/4/1193
Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea maysGenotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea mays
Zea mays L. is one of the worlds most important and widely grown crops and is susceptible to a wide range of plant pathogens. One fungal pathogen of particular concern is Aspergillus flavus Link, which is capable of producing the secondary metabolite aflatoxin. Aflatoxin poses serious health concerns when consumed by humans and animals and when consumed in large doses can lead to abdominal pain, liver damage, and death. While regulated in the United States, many underdeveloped countries do not have the resources to monitor aflatoxin accumulation in maize and, thus, developing low aflatoxin accumulation commercial maize lines would be of great benefit. The objective of this project was to identify genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation that could help maize breeders develop a low aflatoxin accumulating line. The results of this work reveal the potential impact the maternal parental plant has on low aflatoxin accumulation through the movement of carbohydrates into ...
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/14494
Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea maysGenotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea mays
Zea mays L. is one of the worlds most important and widely grown crops and is susceptible to a wide range of plant pathogens. One fungal pathogen of particular concern is Aspergillus flavus Link, which is capable of producing the secondary metabolite aflatoxin. Aflatoxin poses serious health concerns when consumed by humans and animals and when consumed in large doses can lead to abdominal pain, liver damage, and death. While regulated in the United States, many underdeveloped countries do not have the resources to monitor aflatoxin accumulation in maize and, thus, developing low aflatoxin accumulation commercial maize lines would be of great benefit. The objective of this project was to identify genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation that could help maize breeders develop a low aflatoxin accumulating line. The results of this work reveal the potential impact the maternal parental plant has on low aflatoxin accumulation through the movement of carbohydrates into ...
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/14494?show=full
Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda
Maize is an important staple crop for the majority of the population in Uganda. However, in tropical and subtropical climates, maize is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, a group of cancer-causing and immuno-suppressive mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. In Uganda, there is limited knowledge about the causal agents of aflatoxin contamination. The current study determined both the aflatoxin levels in pre-harvest maize across Uganda and the structures of communities of aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with the maize. A total of 256 pre-harvest maize samples were collected from 23 major maize-growing districts in eight agro-ecological zones (AEZ). Maize aflatoxin content ranged from 0 to 3760 ng/g although only around 5% for Ugandan thresholds. For EU it is about 16% of the samples contained aflatoxin concentrations above tolerance thresholds. A total of 3105 Aspergillus section Flavi isolates were recovered and these were dominated by the A. flavus L morphotype ...
https://biblio1.iita.org/handle/20.500.12478/6880?show=full
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth...
Abstract Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are vulnerable to multiple environmental insults, including exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin that may contaminate as much as 25% of the world food supply. We reviewed and integrated findings from studies of aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and evaluated potential links to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We identified 27 studies (10 human cross-sectional studies and 17 animal studies) assessing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and adverse birth outcomes or anemia. Findings suggest that aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Only one human study investigated aflatoxin exposure and prematurity, and no studies investigated its relationship with pregnancy loss, but animal studies suggest aflatoxin exposure may increase risk for prematurity and pregnancy loss. The fetus could be affected by maternal aflatoxin exposure through direct toxicity as well as indirect toxicity, via maternal systemic inflammation, impaired
http://ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0730
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Current Understanding on Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Future Perspective in Reducing Aflatoxin...Toxins | Free Full-Text | Current Understanding on Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Future Perspective in Reducing Aflatoxin...
Traditional molecular techniques have been used in research in discovering the genes and enzymes that are involved in aflatoxin formation and genetic regulation. We cloned most, if not all, of the aflatoxin pathway genes. A consensus gene cluster for aflatoxin biosynthesis was discovered in 2005. The factors that affect aflatoxin formation have been studied. In this report, the author summarized the current status of research progress and future possibilities that may be used for solving aflatoxin contamination.
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/4/11/1024/htm
Scope Aflatoxin exposure coincides with micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. group, - Suppression of KRas-mutant...Scope Aflatoxin exposure coincides with micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. group, - Suppression of KRas-mutant...
Scope Aflatoxin exposure coincides with micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. group, compared to the least expensive, were 1.98 (95%CI: 1.00, 3.92) and 3.56 (95%CI: 1.13, 11.15) instances more likely to be zinc and vitamin A deficient. Summary Although children with high aflatoxin exposure levels were more likely to be zinc and vitamin A deficient, further study is necessary to determine a cause and effect relationship. to aflatoxin B1 and G1 [44]. This conflicting evidence from previous study, and the fact that the strength of the significant associations observed in the current study were fragile, makes it hard to attract valid conclusions concerning this complex relationship between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiency. Therefore further study is necessary to help set up if there is a cause and effect relationship. The relationship between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiency was not significant during the post-harvest time of year. There were, however, ...
http://complextraitgenomics.com/scope-aflatoxin-exposure-coincides-with-micronutrient-deficiencies-in-developing-countries-group/
Effect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus
The effect of cycling temperatures on production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus (V3734-10) when grown upon various substrates was studied. The parameters of temperature and time were selected to simulate environmental conditions in Oregon during harvest of filberts and walnuts. The heat input required for aflatoxin synthesis in terms of degree hours per day were calculated and may be used as an index to predict potential danger of aflatoxin contamination. Conditions which generated less than 208 hours per day did not receive sufficient heat to induce growth and metabolism. When heat input ranged between 208 and 270 hours per day, growth and metabolism occurred with the development of a yellow pigment. There was not sufficient heat input, however, to induce the idiophase, sporulation and subsequent aflatoxin synthesis. Above 270 hours per day the culture entered the idiophase, sporulation occurred and aflatoxin was produced. The heat requirements for aflatoxin production was compared to the ...
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/sq87bw60k
Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition. AU - Holbrook, C. Corley. AU - Wilson, David M.. AU - Matheron, Michael E. AU - Hunter, John E.. AU - Knauft, David A.. AU - Gorbet, Daniel W.. PY - 2000/2. Y1 - 2000/2. N2 - Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus can contaminate several agricultural crops with the toxic fungal metabolite aflatoxin. Previous research has indicated that resistance may be conferred by altering the fatty acid composition of these crops. Recently, peanut breeding lines with reduced linoleic acid content have been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of reduced linoleic acid composition on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanut. Seven breeding lines with relatively low linoleic acid and two check genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates for 4 years in Georgia and for 3 years in Arizona. The plots were inoculated with a ...
https://arizona.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aspergillus-colonization-and-aflatoxin-contamination-in-peanut-ge-2
Prevalence of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and livestock feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. AU - Vijayasamundeeswari, Ayyathurai. AU - Mohankumar, Munusamy. AU - Karthikeyan, Muthusamy. AU - Vijayanandraj, Selvaraj. AU - Paranidharan, Vaikuntavasen. AU - Velazhahan, Rethinasamy. PY - 2009/6/1. Y1 - 2009/6/1. N2 - Aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, have adverse health effects on humans and livestock that ingest aflatoxin- contaminated food products and feeds. To secure the safety of food and feed, regular monitoring of aflatoxin levels is necessary. In order to understand the magnitude of aflatoxin contamination, a survey was conducted in different agro-ecological zones of Tamil Nadu, India and 242 samples consisting of pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, food products, poultry and livestock feeds were collected from farmers fields, poultry farms, retail shops and ...
https://squ.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/prevalence-of-aflatoxin-bsub1sub-contamination-in-pre-and-post-ha
Aflatoxin - WikipediaAflatoxin - Wikipedia
No animal species is immune to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins. Adult humans have a high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis,[23] but children are particularly affected, and their exposure can lead to stunted growth and delayed development, in addition to all the symptoms mentioned below.[4] High-level aflatoxin exposure produces an acute hepatic necrosis (acute aflatoxicosis), resulting later in cirrhosis or carcinoma of the liver. Acute liver failure is made manifest by bleeding, edema, alteration in digestion, changes to the absorption and/or metabolism of nutrients, and mental changes and/or coma.[23] Chronic, subclinical exposure does not lead to symptoms so dramatic as acute aflatoxicosis. Chronic exposure increases the risk of developing liver and gallbladder cancer,[24] as aflatoxin metabolites may intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through epoxide moiety. This is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin
The saprophytic soil fungus infects crops and produces aflatoxin. (valine leucine - MEK Inhibitors Reverse cAMP-Mediated AnxietyThe saprophytic soil fungus infects crops and produces aflatoxin. (valine leucine - MEK Inhibitors Reverse cAMP-Mediated Anxiety
The saprophytic soil fungus infects crops and produces aflatoxin. (valine leucine and isoleucine) were considerably enriched in the down-regulated gene group while those connected with ribosome biogenesis translation and biosynthesis of α-amino acids had been over-represented among the up-regulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway evaluation uncovered that metabolic pathways adversely impacted among the down-regulated genes parallel to people energetic at 30 °C an ailment conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. On the other hand metabolic pathways favorably linked to the up-regulated gene group resembled those at 37 °C which mementos rapid fungal development and it is inhibitory to aflatoxin biosynthesis. The outcomes demonstrated that 2-PE at a minimal level stimulated energetic development of but concomitantly rendered reduced actions in branched-chain amino acidity degradation. Since supplementary metabolism takes place after active development provides ceased ...
http://cura-cancer.com/the-saprophytic-soil-fungus-infects-crops-and-produces-aflatoxin-valine-leucine/
中国科学院水生生物研究所机构知识库(IHB OpenIR): Antioxidant-related catalase CTA1 regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce the synthesis of a myriad of secondary metabolites, including aflatoxins. It raises significant concern as it is a potent environmental contaminant. In Aspergillus flavus., antioxidant enzymes link ROS stress response with coordinated gene regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized the function of a core component of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CTA1) of A. flavus. Firstly, we verified the presence of cta1 corresponding protein (CTA1) by Western blot analysis and mass-spectrometry based analysis. Then, the functional study revealed that the growth, sporulation and sclerotia formation significantly increased, while aflatoxins production and virulence were decreased in the cta1 deletion mutant as compared with the WT and complementary strains. Furthermore, the absence of the cta1 gene resulted in a significant rise in the intracellular ROS level, which in turn added to the oxidative stress level of cells. A further quantitative ...
http://ir.ihb.ac.cn/handle/342005/36037
Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutionsMycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutions
Aflatoxins are important because some are extremely toxic to many kinds of animals; 10 ppb AFB1 consumed regularly by rats may eventually result in fatal liver cancer and in somewhat larger amounts-a few hundred ppb-aflatoxin cause a great variety of ill effects in wild and domestic animals. An aflatoxin contamination level of 20 ppb is permitted in feed grains and in feeds in the U.S.A. but in foods intended for human consumption the tolerance is zero. However, these guidelines were then revised. North Carolina agricultural officials reported that maize containing up to 200 ppb could be fed to heifers (older than 6 months), calves and bulls and to non-lactating brood cows. Maize containing aflatoxin higher than 20 ppb should not be fed to lactating animals, used as any starter ration or feed to poultry. All other animals could be fed with maize containing aflatoxin levels up to 100 ppb. For human consumption, a level, below 20 ppb is enforced (Mirocha and Christensen 1982 and Pitt, ...
http://www.fao.org/3/x5036e/x5036e1e.htm
Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct<...Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct. AU - Lin, Ying Chih. AU - Li, Liang. AU - Makarova, Alena V.. AU - Burgers, Peter M.. AU - Stone, Michael P.. AU - Lloyd, Robert (Stephen). PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a known carcinogen associated with early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is thought to contribute to over half a million new HCCs per year. Although some of the fundamental risk factors are established, the molecular basis of AFB1-induced mutagenesis in primate cells has not been rigorously investigated. To gain insights into genome instability that is produced as a result of replicating DNAs containing AFB1 adducts, site-specific mutagenesis assays were used to establish the mutagenic potential of the persistent ring-opened AFB1 adduct, AFB1-formamidopyrimidine (AFB1-FAPY). This lesion was highly mutagenic, yielding replication error frequencies of 97%, with the predominant base ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-basis-of-aflatoxin-induced-mutagenesis-role-of-the-afla-2
Publication : USDA ARSPublication : USDA ARS
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01236 Interpretive Summary: Aflatoxins are carcinogenic metabolites produced by fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi. Certain isolates with section Flavi have the small sclerotia or S morphology (< 400 µm) and contaminate crops with high concentrations of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed crops in both United States (US) and Africa has been attributed to S morphology fungi; however, knowledge of genetic diversity of these highly aflatoxigenic fungi in the US remains limited. The current study utilized molecular, phylogenetic and aflatoxin analyses to identify communities of S morphology fungi resident in regions of the US where crops are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Individual and concatenated phylogenies constructed using calmodulin (1.9 kb) and nitrate reductase (2.1 kb) genes along with deletions in norB-cypA genes of aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster resolved 494 S morphology fungi from the US into four species, including ...
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=372388
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure and Hepatitis C Virus in Advanced Liver Disease in a...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure and Hepatitis C Virus in Advanced Liver Disease in a...
This community-based study evaluated the role of aflatoxin exposure in advanced liver disease in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-endemic townships. Preventive health examination was performed on 314 adults ≥ 40 years of age recruited from HCV-endemic townships in Tainan, Taiwan. Aflatoxin-albumin in serum was quantified by a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. After adjusting serum albumin levels and platelet counts, aflatoxin-Bi albumin adducts was still an independent risk factor for advanced liver disease among all 314 residents (> 8 versus ≤ 8 (AFBi)-albumin/albumin; OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.23-4.27, P = 0.009) and particularly in anti-HCV-positive subjects (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.09-4.0, P = 0.026). Levels of AFB1-albumin/albumin were significantly related to ultrasonographic parenchyma scores (P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA) in all and anti-HCV-positive subjects. The findings indicated aflatoxin exposure may be associated with advanced liver disease in chronic hepatitis C patients in HCV-endemic
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.747
Aflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free DictionaryAflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free Dictionary
Define aflatoxin. aflatoxin synonyms, aflatoxin pronunciation, aflatoxin translation, English dictionary definition of aflatoxin. n. Any of a group of toxic compounds produced by certain molds, especially Aspergillus flavus, that contaminate stored food supplies such as animal feed and...
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/aflatoxin
BRIGHT GREENISH YELLOW FLUORESCENCE AS A PRESUMPTIVE INDICTOR OF AFLLATOXINS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES - Eprints InstallBRIGHT GREENISH YELLOW FLUORESCENCE AS A PRESUMPTIVE INDICTOR OF AFLLATOXINS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES - Eprints Install
Study was conducted on different cereals (wheat, rice, sorghum) and oil seeds (sunflowerseed, cottonseed, groundnut) to correlate bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) of the seeds under longwave (366 nm) ultraviolet light with aflatoxin presence. Correlation between BGYF, aflatoxin and kojic acid contents and peroxidase units indicated that samples showing BGYF were not always contaminated with aflatoxins but those which contained aflatoxins, always exhibited BGYF. It was further noticed that all the samples, that showed BGY fluorescence and aflatoxin presence were loaded with spores of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin positive samples also had high moisture contents. Storage of the BGYF and aflatoxin positive samples showed that storage in the dark increased the aflatoxin content and in the light, the aflatoxin content was reduced. Some varieties of cereals and oil seeds were contaminated with toxic strain of A. flavus. Results showed positive relationship between BGYF and aflatoxin ...
http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2648/
Mycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West AfricaMycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West Africa
Studies conducted in Benin, in which the main staple foods are maize, cassava, groundnuts and yams, showed high levels of aflatoxin residues in blood of the exposed population. The natural contamination with fungi and aflatoxins in cassava chips sold at markets in Benin, West Africa was investigated. A total of sixty samples were sampled from open markets in 11 districts of 3 agroecological zones and analyzed for the presence of mycoflora and aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Fourteen genera of fungi were associated with marketed dried cassava chips. Within these, twenty- two isolates were identified to species level, whereas four were identified only to genus. The dominating fungal species isolated were Rhizopus oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Chrysonilia sitophila, Cladosporium resinae, Cladosporium herbarum, Apergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Fifty-four out of sixty samples were contaminated with A. flavus. The rate of occurrence in CFU/g of A. flavus fungi was lower than for all other fungal ...
https://dspacetest.cgiar.org/handle/10568/68355
An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013
1. Introduction. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants in food and feed. Aflatoxins (AFs) are classified as mycotoxins, which refer to a variety of seriously toxic components and the group of difuranocoumarins and classified in two broad groups according to their chemical structures; the difurocoumarocyclopentenone series (AFB, AFM and aflatoxicol) and the difurocoumarolactone series (AFG and AFB3). The aflatoxins fluoresce strongly in ultraviolet light (ca. 365 nm); B1 and B2 produce a blue fluorescence where as G1 and G2 produce green fluorescence. The toxins are generated by moulds of genera Aspergillus (specifically by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus), Penicillium and Fusarium [1] .. The agent is mainly found in warm and wet climates [2] . They are threat to agricultural products and cereal grain in particular. The products might be contaminated during pre-harvest, harvest, processing and handling stages [3] [4] . In this regard, season, humidity, daily variation, and storage ...
http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-8202824_43699.htm
Dr. MAINA J. WAGACHADr. MAINA J. WAGACHA
A survey was conducted in Nairobi, Nyanza and Western provinces in Kenya between March and July 2009 with 1263 peanut products sampled out of which 705 samples underwent microbial analysis. The study aimed at determining the incidence of fungal species - emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi - associated with peanut products. A 0.5kg representative sample was obtained from each surveyed vendor and the colony forming units (CFU) of fungal species determined. The samples were also analyzed for total aflatoxin level while isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were screened for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Eight fungal species were detected in the samples and were in decreasing order of CFU/g of sample: A. flavus S-strain (467), A. flavus L-strain (341), Penicillium spp. (326), A. niger (156), A. tamari (27), A. alliaceus (21), A. parasiticus (10), and A. caelatus (5). The overall incidence of A. flavus S-strain in samples from Nairobi was 92 and 1425% higher than samples from ...
https://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/mainawagacha/
Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus...Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus...
Aflatoxins are a potent carcinogenic mycotoxin and has become a research model of fungal secondary metabolism (SM). Via systematically investigating the APSES transcription factors (TFs), two APSES proteins were identified: AfRafA and AfStuA. These play central roles in the synthesis of mycotoxins including aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid, and fungal development and are consequently central to the pathogenicity of the aflatoxigenic A. flavus. Loss of AfRafA not only dramatically suppressed aflatoxin cluster expression, subsequently reducing toxin synthesis both in vitro and in vivo, but also impaired conidia and sclerotia development. More importantly, aflatoxin biosynthesis as well as conidia and sclerotia development were fully blocked in ΔAfStuA. In addition, our results supported that AfStuA regulated the aflatoxin synthesis in an AflR-dependent manner. Intriguingly, it was revealed that AfRafA and AfStuA exert an antagonistic role in the regulation of biosynthesis of cyclopiazonic acid. In
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02277/full
Effect of mycotoxins in swineEffect of mycotoxins in swine
There are a variety of aflatoxins (B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, M 1, M 2) produced by Apergillus flavus. Temperatures of 82° to 90° F, along with grain moisture levels of 22% to 26% provide ideal conditions for producing aflatoxin in a variety of grains, including corn, wheat, barley, and oats. The mold is abundant in the southeastern United States, but has occasionally become a problem in the Midwestern corn belt when drought conditions occur.. Aflatoxin is the only mycotoxin regulated by FDA because it has been shown to be carcinogenic, and therefore concerns about the mycotoxin entering the human food chain exist. No more than 20 ppb aflatoxin is allowed for interstate shipment of contaminated grain. Grains containing aflatoxin levels in excess of 20 ppb cannot be used for human consumption and dairy feeds, and should not be fed to young animals. At low levels (20 - 200 ppb), aflatoxin decreases performance and well-being. Feed intake is commonly reduced, resulting in depressed growth rate, while ...
http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/swine/nutrition/effects-of-mycotoxins/
How Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish SiteHow Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish Site
Aflatoxins, a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, can colonize many potential aquaculture feedstuffs such as corn, peanuts, rice, fish meal, shrimp and meat meals. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogenic agents in animals. Initial findings associated with aflatoxicosis in fish include pale gills, impaired blood clotting, anemia, poor growth rates or lack of weight gain.. According to the annual BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey in 2014, a look at aqua feeds for fish and shrimp showed that, out of 35 feed samples analyzed, 63% of the aqua feed samples were contaminated with aflatoxins at a high average concentration of 49 parts per billion (ppb), with some samples reaching up to 221 ppb. Furthermore, 27 of the 35 feed samples that were analyzed contained more than one mycotoxin. This poses additional risk to animals since in many cases the combined effects of two mycotoxins are higher than the individual effects of each toxin alone.. ...
https://thefishsite.com/articles/how-aflatoxins-threaten-pangasius-catfish-production
African Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countriesAfrican Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countries
Several mycotoxins are known to contaminate crop produce and processed forms but aflatoxins are the most common. They are mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Cereals and their products which constitute the staples in most developing countries are particularly vulnerable to attack by aflatoxigenic fungi. Despite the potential health risk posed to animals and humans, many people in developing countries are oblivious of the ability of aflatoxins to cause cancer and other debilitating diseases. This review therefore examines the various types of aflatoxigenic fungi and toxins, their occurrence in foodstuffs, their harmful effects, economic losses caused, regulation including the tolerable limits set by various national and international agencies and how their effects can be minimized or eliminated. Since developing countries are less resourced, there is the need for their developed counterparts and international agencies to offer them financial and technical
https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text/CAF5B1D60231
BetumiBlog: Hope for reducing aflatoxins in African peanuts and maize
When asked about taking groups to West Africa on culinary tours, I have been hesitant to undertake such a project due to issues of food safety and quality control. A serious problem surrounding peanut and maize production in Africa, for example, is the prevalence of mycotoxins, types of fungi that can contaminate food before, during or after it is harvested/processed. Since the 1960s there has been a new recognition of the health and other impacts of one group of mycotoxins known as aflatoxins (in particular, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) in Africa. According to the most recent quarterly newsletter of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) (04, Oct. 2009-Jan 2010) These toxins are potent causes of cancer and suppress the immune system causing greater susceptibility of humans and animals to diseases. . . High levels of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products also affect international trade since agricultural products that have more than permissible levels of ...
http://betumiblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/hope-for-reducing-aflatoxins-in-african.html
KNUSTSpace: Association between aflatoxin exposure and health characteristics, liver function, hepatitis and malaria infections...KNUSTSpace: Association between aflatoxin exposure and health characteristics, liver function, hepatitis and malaria infections...
We examined the relationship between various health parameters and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) albumin adduct levels in plasma. Design. A cross-sectional field study was conducted in four villages in the Ashanti region of Ghana. A survey on socio-demographic and health characteristics was administered to 162 volunteers and blood (20 ml) was donated by 140 participants. AFB1 albumin adduct levels, liver function, hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and malaria infections were determined. AFB1 levels ranged from 0.12 to 2.995 pmolmg21 albumin (mean¡standard deviation50.89¡ 0.46) and was categorized based on the median as low (,0.80 pmolmg21) or high (,0.80 pmol mg21) and used in the analyses. By multivariate analysis, significantly higher levels of AFB1 were obtained for participants who reported symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis: history of yellow mouth (odds ratio55.5, confidence interval51.04-29.07, p50.04); history of sore swollen stomach (odds ratio54.54, confidence interval51.28-15.62, p50.01). A ...
http://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/9643
Effects of Glucosinolate-Rich Broccoli Sprouts on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts and Phenanthrene Tetraols in a...Effects of Glucosinolate-Rich Broccoli Sprouts on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts and Phenanthrene Tetraols in a...
The biomarkers used in this study provide measures of carcinogen exposure in the residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, an area of high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (6, 7). Urinary levels of aflatoxin-N7-guanine adducts (median = 1.90 fmol/mg creatinine) measured from the placebo arm of this winter 2003 study were comparable with those found in the placebo arm during a summer 1997 intervention trial with chlorophyllin in a nearby township, Daxin (median = 0.96 fmol/mg creatinine; ref. 6). The modest difference may reflect the influence of seasonality on aflatoxin exposure: A 2-fold winter versus summer difference was seen with aflatoxin biomarkers in an ecological study in Daxin in 1993 (40). Similar analytic approaches of immunoaffinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatrography-mass spectrometry were used in the two intervention studies. Thus, aflatoxin exposures have not changed appreciably over the past decade in the rural areas of Qidong despite ...
http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/11/2605.long
Publication : USDA ARSPublication : USDA ARS
Interpretive Summary: The fungus named Aspergillus flavus produces a poison called aflatoxin when it infects corn kernels. Aflatoxin prevents the corn from being used commercially. The best strategy for controlling this problem is to develop corn that is resistant to aflatoxin contamination. Towards this aim, we compared the expression of genes after kernel infection between a susceptible corn line and one that was resistant to aflatoxin contamination to identify the genes that are related to resistance; the resistant and susceptible lines used were selected because they are closely related which makes it easier to identify genes involved in resistance. Gene expression differences were detected between resistant and susceptible lines, noninoculated and inoculated kernels. Out of the genes identified may come useful markers which allow breeders to transfer resistance to commercial lines. This could lead to future savings of millions of dollars to growers, as a result of the elimination of ...
https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=249934
Chapter 13. Storage Problems of FeedstuffsChapter 13. Storage Problems of Feedstuffs
Feedstuffs known to be contaminated by A. flavus include: groundnut cakes, maize, sorghum, sunflower, cottonseed cakes, copra, and cassava. To produce aflatoxin, however, A. flavus must be present alone in a practically pure culture. The presence of other fungi, yeast, or bacteria seems to interfere with aflatoxin production. Crops such as peanuts, cottonseed, and copra are high aflatoxin risks precisely because A. flavus often infest them as a practically pure culture with few or no other microflora. In addition, the fungus produces the toxin in these crops at relatively low moisture levels, 9 to 10 percent, compared with 17 to 18 percent moisture for most feed grains. Feed grains such as maize and sorghum grown in the tropics, therefore, also pose high risk. 3.2.2 Heating and moisture increase Mould growth in feedstuffs is accompanied by rising temperatures and moisture content. Aspergillus glaucus, which has a minimum moisture requirement of 14.5 percent, is the first significant species ...
http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5738E/x5738e0e.htm
Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains? | BMC Research Notes | Full...Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains? | BMC Research Notes | Full...
Nodding syndrome (NS) is a type of epilepsy characterized by repeated head-nodding seizures that appear in previously healthy children between 3 and 18 years of age. In 2012, during a WHO International Meeting on NS in Kampala, Uganda, it was recommended that fungal contamination of foods should be investigated as a possible cause of the disease. We therefore aimed to assess whether consumption of fungal mycotoxins contributes to NS development. We detected similar high levels of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin in mostly millet, sorghum, maize and groundnuts in both households with and without children with NS. Furthermore, there was no significant association between concentrations of total aflatoxin, ochratoxin and doxynivalenol and the presence of children with NS in households. In conclusion, our results show no supporting evidence for the association of NS with consumption of mycotoxins in contaminated foods.
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-018-3774-y?optIn=false
DR. LANE MAKES HIS CASE FOR AFLATOXINDR. LANE MAKES HIS CASE FOR AFLATOXIN
Id. at 1636. The final judgment and remedial order have been stayed pending appeal. No. 065267 (D.C. Cir., Oct. 31, 2006).. While Defendants were producing the misinformation described above, Defendants legal counsel were advising against producing a safer cigarette, as that would create. 1. **-------------------. substantial legal concerns. Op. at 1413. This brief contains evidence that Defendants knew, or should have known, of one particular method of making a safer cigarette but suppressed this information. Indeed, but for documents uncovered in this and related litigation, the information would likely have remained suppressed.. This Brief shows that Defendants knew, or should have known, that aflatoxin, a potent carcinogen, was a contaminant of tobacco products; that aflatoxin was a substantial source of the harm caused by tobacco products; and, that methods of neutralizing aflatoxin would have made tobacco products safer. While other issues before this Court are now under appellate ...
http://www.tobacco-on-trial.com/2006/12/19/dr-lane-makes-his-case-for-aflatoxin/
EFSA Journal | European Food Safety AuthorityEFSA Journal | European Food Safety Authority
EFSA Journal | Europäische Behörde für LebensmittelsicherheitEFSA Journal | Europäische Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion regarding the effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for aflatoxin total (AFT; sum of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2) from 4 to 10 μg/kg in peanu .... ...
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/publications?results_per_page=20&f%5B0%5D=im_field_subject%3A61721&f%5B1%5D=im_field_subject%3A61866&f%5B2%5D=im_field_subject%3A61786&f%5B3%5D=im_field_subject%3A61826&f%5B4%5D=im_field_subject%3A61906&f%5B5%5D=im_field_subject%3A70338&f%5B6%5D=sm_field_so_type%3Astatement
Puzzles | FolditPuzzles | Foldit
Design a symmetric protein tetramer, with 4 identical chains that assemble together! This puzzle includes a Secondary Structure Objective, so no more than 50% of your design can form helices. The H-bond Network Objective encourages players to build buried, satisfied H-bond networks at the interface between symmetric chains. H-bond networks are a great way to introduce polar residues at the interface, but its important that all of the bondable atoms make hydrogen bonds! Weve also adjusted the H-bond Network Objective so that poor-scoring H-bonds may not contribute to networks; poor-scoring H-bonds will be displayed in red. This puzzle uses the Buried Unsats Objective, with a large penalty for buried polar atoms that cant make H-bonds. In this puzzle, there are no limits on the Complex Core, but weve included the Complex Core objective so players can see the core residues that can be incorporated into H-bond Networks ...
http://fold.it/portal/puzzles?page=3
Injectable Trace Minerals Improve Oxidative Stress After Aflatoxin Challenge in Dairy Cows - Gold-Eagle Cooperative
When dairy cattle consume aflatoxin-contaminated feed, they are lethargic, their appetite wanes, they produce less milk, and their immune system goes awry. Some of those symptoms relate to oxidative stress, in which dangerous free-radicals bounce around, damaging cells. In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois investigated the potential of injectable trace minerals to reduce the damage and keep dairy cows healthier.. If were providing enough trace minerals to manufacture more detoxifying enzymes, the liver has a better chance of fighting the aflatoxin, explains Russell Pate, doctoral student in the Department of Animal Sciences at U of I and lead author on the study.. Phil Cardoso, assistant professor in the department and co-author on the paper, adds that an injectable product could be helpful during aflatoxin challenge, when a cows appetite is suppressed. Our idea for injecting is that it might help during a time when intake is impacted. If something is causing her to eat ...
https://www.goldeaglecoop.com/news/injectable-trace-minerals-improve-oxidative-stress-after-aflatoxin-challenge-in-dairy-cows/
Aflatoxin prevalence data collection :: IFPRI PublicationsAflatoxin prevalence data collection :: IFPRI Publications
Information is fragmented on the prevalence of aflatoxins, a variety of mycotoxin, in the maize value chain in Kenya and in the groundnut value chain in Mali. The purpose of this study is to generate a consistent database of aflatoxin prevalence along the maize and groundnut value chains through systematic sampling, and to identify critical points where intervention strategies are likely to have the greatest impact ...
http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/5108/
Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin : Table 4Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin : Table 4
Table 4: Estimated costs and returns budget for vendors (wholesalers) under the following assumptions. (1) Vendors purchased nonsorted peanut and do no sort before marketing. (2) Vendors purchased nonsorted peanut and sort before marketing. (3) Vendors purchased sorted peanut at a higher price and do not sort before marketing ...
https://www.hindawi.com/archive/2012/230638/tab4/
Veratox HS for Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGENVeratox HS for Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGEN
Veratox HS for Aflatoxin is an ELISA that provides a quantitative analysis of very low levels of aflatoxin in commodities like corn, wheat and more.
https://www.neogen.com/categories/mycotoxins/veratox-hs-aflatoxin-high-sensitivity/?recommendationId=1237204752302
Veratox HS for Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGENVeratox HS for Aflatoxin | Mycotoxin Testing | NEOGEN
Veratox HS for Aflatoxin is an ELISA that provides a quantitative analysis of very low levels of aflatoxin in commodities like corn, wheat and more.
https://www.neogen.com/categories/mycotoxins/veratox-hs-aflatoxin-high-sensitivity/?recommendationId=1247689313901
Aflatoxin M1 ELISA - Randox Online StoreAflatoxin M1 ELISA - Randox Online Store
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus, a fungus which is especially found in areas with hot and humid climates.. Aflatoxin M1 and Aflatoxin M2 are major metabolites, being hydroxylated forms, of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 in humans and animals. M aflatoxins may be present in milk from animals fed on contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 feed, leading to the presence of Alfatoxin M1 in the milk.. The Randox Food Diagnostics Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA aims to give a fast, reliable, analytical method to detect the presence of Aflatoxin M1. This kit can be used as a screening method for the presence of Aflatoxin M1. ...
https://store.randox.com/product/aflatoxinm1-elisa/
Drought stress and aflatoxin contamination: transcriptional responses of Aspergillus flavus to oxidative stress are related to...Drought stress and aflatoxin contamination: transcriptional responses of Aspergillus flavus to oxidative stress are related to...
Oilseed crops such as maize and peanut are staple food crops which are vital for global food security. The contamination of these crops with carcinogenic aflatoxins during infection by Aspergillus flavus under drought stress conditions is a serious threat to the safety of these commodities. In order to better understand the role of aflatoxin production in the biology of this pathogen under environmental stress, a collaborative transcriptome project was undertaken to examine the transcriptional responses of toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus to oxidative stress. Selected isolates were cultured in aflatoxin production-conducive and non-conducive media amended with varying levels of H2O2. Isolates which possessed greater tolerance to H2O2 stress and aflatoxin production capability exhibited fewer differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than those which possessed less tolerance and lower aflatoxin production. Primary metabolic mechanisms were also stimulated in response to stress along ...
https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61294/
Global Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market Trend 2021 with Top Countries Data Industry Price Trend, Size Estimation, Industry...
Global Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market research report 2021 provides key statistics on the market status of the Aflatoxicosis Treatment Manufacturers and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the Aflatoxicosis Treatment Industry. In the Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market report, there is a section for the competitive landscape of the global Aflatoxicosis Treatment Industry. This competition landscape shows a view of the key players operating in the global Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market along with their Profile and Contact information.. Regions Covered in Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market Report: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa, Rest of World (ROW). Get a Sample PDF of the Report @ https://www.360marketupdates.com/enquiry/request-sample/12663534. Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market report studies in detail the market dynamics of the global Aflatoxicosis Treatment Industry. The Aflatoxicosis Treatment Market dynamics ...
https://adifymedia.com/global-aflatoxicosis-treatment-market-trend-2021-with-top-countries-data-industry-price-trend-size-estimation-industry-outlook-business-growth-report-latest-research-business-analysis-and-forecas/426456/
aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody Gentaur Molecular Products
aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody | order aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody | How to use: aflatoxin b1 afb1
https://clonagen.com/product_description.php?product_name=aflatoxin-b1-afb1-mouse-monoclonal-antibody&id=5152481
IBIMA Publishing Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti CheeseIBIMA Publishing Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti Cheese
Introduction Aflatoxins are generally produced in animal feeds by toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and the rare Aspergillus nomius (Kamkar, et al 2011). They are both acutely and chronically toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds for animal and human (Deshpande, 2002; Ghazani, 2009; Maktabi et al., 2011 and Mohamadi Sani et al., 2012). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the principle hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 which is transformed at the hepatic level by means of cytochrome p450 enzymes and excreted into the milk in the mammary glands of both human and lactating animal after ingestion by the animal of pellets and forage contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (Oveisi et al., 2007; Prandini et al., 2009; Hampikyan et al., 2010; Ayoub et al., 2011). It has been reported that there is a linear relationship between AFM1 in milk and AFB1 in the feed consumed by the animals with approximately 1% to 6% of the ingested AFB1 appearing as AFM1 in milk (Dragacci ...
http://ibimapublishing.com/articles/IJVMR/2013/207299/
Haemato-immunology and histo-architectural changes in Labeo rohita fingerlings: Effect of dietary aflatoxin and mould inhibitor...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Haemato-immunology and histo-architectural changes in Labeo rohita fingerlings. T2 - Effect of dietary aflatoxin and mould inhibitor. AU - Mohapatra, S.. AU - Sahu, N. P.. AU - Pal, A. K.. AU - Prusty, A. K.. AU - Kumar, Vikas. AU - Kumar, Shivendra. N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to The Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for providing facilities for carrying out the research work. The first author is grateful to Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for financial support by awarding Institutional Fellowship.. PY - 2011/3. Y1 - 2011/3. N2 - A feeding trail of 60 days was conducted for delineating the effect of dietary aflatoxin (AFB1) with or without supplementation of a mixture of mould inhibitor (0.25% clove oil + 0.32% sodium propionate) on haematology, respiratory burst activity and histology of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Three hundred and sixty fishes (avg. wt. 1.48-1.54 g) were randomly distributed into ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/haemato-immunology-and-histo-architectural-changes-in-labeo-rohit
Aflatoxins | definition of aflatoxins by Medical dictionaryAflatoxins | definition of aflatoxins by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of aflatoxins in the Medical Dictionary? aflatoxins explanation free. What is aflatoxins? Meaning of aflatoxins medical term. What does aflatoxins mean?
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aflatoxins
Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Subject: Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 - PubAg...Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Subject: Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 - PubAg...
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen and may produce aflatoxins in maize, one of the most important crops in Argentina. A promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin accumulation is the biological control based on competitive exclusion. In order to select potential biocontrol agents among isolates from the maize growing region in Argentina, a total of 512 A. flavus strains were isolated from ...
https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=International+journal+of+food+microbiology&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=Aspergillus+flavus&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=aflatoxin+B1&per_page=50&q=silvina&search_field=author&sort=title
Modeling kinetics of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in maize-based medium and maize grainModeling kinetics of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in maize-based medium and maize grain
per fungal biomass dry weight/colony size has rarely been reported. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to model the kinetics of mycotoxin production under the assumption of existing both no-growth-associated and growth-associated production. Aspergillus flavus was chosen as a model mycotoxigenic microorganism, and it was grown in maize agar medium and maize grain at 0.90 and 0.99 aw at 25 °C. A significant positive correlation (p , 0.05) was observed among the biomass responses (colony radius and biomass dry weight) in agar medium and colony radius in maize at both aw levels assayed. The Luedeking-Piret model was used to model AFB1 production and reasonable percentages of variability were explained. Moreover, AFB1 production was in general slightly better predicted through colony area. As conclusion, aflatoxin production may follow a mixed-growth associated trend, confirming that toxin formation does not present a clear delay in relation to growth under certain conditions ...
https://repositori.udl.cat/handle/10459.1/58512
Development of High-Speed Dual-Camera System for Batch Screening of Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn Using Multispectral...Development of High-Speed Dual-Camera System for Batch Screening of Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn Using Multispectral...
Aflatoxins are fungal toxins produced by . Food and feed crops contaminated with carcinogenic aflatoxins result in economic losses as well as potentially serious health issues. Grain elevators need to unload, on average, one 2.27 metric ton (MT) truckload every 2 min. Current sampling-based analytical chemistry methods for aflatoxin detection cannot meet these large throughput screening requirements. Therefore, a high-speed, batch screening system with reliable accuracy is needed. To develop a high-speed multispectral screening system, two high-performance cameras in conjunction with dual UV excitation sources and novel image processing software were used to collect fluorescence images of corn samples. Each camera simultaneously captures a single-band fluorescence image (436 nm or 532 nm) from corn kernel samples, and the detection software processes the images to automatically detect contaminated kernels using a normalized difference fluorescence index (NDFI). The system was tested with various ...
https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?AID=50048
Potential Problems for Livestock Producers to Consider in 2007 | The Pig SitePotential Problems for Livestock Producers to Consider in 2007 | The Pig Site
Strains of Aspergillus species may produce the mycotoxin called aflatoxin in hot humid weather. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its metabolite, aflatoxin M1, passes into the milk of cattle ingesting aflatoxin containing feed. Consequently the US Federal Food and Drug Administration has regulations for the amount of aflatoxin allowed in feed for food animals. Specifically, grain may not contain more than 20 ppb (ppb- not ppm) aflatoxin if intended for use in dairy cattle. Milk is checked for aflatoxin at a sensitivity of 0.5 ppb and cattle ingesting as little as 20 to 50 ppb in the total ration may have more than 0.5 ppb aflatoxin M1 in the milk they produce. Aflatoxin in milk is an adulterant so milk containing greater than 0.5 ppb aflatoxin M1 is likely to be dumped with the costs associated with dumping that milk ...
https://thepigsite.com/articles/potential-problems-for-livestock-producers-to-consider-in-2007
Inhibition of aflatoxin-producing fungi by Welsh onion extractsInhibition of aflatoxin-producing fungi by Welsh onion extracts
Welsh onion ethanol extracts were tested for their inhibitory activity against the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The survival of spores of A. flavus and A. parasiticus depended on both the extract concentration and the exposure time of the spores to the We …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10419218/?dopt=Abstract
Time of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin formation in ripening of figs.
Figs in an orchard were inoculated with an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain in two ways by spore injection or by dusting at three maturation stages: firm ripe, shrivelled, and dried. Fruits were individually examined for fungal development and
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Time-Aspergillus-flavus-infection-aflatoxin/7935736.html
Detection of Aflatoxin B1 with a Label-Free Ellipsometry Immunosensor - Sheffield Hallam University Research ArchiveDetection of Aflatoxin B1 with a Label-Free Ellipsometry Immunosensor - Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive
The method of spectroscopic ellipsometry in total internal reflection mode (TIRE) was utilised for detection of Aflatoxin B1. The method of TIRE with the improved data analysis was capable of detection of aflatoxin molecules in low concentrations (down to 0.04 ng/ml) using a label-free and cost-effective direct immunoassay format. TIRE study of the binding kinetics yielded a large value of the association constant in the range of 106 l mol−1 which is typical for highly specific immune reactions. The comparison of the experimental data for three mycotoxins studied (e.g. aflatoxin B1, T-2 mycotoxin, and zearalenone) confirmed a common mechanism of the sensitivity boost due to the aggregation of hydrophobic molecules of mycotoxins in aqueous solutions.. ...
http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3973/
Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of vegetative compatibility groups determine biocontrol strategies to mitigate...Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of vegetative compatibility groups determine biocontrol strategies to mitigate...
Maize infected by aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus may become contaminated with aflatoxins, and as a result, threaten human health, food security and farmers income in developing countries where maize is a staple. Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of A. flavus can influence the effectiveness of atoxigenic isolates in mitigating aflatoxin contamination. However, such information has not been used to facilitate selection and deployment of atoxigenic isolates. A total of 35 isolates of A. flavus isolated from maize samples collected from three agroecological zones of Nigeria were used in this study. Ecophysiological characteristics, distribution and genetic diversity of the isolates were determined to identify vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). The generated data were used to inform selection and deployment of native atoxigenic isolates to mitigate aflatoxin contamination in maize. In co-inoculation with toxigenic isolates, atoxigenic isolates reduced aflatoxin ...
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/76379
Early Detection of the Aflatoxin B₁ Mutational Fingerprint: A Diagnostic Tool for Liver CancerEarly Detection of the Aflatoxin B₁ Mutational Fingerprint: A Diagnostic Tool for Liver Cancer
Using duplex-consensus sequencing technology, we recently identified the characteristic high-resolution mutational spectrum of the liver carcinogen aflatoxin B₁ in a mouse model, many months before aflatoxin-induced tumors are detectable. The diagnostic power of this spectrum is then demonstrated by accurately identifying, among the sequenced human liver tumors, the subset of cancers associated with aflatoxin B₁ exposure. Keywords: Duplex sequencing; HCC; hepatocellular carcinoma; mutagenesis; mutational signature; ...
https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/117661
Welcome to CDC stacks | Evaluation of the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of calcium montmorillonite clay used to...Welcome to CDC stacks | Evaluation of the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of calcium montmorillonite clay used to...
Acute aflatoxin exposure can cause death and disease (aflatoxicosis) in humans. Aflatoxicosis fatality rates have been documented to be as high as 40% in Kenya. The inclusion in the diet of calcium silicate 100 (ACCS100), a calcium montmorillonite clay, may reduce aflatoxin bioavailability, thus potentially decreasing the risk of aflatoxicosis. We investigated the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of ACCS100 in a population in Kenya with recurring aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Healthy adult participants were enrolled in this double-blinded, crossover clinical trial in 2014. Following informed consent, participants (n = 50) were randomised to receive either ACCS100 (3 g day-1) or placebo (3 g day-1) for 7 days. Treatments were switched following a 5-day washout period. Urine samples were collected daily and assessed for urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the trial and assessed for aflatoxin B1-lysine adducts from serum albumin (AFB1-lys). AFM1 ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/47612
Aflatoxin M1 FASTAflatoxin M1 FAST
|p|Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA gives a fast, and reliable method to detect Aflatoxin M1 in milk from Randox Food Diagnostics |/p|
http://randoxfooddiagnostics.com/aflatoxin-m1-fast-milk
Deep sequencing analysis of transcriptomes in Aspergillus flavus in response to resveratrol | BMC Microbiology | Full TextDeep sequencing analysis of transcriptomes in Aspergillus flavus in response to resveratrol | BMC Microbiology | Full Text
Resveratrol has been reported as a natural phytoalexin that inhibits infection or the growth of certain fungi including Aspergillus flavus. Our previous research revealed that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was reduced in medium with resveratrol. To understand the molecular mechanism of the A. flavus response to resveratrol treatment, the high-throughput paired-end RNA-Seq was applied to analyze the transcriptomic profiles of A. flavus. In total, 366 and 87 genes of A. flavus were significantly up- and down- regulated, respectively, when the fungus was treated with resveratrol. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis revealed that 48 significantly differentially expressed genes were involved in 6 different terms. Most genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes cluster (#54) did not show a significant change when A. flavus was treated with resveratrol, but 23 of the 30 genes in the #54 cluster were down-regulated. The transcription of aflA and aflB was significantly suppressed under
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-015-0513-6/figures/1
solid phase extraction Archives | FoodSafetyTechsolid phase extraction Archives | FoodSafetyTech
Different classes of mycotoxins are distinguished on the basis of the structural similarity and originating mold species. For example, more than a dozen different aflatoxin compounds exist but only five of them are routinely tested (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1). Aflatoxin B1 is of particular interest because it is listed as a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Aflatoxin M1 is a metabolic product that can be present in milk upon ingestion of aflatoxin B1 by an animal. Aflatoxins are ubiquitous in important agricultural commodities including maize and peanuts, and are among the most studied mycotoxins.. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by a different fungi species. It is prevalent in cereal crops grown under wet conditions and temperatures above 15o C (60o F). Chronic exposure of livestock to DON may result in slowed growth, impaired immune function and reduced rates of reproduction, particularly in non-ruminants.. Mycotoxins were discovered as the ...
https://foodsafetytech.com/tag/solid-phase-extraction/
Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Publication Year: 2018 / Subject: Aspergillus flavus...Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Publication Year: 2018 / Subject: Aspergillus flavus...
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen and may produce aflatoxins in maize, one of the most important crops in Argentina. A promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin accumulation is the biological control based on competitive exclusion. In order to select potential biocontrol agents among isolates from the maize growing region in Argentina, a total of 512 A. flavus strains were isolated from ...
https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=International+journal+of+food+microbiology&f%5Bpublication_year_rev%5D%5B%5D=7982-2018&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=Aspergillus+flavus&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=sclerotia&f%5Btext_availability%5D%5B%5D=Citation+in+PubAg&q=silvina&search_field=author
Aflatoksini u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima | Croatian Digital Theses RepositoryAflatoksini u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima | Croatian Digital Theses Repository
Mycotoxins are chemical compounds that have different structures and different biological effects. They are having high acute toxicity, which is often associated with malignant diseases. Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins which synthesize a limited number of strains molds of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The most important aflatoxins, related to milk and milk products, are: B1 and B2 (present in the feed of animals) and M1 and M2 (hydroderivates aflatoxin B1 and B2). They are excreted in milk, urine and stool. Fortunately, there is a large gap between the concentration of toxins in feed and the amount of residues in animal products. Ratio of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in milk is about 300:1. For the determination of aflatoxin, today are commonly used imunoassays (ELISA - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) during routine analysis because they are very simple and quick. If the positive result of ELISA, confirmatory methods are conducted which are far more sensitive and ...
https://zir.nsk.hr/en/islandora/object/ptfos%3A1161
The Role of Auxin in Defense Response to Aspergillus Flavus in Zea Mays L
Understanding the role of phytohormone auxin in defense responses is one of the vital tools for plant breeders to develop maize germplasm lines that exhibit high resistance to Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin accumulation. Besides its critical role in different developmental processes throughout the life cycle of plants, auxin is also involved in the network of plant-pathogen interaction as demonstrated in previous studies. However, the actual mechanism for the auxin signaling pathway leading to resistance is unknown. Therefore, the critical gap in the knowledge base is a lack of understanding of the role of auxin signaling in pathogen resistance in maize. Continuation of this gap is an important problem because fungal resistance is a highly quantitative trait and breeding for resistance is a challenge. A complete understanding of the auxin mechanism in resistance could lead the production of corn hybrids with resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin accumulation. The focus of this ...
https://ir.library.msstate.edu/handle/11668/21164
Volatile profiling reveals intracellular metabolic changes in Aspergil by Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda et al.Volatile profiling reveals intracellular metabolic changes in Aspergil by Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda et al.
Background: Filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus produce a variety of natural products, including aflatoxin, the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known. Aflatoxin biosynthesis, one of the most highly characterized secondary metabolic pathways, offers a model system to study secondary metabolism in eukaryotes. To control or customize biosynthesis of natural products we must understand how secondary metabolism integrates into the overall cellular metabolic network. By applying a metabolomics approach we analyzed volatile compounds synthesized by Aspergillus parasiticus in an attempt to define the association of secondary metabolism with other metabolic and cellular processes. Results: Volatile compounds were examined using solid phase microextraction - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In the wild type strain Aspergillus parasiticus SU-1, the largest group of volatiles included compounds derived from catabolism of branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine); we also
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/sph_environmental_health_sciences_facpub/1/
Whats in the milk? Aflatoxin and antibiotic residues in cows milk in Assam, Northeast IndiaWhats in the milk? Aflatoxin and antibiotic residues in cows milk in Assam, Northeast India
Worldwide, there are increasing concerns about food safety and what is really present in the food we are eating, and feeding our children. Antibiotic residues are one of these concerns and a growing global problem. In 2001 India became the worlds largest consumer of antibiotics and the problem with antibiotic resistance is increasing. Studies have shown a link between a high SCC (somatic cell count) in cows milk and high risk for antibiotic residues. In India reports have shown that the average number of clinical mastitis is between 3.94% and 23.25% of the total cow population. In additions to antibiotic residues, there is a risk of mycotoxins in milk products. In countries with a tropical climate such as India, problems due to chronic exposure of aflatoxins are emerging. The fungi that produce the toxin, Aspergillus spp., thrive in a hot and humid climate. The effects of chronic aflatoxin exposure include liver carcinoma, and potentially immune suppression and stunting, with children being ...
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/71076
In vivo activation of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> in C57BL/6N mice carrying a human fetus-specific...
TY - JOUR. T1 - In vivo activation of aflatoxin B1 in C57BL/6N mice carrying a human fetus-specific CYP3A7 gene. AU - Li, Yong. AU - Yokoi, Tsuyoshi. AU - Katsuki, Motoya. AU - Wang, Jia Sheng. AU - Groopman, John D.. AU - Kamataki, Tetsuya. PY - 1997. Y1 - 1997. N2 - The in vivo activation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was assessed by using two transgenic mouse lines, M2 and M10, in which the human fetus-specific CYP3A7 was expressed in the kidney (M2) and the liver (M10), respectively. Male mice of 8 weeks old from these two lines were treated with a single i.p. injection of AFB1 (4 mg/kg body weight). AFB1-N7-guanine adduct was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. DNA damage was measured using the alkaline elution technique 2 and 6 h after AFB1 treatment. Administration of AFB1 resulted in a significantly higher level of AFB1- N7-guanine in the livers of M10 transgenic mice compared with their nontransgenic littermates (16.5 ± 4.2 versus 10.4 ± 1.2 ng/mg DNA, P , 0.01). The level ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/in-vivo-activation-of-aflatoxin-bsub1sub-in-c57bl6n-mice-carrying
Glutathione-S-transferase A3 knockout mice are sensitive to acute cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Glutathione-S-transferase A3 knockout mice are sensitive to acute cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1. AU - Ilic, Zoran. AU - Crawford, Dana. AU - Egner, Patricia A.. AU - Sell, Stewart. N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by NIH R01 CA112481 and R01 ES09495 grants. Patricia A. Egners work is supported by grant NIH PO1 ES006052 . PY - 2010/2/1. Y1 - 2010/2/1. N2 - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. However, mice, a major animal model for the study of AFB1 carcinogenesis, are resistant, due to high constitutive expression, in the mouse liver, of glutathione S-transferase A3 subunit (mGSTA3) that is lacking in humans. Our objective was to establish that a mouse model for AFB1 toxicity could be used to study mechanisms of toxicity that are relevant for human disease, i.e., an mGSTA3 knockout (KO) mouse that responds to toxicants such as AFB1 in a manner similar to humans. Exons 3-6 of the mGSTA3 were ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/glutathione-s-transferase-a3-knockout-mice-are-sensitive-to-acute-4
Studies of Food Thickeners in Nigeria for Contamination by Aflatoxigen by G. I. Okwu, Premila Achar et al.Studies of Food Thickeners in Nigeria for Contamination by Aflatoxigen by G. I. Okwu, Premila Achar et al.
This paper reports the contamination of ready-to-use food thickeners, collected from the South-East geo-political zone in Nigeria, by aflatoxigenic form of Aspergillus species. A total of 150 samples from different open markets were observed for fungal contamination by using serial dilution-spread plate method. Although, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium were the most frequently isolated fungi, Aspergillus species were found to be the most prevalent in all the samples. Furthermore, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produced aflatoxin on yeast extract sucrose (YES) media incubated for 10 to 15 days at 27°C in a CO2 incubator. Aspergillus niger showed no sign of any secondary metabolite on the media, set at similar conditions. Although, light microscopy was used to identify these fungi, based on colony morphology, PCR method was used to confirm genetic variation among the Aspergillus group, using ITS set
http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/facpubs/1607/
DairyDay1993pg55-56 by Randall K. PhebusDairyDay1993pg55-56 by Randall K. Phebus
Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by certain species of molds during their growth on numerous substrates. Molds can invade the food and feed supply at various points throughout production, storage, processing, and distribution. Of most concern are the aflatoxins, which are highly toxic and classified as probable human carcinogens. Aflatoxins are often associated with crops that have undergone stress or feeds and foods that have been stored improperly. Tremendous economic implications are associated with regulation, testing, and loss of agricultural products from aflatoxin contamination. Dairy cattle excrete a portion of consumed aflatoxins into milk, thus, leading to a strict action level of 0.5 ppb in fluid milk. Several types of processed food products have been demonstrated to be occasionally contaminated with these toxins.; Dairy Day, 1993, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1993;
https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol0/iss2/17/
Role of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human Digestion ModelRole of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human Digestion Model
Role of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human Digestion Model Aflatoxins (AFs) are potent mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens ..
https://www.scitechnol.com/abstract/role-of-ph-in-the-mutagenicity-of-aflatoxin-b1-in-maize-tortillas-during-in-vitro-humandigestion-model-3287.html
Aflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems IndiaAflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems India
Aflatoxin belong to the strongest natural occurring carcinogenic substances, found in corn, peanuts, cotton seed, human blood & animal feed. (Aflatoxin B1)
http://www.krishgen.com/product/aflatoxin-b1-elisa/?add_to_wishlist=1253
Aflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems IndiaAflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems India
Aflatoxin belong to the strongest natural occurring carcinogenic substances, found in corn, peanuts, cotton seed, human blood & animal feed. (Aflatoxin B1)
http://www.krishgen.com/product/aflatoxin-b1-elisa/?add-to-cart=1221
Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B<sub...Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B<sub...
Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B1 - Aflatoxin $B_1$;Apoptosis;Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates;Macrophages;
http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1DMBP_2002_v15n11_1639
Effects of aflatoxin B1 on profiles of gonadotropic (FSH and LH), steroid (testosterone and 17β-estradiol) and prolactin...Effects of aflatoxin B1 on profiles of gonadotropic (FSH and LH), steroid (testosterone and 17β-estradiol) and prolactin...
Aflatoxins (AFs) are natural contaminants of feed and feedstuffs, thus the study of the noxious effects ofthese agents on the male reproductive system is of outstanding importance. Our aim for this study is theevaluation of the effects of oral administration of aflatoxin B1 on the reproductive hormonal changes in adult male rat. Twenty eight Wistar strain male rats were selected for this study. The rats were divided into 4groups, viz, control (C), test groups (T1, T2, and T3). The toxin doses were prepared in sterile distilled waterat 0.8 ppm, 1.6 ppm, 3.2 ppm, and administered through oral gavages, 1 ml/animal/day to groups T1, T2, and T3, respectively for 48 days and each animal of group C was gavaged with 1 ml/day sterile distilled water. The hormonal assays were carried out using ELISA biochemical kits for serum FSH, LH, prolactintestosterone and 17β-estradiol. Results showed that, the levels of serum LH and testosterone were lower(P|0.001), but conversely the levels of FSH and prolactin were
http://ijvr.shirazu.ac.ir/article_85.html
Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). - Free...Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). - Free...
Free Online Library: Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).(Original Studies, Report) by Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery; Health, general Aflatoxins Health aspects Research Deoxycholic acid Enzymes Liver diseases Care and treatment Risk factors Pigeons
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Determination+of+an+oral+aflatoxin+dose+that+acutely+impairs+hepatic+...-a0252087185
Common problems in poultry liver health and mycotoxin risk - Biomin.net
Aflatoxins are known to have a hepatotoxic effect in poultry and also a hepatocarcinogenic effect in exposed animals. The most common pathological lesions associated with aflatoxicosis in poultry are found in the liver, lymphoid organs, and testes, often occurring over a period of chronic exposure. In acute-subacute aflatoxicosis, the liver appears enlarged, pale yellow in color, friable, and usually the gall bladder is also enlarged and filled with bile (see Figure 8). The pancreas is usually small and depigmented and there could be hemorrhages on subcutaneous tissue and muscles. In chronic aflatoxicosis, the liver is small, firm, and rounded. Sometimes this organ is very small, rounded, and rubbery, and often complicated with ascites and hydropericardium. The other consistent lesions in aflatoxicosis can be found in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, all of which appear smaller than normal. In male parent stock breeder birds, the size of the testes could also be significantly ...
https://www2.biomin.net/nl/articles/common-problems-in-poultry-liver-health-and-mycotoxin-risk/
AflatoxinAflatoxin
... but it and aflatoxin M2 are also produced when an infected liver metabolizes aflatoxin B1 and B2. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB), ... Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic and is produced by both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin M1 ... In dogs, aflatoxin has potential to lead to liver disease. Low levels of aflatoxin exposure require continuous consumption for ... Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin B1Aflatoxin B1
... is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD50 3.2 ... Aflatoxin B1 is mostly found in contaminated food and humans are exposed to aflatoxin B1 almost entirely through their diet. ... Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic aflatoxin and it is highly implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans.[ ... Aflatoxin B1 must first be metabolized into its reactive electrophilic form, aflatoxin B1-8,9-exo-epoxide by cytochrome p450. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_B1
Aflatoxin M1Aflatoxin M1
... is usually considered to be a detoxication by-product of aflatoxin B1. The main sources of aflatoxins in feeds are ... Aflatoxin M1 is the 4-hydroxy derivative of aflatoxin B1 and is secreted in the milk of mammals that consume aflatoxin B1. ... Aspergillus flavus produces only B-type aflatoxins. Aflatoxin M1 is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and can be ... Aflatoxin M1 was found to be a DNA-damaging agent, with an activity about one-third that of aflatoxin B1. Many methods have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_M1
Aflatoxin total synthesisAflatoxin total synthesis
... concerns the total synthesis of a group of organic compounds called aflatoxins. These compounds occur ... The synthesis of racemic aflatoxin B1 has been reported by Buechi et al. in 1967 and that of racemic aflatoxin B2 by Roberts et ... Aflatoxins in particular add another dimension because it is suspected that they have been mass-produced in the past from ... Total synthesis of (±)-aflatoxin-B2". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic. 1: 22-24. doi:10.1039/J39680000022. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_total_synthesis
2013 European aflatoxin contamination2013 European aflatoxin contamination
"Hy-Vee issues recall of several dog food products due to aflatoxin". www.theglobaldispatch.com. "Testing for aflatoxin in milk ... Aflatoxins have been mainly an "import problem" up to now. However, global warming is increasingly affecting the mycotoxin map ... Aflatoxin detected in milk from two Dutch dairy farmer - People's Daily Online Blond, Josie Le (3 March 2013). "Germany tests ... In the 10 years prior to the last harvest-between 2001 and 2011-a total of nine cases of aflatoxins were reported in maize. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_European_aflatoxin_contamination
Aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxideAflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide
... is a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B1. It's formed by the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the ... In the liver, aflatoxin B1 is metabolized to aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. The resulting epoxide ... Aflatoxin B1 Cytochrome P450 Arinç, Emel; Schenkman, John B.; Hodgson, Ernest (2012). Molecular and Applied Aspects of ... Turner, Paul Craig (2013). "The Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Aflatoxin Driven Impaired Child Growth". Scientifica. 2013: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin_B1_exo-8,9-epoxide
Foodborne illnessFoodborne illness
In the US, the acceptable level of total aflatoxins in foods is less than 20 μg/kg, except for Aflatoxin M1 in milk, which ... The pronounced forms of Aflatoxins are those of B1, B2, G1, and G2, amongst which Aflatoxin B1 predominantly targets the liver ... For example, an outbreak which occurred in the UK in 1960 caused the death of 100,000 turkeys which had consumed aflatoxin- ... "Aflatoxins". Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Retrieved August 12, 2007. "GASGA Technical Leaflet - 3 Mycotoxins in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness
Brazil nutBrazil nut
Aflatoxins can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed. Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts ... "Aflatoxins in food". European Food Safety Authority. March 1, 2007. "Research improves the control of Brazil nut contamination ... However, mechanical sorting and drying was found to eliminate 98% of aflatoxins; a 2003 EU ban on importation was rescinded ... Brazil nuts are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxins, produced by fungi, once they fall to the ground. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nut
AlmondAlmond
If aflatoxin does not meet the strict safety regulations, the entire consignment may be reprocessed to eliminate the aflatoxin ... "Aflatoxins in food". European Food Safety Authority. 2010. "New EU Aflatoxin Levels and Sampling Plan" (PDF). USDA Foreign ... Almonds are susceptible to aflatoxin-producing molds. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic chemicals produced by molds such as ... Aflatoxin/Fumonisin Workshop 2000. Yosemite, California, USA. p. 17. van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2019). Food plants of the world (2nd ed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond
T. A. VenkitasubramanianT. A. Venkitasubramanian
He also worked on Aspergillus parasiticus, a type of mold which produces aflatoxin and in the biosynthesis of those cancer- ... T. V. Reddy; L. Viswanathan; T. A. Venkitasubramanian (September 1971). "High Aflatoxin Production on a Chemically Defined ... "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: effect of adenine nucleotides, cyclic AMP and N6-O2' -dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the ... "Biosynthesis of aflatoxins". Bacteriol Rev. 41 (4): 822-855. doi:10.1128/MMBR.41.4.822-855.1977. PMC 414029. PMID 23090.{{cite ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Venkitasubramanian
PistachioPistachio
Aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk, particularly in warmer and humid environments. Food contaminated with aflatoxins ... As with other tree seeds, aflatoxin is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic ... "Aflatoxins in pistachios" (PDF). European Union. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Doster and ... Damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination. In some cases, a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio
Sajjad FazelSajjad Fazel
"Aflatoxins : The invisible poison". 1 August 2016. "New questions on food poison". 2 August 2016. "Tanzania eyes new tech to ... Sajjad continued his advocacy by bringing to light the Aflatoxin epidemic in Tanzania and proposing a solution for it. ... fight aflatoxins". 13 April 2021. "PHARMACIST: Cut cost by physical fitness in 2017". 4 January 2017. "PHARMACIST : Be healthy ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajjad_Fazel
Tomb of Casimir IV JagiellonTomb of Casimir IV Jagiellon
The likely cause of the deaths has been attributed to the aflatoxins produced by this fungus.[unreliable medical source?] It is ... ISBN 978-1-4985-6913-2. Tirmenstein, Mark A.; Mangipudy, Raja (2014). "Aflatoxin". In Wexler, Philip (ed.). Encyclopedia of ... This type of fungus produces toxic substances called aflatoxins which are linked to a number of serious health conditions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Casimir_IV_Jagiellon
MycotoxicologyMycotoxicology
... the term aflatoxin can be construed to mean aflatoxin B1. However, well over a dozen other aflatoxins (e.g., P1. Q1, B2a, and ... Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent natural carcinogen known and is usually the major aflatoxin produced by toxigenic strains. It ... Aflatoxins: The aflatoxins were isolated and characterized after the death of more than 100,000 turkey poults (turkey X disease ... The four major aflatoxins are called B1, B2, G1, and G2 based on their fluorescence under UV light (blue or green) and relative ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxicology
TrichotheceneTrichothecene
Dhand NK, Joshi DB, Jand SK (1998). "Aflatoxins in dairy feeds/ingredients". Ind. J. Anim. Nutr. 15: 285-286. Vasanthi S, Bhat ... Hesseltine CW, Shotwell OL, Smith M, Ellis JJ, Vandegraft E, Shannon G (1970). "Production of various aflatoxins by strains of ... Skrinjar M, Danev M, Dimic G (1995). "Investigation on the presence of toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins in raw milk". Acta ... Phillips SI, Wareing PW, Dutta A, Panigrahi S, Medlock V (1996-01-01). "The mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin, zearalenone ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichothecene
MycotoxinMycotoxin
The umbrella term aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins produced, which are B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1, ... Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus. ... Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics, such as cotton, peanuts, spices, ... 2005). "Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin
Recurrent airway obstructionRecurrent airway obstruction
"Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins B 1, B 2, and M 1 in corn associated with equine death." Archives of environmental ... "Toxicological effects of aflatoxins in horses." The veterinary journal 188.3 (2011): 270-273. Bennett, Joan W., and Maren A. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_airway_obstruction
ConocephalumConocephalum
Aspergillus produces highly potent toxins, carcinogens, referred to as aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are harmful both plants and ... against aflatoxins producing fungi". South African Journal of Botany. 131: 384-390. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.02.035. ISSN 0254- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocephalum
Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxideBenzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide
Aflatoxin has a similar mechanism of action, though its binding is through the N7, rather than the N2, position of guanine. ... Eaton, D. L.; Gallagher, E. P. (1994). "Mechanisms of Aflatoxin Carcinogenesis". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/( )-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide
Aspergillus zonatusAspergillus zonatus
2005). Aflatoxin and food safety. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-420-02817-1. Pelletier, edited by S. William; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_zonatus
Benzo(a)pyreneBenzo(a)pyrene
This mechanism of action is similar to that of aflatoxin which binds to the N7 position of guanine. There are indications that ... Eaton, D. L.; Gallagher, E. P. (1994). "Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene
Plant-fungus horizontal gene transferPlant-fungus horizontal gene transfer
Aspergillus nidulans produces sterigmatocystin - a precursor to aflatoxins. Aspergillus was found to have horizontally ... Podospora and Aspergillus show high conservation and microsynteny sterigmatocystin/aflatoxin clusters along with intergenic ... regions containing 14 binding sites for AfIR, a transcription factor for the activation of sterigmatocystin/aflatoxin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant–fungus_horizontal_gene_transfer
Biliary atresiaBiliary atresia
Moreover, the baby feeds aflatoxin M1 from its mom, as aflatoxin M1 is the detoxification product of aflatoxin B1. It is a ... abnormally high levels of aflatoxin B1 and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 was found in liver tissue and blood of all neonates ... Some cases of biliary atresia may result from exposure to aflatoxin B1, and to a lesser extent aflatoxin B2 during late ... The aflatoxin damaged liver cells and bile duct cells are removed by neutrophil elastase and by involvement of immune system ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_atresia
Peanut oilPeanut oil
"Aflatoxin suspected in cooking oil". United Press International. 29 December 2011. Common Allergens - Peanut FARE (FoodAllergy. ... peanuts that contain the mold that produces highly toxic aflatoxin can end up contaminating the oil derived from them. Those ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_oil
Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatus
Trail F, Mahanti N, Linz J (April 1995). "Molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis". Microbiology. 141 (4): 755-65. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_fumigatus
Odette L. ShotwellOdette L. Shotwell
Shotwell is best known for her contributions to the research of mycotoxins, especially to the study of aflatoxin, a carcinogen ... 37 (7): 8-9. Shotwell, O. L.; Hesseltine, C. W.; Stubblefield, R. D.; Sorenson, W. G. (1 May 1966). "Production of aflatoxin on ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odette_L._Shotwell
List of food contamination incidentsList of food contamination incidents
2013 aflatoxin contamination - Contamination with aflatoxins results in a milk recall in Europe and a dog food recall in the ... 2004 - Aflatoxin-contaminated maize in Kenya resulted in 317 cases of hepatic failure and 125 deaths. 2004 - EHEC O104:H4 in ... The Aflatoxin Investigative Group (2005). "Case-Control Study of an Acute Aflatoxicosis Outbreak, Kenya, 2004". Environmental ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents
Rihab TahaRihab Taha
2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihab_Taha
Iraq and weapons of mass destructionIraq and weapons of mass destruction
2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver failure; Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
United Nations Special CommissionUnited Nations Special Commission
2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission
Aflatoxin: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaAflatoxin: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Aflatoxins are toxins produced by a mold (fungus) that grows in nuts, seeds, and legumes. ... Aflatoxins. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/aflatoxins. Updated December 28, 2018. Accessed April ... Although aflatoxins are known to cause cancer in animals, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows them at ... Aflatoxins ingested in large mounts may cause acute liver damage. Chronic intoxication may lead to weight gain or weight loss, ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002429.htm
CDC - Health Studies Program: Chemical Exposures - AflatoxinCDC - Health Studies Program: Chemical Exposures - Aflatoxin
Exposure to aflatoxin is known to cause both chronic and acute hepatocellular injury. In Kenya, acute aflatoxin poisoning ... Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that commonly contaminates maize and other types of crops during production, harvest, storage or ... CDC teams worked with the Kenyan Ministry of Health to trial a rapid, portable aflatoxin screening tool that could be used in ... Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning - Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January-July 2004. MMWR. September 3, 2004 / 53(34);790 ...
https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/aflatoxin.htm
Browsing Journal Articles - Bulletin by Subject AflatoxinsBrowsing Journal Articles - Bulletin by Subject "Aflatoxins"
... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. ...
https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/260543/browse?authority=Aflatoxins&type=mesh
content/basf/www/be/en/who-we-are/sustainability/whats-new/sustainability-news/2018/aflatoxin-mitigationcontent/basf/www/be/en/who-we-are/sustainability/whats-new/sustainability-news/2018/aflatoxin-mitigation
... host a workshop that brings together stakeholders involved in aflatoxin management to discuss possible solutions for aflatoxin ... Aflatoxins are natural compounds created by mould that are extremely toxic to humans and animals causing diarrhoea, liver ... Due to the high aflatoxin burden mostly in the Eastern and Western region, Tanzania has been selected as a pilot country for ... Globally, an estimated 4-5 billion people are at risk of being exposed to poisonous aflatoxin. Children are at higher risk, as ...
https://www.basf.com/be/en/who-we-are/sustainability/whats-new/sustainability-news/2018/aflatoxin-mitigation.html
Aflatoxins saga:bitter truth - The IslandAflatoxins saga:bitter truth - The Island
What is aflatoxin?. People are curious about the speculated news of aflatoxin, and the word aflatoxin appears new to the ... How foodstuff contaminate with aflatoxins. It is interesting to know how aflatoxins get into the food items. The responsible ... Toxicity due to aflatoxins do not appear quickly but has a cumulative effect over time. Sometimes, it might take around 10 to ... Since aflatoxins are produced in grains, fruits, and seeds, it is very stable and cannot be eradicated. An infection due to ...
https://island.lk/aflatoxins-sagabitter-truth/
Aflatoxins are containable | MonitorAflatoxins are containable | Monitor
... to avoid aflatoxin build-up. From the onset, farmers are advised to use improved and aflatoxin-free seed, control pests and ... Aflatoxin-causing agents are resident in the soil and oftentimes are escalated by poor harvesting, handling and storage ... Aflatoxins are a group of poisons which compromise the safety and quality of the food and feed. ... To conclusively tackle the aflatoxin problem, Uganda needs to use all tools in the tool box by adopting an open-minded but ...
https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/aflatoxins-are-containable--3443186
Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18
Testing Status of Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18. CASRN: EMTDP-18. Genetic Toxicology. *Salmonella (509271) ... Citation: Lawlor, T.E., Haworth, S.R., Zeiger, E., Park, D.L., and Lee, L.S. Mutagenic potential of ammonia-related aflatoxin ... Testing Status of Aflatoxin derivative (T1D5-82107) EMTDP18. ...
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/testpgm/status/ts-emtdp18.html
ProGnosis Biotech launches lateral flow tests for aflatoxinProGnosis Biotech launches lateral flow tests for aflatoxin
ProGnosis Biotech has launched two lateral flow tests for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin. ... We participated on all mycotoxins with our ELISAs and for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin with Symmetric B1 ES and Total ES. ​ ... ProGnosis Biotech targets aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin. By Joseph James Whitworth ... The European Union lower limits are 2 parts per billion (ppb) for ​Aflatoxin B1 and 4 ppb of total aflatoxins. ...
https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/05/09/ProGnosis-Biotech-launches-lateral-flow-tests-for-aflatoxin
Liver Damage: Aflatoxin-Induced | GreenMedInfo | Disease | NaturalLiver Damage: Aflatoxin-Induced | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural
Aflatoxin-Induced indicating that the following substances may be helpful: Curcumin, Sulforaphane, and Semecarpus anacardium ... Curcumin ameliorates aflatoxin-induced changes in SDH and ATPase activities in liver and kidney of mice.Jul 01, 2008. ... There is evidence that aflatoxin exposure plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer in the US population. Jan 01, 1999. ... Diseases : DNA damage, Heavy Metal Toxicity, Liver Damage: Aflatoxin-Induced, Sepsis. Pharmacological Actions : Cytoprotective ...
https://greenmedinfo.com/disease/liver-damage-aflatoxin-induced
Aflatoxins: Major concern for the dairy industry - All About FeedAflatoxins: Major concern for the dairy industry - All About Feed
Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) are mycotoxins of major concern to the dairy industry. They can be found in different raw materials ... 2) feed with aflatoxin B1 supplied by aflatoxin-contaminated maize grain. Aflatoxin B1 daily intake was 170 μg/head. Aflatoxin ... Aflatoxin B1 is the most carcinogenic natural compound known. Aflatoxin M1 is the natural metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and it has ... Aflatoxin M1 concentration in milk was reduced by 34.98%, aflatoxin M1 excretion was reduced by 36.36%, and aflatoxin transfer ...
https://www.allaboutfeed.net/animal-feed/raw-materials/aflatoxins-major-concern-for-the-dairy-industry/
Webinar: Aflatoxins - The climate, gender and nutritional linkagesWebinar: Aflatoxins - The climate, gender and nutritional linkages
Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress, particularly in ... Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress, particularly in ... How might aflatoxin levels change for maize and groundnuts as a result of climate change? ... Timothy Thomas, a Research Fellow at IFPRI, will present projections of aflatoxin concentration under climate change, work ...
https://ccafs.cgiar.org/index.php/events/webinar-aflatoxins-climate-gender-and-nutritional-linkages
AgraQuant® Total Aflatoxin ELISA TestAgraQuant® Total Aflatoxin ELISA Test
Total Aflatoxin test kits are accurate and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in a quantitative format. ... AgraQuant® Total Aflatoxin test kits are accurate and reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in a quantitative ...
https://www.romerlabs.com/shop/inter_en/agraquant-r-total-aflatoxin-elisa-test/
Aflatoxin news and latest updatesAflatoxin news and latest updates
All the latest news about aflatoxin from Medical Xpress ... News tagged with aflatoxin. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day 3 ... Aflatoxin. Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, the most ... Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized ... by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M1. ...
https://medicalxpress.com/tags/aflatoxin/sort/date/12h/
Aflatoxins in food and feed: Impacts risks, and management strategies - CGIARAflatoxins in food and feed: Impacts risks, and management strategies - CGIAR
Aflatoxin B1 is not only the most potent natural carcinogen known, but also the most commonly produced toxic strain. As of 2010 ... Consumption of aflatoxins is cumulative: they are not eradicated through standard cooking processes, and the body is unable to ... Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites-mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus living in soil-that ... This policy note examines what aflatoxins are; how they are linked to gender, climate change, and nutrition; and how they can ...
https://www.cgiar.org/research/publication/aflatoxins-food-feed-impacts-risks-management-strategies/
Aflatoxin levels in maize and peanut and blood in women and children: The case of Timor-Leste | Scientific ReportsAflatoxin levels in maize and peanut and blood in women and children: The case of Timor-Leste | Scientific Reports
The study measured levels of aflatoxin in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate ... Although low in concentration, blood aflatoxin levels and aflatoxin contamination levels in maize across municipalities were ... lower than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. Although aflatoxin-albumin conjugate was detected in more than 80% of ... The average concentration of aflatoxin in the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49584-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=b37fdc51-8b65-4ee4-9a66-f9fc6dd8b9e1
PoPuPS | Electronic nose for determination of aflatoxins in maizePoPuPS | Electronic nose for determination of aflatoxins in maize
The European Commission fixed maximum levels for aflatoxin B1 (5.0 μg.kg-1) and total (B1, B2, G1, G2) aflatoxins (10.0 μg.kg-1 ... Signals from these two sensors gave higher response for aflatoxins containing than aflatoxins free maize samples, showing the ... was adopted as classification model to make distinction from aflatoxins containing samples and aflatoxins free ones. Analysis ... Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are a principal public health concern because of their pivotal role in the occurrence of primary ...
https://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=3522&format=print
Africa Improved Foods - The Fight Against Aflatoxin - Clinton FoundationAfrica Improved Foods - The Fight Against Aflatoxin - Clinton Foundation
... was to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize through better awareness about aflatoxin and use of aflatoxin management strategies; ... We believe that in days to come, every farmer will have understood the benefits of fighting aflatoxin and we will be aflatoxin ... Aflatoxins are poisonous substances produced by certain kinds of fungi that are found naturally all over the world; they can ... We have been able to cut down the effects of aflatoxin in our crops at a good percentage of at least 95%. Our farmers are happy ...
https://www.clintonfoundation.org/press-and-news/clinton-development-initiative/africa-improved-foods-the-fight-against-aflatoxin/
Aflatoxin... Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog FoodAflatoxin... Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog Food
And learn how to protect your pet from chronic aflatoxin poisoning. ... Discover what makes aflatoxin the most deadly natural toxin in dog food. ... Aflatoxin… Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog Food. Aflatoxin… Avoiding the Deadliest Natural Toxin in Dog Food. * ... How Toxic Is Aflatoxin?. Compared to other natural poisons…. Aflatoxin has the highest toxicity of all mold toxins.2 And for ...
https://www.dogfoodadvisor.com/canine-nutrition/aflatoxin/
Aflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in KarnatakaAflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in Karnataka
... the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently ... Aflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in Karnataka () ... In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. ... Chong, Y.H. and Beng, C.G. (1965) Aflatoxins in unre-fined groundnut oils. Medical Journal of Malaya, 20(1), 49-50. ...
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=2472
Aflatoxins in Nigerian foods, cancer, HIV...antidotes The Nation NewspaperAflatoxins in Nigerian foods, cancer, HIV...antidotes The Nation Newspaper
Natural aflatoxin remedies. Since mold and aflatoxins are known to cause all sorts of cancer, the first line of defence against ... But they may not capture all the mold and aflatoxin in the net. So, when we eat, we should be reminded that aflatoxins may be ... Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolised by the ... "Aflatoxins are most commonly ingested, but the most toxic form of Aflatoxin B1 can permeate through the skin. ...
https://thenationonlineng.net/aflatoxins-nigerian-foods-cancer-hiv-antidotes/
Fungi and Aflatoxin Levels in Traditionally Processed Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Products in Homa Bay County, KenyaFungi and Aflatoxin Levels in Traditionally Processed Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Products in Homa Bay County, Kenya
Mean aflatoxin levels in chopped, fermented, and sun-dried cassava (,i,Akuoga),/i, were 0.36 ,i,μ,/i,g/kg compared ... Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 55% of the samples and ranged from 0–5.33 ,i,μ,/i,g/kg. ... The levels of aflatoxin were determined using an indirect competitive ELISA protocol. Yeast and mould contamination was ... This study assessed the levels of fungi and aflatoxin contamination in traditionally processed cassava products (,i,Akuoga,/i, ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2020/3406461/
Charm II Aflatoxin Test For Grains | Charm SciencesCharm II Aflatoxin Test For Grains | Charm Sciences
The Charm II radioimmunoassay aflatoxin test for grain detects aflatoxin B1 at 5 to 40 ppb. The test is typically set to screen ... The Charm II radioimmunoassay aflatoxin test for grain detects aflatoxin B1 at 5 to 40 ppb. The test is typically set to screen ...
https://www.charm.com/products/test-and-kits/mycotoxin-tests/charm-ii-test-kit/
First portable low-cost device developed for rapid detection of aflatoxins - ICRISATFirst portable low-cost device developed for rapid detection of aflatoxins - ICRISAT
What is Aflatoxin?. Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by mold fungi (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) that can grow ... Aflatoxin contaminated food can pose a serious health risk. Symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning include: liver cancer, fluid ... Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 25% of all crops in the world are ... Currently, the test can be applied to detect aflatoxin in groundnuts.. The test kit launched officially today by Dr Wilkson ...
https://www.icrisat.org/first-portable-low-cost-device-developed-for-rapid-detection-of-aflatoxins/
Sci | Free Full-Text | Effects of the Use of Good Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxin Levels in Maize Grown in Nandi County,...Sci | Free Full-Text | Effects of the Use of Good Agricultural Practices on Aflatoxin Levels in Maize Grown in Nandi County,...
Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. This study evaluated what effect ... About 18/90 (20%) of all farmers reported that they had a relative who had died from liver cancer, and the mean aflatoxin ... The majority of the farmers (90%) used fertilizers, dried maize after harvesting, knew that aflatoxins were harmful to humans, ... Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme- ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/2/4/85
Werken aan aflatoxin-resistente pindasoorten - Hyfoma.comWerken aan aflatoxin-resistente pindasoorten - Hyfoma.com
Werken aan aflatoxin-resistente pindasoorten. vrijdag 16 maart 2007. Earlier varieties with smaller seeds and technical ... Fatty acid composition differs depending on whether or not the variety is aflatoxin-resistant, and the fatty acid metabolism ... This was demonstrated by a European project conducted by CIRAD, centring on protecting groundnut against aflatoxins in Africa. ... Furthermore, varieties with improved drought resistance have been developed from an aflatoxin-resistant parent and are ...
http://www.hyfoma.com/nl/nieuws/werken-aan-aflatoxin-resistente-pindasoorten.html
Reducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production | Standards and Trade Development FacilityReducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production | Standards and Trade Development Facility
Reducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production. Validate and transfer to stakeholders a sustainable and effective safety ... Reducing aflatoxins in Brazil nut production. Javascript is required to view this map. ... management system for reducing and controlling aflatoxin occurrence along the Brazil nut production chain, as a means to ...
https://standardsfacility.org/PG-114
Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix ja by Sean Moody"Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix ja" by Sean Moody
Avian species are highly susceptible to the hepatotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Domesticated turkeys are exquisitely ... Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix japonica and Callipepla californica ... Avian species are highly susceptible to the hepatotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Domesticated turkeys are exquisitely ... Moody, Sean, "Comparative Metabolism of Aflatoxin B1 in Two Quail Genera Coturnix japonica and Callipepla californica" (2021). ...
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/1594/
Aflatoxin Peanut Paste Sample, Less than 10ppbAflatoxin Peanut Paste Sample, Less than 10ppb
Aflatoxin Peanut Paste Sample 150g, < 10ppb (range: 4.13-7.67 ppb) ... Aflatoxin TestingBisphenol A TestingCitrinin TestingDeoxynivalenol TestingFumonisin TestingMulti-Analyte TestingOchratoxin ...
https://www.vicam.com/store/aflatoxin-under-10ppb-peanut-paste
Sportmix Expands Dog & Cat Food Recall: Fatal Aflatoxin Risk | NASC LIVESportmix Expands Dog & Cat Food Recall: Fatal Aflatoxin Risk | NASC LIVE
There is no evidence to suggest that pet owners who handle products containing aflatoxin are at risk of aflatoxin poisoning. ... Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus, which can grow on corn and other grains used as ingredients in ... Veterinarians treating aflatoxin poisoning are urged by the FDA to ask the client for the pets diet history. FDA also welcomes ... If a pets food contains aflatoxins, the toxins could accumulate in the pets system as they continue to eat the same food. ...
https://www.nasc.cc/news/sportmix-expands-dog-cat-food-recall-fatal-aflatoxin-risk/
ContaminationMycotoxinsAspergillusAfricaCarcinogenicReduce aflatoxinMycotoxinToxicFungiGroundnutsGuidelines for acceptable aflatoxin levelsPoisonousPeanutsFungalConcentrationCropsHigh levels of aflatoxinsMitigationZearalenoneLivestockAmounts of aflatoxinEffects of aflatoxinsExposure to aflatoxinsDetection of aflatoxinConsumptionOccurrenceSusceptibleFungusTotal aflatoxinsFoodCornGroundnutChronic aflatoxinContain aflatoxinAddress aflatoxinsExposuresPeanutGrainLevelsPrenatalEnzyme-linkeImpactsPoultryLimitsHepatocellular carcinomaIARCGrainsAccumulateToxicityParasiticusMoldsKenyaAccumulationCommonlyLiver cancerFeed contaminatedRiskDeterminationFarmers
Contamination34
  • In May, 2006, an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis was reported in a region of Kenya where aflatoxin contamination of homegrown maize has been a recurrent problem. (cdc.gov)
  • The occurrence of aflatoxin contamination is reported to be sporadic and highly reliant on environmental conditions. (island.lk)
  • Aflatoxin contamination has gained wider attention in food safety concerns. (island.lk)
  • It is important to prevent contamination right from the field and combine this with good practices during harvest, handling, drying, and storage, to avoid aflatoxin build-up. (monitor.co.ug)
  • This offers more effective means to prevent aflatoxin contamination in crops. (monitor.co.ug)
  • The effects of aflatoxin contamination as the disease progresses depend upon the severity of the liver damagecaused. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Jonathan Bauchet , Purdue University, will show results from a USAID-funded field experiment on interventions designed to reduce aflatoxin contamination among smallholder farmers. (cgiar.org)
  • Both crops are cultivated in a tropical environment conducive to aflatoxin contamination with temperatures ranging from 25-35 °C. The rural population of Timor-Leste predominately comprises subsistence farmers, who generally eat what they produce, so contamination of maize and peanuts with aflatoxin will rapidly enter people's diets. (nature.com)
  • In this context, recent studies have demonstrated EN capability in order to discriminate between non-infected and infected samples with different species or different strain of toxigenic fungi, through the production of volatile secondary metabolites and to demonstrate the variation of the metabolic pathway due to the contamination of grain (Keshri et al. (ac.be)
  • Because contamination can occur at any stage from field to table, an integrated approach is necessary to reduce the health and economic risks posed by aflatoxins. (clintonfoundation.org)
  • In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. (scirp.org)
  • This study assessed the levels of fungi and aflatoxin contamination in traditionally processed cassava products ( Akuoga and Abeta ). (hindawi.com)
  • Aflatoxin contamination was detected in 55% of the samples and ranged from 0-5.33 μ g/kg. (hindawi.com)
  • Cassava is not generally associated with mould and aflatoxin contamination when fresh, due to the high moisture content and the presence of antiaflatoxin compounds [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In poultry and livestock, aflatoxin can cause feed refusal, loss of weight, reduced egg production, and contamination of milk. (icrisat.org)
  • One of the main results of the project concerned seed ripening rate: this is a key criterion in groundnut tolerance of aflatoxin contamination. (hyfoma.com)
  • Together, the results presented in this dissertation underscore the importance of viewing aflatoxin contamination as a component of food safety within complex food systems. (tufts.edu)
  • However, hot, dry conditions during grain fill increase the risk of Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in the field. (iastate.edu)
  • Although the presence of Aspergillus mold does not necessarily indicate aflatoxin contamination, there is certainly an increased risk. (iastate.edu)
  • In addition, aflatoxin contamination does not occur uniformly from kernel to kernel. (iastate.edu)
  • Since this appears to be a high risk year in southeast and south central Iowa for aflatoxin contamination, it is likely that aflatoxin screening will be done at local elevators. (iastate.edu)
  • There is little that can be done this late in the season to reduce the risk of Aspergillus preharvest aflatoxin contamination. (iastate.edu)
  • However, postharvest aflatoxin contamination can be reduced. (iastate.edu)
  • Aflatoxin contamination in five pearl millet varieties (ICMP-50I, ICMV-155 moulds, ICMH-451, ICTP-8203, and WCC-75 were studied in Andhra Pradesh in India and their connection between parameters such as maturation stage of grains and infestation of pest and insects during the storage were evaluated. (foodinfotech.com)
  • The results of the study showed that the seed samples collected from farm during the monsoon season have more aflatoxin contamination, as compared to seeds harvested during the winter season. (foodinfotech.com)
  • From the research, ICMH-451 was considered to be extremely prone to aflatoxin contamination and ICMV-155 was the least susceptible. (foodinfotech.com)
  • The aflatoxin contamination depends on different factors. (foodinfotech.com)
  • For both lots, germ, bran, and animal feed flour showed a marked concentration factor from 239 to 911% accounting for both the low yields of the derived products and the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone contamination in the outer parts of the kernels. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The program was expected to take stock of existing government and donor-supported initiatives to address aflatoxin contamination in the country, address outstanding gaps and priorities, and to promote coordination and synergies between the relevant stakeholders. (au.int)
  • Therefore, controlling aflatoxin contamination is essential in efforts to control child undernutrition and, more generally, to ensure a safe food supply. (spring-nutrition.org)
  • SPRING/Ghana is working with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture's Agriculture Extension Agents (AEA) through farmer field schools (FFS) to help farmers, especially women who raise groundnuts, to modify a few practices at each stage of groundnut production (planting, growing, harvesting, and storage) to reduce the possibility of aflatoxin contamination and spread. (spring-nutrition.org)
  • Identifying the fungus that produces aflatoxin, testing grain for contamination, and managing contaminated grain can help control aflatoxin in corn. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • Develop a plan to test grain for aflatoxin contamination. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • To prevent and mitigate aflatoxin contamination , the stages of the peanut chain most vulnerable to contamination must be assessed to determine how to interrupt the movement of contaminated produce. (bvsalud.org)
Mycotoxins14
  • The toxic compounds generated by the fungi are called mycotoxins, and aflatoxin is a kind of those. (island.lk)
  • We participated on all mycotoxins with our ELISAs and for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin with Symmetric B1 ES and Total ES. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus ​, a fungus found in areas with hot and humid climates. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) are mycotoxins of major concern to the dairy industry. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus , a fungus, the most notable ones being Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus . (medicalxpress.com)
  • 2001). Although numerous toxic fungal metabolites can be found in maize, attention has focused on the few mycotoxins that occur with greater frequency such as aflatoxins that are a group of secondary metabolites produced by the Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus . (ac.be)
  • Aflatoxins form one of the major groupings of mycotoxins. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • In an effort to further our understanding of growth impairment in relation to mycotoxins and other risk factors, biospecimens from a cohort of children enrolled in the Bhaktapur, Nepal MAL-ED study were assessed for aflatoxin exposure at 15, 24, and 36 months of age. (elsevier.com)
  • A meta-analysis (Andretta et al 2011) carried out on broiler performance in response to mycotoxins showed that aflatoxin (average concentration 0.95mg/kg of feed) and ochratoxin had the biggest effects on broiler performance. (anco.net)
  • Aflatoxins presented the most important effects of all mycotoxins on organ weight in broilers. (anco.net)
  • Removes radioactive elements, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins as well as toxic agents. (pableen.com)
  • Listen and learn about byproducts of mold, aspergillus and penicillium, the bad things they produce that make one sick, ochratoxin and aflatoxin, the mycotoxins which are found on urine, and many other toxins that might cause cancer. (justinhealth.com)
  • And so, when we test our clients for the urine, and we're looking for mycotoxins, we're looking for stuff like ochratoxin and aflatoxin. (justinhealth.com)
  • Bleach with 5% sodium hypochlorite kills trichothecene mycotoxins as well as other mycotoxins including aflatoxin. (nationalbiosafe.com)
Aspergillus18
  • The responsible fungi, Aspergillus spp is reported to be soil-borne and produce aflatoxins under extreme environmental conditions like drought and high humidity. (island.lk)
  • Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites-mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus living in soil-that contaminate crops throughout growth, harvest, storage, transportation, and processing. (cgiar.org)
  • Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp. (nature.com)
  • Aflatoxin is a potent 'natural' poison that's produced by a common type of food mold known as Aspergillus flavus . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Aflatoxins are poisonous and cancer-causing chemicals that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay and greens. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • The term "Aflatoxin" is derived from the names of one of the molds that produce it, Aspergillus flavus. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by mold fungi (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) that can grow on poorly managed agricultural crops, particularly groundnuts. (icrisat.org)
  • Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus, which can grow on corn and other grains used as ingredients in pet food. (nasc.cc)
  • The Aspergillus flavus was identified and the colonies producing aflatoxin M1 appeared in yellow color on the Aspergillus agar (M1127). (scirp.org)
  • Chalivendra S, DeRobertis C, Reyes Pineda J, Ham JH, Damann K. Rice Phyllosphere Bacillus Species and Their Secreted Metabolites Suppress Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production In Vitro and In Maize Seeds. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The concern with this disease is the production of aflatoxins, which are extremely toxic chemicals produced by two molds Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. (iastate.edu)
  • UV photography in glucose, yeast exstract (GY) agar medium was tested as a simple and rapid method for the distinction of aflatoxin-positive from aflatoxin-negative strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. (irb.hr)
  • Two novel inhibitors of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus were isolated from the mycelial extracts of Streptomyces sp. (elsevier.com)
  • Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite produced by certain fungi, particularly the Aspergillus species. (foodinfotech.com)
  • Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in agricultural crops such as corn kernels, cotton seeds, and tree nuts. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • In the Southern United States, higher insect populations and air temperatures can increase the incidence of Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin production. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • Poor grain conditioning and storage conditions, such as insufficient drying, can lead to post-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin production on infected kernels. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • 2 Since not all strains of Aspergillus produce aflatoxins, black light test results should not be accepted as grounds for rejection of corn. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Africa6
  • Aflatoxins account for up to 30 percent of food waste in Africa. (basf.com)
  • Over the last two years, the Clinton Development Initiative (CDI), Africa Improved Foods (AIF), the Ministry of Agriculture, and Eastern African Grain Council (EAGC) have partnered to implement a project, funded by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), to combat aflatoxin in the maize supply chain. (clintonfoundation.org)
  • ICRISAT has been working with smallholder farmers in Africa to combat the aflatoxin problem. (icrisat.org)
  • This was demonstrated by a European project conducted by CIRAD, centring on protecting groundnut against aflatoxins in Africa. (hyfoma.com)
  • None of the birth outcomes studied were associated with maternal aflatoxin levels, which were considerably lower than those observed in Africa and the Middle East where a relationship with low birth weight has been previously documented. (tufts.edu)
  • Exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin common in maize and groundnuts, has been associated with childhood stunting in sub-Saharan Africa. (elsevier.com)
Carcinogenic9
  • Aflatoxin B1 is the most common in food and among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Aflatoxin B1 is the most carcinogenic natural compound known. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Since 1993, aflatoxin B1 has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) (IARC, 1993). (ac.be)
  • Aflatoxin is carcinogenic and can cause liver and other cancers in humans. (icrisat.org)
  • Aflatoxin is carcinogenic. (icrisat.org)
  • Numerous studies have focused on the mechanism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolism and its carcinogenic mechanism, but how AFB1 is transported into hepatocytes and how it is transferred inside hepatocytes remains unknown. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Aflatoxins are poisonous, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances. (foodinfotech.com)
  • HBV demonstrates the ability to integrate and bind to p53 protein in the host DNA and propagate hepatocyte vulnerability through carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) damage. (who.int)
Reduce aflatoxin2
  • Ensiling will not reduce aflatoxin concentrations, although if the silage is properly managed, concentrations will not increase. (iastate.edu)
  • If the grain is to be used on-farm, anhydrous ammonia can be used to reduce aflatoxin contaminations. (iastate.edu)
Mycotoxin4
  • And that was why, a few years ago, the European Union (EU) banned importation of foods from Nigeria after it was discovered that their aflatoxin and mycotoxin load was too high for the safety of the health of Europeans. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Avian species are highly susceptible to the hepatotoxic mycotoxin aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). (usu.edu)
  • Global mycotoxin surveys for 2015 feed and feed ingredient samples revealed that 20% of complete diets were contaminated with Aflatoxin of which 5% at a level of Aflatoxins above risk threshold. (anco.net)
  • Currently, aflatoxin B1 is the only mycotoxin with MPLs. (anco.net)
Toxic10
  • Aflatoxins are natural compounds created by mould that are extremely toxic to humans and animals causing diarrhoea, liver disease and cancer. (basf.com)
  • Both Nigella sativa and date reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin-B1 in liver and kidney. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Aflatoxin B1 is not only the most potent natural carcinogen known, but also the most commonly produced toxic strain. (cgiar.org)
  • How Toxic Is Aflatoxin? (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Aflatoxins are most commonly ingested, but the most toxic form of Aflatoxin B1 can permeate through the skin. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Chemically, aflatoxins belong to the bifuranocoumarin group, with aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) being the most toxic. (anco.net)
  • Aflatoxin in corn must be monitored closely as it is highly toxic to many animals and can be fatal to livestock. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • Regulatory authorities like the World Health Organization, however, don't consider this as edible in its raw form, because it contains aflatoxin, a toxic component. (vikalpsangam.org)
  • A review of the FDA pet food recalls and literature on commercial diets are used to discuss well-known health risks such as nutritional imbalances, bacterial pathogens, aflatoxin, and toxic contaminations. (purinainstitute.com)
  • Due to the widespread use of pesticides, consumption of foods tainted with aflatoxin, and cyanobacterial toxic algae blooms in areas where liver disease is prevalent, exposure to environmental toxins and the resulting effects on liver health has attracted public attention in recent decades. (healthylifehuman.com)
Fungi9
  • The economic losses caused by aflatoxins are many and multi-component: First of all, all toxigenic fungi cause plant yield loss. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Yam and potatoes, for example, are thereby fungi-infected and loaded with aflatoxins in the cooking pot and dining table. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Not only would the acids in melon have reacted with the cellophane, picking petroleum residue for the pot of soup it is intended for, the melon may have over time become oxidised by oxygen, thereby stocking free radicals for the soup, and, additionally, bring along aflatoxins, being a ready prey for fungi attack. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • In Northern Nigeria, the prevalence of fungi and aflatoxin in millet, sesame and their products was studied in 146 food samples, including traditional beer produced from millets, sorghum (50), dough prepared from millets (50) and seeds of sesame (50). (foodinfotech.com)
  • Aflatoxin analysis revealed that sesame had higher levels of fungi and aflatoxin than millet and sorghum. (foodinfotech.com)
  • Most fungi that produce aflatoxin can grow in a pH range (1.7 - 9.3) and higher pH ranges promote fungal growth and aflatoxin production. (foodinfotech.com)
  • Sunlight inhibits aflatoxin production, while darkness promotes aflatoxin production by fungi. (foodinfotech.com)
  • Relative humidity of 85% is ideal for the growth of aflatoxin-producing fungi and the temperature range for aflatoxin production is 25 - 35°C. (foodinfotech.com)
  • When corn is stressed, the fungi can initiate aflatoxin production on infected kernels of susceptible products. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Groundnuts11
  • How might aflatoxin levels change for maize and groundnuts as a result of climate change? (cgiar.org)
  • Chong, Y.H. (1966) Aflatoxins in groundnuts and groundnut products. (scirp.org)
  • Currently, the test can be applied to detect aflatoxin in groundnuts. (icrisat.org)
  • Groundnuts for sale and export should be free from aflatoxin. (icrisat.org)
  • In Study 1, we estimated pregnant women's frequency of consumption of aflatoxin-prone foods (i.e. maize and groundnuts) and calculated dietary diversity scores. (tufts.edu)
  • Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Quantile Regression models were used to compare the strength of associations between frequencies of consumption of maize and groundnuts and dietary diversity, and serum aflatoxin levels (n=1648). (tufts.edu)
  • After adjusting for wealth and other covariates, women who had consumed maize and/or groundnuts more frequently showed higher levels of aflatoxin albumin adducts. (tufts.edu)
  • Improved aflatoxin mitigation, management and control for groundnuts was identified as one of the top four issues that the country needed to address in support of export growth. (au.int)
  • The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT), with the support of the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF), initiated a consultative process to develop a program for the control of aflatoxins in groundnuts to facilitate export development. (au.int)
  • Aflatoxin exposure, namely through infected groundnuts, is hypothesized to be associated with decreased linear growth in children (stunting) through increased infection and suppressing the immune system . (spring-nutrition.org)
  • The first drama relays information on sources of good seeds for planting, seed selection, characteristics of bad nuts, and safe disposal of likely aflatoxin-contaminated groundnuts, and it offers a call to action by linking farmers to AEAs. (spring-nutrition.org)
Guidelines for acceptable aflatoxin levels1
  • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had developed guidelines for acceptable aflatoxin levels based on intended use (Table 1). (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Poisonous1
  • Globally, an estimated 4-5 billion people are at risk of being exposed to poisonous aflatoxin. (basf.com)
Peanuts9
  • Peanuts and peanut butter are some of the most rigorously tested products because they often contain aflatoxins and are widely eaten. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Even though more news is speculated that maize is suspected to be contaminated with aflatoxins these days, we must not forget that other crops like rice, peanuts, cotton, almond, cashew, soya, spices, and coffee may be contaminated with aflatoxins. (island.lk)
  • The study measured levels of aflatoxin in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate in blood samples of women and young children (514 and 620 respectively) across all municipalities. (nature.com)
  • Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn : report of an FAO technical consultation, Rome, 3-6 May 1993. (who.int)
  • Effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts: An EU-China perspective. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the last 5 years, peanuts imported from China exceeded legal European Union (EU) aflatoxin limits more than 180 times. (bvsalud.org)
  • This paper discusses effective approaches for early identification and proactive mitigation of aflatoxins in peanuts to reduce a contaminant that is an impediment to trade. (bvsalud.org)
  • Peanuts (a legume) are commonly affected by aflatoxins, a toxin produced by molds. (petful.com)
  • Grown in the dry climate of the southwestern United States, these peanuts are certified organic and free from aflatoxins. (momanthology.com)
Fungal3
  • Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that commonly contaminates maize and other types of crops during production, harvest, storage or processing. (cdc.gov)
  • Shelled corn should be dried to 15 percent moisture or less within 24 to 48 hours of harvest, and cooled to 35--40 °F for the duration of winter to reduce fungal growth and aflatoxin production. (iastate.edu)
  • Aflatoxin production is influenced by biological factors such as fungal species, weeds and insect injuries. (foodinfotech.com)
Concentration9
  • An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of an aflatoxin-deactivating agent* on primary measures of milk quality: aflatoxin concentration in milk, aflatoxin excretion in milk and aflatoxin transfer from feed to milk. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Aflatoxin concentration in both feed and milk samples were analysed by HPLC. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Timothy Thomas, a Research Fellow at IFPRI, will present projections of aflatoxin concentration under climate change, work jointly developed with the University of Florida. (cgiar.org)
  • The average concentration of aflatoxin in the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - lower than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. (nature.com)
  • Although aflatoxin-albumin conjugate was detected in more than 80% of blood samples, the average concentration in children and adults of 0.64 and 0.98 pg mg −1 alb, respectively, is much lower than in other similar rural-based countries. (nature.com)
  • These results could be used in further studies aimed at development of a robust classification model, which could be useful to screen for aflatoxins at concentration limits proposed by the European legislation. (ac.be)
  • Obviously, it is vital that a good estimate of aflatoxin concentration is obtained so that an educated decision can be made. (iastate.edu)
  • Calibrant containing Aflatoxin G1 at a concentration of 25μg/mL in Acetonitrile and packaged in 10mL volume. (trilogylab.com)
  • Peak area ratios (aflatoxin B1-lysine m/z: aflatoxin B1-lysine-d 4 m/z) were linearly related to concentration. (cdc.gov)
Crops10
  • In developed countries, commercial crops are routinely screened for aflatoxin using detection techniques that are performed in a laboratory setting. (cdc.gov)
  • Inadequate harvesting and storage techniques allow for the growth of aflatoxin-producing fungus and homegrown crops are not routinely tested for the presence of aflatoxin. (cdc.gov)
  • A major threat to farmers' crops - and both the agricultural economy and nutritional safety of the nation - are aflatoxins. (clintonfoundation.org)
  • Beyond the health risks, aflatoxins also pose a significant economic burden, causing an estimated 25% or more of the world's food crops to be destroyed annually (World Health Organization, 2018). (clintonfoundation.org)
  • Maize is one of the most productive crops, as important as it is, maize farmers face a great challenge in this sector due to the aflatoxin virus that is commonly found in grains. (clintonfoundation.org)
  • With funding from the McKnight Foundation and in collaboration with partners including the National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi-NASFAM, Farmers Union Malawi (FUM), Kamuzu Central Hospital and Nkhoma Hospital, Malawi, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) developed the rapid test kit for aflatoxins. (icrisat.org)
  • The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 25% of all crops in the world are affected by aflatoxins. (icrisat.org)
  • All farmers prepared the land before planting, applied correct spacing between the planted crops, carried out weeding, cleaned their stores before use, checked the condition of the maize after harvesting, sorted maize after shelling, and knew about aflatoxins. (mdpi.com)
  • Aflatoxin infection in crops is considered a universal threat, influencing the agricultural economy and food processing industry. (foodinfotech.com)
  • Aflatoxins are a type of toxins produced by some Aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G2 and aflatoxin G1, which are the most common aflatoxins found naturally in food crops and their products. (foodinfotech.com)
High levels of aflatoxins2
  • Aflatoxicosis is the disease caused by the consumption of high levels of aflatoxins. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • As of 2010, roughly 5 billion people worldwide were estimated to be exposed to high levels of aflatoxins. (cgiar.org)
Mitigation5
  • BASF and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) have partnered to host a workshop that brings together stakeholders involved in aflatoxin management to discuss possible solutions for aflatoxin mitigation in Tanzania. (basf.com)
  • Sarah Mshiu from the Prime Minister's office presents the status of Aflatoxin mitigation in Tanzania. (basf.com)
  • This will help advance Tanzania's national aflatoxin mitigation strategy, and findings can also benefit other countries in the region. (basf.com)
  • Stakeholders drawn from different sectors including academia, government, international and private sectors will combine expertise to provide innovative mitigation solutions that will, in effect, support the government's efforts toward reducing the effects of aflatoxin exposure to the general population. (basf.com)
  • Sustainable management of aflatoxins requires robust detection, surveillance and deployment of integrated mitigation approaches while increasing public awareness and responsiveness. (monitor.co.ug)
Zearalenone3
  • Effect of industrial processing on the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone in corn-milling fractions. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone levels in various corn-milling fractions. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Aflatoxins, deoxinivalenol, fumonisins, T-2 toxins and zearalenone are all examples of what feed contaminant that can sometimes be found in corn and corn byproducts? (hoards.com)
Livestock2
  • In livestock and poultry, ingestion of feeds contaminated with aflatoxins is associated with growth suppression leading to reduced feed intake, poor utilisation of nutrients and poor meat quality. (monitor.co.ug)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates aflatoxin levels in food and livestock feed. (iastate.edu)
Amounts of aflatoxin2
  • The FDA believes occasionally eating small amounts of aflatoxin poses little risk over a lifetime. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chronic, long-term exposure to tiny, undetectable amounts of aflatoxin in your pet's food has the potential to cause serious damage to the future health of your dog. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
Effects of aflatoxins3
  • It is expected that there will be a reduction in the effects of aflatoxins to those exposed to the fortified flour. (basf.com)
  • This calls for collective interventions and strategies aimed at counteracting the adverse effects of aflatoxins. (monitor.co.ug)
  • Beef and dairy cattle are more susceptible to aflatoxicosis than sheep and horses, whereas, young animals of all species are more sensitive to the effects of aflatoxins than mature animals. (allaboutfeed.net)
Exposure to aflatoxins2
  • This paper presents information on the association between nutritional state of children and dietary exposure to aflatoxins in Kisumu District. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis B infection, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to aflatoxins is fundamental in the formation of HCC in developing countries. (who.int)
Detection of aflatoxin1
  • A recent development is the detection of aflatoxin exceeding the maximum allowable limit in Thriposha according to the head of the government's public health inspectors' (PHI) union. (island.lk)
Consumption4
  • Consumption of aflatoxins is cumulative: they are not eradicated through standard cooking processes, and the body is unable to destroy or excrete them. (cgiar.org)
  • It is unlikely that the consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is a causative factor in the current level of malnutrition and stunting affecting Timor-Leste children. (nature.com)
  • Levels of aflatoxin exposure observed in this study likely reflect consumption of various foods susceptible to aflatoxin from multiple sources. (tufts.edu)
  • Consumption of large amounts of aflatoxins results in death. (foodinfotech.com)
Occurrence3
  • Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are a principal public health concern because of their pivotal role in the occurrence of primary liver cancer. (ac.be)
  • Validate and transfer to stakeholders a sustainable and effective safety management system for reducing and controlling aflatoxin occurrence along the Brazil nut production chain, as a means to recover and consolidate market access, particularly in the European Union (EU). (standardsfacility.org)
  • https://www.anco.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Aflatoxin-occurrence_2016b-4.jpg 384 876 Anco https://www.anco.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/anco_Logo-300x110.png Anco 2016-06-06 09:54:03 2016-10-13 16:51:09 Aflatoxin: How big is the threat of aflatoxins in poultry diets? (anco.net)
Susceptible4
  • Dogs are highly susceptible to aflatoxin poisoning. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Two reference varieties were chosen for study: a cultivar that gives average yields under drought conditions but has good aflatoxin resistance, and another that is higher-yielding but more susceptible to the fungus. (hyfoma.com)
  • Pets are highly susceptible to aflatoxin poisoning because, unlike people, who eat a varied diet, pets generally eat the same food continuously over extended periods of time. (nasc.cc)
  • Poultry is considered as the most susceptible animal species to aflatoxins. (anco.net)
Fungus2
  • Aflatoxins are toxins produced by a mold (fungus) that grows in nuts, seeds, and legumes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The levels of aflatoxin in millet and sorghum differs with temperature and relative humidity, whereas fungus present in sesame seeds increases with latitude. (foodinfotech.com)
Total aflatoxins2
  • The European Union lower limits are 2 parts per billion (ppb) for ​Aflatoxin B1 and 4 ppb of total aflatoxins. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The obtained results indicate that the electronic nose was able to distinguish between maize samples according to the presence and absence of total aflatoxins. (ac.be)
Food28
  • Although aflatoxins are known to cause cancer in animals, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows them at low levels in nuts, seeds, and legumes because they are considered "unavoidable contaminants. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is not practical to attempt to remove aflatoxin from food products in order to make them safer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In developing nations, many people are exposed to aflatoxin through food grown at home. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), aflatoxins are a major risk to food security and safety in developing countries. (basf.com)
  • Nevertheless, both humans and animals can unintentionally consume contaminated food with aflatoxins. (island.lk)
  • It is interesting to know how aflatoxins get into the food items. (island.lk)
  • According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the maximum allowable limit for total aflatoxin in food items is 20 ppb (parts per billion) and the levels may vary on the type of food items. (island.lk)
  • Aflatoxins are a group of poisons which compromise the safety and quality of the food and feed. (monitor.co.ug)
  • In addition to conforming to the developed aflatoxin standards, Uganda also needs regulations for monitoring foods and strict enforcement of measures on the quality of food at household and market levels. (monitor.co.ug)
  • At the regional level, concerted efforts are needed to strengthen coordination of polices on safety and standards, branding of aflatoxin-safe products, and incentives for safe food. (monitor.co.ug)
  • In this webinar, panelists from the International Food Policy Research Institute ( IFPRI ), USAID's Bureau for Food Security , Purdue University and an independent consultant will discuss how aflatoxins relate to climate change, gender and nutrition. (cgiar.org)
  • Lynn Brown, an Independent Consultant and the former chief economist of the World Food Program, will discuss linkages of aflatoxins with gender and nutrition as well as potential solutions. (cgiar.org)
  • Ahmed Kablan , Senior Nutrition and Food Safety Research Advisor, Bureau of Food Security, USAID, will discuss the Bureau's approaches to tackling aflatoxin challenges. (cgiar.org)
  • For aflatoxin the guidelines to regulate the levels of its exposure relate to human food and animal feed 8 . (nature.com)
  • Working to stay ahead of the curve, AIF and CF have been focusing on aflatoxin management and reduction in the maize supply chain - to ensure food safety and maximize revenue from maize sales through high-quality crop production. (clintonfoundation.org)
  • Aflatoxin is one of the most dangerous natural poisons known to food scientists. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Aflatoxin has led to the tragic death of hundreds of dogs … and has caused an increasing number of life-threatening dog food recalls . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Corn has been the most common source of aflatoxin in every poison-related dog food recall . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Compared to almost any other dog food contaminant , aflatoxin has the potential to be FAR more dangerous . (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • When contaminated food is processed, aflatoxins enter the general food supply where they have been found in both pet and human food as well as in feedstocks for agricultural animals. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Animals fed with contaminated food can pass aflatoxin transformation products into eggs, milk products and meat. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action level for aflatoxin present in food or feed is 20-300ppb. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Around 90 countries have regulations that establish maximum aflatoxin limits in food and feed products. (icrisat.org)
  • Aflatoxin contaminated food can pose a serious health risk. (icrisat.org)
  • If a pet's food contains aflatoxins, the toxins could accumulate in the pet's system as they continue to eat the same food. (nasc.cc)
  • The second study examined the correlations between food handling procedures and good agricultural practices (GAPs) in maize, groundnut and chili farming households, and aflatoxin exposure as measured by aflatoxin albumin adducts during pregnancy. (tufts.edu)
  • Hy-Vee, Inc. is recalling 2 types of dog food because of elevated levels of Aflatoxin. (petprojectblog.com)
  • The new guidelines adopted in the meeting were about ready-to-usetherapeuticfoods, management of biological food-borne outbreaks, and maximum levels for aflatoxins in cereals. (agrobiology.eu)
Corn12
  • We've noted zero aflatoxin-related recalls from major brands, including those that use corn in their recipes. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Corn is not the only source of aflatoxin. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • An "action level" of 20 parts per billion (ppb) for aflatoxins in corn has been established for interstate commerce. (iastate.edu)
  • Corn that is contaminated with aflatoxin at levels greater than 20 ppb may not be sold for interstate commerce, but it does have uses. (iastate.edu)
  • Blending aflatoxin-contaminated corn is not legal except for on-farm use. (iastate.edu)
  • The feed ingredient most frequently contaminated with aflatoxin above risk threshold level was corn. (anco.net)
  • In Brazil, the presence of aflatoxins in corn is regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture through Decree 183 of March 21, 1996 and Resolution 274 of October 15, 2002 of the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency, which established a maximum limit of 20 μg/kg for the sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. (anco.net)
  • Aflatoxin can infect corn across the Midwest and Southern United States, especially if corn is under insect or drought stress. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • Aflatoxin does not occur uniformly in bulk corn, so samples should be taken in several areas of a load or storage bin. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • Corn product selection is an important step in aflatoxin management. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • Measurements of airborne aflatoxins during the handling of 1979 contaminated corn. (cdc.gov)
  • Corn, Barley (M.H. Farms), & Corn, Wheat (Bethel) are subject to DON (VOM) &/ or aflatoxin testing and quality deductions. (markhersheyfarms.com)
Groundnut5
  • Chong, Y.H. and Beng, C.G. (1965) Aflatoxins in unre-fined groundnut oils. (scirp.org)
  • Basappa, S.C. and Sreenivasamurthy, V. (1977) State of aflatoxin in groundnut oil. (scirp.org)
  • Basappa, S.C. and Sreenivasamurthy, V. (1979) Decon-tamination of groundnut oil from aflatoxin. (scirp.org)
  • Fatty acid composition differs depending on whether or not the variety is aflatoxin-resistant, and the fatty acid metabolism can thus be assumed to be another parameter linked to groundnut resistance mechanisms prior to harvest. (hyfoma.com)
  • Seasonality was a strong predictor of prenatal aflatoxin exposure, with the highest levels seen in the winter months following maize and groundnut harvest seasons. (tufts.edu)
Chronic aflatoxin2
  • Feed refusal, reduced growth rate, and decreased feed efficiency are the predominant signs of chronic aflatoxin poisoning. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Results from this preliminary analysis demonstrated chronic aflatoxin exposure in children residing in Bhaktapur with a geometric mean of 3.62 pg AFB 1 -lysine/mg albumin. (elsevier.com)
Contain aflatoxin2
Address aflatoxins1
  • What are the key nutritional and gendered entry points to address aflatoxins? (cgiar.org)
Exposures1
  • Aflatoxin exposures of agricultur al workers. (cdc.gov)
Peanut1
  • Having pegged its nationally acceptable limit of aflatoxin in peanut at 10 parts per billion (ppb) as far back as 2018, Ghana could well be leading, and not just supporting the regional block's preference of setting the MRL for aflatoxin in peanut at 10 ppb. (usda.gov)
Grain8
  • These include mechanisms for rapid aflatoxin detection for grain traders, robust surveillance and building public awareness. (monitor.co.ug)
  • 2) feed with aflatoxin B1 supplied by aflatoxin-contaminated maize grain. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Aflatoxin-affected grain presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. (nature.com)
  • Subsistence farmers, who both produce and consume their own produce, are especially exposed to the negative impacts of aflatoxin affected grain, as it is not subject to quality testing. (nature.com)
  • An electronic nose (EN) may represent a promising analytical tool to be used for an early detection of mould spoilage in grain. (ac.be)
  • The Charm II radioimmunoassay aflatoxin test for grain detects aflatoxin B1 at 5 to 40 ppb. (charm.com)
  • Since aflatoxin levels are usually highest in damaged kernels, cleaning the grain using a rotary screen or gravity table may reduce their levels. (iastate.edu)
  • Grain that is contaminated with aflatoxin at levels below 300 ppb (parts per billion) can be fed to local beef cattle. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Levels11
  • However, high concentrations of aflatoxins, or prolonged exposure at low levels, cause visual symptoms in cattle, and especially in young calves. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Aflatoxin levels and impacts are expected to increase with higher temperatures and increased water stress, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical climates. (cgiar.org)
  • The levels of aflatoxin were determined using an indirect competitive ELISA protocol. (hindawi.com)
  • Mean aflatoxin levels in chopped, fermented, and sun-dried cassava ( Akuoga) were 0.36 μ g/kg compared to 0.25 μ g/kg in chopped and sun-dried ( Abeta) products. (hindawi.com)
  • Many countries reject imports of agricultural products that exceed certain levels of aflatoxin, costing farmers millions of dollars every year. (icrisat.org)
  • Little is known of the effect of such training on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kenya. (mdpi.com)
  • This study evaluated what effect training farmers on GAP has on aflatoxin levels in maize grown in Kaptumo, Kilibwoni, and Kipkaren divisions in Nandi County. (mdpi.com)
  • Study 3 used linear and logistic regression models to explore the relationship between prenatal aflatoxin levels and selected adverse birth outcomes in a sub-sample of 1621 mother-newborn pairs. (tufts.edu)
  • However, this is expensive and not always successful since aflatoxin levels also can be high in undamaged kernels. (iastate.edu)
  • In this manuscript, the levels of aflatoxin exposure in the Nepal cohort were compared with those observed in aflatoxin studies, with child growth parameters as a health outcome. (elsevier.com)
  • Future work will analyze the relationships between aflatoxin levels, growth, and other risk factors collected by the MAL-ED study. (elsevier.com)
Prenatal2
  • Effects of prenatal aflatoxin B1 exposure on behaviors of rat offspring. (bvsalud.org)
  • REDDY, P. S. Prenatal exposure to aflatoxin B1: developmental, behavioral, and reproductive alterations in male rats. (bvsalud.org)
Enzyme-linke1
  • Maize samples were additionally collected from the participating farmers and analyzed for aflatoxins using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). (mdpi.com)
Impacts1
  • Even though we have not seen the laboratory test reports or satisfactory evidence to prove their allegation, it is a timely requirement to make the public aware of the health impacts of aflatoxins and how to prevent their ingestion. (island.lk)
Poultry3
  • For example, contaminated poultry feed is suspected in the findings of high percentages of samples of aflatoxin-contaminated chicken meat and eggs in Pakistan. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Aflatoxin: How big is the threat of aflatoxins in poultry diets? (anco.net)
  • The aflatoxin B1 limit for poultry diets in the EU is 20 μg/kg. (anco.net)
Limits1
  • The hygienic quality of the milk in the current study was found to be poor due to exceeding the standard limits in number of specific pathogens, antibiotic, aflatoxin M1, pesticide and heavy metal residues. (scirp.org)
Hepatocellular carcinoma1
  • Genetic Features of Aflatoxin-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
IARC2
  • The International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has reported that aflatoxins can cause cancer in both humans and animals and are classified into the Group 1 category of chemical hazards due to their potent nature. (island.lk)
  • According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), aflatoxin B1 is considered as a Class 1 Human Carcinogen. (foodinfotech.com)
Grains3
  • Beyond their dire effects on regional trade, especially in grains, aflatoxins have been extensively linked to liver cancer, child-stunting, malnutrition and impaired growth in humans. (monitor.co.ug)
  • however, accumulation of the aflatoxin in the distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) will occur. (iastate.edu)
  • Aflatoxin does not accumulate in the ethanol but can be concentrated in the dried distiller's grains (DDGs). (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Accumulate1
  • So you can take action … before smaller doses of aflatoxin can accumulate in your dog's body. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
Toxicity3
  • However, aflatoxins are different in their toxicity depending on their chemical composition and molecular structure. (island.lk)
  • Aflatoxin has the highest toxicity of all mold toxins. (dogfoodadvisor.com)
  • Children are more vulnerable to aflatoxin toxicity. (foodinfotech.com)
Parasiticus1
  • Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite produced by toxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. (anco.net)
Molds2
  • Harvesting and storing wet produce is reported to be the leading stimulant for growth of molds that cause accumulation of aflatoxins. (monitor.co.ug)
  • The quality of milk can be affected by the presence of additional water, detergents, disinfectants, antibiotics, pesticides and pathogens like bacteria, viruses, toxins released by molds such as aflatoxins and heavy metals etc. (scirp.org)
Kenya3
  • In Kenya, acute aflatoxin poisoning results in liver failure and death in up to 40% of cases. (cdc.gov)
  • We randomly surveyed 165 households in Southeastern Kenya and tested a small portion of their maize supplies for the presence of aflatoxin using our modified rapid screening test. (cdc.gov)
  • Aflatoxin contaminated maize is of public health concern in Kenya. (mdpi.com)
Accumulation3
  • Aflatoxin accumulation is usually associated with poor storage conditions. (iastate.edu)
  • A chemical test can be performed at a certified laboratory to detect and quantify potential aflatoxin accumulation in a sample. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
  • The longer infected ears remain in the fields, the greater the opportunity for aflatoxin accumulation. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Commonly1
  • Most of the aflatoxins were isolated from different varieties of pearl millet, but aflatoxin G2 was commonly found in seed samples collected during the winter season. (foodinfotech.com)
Liver cancer3
  • There is evidence that aflatoxin exposure plays a role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer in the US population. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Children are particularly affected by aflatoxin exposure, which leads to stunted growth, delayed development, liver damaged and liver cancer. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • Symptoms of aflatoxin poisoning include: liver cancer, fluid retention, increased incidence of Hepatitis B infection, and stunting in children. (icrisat.org)
Feed contaminated1
  • Ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxins not only undermines agricultural productivity but also poses health risks to consumers. (monitor.co.ug)
Risk5
  • Children are at higher risk, as aflatoxins cause nutrient deficiency, stunting and delayed development. (basf.com)
  • This risk is the AFLATOXIN risk. (thenationonlineng.net)
  • The study shows that cassava consumers are exposed to the risk of aflatoxin poisoning. (hindawi.com)
  • There is no evidence to suggest that pet owners who handle products containing aflatoxin are at risk of aflatoxin poisoning. (nasc.cc)
  • Products with larger, tighter fitting husks, insect resistance traits, and drought tolerance can help reduce the potential risk of aflatoxin. (dekalbasgrowdeltapine.com)
Determination1
  • It also suggests that additional research is necessary to elucidate the aflatoxin-fetal growth relationship, including determination of threshold values. (tufts.edu)
Farmers4
  • From the onset, farmers are advised to use improved and aflatoxin-free seed, control pests and diseases and harvest on time. (monitor.co.ug)
  • We still have farmers who are struggling in taking good care of their production and what we are doing is to educate them again on the side effects of aflatoxin and losses it can cause to their production. (clintonfoundation.org)
  • This exciting advancement combined with a mobile extraction kit that will be ready in two months, will be the first portable cost-effective way for farmers and others to detect aflatoxins instantly. (icrisat.org)
  • To support the hands-on learning in the FFSs, we produced two radio dramas to reach other farmers and community members about key aflatoxin control practices. (spring-nutrition.org)
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