AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
AflatoxinsAflatoxin B1Aflatoxin M1Aspergillus flavusAspergillusSterigmatocystinFood ContaminationPoisonsAnthraquinonesArachis hypogaeaEthoxyquinMycotoxicosisDichlorvosOchratoxinsMycotoxinsCarcinogensCondimentsChromatography, Thin LayerZea maysZearalenoneFood MicrobiologyBiotransformationFood AnalysisLiver NeoplasmsMutagensDNA AdductsLiverEncyclopedias as TopicLiver Failure, AcuteNafronylForeign Professional PersonnelEcotoxicologyToxicologyEnvironmental HealthEnvironmental ExposureDictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as TopicHelianthusSeedsMichiganStearatesResearchTropical MedicinePeriodicals as TopicBreedingPatient Care TeamWilliams SyndromeDictionaries, ChemicalMyristica fragransPenicilliumCottonseed Oil
Aflatoxins: Furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by ASPERGILLUS from STERIGMATOCYSTIN. They are structurally related to COUMARINS and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become ALKYLATING AGENTS. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).Aspergillus flavus: A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.Sterigmatocystin: A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, and an unidentified species of Bipolaris. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney and has an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA.Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.Poisons: Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Anthraquinones: Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.Arachis hypogaea: A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.Mycotoxicosis: Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.Ochratoxins: Isocoumarins found in ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS and other FUNGI. Ochratoxin contaminated FOOD has been responsible for cases of FOODBORNE DISEASES.Mycotoxins: Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Zea mays: A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Food Analysis: Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.DNA Adducts: The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Liver Failure, Acute: A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.Foreign Professional Personnel: Persons who have acquired academic or specialized training in countries other than that in which they are working. The concept excludes physicians for which FOREIGN MEDICAL GRADUATES is the likely heading.Ecotoxicology: The study of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION and the toxic effects of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS on the ECOSYSTEM. The term was coined by Truhaut in 1969.Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.Dictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as Topic: Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.Helianthus: A genus herbs of the Asteraceae family. The SEEDS yield oil and are used as food and animal feed; the roots of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) are edible.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.MichiganStearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.Research: Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)Tropical Medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions.Periodicals as Topic: A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.Breeding: The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient.Williams Syndrome: A disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the ELASTIN gene. Clinical manifestations include SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS; MENTAL RETARDATION; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient HYPERCALCEMIA in infancy. The condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy.Dictionaries, ChemicalMyristica fragrans: A plant species in the MYRISTICACEAE family. The seed is used as a spice and used for antimicrobial and psychoactive effects. Myristicin, SAFROLE, and methyleugenol are key components.Penicillium: A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.Cottonseed Oil: Oil obtained from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum L., the cotton plant. It is used in dietary products such as oleomargarine and many cooking oils. Cottonseed oil is commonly used in soaps and cosmetics.

Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (1/749)

Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied.  (+info)

Effect of sex difference on the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by the rat. (2/749)

Hepatic microsome-catalyzed metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to aflatoxin M1 and aflatoxin Q1 and the "metabolic activation" of AFB1 to DNA-alylating metabolite(s) were studied in normal male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, in gonadectomized animals, and in castrated males and normal females treated with testosterone. Microsomes from male animals formed 2 to 5 times more aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin Q1, and DNA-alkylating metabolite(s) than those from females. Castration reduced the metabolism of AFB1 by the microsomes from males by about 50%, whereas ovariectomy had no significant effect on AFB1 metabolism by the microsomes from females. Testosterone treatment (4 mg/rat, 3 times/week for about 6 weeks) of castrated immature males and immature females enhanced the metabolism of AFB1 by their microsomes. A sex difference in the metabolism of AFB1 by liver microsomes was also seen in other strains of rats tested: Wistar, Long-Evans, and Fischer. The activity of kidney microsomes for metabolic activation was 1 to 4% that of the liver activity and was generally lower in microsomes from male rats as compared to those from female rats of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans strains. The in vitro results obtained with hepatic microsomes correlated well with the in vivo metabolism of AFB1, in that more AFB1 became bound in vivo to hepatic DNA isolated from male rats and from a female rat treated with testosterone than that isolated from control female rats. These data suggest that the differences in hepatic AFB1 metabolism may be the underlying cause of the sex difference in toxicity and carcinogenicity of AFB1 observed in rats.  (+info)

Effect of zinc on adenine nucleotide pools in relation to aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. (3/749)

The adenylic acid systems of Aspergillus parasiticus were studied in zinc-replete and zinc-deficient media. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels of the fungus were high during exponential phase and low during stationary phase in zinc-replete cultures. On the other hand, the levels of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and adenosine 5'-monophosphate were low during exponential phase of growth and high during stationary phase. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels during exponential phase may indicate higher primary metabolic activity of the fungus. On the other hand, high adenosine 5'-monophosphate levels during stationary phase may inhibit lipid formation and may enhance aflatoxin levels. The inorganic phosphorus content was low in a zinc-replete medium throughout the growth period, thereby favoring aflatoxin biosynthesis. The energy charge during the exponential phase was high but low during the stationary phase. In general the energy charge values were lower because of high adenosine 5'-monophosphate content.  (+info)

Characterization of the promoter for the gene encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway regulatory protein AFLR. (4/749)

Most genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus parasiticus are regulated by the binuclear zinc cluster DNA-binding protein AFLR. The aflR promoter was analyzed in beta-glucuronidase reporter assays to elucidate some of the elements involved in the gene's transcription control. Truncation at 118 bp upstream of the translational start site increased promoter activity 5-fold, while truncation at -100 reduced activity about 20-fold. These findings indicate the presence of an important positive regulatory element between -100 and -118 and a negative regulatory region further upstream. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays on nuclear extracts from A. parasiticus induced for aflatoxin expression suggest that AFLR and another, possibly more abundant, protein bind to the -100/-118 region. Another protein binds to a sequence at position -159 to -164 that matches the consensus binding site for the transcription factor involved in pH-dependent gene regulation, PACC.  (+info)

HGF-mediated apoptosis via p53/bax-independent pathway activating JNK1. (5/749)

Current studies have indicated both positive and negative roles for the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met receptor signaling system in tumor development. Recently, we have shown that HGF has the capacity to induce both growth inhibition and programmed cell death in aflatoxin-transformed (AFLB8) rat liver epithelial cells. Using the same cell line, we have now investigated a potential mechanism for HGF-induced apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis of bcl-2 gene family member (bax, bcl-2, bclX-s/l) expression showed no correlation with HGF treatment, suggesting that HGF-mediated apoptosis is bax independent. Following HGF treatment retinoblastoma protein (pRB) was present in the hypophosphorylated state. HGF treatment increased cyclin A, cyclin G1 and nuclear transcriptional factor (NFkappaB) protein expression. However, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that NFkappaB activity decreased with HGF treatment. Under these apoptotic conditions, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2) were activated with lower level activation of ERK2, while no involvement of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase was observed. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was not protective, and actually induced cells to undergo apoptosis to a level similar to that of HGF alone or EGF/HGF in combination. These results suggest the possibility of cross-talk between HGF/c-met and EGF/EGFR signaling pathways, and the involvement of JNK1 induction in HGF-mediated apoptotic cell death.  (+info)

Divergence of West African and North American communities of Aspergillus section Flavi. (6/749)

West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B1. However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G1 in NH4 medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G1. This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management.  (+info)

Interactions of saprophytic yeasts with a nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus. (7/749)

The nor mutant of Aspergillus flavus has a defective norsolorinic acid reductase, and thus the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway is blocked, resulting in the accumulation of norsolorinic acid, a bright red-orange pigment. We developed a visual agar plate assay to monitor yeast strains for their ability to inhibit aflatoxin production by visually scoring the accumulation of this pigment of the nor mutant. We identified yeast strains that reduced the red-orange pigment accumulation in the nor mutant. These yeasts also reduced aflatoxin accumulation by a toxigenic strain of A. flavus. These yeasts may be useful for reducing aflatoxin contamination of food commodities.  (+info)

Enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins and biosynthetic relationship between G- and B-group aflatoxins. (8/749)

We detected biosynthetic activity for aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) in cell extracts of Aspergillus parasiticus NIAH-26. We found that in the presence of NADPH, aflatoxins G(1) and G(2) were produced from O-methylsterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin, respectively. No G-group aflatoxins were produced from aflatoxin B(1), aflatoxin B(2), 5-methoxysterigmatocystin, dimethoxysterigmatocystin, or sterigmatin, confirming that B-group aflatoxins are not the precursors of G-group aflatoxins and that G- and B-group aflatoxins are independently produced from the same substrates (O-methylsterigmatocystin and dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin). In competition experiments in which the cell-free system was used, formation of aflatoxin G(2) from dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin was suppressed when O-methylsterigmatocystin was added to the reaction mixture, whereas aflatoxin G(1) was newly formed. This result indicates that the same enzymes can catalyze the formation of aflatoxins G(1) and G(2). Inhibition of G-group aflatoxin formation by methyrapone, SKF-525A, or imidazole indicated that a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase may be involved in the formation of G-group aflatoxins. Both the microsome fraction and a cytosol protein with a native mass of 220 kDa were necessary for the formation of G-group aflatoxins. Due to instability of the microsome fraction, G-group aflatoxin formation was less stable than B-group aflatoxin formation. The ordA gene product, which may catalyze the formation of B-group aflatoxins, also may be required for G-group aflatoxin biosynthesis. We concluded that at least three reactions, catalyzed by the ordA gene product, an unstable microsome enzyme, and a 220-kDa cytosol protein, are involved in the enzymatic formation of G-group aflatoxins from either O-methylsterigmatocystin or dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin.  (+info)

Toxins | Free Full-Text | Inhibitory Effects of Respiration Inhibitors on Aflatoxin ProductionToxins | Free Full-Text | Inhibitory Effects of Respiration Inhibitors on Aflatoxin Production
Aflatoxin production inhibitors, which do not inhibit the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi, may be used to control aflatoxin without incurring a rapid spread of resistant strains. A respiration inhibitor that inhibits aflatoxin production was identified during a screening process for natural, aflatoxin-production inhibitors. This prompted us to evaluate respiration inhibitors as potential aflatoxin control agents. The inhibitory activities of four natural inhibitors, seven synthetic miticides, and nine synthetic fungicides were evaluated on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus. All of the natural inhibitors (rotenone, siccanin, aptenin A5, and antimycin A) inhibited fungal aflatoxin production with IC50 values around 10 µM. Among the synthetic miticides, pyridaben, fluacrypyrim, and tolfenpyrad exhibited strong inhibitory activities with IC50 values less than 0.2 µM, whereas cyflumetofen did not show significant inhibitory activity. Of the synthetic fungicides, boscalid, pyribencarb,
Genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea maysGenotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation in Zea mays
Zea mays L. is one of the worlds most important and widely grown crops and is susceptible to a wide range of plant pathogens. One fungal pathogen of particular concern is Aspergillus flavus Link, which is capable of producing the secondary metabolite aflatoxin. Aflatoxin poses serious health concerns when consumed by humans and animals and when consumed in large doses can lead to abdominal pain, liver damage, and death. While regulated in the United States, many underdeveloped countries do not have the resources to monitor aflatoxin accumulation in maize and, thus, developing low aflatoxin accumulation commercial maize lines would be of great benefit. The objective of this project was to identify genotypic and phenotypic predictors of low aflatoxin accumulation that could help maize breeders develop a low aflatoxin accumulating line. The results of this work reveal the potential impact the maternal parental plant has on low aflatoxin accumulation through the movement of carbohydrates into ...
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth...
Abstract Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are vulnerable to multiple environmental insults, including exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin that may contaminate as much as 25% of the world food supply. We reviewed and integrated findings from studies of aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and evaluated potential links to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We identified 27 studies (10 human cross-sectional studies and 17 animal studies) assessing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and adverse birth outcomes or anemia. Findings suggest that aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Only one human study investigated aflatoxin exposure and prematurity, and no studies investigated its relationship with pregnancy loss, but animal studies suggest aflatoxin exposure may increase risk for prematurity and pregnancy loss. The fetus could be affected by maternal aflatoxin exposure through direct toxicity as well as indirect toxicity, via maternal systemic inflammation, impaired
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Current Understanding on Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Future Perspective in Reducing Aflatoxin...Toxins | Free Full-Text | Current Understanding on Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Future Perspective in Reducing Aflatoxin...
Traditional molecular techniques have been used in research in discovering the genes and enzymes that are involved in aflatoxin formation and genetic regulation. We cloned most, if not all, of the aflatoxin pathway genes. A consensus gene cluster for aflatoxin biosynthesis was discovered in 2005. The factors that affect aflatoxin formation have been studied. In this report, the author summarized the current status of research progress and future possibilities that may be used for solving aflatoxin contamination.
Effect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavusEffect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus
The effect of cycling temperatures on production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus (V3734-10) when grown upon various substrates was studied. The parameters of temperature and time were selected to simulate environmental conditions in Oregon during harvest of filberts and walnuts. The heat input required for aflatoxin synthesis in terms of degree hours per day were calculated and may be used as an index to predict potential danger of aflatoxin contamination. Conditions which generated less than 208 hours per day did not receive sufficient heat to induce growth and metabolism. When heat input ranged between 208 and 270 hours per day, growth and metabolism occurred with the development of a yellow pigment. There was not sufficient heat input, however, to induce the idiophase, sporulation and subsequent aflatoxin synthesis. Above 270 hours per day the culture entered the idiophase, sporulation occurred and aflatoxin was produced. The heat requirements for aflatoxin production was compared to the ...
Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition<...Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition. AU - Holbrook, C. Corley. AU - Wilson, David M.. AU - Matheron, Michael E. AU - Hunter, John E.. AU - Knauft, David A.. AU - Gorbet, Daniel W.. PY - 2000/2. Y1 - 2000/2. N2 - Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus can contaminate several agricultural crops with the toxic fungal metabolite aflatoxin. Previous research has indicated that resistance may be conferred by altering the fatty acid composition of these crops. Recently, peanut breeding lines with reduced linoleic acid content have been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of reduced linoleic acid composition on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanut. Seven breeding lines with relatively low linoleic acid and two check genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates for 4 years in Georgia and for 3 years in Arizona. The plots were inoculated with a ...
Prevalence of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and...Prevalence of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and livestock feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. AU - Vijayasamundeeswari, Ayyathurai. AU - Mohankumar, Munusamy. AU - Karthikeyan, Muthusamy. AU - Vijayanandraj, Selvaraj. AU - Paranidharan, Vaikuntavasen. AU - Velazhahan, Rethinasamy. PY - 2009/6/1. Y1 - 2009/6/1. N2 - Aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, have adverse health effects on humans and livestock that ingest aflatoxin- contaminated food products and feeds. To secure the safety of food and feed, regular monitoring of aflatoxin levels is necessary. In order to understand the magnitude of aflatoxin contamination, a survey was conducted in different agro-ecological zones of Tamil Nadu, India and 242 samples consisting of pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, food products, poultry and livestock feeds were collected from farmers fields, poultry farms, retail shops and ...
Aflatoxin - WikipediaAflatoxin - Wikipedia
No animal species is immune to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins. Adult humans have a high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis,[23] but children are particularly affected, and their exposure can lead to stunted growth and delayed development, in addition to all the symptoms mentioned below.[4] High-level aflatoxin exposure produces an acute hepatic necrosis (acute aflatoxicosis), resulting later in cirrhosis or carcinoma of the liver. Acute liver failure is made manifest by bleeding, edema, alteration in digestion, changes to the absorption and/or metabolism of nutrients, and mental changes and/or coma.[23] Chronic, subclinical exposure does not lead to symptoms so dramatic as acute aflatoxicosis. Chronic exposure increases the risk of developing liver and gallbladder cancer,[24] as aflatoxin metabolites may intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through epoxide moiety. This is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in ...
中国科学院水生生物研究所机构知识库(IHB OpenIR): Antioxidant-related catalase CTA1 regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence...中国科学院水生生物研究所机构知识库(IHB OpenIR): Antioxidant-related catalase CTA1 regulates development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and virulence...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce the synthesis of a myriad of secondary metabolites, including aflatoxins. It raises significant concern as it is a potent environmental contaminant. In Aspergillus flavus., antioxidant enzymes link ROS stress response with coordinated gene regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized the function of a core component of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CTA1) of A. flavus. Firstly, we verified the presence of cta1 corresponding protein (CTA1) by Western blot analysis and mass-spectrometry based analysis. Then, the functional study revealed that the growth, sporulation and sclerotia formation significantly increased, while aflatoxins production and virulence were decreased in the cta1 deletion mutant as compared with the WT and complementary strains. Furthermore, the absence of the cta1 gene resulted in a significant rise in the intracellular ROS level, which in turn added to the oxidative stress level of cells. A further quantitative ...
Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutionsMycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutions
Aflatoxins are important because some are extremely toxic to many kinds of animals; 10 ppb AFB1 consumed regularly by rats may eventually result in fatal liver cancer and in somewhat larger amounts-a few hundred ppb-aflatoxin cause a great variety of ill effects in wild and domestic animals. An aflatoxin contamination level of 20 ppb is permitted in feed grains and in feeds in the U.S.A. but in foods intended for human consumption the tolerance is zero. However, these guidelines were then revised. North Carolina agricultural officials reported that maize containing up to 200 ppb could be fed to heifers (older than 6 months), calves and bulls and to non-lactating brood cows. Maize containing aflatoxin higher than 20 ppb should not be fed to lactating animals, used as any starter ration or feed to poultry. All other animals could be fed with maize containing aflatoxin levels up to 100 ppb. For human consumption, a level, below 20 ppb is enforced (Mirocha and Christensen 1982 and Pitt, ...
Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct<...Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct. AU - Lin, Ying Chih. AU - Li, Liang. AU - Makarova, Alena V.. AU - Burgers, Peter M.. AU - Stone, Michael P.. AU - Lloyd, Robert (Stephen). PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a known carcinogen associated with early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is thought to contribute to over half a million new HCCs per year. Although some of the fundamental risk factors are established, the molecular basis of AFB1-induced mutagenesis in primate cells has not been rigorously investigated. To gain insights into genome instability that is produced as a result of replicating DNAs containing AFB1 adducts, site-specific mutagenesis assays were used to establish the mutagenic potential of the persistent ring-opened AFB1 adduct, AFB1-formamidopyrimidine (AFB1-FAPY). This lesion was highly mutagenic, yielding replication error frequencies of 97%, with the predominant base ...
Publication : USDA ARSPublication : USDA ARS
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01236 Interpretive Summary: Aflatoxins are carcinogenic metabolites produced by fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi. Certain isolates with section Flavi have the small sclerotia or S morphology (< 400 µm) and contaminate crops with high concentrations of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed crops in both United States (US) and Africa has been attributed to S morphology fungi; however, knowledge of genetic diversity of these highly aflatoxigenic fungi in the US remains limited. The current study utilized molecular, phylogenetic and aflatoxin analyses to identify communities of S morphology fungi resident in regions of the US where crops are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Individual and concatenated phylogenies constructed using calmodulin (1.9 kb) and nitrate reductase (2.1 kb) genes along with deletions in norB-cypA genes of aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster resolved 494 S morphology fungi from the US into four species, including ...
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure and Hepatitis C Virus in Advanced Liver Disease in a...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure and Hepatitis C Virus in Advanced Liver Disease in a...
This community-based study evaluated the role of aflatoxin exposure in advanced liver disease in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-endemic townships. Preventive health examination was performed on 314 adults ≥ 40 years of age recruited from HCV-endemic townships in Tainan, Taiwan. Aflatoxin-albumin in serum was quantified by a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. After adjusting serum albumin levels and platelet counts, aflatoxin-Bi albumin adducts was still an independent risk factor for advanced liver disease among all 314 residents (> 8 versus ≤ 8 (AFBi)-albumin/albumin; OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.23-4.27, P = 0.009) and particularly in anti-HCV-positive subjects (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.09-4.0, P = 0.026). Levels of AFB1-albumin/albumin were significantly related to ultrasonographic parenchyma scores (P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA) in all and anti-HCV-positive subjects. The findings indicated aflatoxin exposure may be associated with advanced liver disease in chronic hepatitis C patients in HCV-endemic
Aflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free DictionaryAflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free Dictionary
Define aflatoxin. aflatoxin synonyms, aflatoxin pronunciation, aflatoxin translation, English dictionary definition of aflatoxin. n. Any of a group of toxic compounds produced by certain molds, especially Aspergillus flavus, that contaminate stored food supplies such as animal feed and...
BRIGHT GREENISH YELLOW FLUORESCENCE AS A PRESUMPTIVE INDICTOR OF AFLLATOXINS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES - Eprints InstallBRIGHT GREENISH YELLOW FLUORESCENCE AS A PRESUMPTIVE INDICTOR OF AFLLATOXINS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES - Eprints Install
Study was conducted on different cereals (wheat, rice, sorghum) and oil seeds (sunflowerseed, cottonseed, groundnut) to correlate bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) of the seeds under longwave (366 nm) ultraviolet light with aflatoxin presence. Correlation between BGYF, aflatoxin and kojic acid contents and peroxidase units indicated that samples showing BGYF were not always contaminated with aflatoxins but those which contained aflatoxins, always exhibited BGYF. It was further noticed that all the samples, that showed BGY fluorescence and aflatoxin presence were loaded with spores of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin positive samples also had high moisture contents. Storage of the BGYF and aflatoxin positive samples showed that storage in the dark increased the aflatoxin content and in the light, the aflatoxin content was reduced. Some varieties of cereals and oil seeds were contaminated with toxic strain of A. flavus. Results showed positive relationship between BGYF and aflatoxin ...
Mycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West AfricaMycoflora and absence of aflatoxin contamination of commercialized cassava chips in Benin, West Africa
Studies conducted in Benin, in which the main staple foods are maize, cassava, groundnuts and yams, showed high levels of aflatoxin residues in blood of the exposed population. The natural contamination with fungi and aflatoxins in cassava chips sold at markets in Benin, West Africa was investigated. A total of sixty samples were sampled from open markets in 11 districts of 3 agroecological zones and analyzed for the presence of mycoflora and aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Fourteen genera of fungi were associated with marketed dried cassava chips. Within these, twenty- two isolates were identified to species level, whereas four were identified only to genus. The dominating fungal species isolated were Rhizopus oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Chrysonilia sitophila, Cladosporium resinae, Cladosporium herbarum, Apergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Fifty-four out of sixty samples were contaminated with A. flavus. The rate of occurrence in CFU/g of A. flavus fungi was lower than for all other fungal ...
An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013An Empirical Study on Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts Consumed in Tehran, Iran 2013
1. Introduction. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants in food and feed. Aflatoxins (AFs) are classified as mycotoxins, which refer to a variety of seriously toxic components and the group of difuranocoumarins and classified in two broad groups according to their chemical structures; the difurocoumarocyclopentenone series (AFB, AFM and aflatoxicol) and the difurocoumarolactone series (AFG and AFB3). The aflatoxins fluoresce strongly in ultraviolet light (ca. 365 nm); B1 and B2 produce a blue fluorescence where as G1 and G2 produce green fluorescence. The toxins are generated by moulds of genera Aspergillus (specifically by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus), Penicillium and Fusarium [1] .. The agent is mainly found in warm and wet climates [2] . They are threat to agricultural products and cereal grain in particular. The products might be contaminated during pre-harvest, harvest, processing and handling stages [3] [4] . In this regard, season, humidity, daily variation, and storage ...
Dr. MAINA J. WAGACHADr. MAINA J. WAGACHA
A survey was conducted in Nairobi, Nyanza and Western provinces in Kenya between March and July 2009 with 1263 peanut products sampled out of which 705 samples underwent microbial analysis. The study aimed at determining the incidence of fungal species - emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi - associated with peanut products. A 0.5kg representative sample was obtained from each surveyed vendor and the colony forming units (CFU) of fungal species determined. The samples were also analyzed for total aflatoxin level while isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were screened for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Eight fungal species were detected in the samples and were in decreasing order of CFU/g of sample: A. flavus S-strain (467), A. flavus L-strain (341), Penicillium spp. (326), A. niger (156), A. tamari (27), A. alliaceus (21), A. parasiticus (10), and A. caelatus (5). The overall incidence of A. flavus S-strain in samples from Nairobi was 92 and 1425% higher than samples from ...
Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus...Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus...
Aflatoxins are a potent carcinogenic mycotoxin and has become a research model of fungal secondary metabolism (SM). Via systematically investigating the APSES transcription factors (TFs), two APSES proteins were identified: AfRafA and AfStuA. These play central roles in the synthesis of mycotoxins including aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid, and fungal development and are consequently central to the pathogenicity of the aflatoxigenic A. flavus. Loss of AfRafA not only dramatically suppressed aflatoxin cluster expression, subsequently reducing toxin synthesis both in vitro and in vivo, but also impaired conidia and sclerotia development. More importantly, aflatoxin biosynthesis as well as conidia and sclerotia development were fully blocked in ΔAfStuA. In addition, our results supported that AfStuA regulated the aflatoxin synthesis in an AflR-dependent manner. Intriguingly, it was revealed that AfRafA and AfStuA exert an antagonistic role in the regulation of biosynthesis of cyclopiazonic acid. In
Effect of mycotoxins in swineEffect of mycotoxins in swine
There are a variety of aflatoxins (B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, M 1, M 2) produced by Apergillus flavus. Temperatures of 82° to 90° F, along with grain moisture levels of 22% to 26% provide ideal conditions for producing aflatoxin in a variety of grains, including corn, wheat, barley, and oats. The mold is abundant in the southeastern United States, but has occasionally become a problem in the Midwestern corn belt when drought conditions occur.. Aflatoxin is the only mycotoxin regulated by FDA because it has been shown to be carcinogenic, and therefore concerns about the mycotoxin entering the human food chain exist. No more than 20 ppb aflatoxin is allowed for interstate shipment of contaminated grain. Grains containing aflatoxin levels in excess of 20 ppb cannot be used for human consumption and dairy feeds, and should not be fed to young animals. At low levels (20 - 200 ppb), aflatoxin decreases performance and well-being. Feed intake is commonly reduced, resulting in depressed growth rate, while ...
How Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish SiteHow Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish Site
Aflatoxins, a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, can colonize many potential aquaculture feedstuffs such as corn, peanuts, rice, fish meal, shrimp and meat meals. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogenic agents in animals. Initial findings associated with aflatoxicosis in fish include pale gills, impaired blood clotting, anemia, poor growth rates or lack of weight gain.. According to the annual BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey in 2014, a look at aqua feeds for fish and shrimp showed that, out of 35 feed samples analyzed, 63% of the aqua feed samples were contaminated with aflatoxins at a high average concentration of 49 parts per billion (ppb), with some samples reaching up to 221 ppb. Furthermore, 27 of the 35 feed samples that were analyzed contained more than one mycotoxin. This poses additional risk to animals since in many cases the combined effects of two mycotoxins are higher than the individual effects of each toxin alone.. ...
African Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countriesAfrican Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countries
Several mycotoxins are known to contaminate crop produce and processed forms but aflatoxins are the most common. They are mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Cereals and their products which constitute the staples in most developing countries are particularly vulnerable to attack by aflatoxigenic fungi. Despite the potential health risk posed to animals and humans, many people in developing countries are oblivious of the ability of aflatoxins to cause cancer and other debilitating diseases. This review therefore examines the various types of aflatoxigenic fungi and toxins, their occurrence in foodstuffs, their harmful effects, economic losses caused, regulation including the tolerable limits set by various national and international agencies and how their effects can be minimized or eliminated. Since developing countries are less resourced, there is the need for their developed counterparts and international agencies to offer them financial and technical
BetumiBlog: Hope for reducing aflatoxins in African peanuts and maizeBetumiBlog: Hope for reducing aflatoxins in African peanuts and maize
When asked about taking groups to West Africa on culinary tours, I have been hesitant to undertake such a project due to issues of food safety and quality control. A serious problem surrounding peanut and maize production in Africa, for example, is the prevalence of mycotoxins, types of fungi that can contaminate food before, during or after it is harvested/processed. Since the 1960s there has been a new recognition of the health and other impacts of one group of mycotoxins known as aflatoxins (in particular, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) in Africa. According to the most recent quarterly newsletter of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) (04, Oct. 2009-Jan 2010) "These toxins are potent causes of cancer and suppress the immune system causing greater susceptibility of humans and animals to diseases. . . High levels of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products also affect international trade since agricultural products that have more than permissible levels of ...
KNUSTSpace: Association between aflatoxin exposure and health characteristics, liver function, hepatitis and malaria infections...KNUSTSpace: Association between aflatoxin exposure and health characteristics, liver function, hepatitis and malaria infections...
We examined the relationship between various health parameters and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) albumin adduct levels in plasma. Design. A cross-sectional field study was conducted in four villages in the Ashanti region of Ghana. A survey on socio-demographic and health characteristics was administered to 162 volunteers and blood (20 ml) was donated by 140 participants. AFB1 albumin adduct levels, liver function, hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and malaria infections were determined. AFB1 levels ranged from 0.12 to 2.995 pmolmg21 albumin (mean¡standard deviation50.89¡ 0.46) and was categorized based on the median as low (,0.80 pmolmg21) or high (,0.80 pmol mg21) and used in the analyses. By multivariate analysis, significantly higher levels of AFB1 were obtained for participants who reported symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis: history of yellow mouth (odds ratio55.5, confidence interval51.04-29.07, p50.04); history of sore swollen stomach (odds ratio54.54, confidence interval51.28-15.62, p50.01). A ...
Effects of Glucosinolate-Rich Broccoli Sprouts on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts and Phenanthrene Tetraols in a...Effects of Glucosinolate-Rich Broccoli Sprouts on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts and Phenanthrene Tetraols in a...
The biomarkers used in this study provide measures of carcinogen exposure in the residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, an area of high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (6, 7). Urinary levels of aflatoxin-N7-guanine adducts (median = 1.90 fmol/mg creatinine) measured from the placebo arm of this winter 2003 study were comparable with those found in the placebo arm during a summer 1997 intervention trial with chlorophyllin in a nearby township, Daxin (median = 0.96 fmol/mg creatinine; ref. 6). The modest difference may reflect the influence of seasonality on aflatoxin exposure: A 2-fold winter versus summer difference was seen with aflatoxin biomarkers in an ecological study in Daxin in 1993 (40). Similar analytic approaches of immunoaffinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatrography-mass spectrometry were used in the two intervention studies. Thus, aflatoxin exposures have not changed appreciably over the past decade in the rural areas of Qidong despite ...
Publication : USDA ARSPublication : USDA ARS
Interpretive Summary: The fungus named Aspergillus flavus produces a poison called aflatoxin when it infects corn kernels. Aflatoxin prevents the corn from being used commercially. The best strategy for controlling this problem is to develop corn that is resistant to aflatoxin contamination. Towards this aim, we compared the expression of genes after kernel infection between a susceptible corn line and one that was resistant to aflatoxin contamination to identify the genes that are related to resistance; the resistant and susceptible lines used were selected because they are closely related which makes it easier to identify genes involved in resistance. Gene expression differences were detected between resistant and susceptible lines, noninoculated and inoculated kernels. Out of the genes identified may come useful markers which allow breeders to transfer resistance to commercial lines. This could lead to future savings of millions of dollars to growers, as a result of the elimination of ...
Chapter 13. Storage Problems of FeedstuffsChapter 13. Storage Problems of Feedstuffs
Feedstuffs known to be contaminated by A. flavus include: groundnut cakes, maize, sorghum, sunflower, cottonseed cakes, copra, and cassava. To produce aflatoxin, however, A. flavus must be present alone in a practically pure culture. The presence of other fungi, yeast, or bacteria seems to interfere with aflatoxin production. Crops such as peanuts, cottonseed, and copra are high aflatoxin risks precisely because A. flavus often infest them as a practically pure culture with few or no other microflora. In addition, the fungus produces the toxin in these crops at relatively low moisture levels, 9 to 10 percent, compared with 17 to 18 percent moisture for most feed grains. Feed grains such as maize and sorghum grown in the tropics, therefore, also pose high risk. 3.2.2 Heating and moisture increase Mould growth in feedstuffs is accompanied by rising temperatures and moisture content. Aspergillus glaucus, which has a minimum moisture requirement of 14.5 percent, is the first significant species ...
Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains? | BMC Research Notes | Full...Is nodding syndrome in northern Uganda linked to consumption of mycotoxin contaminated food grains? | BMC Research Notes | Full...
Nodding syndrome (NS) is a type of epilepsy characterized by repeated head-nodding seizures that appear in previously healthy children between 3 and 18 years of age. In 2012, during a WHO International Meeting on NS in Kampala, Uganda, it was recommended that fungal contamination of foods should be investigated as a possible cause of the disease. We therefore aimed to assess whether consumption of fungal mycotoxins contributes to NS development. We detected similar high levels of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin in mostly millet, sorghum, maize and groundnuts in both households with and without children with NS. Furthermore, there was no significant association between concentrations of total aflatoxin, ochratoxin and doxynivalenol and the presence of children with NS in households. In conclusion, our results show no supporting evidence for the association of NS with consumption of mycotoxins in contaminated foods.
DR. LANE MAKES HIS CASE FOR AFLATOXINDR. LANE MAKES HIS CASE FOR AFLATOXIN
Id. at 1636. The final judgment and remedial order have been stayed pending appeal. No. 065267 (D.C. Cir., Oct. 31, 2006).. While Defendants were producing the misinformation described above, Defendants legal counsel were advising against producing a "safer" cigarette, "as that would create. 1. **-------------------. substantial legal concerns." Op. at 1413. This brief contains evidence that Defendants knew, or should have known, of one particular method of making a safer cigarette but suppressed this information. Indeed, but for documents uncovered in this and related litigation, the information would likely have remained suppressed.. This Brief shows that Defendants knew, or should have known, that aflatoxin, a potent carcinogen, was a contaminant of tobacco products; that aflatoxin was a substantial source of the harm caused by tobacco products; and, that methods of neutralizing aflatoxin would have made tobacco products safer. While other issues before this Court are now under appellate ...
EFSA Journal | European Food Safety AuthorityEFSA Journal | European Food Safety Authority
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion regarding the effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for aflatoxin total (AFT; sum of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2) from 4 to 10 μg/kg in peanu .... ...
EFSA Journal | Europäische Behörde für LebensmittelsicherheitEFSA Journal | Europäische Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit
EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion regarding the effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for aflatoxin total (AFT; sum of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2) from 4 to 10 μg/kg in peanu .... ...
Puzzles | FolditPuzzles | Foldit
This is the third puzzle of our Aflatoxin Challenge, with the aflatoxin ligand now in a different orientation in the enzyme binding pocket. Aflatoxins are a class of poisonous compounds that contaminate a significant portion of the global food supply. In this puzzle, players are challenged to redesign an enzyme that could break down aflatoxin molecules. The majority of the protein is frozen, with the aflatoxin ligand fixed in a binding pocket. Surrounding the binding pocket are a number of loops that might be redesigned without affecting the folding stability of the protein. In these loops, players may manipulate the protein backbone and mutate the residue sidechains. To encourage interactions with the ligand, all ligand scores are doubled. Previous Aflatoxin Challenge designs are incompatible with this puzzle, so players will not be able to load work from previous puzzles ...
Injectable Trace Minerals Improve Oxidative Stress After Aflatoxin Challenge in Dairy Cows - Gold-Eagle CooperativeInjectable Trace Minerals Improve Oxidative Stress After Aflatoxin Challenge in Dairy Cows - Gold-Eagle Cooperative
When dairy cattle consume aflatoxin-contaminated feed, they are lethargic, their appetite wanes, they produce less milk, and their immune system goes awry. Some of those symptoms relate to oxidative stress, in which dangerous free-radicals bounce around, damaging cells. In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois investigated the potential of injectable trace minerals to reduce the damage and keep dairy cows healthier.. "If were providing enough trace minerals to manufacture more detoxifying enzymes, the liver has a better chance of fighting the aflatoxin," explains Russell Pate, doctoral student in the Department of Animal Sciences at U of I and lead author on the study.. Phil Cardoso, assistant professor in the department and co-author on the paper, adds that an injectable product could be helpful during aflatoxin challenge, when a cows appetite is suppressed. "Our idea for injecting is that it might help during a time when intake is impacted. If something is causing her to eat ...
Aflatoxin prevalence data collection :: IFPRI PublicationsAflatoxin prevalence data collection :: IFPRI Publications
Information is fragmented on the prevalence of aflatoxins, a variety of mycotoxin, in the maize value chain in Kenya and in the groundnut value chain in Mali. The purpose of this study is to generate a consistent database of aflatoxin prevalence along the maize and groundnut value chains through systematic sampling, and to identify critical points where intervention strategies are likely to have the greatest impact ...
Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin : Table 4Economic Risks of Aflatoxin Contamination in Marketing of Peanut in Benin : Table 4
Table 4: Estimated costs and returns budget for vendors (wholesalers) under the following assumptions. (1) Vendors purchased nonsorted peanut and do no sort before marketing. (2) Vendors purchased nonsorted peanut and sort before marketing. (3) Vendors purchased sorted peanut at a higher price and do not sort before marketing ...
Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during anAflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an
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Webinar on Aflatoxin Risk Management in Agricultural Value Chains | FARMD: Forum for Agricultural Risk Management in DevelopmentWebinar on Aflatoxin Risk Management in Agricultural Value Chains | FARMD: Forum for Agricultural Risk Management in Development
Speakers: Andrew Emmott (Twin), Isaac B. Gokah (Malawi Partnership for Aflatoxin Control), Julian Smith (Food and Environment Research Agency, UK) Date: November 19, 2013 Time: 09:00 EST (Washington, DC); 14:00 GMT (UK); 16:00 CAT (Malawi)
News | CSBi | Computational and Systems Biology at MITNews | CSBi | Computational and Systems Biology at MIT
peanut meal, shipped from Brazil and contaminated with mold that produces a poison known as aflatoxin. At the time, little was known about aflatoxin, but some scientists suspected it could be linked to liver cancer in humans. Soon after the U.K. outbreak, a young MIT toxicologist named Gerald Wogan launched a thorough, decades-long investigation into the toxin, eventually exposing it as one of the most potent carcinogens humans can encounter. Throughout his career, Wogan not only made discoveries illuminating aflatoxins role in liver cancer, which kills about 600,000 people a year, but he also used his knowledge to shape food-safety regulations in the United States and Europe, and helped develop new measures that could fight liver cancer in developing countries, where aflatoxin exposure is still common. "A lot of people are content to do basic science, but he picked up that mantle of responsibility and went right into the regulatory arena," says John Essigmann, MIT professor of toxicology and ...
Results per page: 10Results per page: 10
Yun Yun Gong of Queens University Belfast in the United Kingdom and colleagues will identify mechanistic biomarkers of child stunting caused by the dietary contaminant aflatoxin, which is common in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. They will determine the mechanism by which aflatoxin inhibits growth in early life using blood samples and growth charts from 300 children in Gambia and analyzing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and changes in insulin-like growth factor signaling, epigenetic marks, and gene expression. Candidate biomarkers will be validated in an in vitro cell model of human liver, which is the primary target of aflatoxin, and used to drive future intervention strategies, such as hand-sorting food to reduce contamination, for ultimately improving child health.. ...
Plus itPlus it
Residents of Qidong, China, located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, are undergoing a rapid fluctuation in cancer incidence rates at many organ sites, reflecting a dynamic interplay of socio-behavioral, economic and environmental factors. As tracked by their cancer registry, there are extraordinary changes in the China age-standardized incidence rates for the two leading cancer killers in the Qidong region: one going down and the other one up, liver and lung cancer respectively. In endemic areas such as Qidong, liver cancer arises from chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and ingestion of aflatoxins. Agricultural and economic reforms in the 1980s promoted a switch from maize to rice as the dietary staple, with concomitant ,40-fold decreases in aflatoxin exposure over this period as measured by aflatoxin-albumin adducts in archived serum samples. Universal, subsidized vaccination against HBV was initiated in the early 2000s and likely does not account for the 45% drop in liver cancer ...
Corn aflatoxin: breeding, molecular markers | Delta Farm PressCorn aflatoxin: breeding, molecular markers | Delta Farm Press
Annual losses to aflatoxin are estimated at some $190 million. Paul Williams, USDA-ARS researcher/geneticist, and his Mississippi-based team are learning to combat the disease through corn breeding and molecular markers.
Aflatoxin M1 ELISA - Randox Online StoreAflatoxin M1 ELISA - Randox Online Store
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus, a fungus which is especially found in areas with hot and humid climates.. Aflatoxin M1 and Aflatoxin M2 are major metabolites, being hydroxylated forms, of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 in humans and animals. M aflatoxins may be present in milk from animals fed on contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 feed, leading to the presence of Alfatoxin M1 in the milk.. The Randox Food Diagnostics Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA aims to give a fast, reliable, analytical method to detect the presence of Aflatoxin M1. This kit can be used as a screening method for the presence of Aflatoxin M1. ...
aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody Gentaur Molecular Productsaflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody Gentaur Molecular Products
aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody | order aflatoxin b1 afb1 aflatoxin b1 afb1 mouse monoclonal antibody | How to use: aflatoxin b1 afb1
IBIMA Publishing Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti CheeseIBIMA Publishing Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti Cheese
Introduction Aflatoxins are generally produced in animal feeds by toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and the rare Aspergillus nomius (Kamkar, et al 2011). They are both acutely and chronically toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds for animal and human (Deshpande, 2002; Ghazani, 2009; Maktabi et al., 2011 and Mohamadi Sani et al., 2012). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the principle hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 which is transformed at the hepatic level by means of cytochrome p450 enzymes and excreted into the milk in the mammary glands of both human and lactating animal after ingestion by the animal of pellets and forage contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (Oveisi et al., 2007; Prandini et al., 2009; Hampikyan et al., 2010; Ayoub et al., 2011). It has been reported that there is a linear relationship between AFM1 in milk and AFB1 in the feed consumed by the animals with approximately 1% to 6% of the ingested AFB1 appearing as AFM1 in milk (Dragacci ...
Aflatoxins | definition of aflatoxins by Medical dictionaryAflatoxins | definition of aflatoxins by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of aflatoxins in the Medical Dictionary? aflatoxins explanation free. What is aflatoxins? Meaning of aflatoxins medical term. What does aflatoxins mean?
Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Subject: Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 - PubAg...Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Subject: Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 - PubAg...
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen and may produce aflatoxins in maize, one of the most important crops in Argentina. A promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin accumulation is the biological control based on competitive exclusion. In order to select potential biocontrol agents among isolates from the maize growing region in Argentina, a total of 512 A. flavus strains were isolated from ...
Modeling kinetics of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in maize-based medium and maize grainModeling kinetics of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in maize-based medium and maize grain
per fungal biomass dry weight/colony size has rarely been reported. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to model the kinetics of mycotoxin production under the assumption of existing both no-growth-associated and growth-associated production. Aspergillus flavus was chosen as a model mycotoxigenic microorganism, and it was grown in maize agar medium and maize grain at 0.90 and 0.99 aw at 25 °C. A significant positive correlation (p , 0.05) was observed among the biomass responses (colony radius and biomass dry weight) in agar medium and colony radius in maize at both aw levels assayed. The Luedeking-Piret model was used to model AFB1 production and reasonable percentages of variability were explained. Moreover, AFB1 production was in general slightly better predicted through colony area. As conclusion, aflatoxin production may follow a mixed-growth associated trend, confirming that toxin formation does not present a clear delay in relation to growth under certain conditions ...
Development of High-Speed Dual-Camera System for Batch Screening of Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn Using Multispectral...Development of High-Speed Dual-Camera System for Batch Screening of Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn Using Multispectral...
Aflatoxins are fungal toxins produced by . Food and feed crops contaminated with carcinogenic aflatoxins result in economic losses as well as potentially serious health issues. Grain elevators need to unload, on average, one 2.27 metric ton (MT) truckload every 2 min. Current sampling-based analytical chemistry methods for aflatoxin detection cannot meet these large throughput screening requirements. Therefore, a high-speed, batch screening system with reliable accuracy is needed. To develop a high-speed multispectral screening system, two high-performance cameras in conjunction with dual UV excitation sources and novel image processing software were used to collect fluorescence images of corn samples. Each camera simultaneously captures a single-band fluorescence image (436 nm or 532 nm) from corn kernel samples, and the detection software processes the images to automatically detect contaminated kernels using a normalized difference fluorescence index (NDFI). The system was tested with various ...
Potential Problems for Livestock Producers to Consider in 2007 | The Pig SitePotential Problems for Livestock Producers to Consider in 2007 | The Pig Site
Strains of Aspergillus species may produce the mycotoxin called aflatoxin in hot humid weather. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its metabolite, aflatoxin M1, passes into the milk of cattle ingesting aflatoxin containing feed. Consequently the US Federal Food and Drug Administration has regulations for the amount of aflatoxin allowed in feed for food animals. Specifically, grain may not contain more than 20 ppb (ppb- not ppm) aflatoxin if intended for use in dairy cattle. Milk is checked for aflatoxin at a sensitivity of 0.5 ppb and cattle ingesting as little as 20 to 50 ppb in the total ration may have more than 0.5 ppb aflatoxin M1 in the milk they produce. Aflatoxin in milk is an adulterant so milk containing greater than 0.5 ppb aflatoxin M1 is likely to be dumped with the costs associated with dumping that milk ...
Time of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin formation in ripening of figs.Time of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin formation in ripening of figs.
Figs in an orchard were inoculated with an aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strain in two ways by spore injection or by dusting at three maturation stages: firm ripe, shrivelled, and dried. Fruits were individually examined for fungal development and
Detection of Aflatoxin B1 with a Label-Free Ellipsometry Immunosensor - Sheffield Hallam University Research ArchiveDetection of Aflatoxin B1 with a Label-Free Ellipsometry Immunosensor - Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive
The method of spectroscopic ellipsometry in total internal reflection mode (TIRE) was utilised for detection of Aflatoxin B1. The method of TIRE with the improved data analysis was capable of detection of aflatoxin molecules in low concentrations (down to 0.04 ng/ml) using a label-free and cost-effective direct immunoassay format. TIRE study of the binding kinetics yielded a large value of the association constant in the range of 106 l mol−1 which is typical for highly specific immune reactions. The comparison of the experimental data for three mycotoxins studied (e.g. aflatoxin B1, T-2 mycotoxin, and zearalenone) confirmed a common mechanism of the sensitivity boost due to the aggregation of hydrophobic molecules of mycotoxins in aqueous solutions.. ...
Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of vegetative compatibility groups determine biocontrol strategies to mitigate...Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of vegetative compatibility groups determine biocontrol strategies to mitigate...
Maize infected by aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus may become contaminated with aflatoxins, and as a result, threaten human health, food security and farmers income in developing countries where maize is a staple. Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of A. flavus can influence the effectiveness of atoxigenic isolates in mitigating aflatoxin contamination. However, such information has not been used to facilitate selection and deployment of atoxigenic isolates. A total of 35 isolates of A. flavus isolated from maize samples collected from three agroecological zones of Nigeria were used in this study. Ecophysiological characteristics, distribution and genetic diversity of the isolates were determined to identify vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). The generated data were used to inform selection and deployment of native atoxigenic isolates to mitigate aflatoxin contamination in maize. In co-inoculation with toxigenic isolates, atoxigenic isolates reduced aflatoxin ...
Early Detection of the Aflatoxin B₁ Mutational Fingerprint: A Diagnostic Tool for Liver CancerEarly Detection of the Aflatoxin B₁ Mutational Fingerprint: A Diagnostic Tool for Liver Cancer
Using duplex-consensus sequencing technology, we recently identified the characteristic high-resolution mutational spectrum of the liver carcinogen aflatoxin B₁ in a mouse model, many months before aflatoxin-induced tumors are detectable. The diagnostic power of this spectrum is then demonstrated by accurately identifying, among the sequenced human liver tumors, the subset of cancers associated with aflatoxin B₁ exposure. Keywords: Duplex sequencing; HCC; hepatocellular carcinoma; mutagenesis; mutational signature; ...
Welcome to CDC stacks | Evaluation of the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of calcium montmorillonite clay used to...Welcome to CDC stacks | Evaluation of the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of calcium montmorillonite clay used to...
Acute aflatoxin exposure can cause death and disease (aflatoxicosis) in humans. Aflatoxicosis fatality rates have been documented to be as high as 40% in Kenya. The inclusion in the diet of calcium silicate 100 (ACCS100), a calcium montmorillonite clay, may reduce aflatoxin bioavailability, thus potentially decreasing the risk of aflatoxicosis. We investigated the efficacy, acceptability and palatability of ACCS100 in a population in Kenya with recurring aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Healthy adult participants were enrolled in this double-blinded, crossover clinical trial in 2014. Following informed consent, participants (n = 50) were randomised to receive either ACCS100 (3 g day-1) or placebo (3 g day-1) for 7 days. Treatments were switched following a 5-day washout period. Urine samples were collected daily and assessed for urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the trial and assessed for aflatoxin B1-lysine adducts from serum albumin (AFB1-lys). AFM1 ...
Aflatoxin M1 FASTAflatoxin M1 FAST
|p|Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA gives a fast, and reliable method to detect Aflatoxin M1 in milk from Randox Food Diagnostics |/p|
Deep sequencing analysis of transcriptomes in Aspergillus flavus in response to resveratrol | BMC Microbiology | Full TextDeep sequencing analysis of transcriptomes in Aspergillus flavus in response to resveratrol | BMC Microbiology | Full Text
Resveratrol has been reported as a natural phytoalexin that inhibits infection or the growth of certain fungi including Aspergillus flavus. Our previous research revealed that aflatoxin production in A. flavus was reduced in medium with resveratrol. To understand the molecular mechanism of the A. flavus response to resveratrol treatment, the high-throughput paired-end RNA-Seq was applied to analyze the transcriptomic profiles of A. flavus. In total, 366 and 87 genes of A. flavus were significantly up- and down- regulated, respectively, when the fungus was treated with resveratrol. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis revealed that 48 significantly differentially expressed genes were involved in 6 different terms. Most genes in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes cluster (#54) did not show a significant change when A. flavus was treated with resveratrol, but 23 of the 30 genes in the #54 cluster were down-regulated. The transcription of aflA and aflB was significantly suppressed under
solid phase extraction Archives | FoodSafetyTechsolid phase extraction Archives | FoodSafetyTech
Different classes of mycotoxins are distinguished on the basis of the structural similarity and originating mold species. For example, more than a dozen different aflatoxin compounds exist but only five of them are routinely tested (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1). Aflatoxin B1 is of particular interest because it is listed as a Group 1 Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Aflatoxin M1 is a metabolic product that can be present in milk upon ingestion of aflatoxin B1 by an animal. Aflatoxins are ubiquitous in important agricultural commodities including maize and peanuts, and are among the most studied mycotoxins.. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by a different fungi species. It is prevalent in cereal crops grown under wet conditions and temperatures above 15o C (60o F). Chronic exposure of livestock to DON may result in slowed growth, impaired immune function and reduced rates of reproduction, particularly in non-ruminants.. Mycotoxins were discovered as the ...
Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Publication Year: 2018 / Subject: Aspergillus flavus...Author: silvina / Journal: International journal of food microbiology / Publication Year: 2018 / Subject: Aspergillus flavus...
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen and may produce aflatoxins in maize, one of the most important crops in Argentina. A promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin accumulation is the biological control based on competitive exclusion. In order to select potential biocontrol agents among isolates from the maize growing region in Argentina, a total of 512 A. flavus strains were isolated from ...
Aflatoksini u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima | Croatian Digital Theses RepositoryAflatoksini u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima | Croatian Digital Theses Repository
Mycotoxins are chemical compounds that have different structures and different biological effects. They are having high acute toxicity, which is often associated with malignant diseases. Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins which synthesize a limited number of strains molds of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The most important aflatoxins, related to milk and milk products, are: B1 and B2 (present in the feed of animals) and M1 and M2 (hydroderivates aflatoxin B1 and B2). They are excreted in milk, urine and stool. Fortunately, there is a large gap between the concentration of toxins in feed and the amount of residues in animal products. Ratio of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in milk is about 300:1. For the determination of aflatoxin, today are commonly used imunoassays (ELISA - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) during routine analysis because they are very simple and quick. If the positive result of ELISA, confirmatory methods are conducted which are far more sensitive and ...
Whats in the milk? Aflatoxin and antibiotic residues in cows milk in Assam, Northeast IndiaWhat's in the milk? Aflatoxin and antibiotic residues in cow's milk in Assam, Northeast India
Worldwide, there are increasing concerns about food safety and what is really present in the food we are eating, and feeding our children. Antibiotic residues are one of these concerns and a growing global problem. In 2001 India became the worlds largest consumer of antibiotics and the problem with antibiotic resistance is increasing. Studies have shown a link between a high SCC (somatic cell count) in cows milk and high risk for antibiotic residues. In India reports have shown that the average number of clinical mastitis is between 3.94% and 23.25% of the total cow population. In additions to antibiotic residues, there is a risk of mycotoxins in milk products. In countries with a tropical climate such as India, problems due to chronic exposure of aflatoxins are emerging. The fungi that produce the toxin, Aspergillus spp., thrive in a hot and humid climate. The effects of chronic aflatoxin exposure include liver carcinoma, and potentially immune suppression and stunting, with children being ...
Studies of Food Thickeners in Nigeria for Contamination by Aflatoxigen by G. I. Okwu, Premila Achar et al."Studies of Food Thickeners in Nigeria for Contamination by Aflatoxigen" by G. I. Okwu, Premila Achar et al.
This paper reports the contamination of ready-to-use food thickeners, collected from the South-East geo-political zone in Nigeria, by aflatoxigenic form of Aspergillus species. A total of 150 samples from different open markets were observed for fungal contamination by using serial dilution-spread plate method. Although, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium were the most frequently isolated fungi, Aspergillus species were found to be the most prevalent in all the samples. Furthermore, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produced aflatoxin on yeast extract sucrose (YES) media incubated for 10 to 15 days at 27°C in a CO2 incubator. Aspergillus niger showed no sign of any secondary metabolite on the media, set at similar conditions. Although, light microscopy was used to identify these fungi, based on colony morphology, PCR method was used to confirm genetic variation among the Aspergillus group, using ITS set
DairyDay1993pg55-56 by Randall K. Phebus"DairyDay1993pg55-56" by Randall K. Phebus
Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by certain species of molds during their growth on numerous substrates. Molds can invade the food and feed supply at various points throughout production, storage, processing, and distribution. Of most concern are the aflatoxins, which are highly toxic and classified as probable human carcinogens. Aflatoxins are often associated with crops that have undergone stress or feeds and foods that have been stored improperly. Tremendous economic implications are associated with regulation, testing, and loss of agricultural products from aflatoxin contamination. Dairy cattle excrete a portion of consumed aflatoxins into milk, thus, leading to a strict action level of 0.5 ppb in fluid milk. Several types of processed food products have been demonstrated to be occasionally contaminated with these toxins.; Dairy Day, 1993, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1993;
Role of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human Digestion ModelRole of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human Digestion Model
Role of pH in the Mutagenicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize Tortillas during In Vitro Human Digestion Model Aflatoxins (AFs) are potent mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens ..
Aflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems IndiaAflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems India
Aflatoxin belong to the strongest natural occurring carcinogenic substances, found in corn, peanuts, cotton seed, human blood & animal feed. (Aflatoxin B1)
Aflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems IndiaAflatoxin B1 ELISA - Krishgen Biosystems India
Aflatoxin belong to the strongest natural occurring carcinogenic substances, found in corn, peanuts, cotton seed, human blood & animal feed. (Aflatoxin B1)
Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B<sub...Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B<sub...
Induction of Changes in Morphology, Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates and Apoptosis of Duck Macrophages by Aflatoxin B1 - Aflatoxin $B_1$;Apoptosis;Reactive Nitrogen/Oxygen Intermediates;Macrophages;
Effects of aflatoxin B1 on profiles of gonadotropic (FSH and LH), steroid (testosterone and 17β-estradiol) and prolactin...Effects of aflatoxin B1 on profiles of gonadotropic (FSH and LH), steroid (testosterone and 17β-estradiol) and prolactin...
Aflatoxins (AFs) are natural contaminants of feed and feedstuffs, thus the study of the noxious effects ofthese agents on the male reproductive system is of outstanding importance. Our aim for this study is theevaluation of the effects of oral administration of aflatoxin B1 on the reproductive hormonal changes in adult male rat. Twenty eight Wistar strain male rats were selected for this study. The rats were divided into 4groups, viz, control (C), test groups (T1, T2, and T3). The toxin doses were prepared in sterile distilled waterat 0.8 ppm, 1.6 ppm, 3.2 ppm, and administered through oral gavages, 1 ml/animal/day to groups T1, T2, and T3, respectively for 48 days and each animal of group C was gavaged with 1 ml/day sterile distilled water. The hormonal assays were carried out using ELISA biochemical kits for serum FSH, LH, prolactintestosterone and 17β-estradiol. Results showed that, the levels of serum LH and testosterone were lower(P|0.001), but conversely the levels of FSH and prolactin were
Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). - Free...Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). - Free...
Free Online Library: Determination of an oral aflatoxin dose that acutely impairs hepatic function in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).(Original Studies, Report) by Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery; Health, general Aflatoxins Health aspects Research Deoxycholic acid Enzymes Liver diseases Care and treatment Risk factors Pigeons
Common problems in poultry liver health and mycotoxin risk - Biomin.netCommon problems in poultry liver health and mycotoxin risk - Biomin.net
Aflatoxins are known to have a hepatotoxic effect in poultry and also a hepatocarcinogenic effect in exposed animals. The most common pathological lesions associated with aflatoxicosis in poultry are found in the liver, lymphoid organs, and testes, often occurring over a period of chronic exposure. In acute-subacute aflatoxicosis, the liver appears enlarged, pale yellow in color, friable, and usually the gall bladder is also enlarged and filled with bile (see Figure 8). The pancreas is usually small and depigmented and there could be hemorrhages on subcutaneous tissue and muscles. In chronic aflatoxicosis, the liver is small, firm, and rounded. Sometimes this organ is very small, rounded, and rubbery, and often complicated with ascites and hydropericardium. The other consistent lesions in aflatoxicosis can be found in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, all of which appear smaller than normal. In male parent stock breeder birds, the size of the testes could also be significantly ...
AFB1 (Aflatoxin B1) Antibody, HRP, Rabbit-PTM proteomics; Cell-Molecular Biology; Small Molecules; Research ToolsAFB1 (Aflatoxin B1) Antibody, HRP, Rabbit-PTM proteomics; Cell-Molecular Biology; Small Molecules; Research Tools
The immunogen is Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-BSA conjugates. The antibody was affinity purified with an AFB1-Agarose column and competitively eluted by free AFB1. The antibody was conjugated to peroxidase (HRP) by reductive amination. This anti-AFB1 HRP conjugates could be utilized for detection and quantization of the food-borne mycotoxin AFB1. ...
Mushroom Observer: Observation 21040: Aspergillus sect. Flavi Varga, Frisvad & SamsonMushroom Observer: Observation 21040: Aspergillus sect. Flavi Varga, Frisvad & Samson
These images dont show differences that distinguish A. flavus and A. parasiticus. An oil immersion magnification of the spores may be useful, but the aflatoxin profile is the best information to determine species.. Was this fungus isolated from a person with an Aspergillosis infection?. Only about 50% of A. flavus isolates have been found to make aflatoxin while nearly all A. parasiticus isolates have been found to make aflatoxins. ...
Preferential over-expression of the class alpha rat Ya2 glutathione S-transferase subunit in livers bearing aflatoxin-induced...Preferential over-expression of the class alpha rat Ya2 glutathione S-transferase subunit in livers bearing aflatoxin-induced...
Normal rat liver expresses Ya (Mr 25,500), Yc (Mr 27,500) and Yk (Mr 25,000) Class Alpha glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits. The Ya-type subunit can be resolved into two separate polypeptides, designated Ya1 and Ya2, by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. In rat livers that possess aflatoxin B1-induced pre-neoplastic nodules, a marked increase is observed in the expression of Ya1, Ya2, Yc and Yk; of these subunits, Ya2 exhibited the greatest increase in concentration. The Ya1 and Ya2 subunits isolated from nodule-bearing livers were cleaved with CNBr, and the purified peptides were subjected to automated amino-acid-sequence analysis. Differences in the primary structures of the two Ya GST subunits were found at positions 31, 34, 107 and 117. These data demonstrate that Ya1 and Ya2 are distinct polypeptides and are the products of separate genes. The amino acid sequences obtained from Ya1 and Ya2 were compared with the cloned cDNAs pGTB 38 [Pickett, Telakowski-Hopkins, Ding, Argenbright & Lu (1984) J. ...
Acervo Digital: Fungus incidence on peanut grains as affected by drying method and Ca nutritionAcervo Digital: Fungus incidence on peanut grains as affected by drying method and Ca nutrition
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of liming and drying method on Ca nutrition, fungus infection and aflatoxin production potential on peanut (Arachis hypogea) grains. Peanut cv. Botutatu was grown in the absence or presence of liming to raise the base saturation of the soil from 20 to 56%. Calcium contents of the soil were increased from 5.5 to 14.6 mmol((c))kg-1 and pH from 4.2 to 4.9. After harvest, plants and pods were dried in (1) shade, (2) field down to 100 g water kg-1 (3) field down to 250 g water kg-1 and transferred to a forced-air oven at 30°C, (4) field down to 360 g water kg-1 and transferred to a forced-air oven at 30°C. Calcium contents were analyzed in the grains, pericarps and seed coats. The incidence of Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and potential aflatoxin production in vitro were evaluated, as well as the seed coat thickness. The seed coat was thicker when peanut was grown in the presence of lime, leading to a decrease in seed infection by ...
Genetics of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) metabolism in various inbred strains o by H L. Gurtoo, R Dahms et al."Genetics of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) metabolism in various inbred strains o" by H L. Gurtoo, R Dahms et al.
Gurtoo, H L.; Dahms, R; Motycka, L; and Taylor, B, "Genetics of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) metabolism in various inbred strains of mice, offsprings of selected matings and in recombinant inbred sublines. Abstr." (1977). Subject Strain Bibliography 1977. 2582 ...
Investigation on the Protective Effect of ?-Mannan against the DNA Damage Induced by Aflatoxin B1 in Mouse HepatocytesInvestigation on the Protective Effect of ?-Mannan against the DNA Damage Induced by Aflatoxin B1 in Mouse Hepatocytes
Aflatoxin B1 is a contaminant of agricultural and dairy products that can berelated to mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In this report we explore the capacity of ?-mannan (Man) to reduce the DNA damage induced by AFB1 in mouse hepatocytes. Forthis purpose we applied the comet assay to groups of animals which were firstadministered Man (100, 400 and 700 mg/kg, respectively) and 20 min later 1.0 mg/kg ofAFB1. Liver cells were obtained at 4, 10, and 16 h after the chemical administration andexamined. The results showed no protection of the damage induced by AFB1 with thelow dose of the polysaccharide, but they did reveal antigenotoxic activity exerted by thetwo high doses. In addition, we induced a co-crystallization between both compounds,determined their fusion points and analyzed the molecules by UV spectroscopy. Theobtained data suggested the formation of a supramolecular complex between AFB1and Man ...
Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 from Human, Recombinant(EC 1.1.1.n11) - Creative EnzymesAflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 from Human, Recombinant(EC 1.1.1.n11) - Creative Enzymes
Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of succinic semialdehyde to gamma-hydroxybutyrate. May have an important role in producin
Foodborne illnessFoodborne illness
AlmondAlmond
T. A. VenkitasubramanianT. A. Venkitasubramanian
PistachioPistachio
MycotoxicologyMycotoxicology
Biliary atresiaBiliary atresia
Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxideBenzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide
Aspergillus zonatusAspergillus zonatus
Benzo(a)pyreneBenzo(a)pyrene
Plant-fungus horizontal gene transferPlant-fungus horizontal gene transfer
Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatus
List of food contamination incidentsList of food contamination incidents
Rihab TahaRihab Taha
Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavus
OncomOncom
Roquefortine CRoquefortine C
WalnutWalnut
Mycotoxins in animal feedMycotoxins in animal feed
Aspergillus parasiticusAspergillus parasiticus
Jacobaea vulgarisJacobaea vulgaris
CopraCopra
Demethylsterigmatocystin 6-O-methyltransferaseDemethylsterigmatocystin 6-O-methyltransferase
Mold health issuesMold health issues
Sterigmatocystin 8-O-methyltransferaseSterigmatocystin 8-O-methyltransferase
HepatotoxicityHepatotoxicity
Richard ZareRichard Zare
Aspergillus pseudocaelatusAspergillus pseudocaelatus
Meds & Food for KidsMeds & Food for Kids
Cytochrome P450Cytochrome P450
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
AflatoxinsAflatoxin B1Aflatoxin M1Aspergillus flavusAspergillusSterigmatocystinFood ContaminationPoisonsAnthraquinonesArachis hypogaeaEthoxyquinMycotoxicosisDichlorvosOchratoxinsMycotoxinsCarcinogensCondimentsChromatography, Thin LayerZea maysZearalenoneFood MicrobiologyBiotransformationFood AnalysisLiver NeoplasmsMutagensDNA AdductsLiverEncyclopedias as TopicLiver Failure, AcuteNafronylForeign Professional PersonnelEcotoxicologyToxicologyEnvironmental HealthEnvironmental ExposureDictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as TopicHelianthusSeedsMichiganStearatesResearchTropical MedicinePeriodicals as TopicBreedingPatient Care TeamWilliams SyndromeDictionaries, ChemicalMyristica fragransPenicilliumCottonseed Oil
Aflatoxin - WikipediaAflatoxin - Wikipedia
Aflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free DictionaryAflatoxin - definition of aflatoxin by The Free Dictionary
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxins and DiseaseThe American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxins and Disease
Corn aflatoxin: breeding, molecular markers | Delta Farm PressCorn aflatoxin: breeding, molecular markers | Delta Farm Press
African Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countriesAfrican Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countries
Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during anAflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an
How Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish SiteHow Aflatoxins Threaten Pangasius Catfish Production | The Fish Site
Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutionsMycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains - Aflatoxin research on grain in Asia - its problems and possible solutions
Effect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavusEffect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by Aspergillus flavus
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth...
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure and Hepatitis C Virus in Advanced Liver Disease in a...The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Aflatoxin Exposure and Hepatitis C Virus in Advanced Liver Disease in a...
Aflatoxin B1 - WikipediaAflatoxin B1 - Wikipedia
Toxins | Special Issue : Aflatoxins 2011Toxins | Special Issue : Aflatoxins 2011
Aflatoxin: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaAflatoxin: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
CDC - Health Studies Program: Chemical Exposures - AflatoxinCDC - Health Studies Program: Chemical Exposures - Aflatoxin
The Aflatoxins: Evolution, Function and Prospects for Control | SpringerLinkThe Aflatoxins: Evolution, Function and Prospects for Control | SpringerLink
PLATFORM ON AFLATOXIN MANAGEMENT IN GHANAPLATFORM ON AFLATOXIN MANAGEMENT IN GHANA
912. Aflatoxins (WHO Food Additives Series 40)912. Aflatoxins (WHO Food Additives Series 40)
Aflatoxins: Poisoning Health and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa | Inter Press ServiceAflatoxins: Poisoning Health and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa | Inter Press Service
Survey of aflatoxins in tomato productsSurvey of aflatoxins in tomato products
How To Avoid Aflatoxin In Common Foods | Care2 Healthy LivingHow To Avoid Aflatoxin In Common Foods | Care2 Healthy Living
Genetics and physiology of aflatoxin biosynthesisGenetics and physiology of aflatoxin biosynthesis
Aflatoxin B2 reference material | Sigma-AldrichAflatoxin B2 reference material | Sigma-Aldrich
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins in Liquorice Products | HTMLToxins | Free Full-Text | Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins in Liquorice Products | HTML
ACUTE EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN ON NORTHERN BOBWHITES (COLINUS VIRGINIANUS)ACUTE EFFECTS OF AFLATOXIN ON NORTHERN BOBWHITES (COLINUS VIRGINIANUS)
Charm Sciences ROSA Quantitative Aflatoxin M1 Test Validated by ILVO-T&V BelgiumCharm Sciences ROSA Quantitative Aflatoxin M1 Test Validated by ILVO-T&V Belgium
More Dog Food Recalled Due to Aflatoxins | Food Safety NewsMore Dog Food Recalled Due to Aflatoxins | Food Safety News
Scientists study foodborne carcinogens called aflatoxins - Fogarty International Center @ NIHScientists study foodborne carcinogens called aflatoxins - Fogarty International Center @ NIH
The Fate of Aflatoxin in Corn FermentationThe Fate of Aflatoxin in Corn Fermentation
aflatoxin-m1-milk | China-Mainland | Sigma-Aldrichaflatoxin-m1-milk | China-Mainland | Sigma-Aldrich
Aflatoxin, Mycotoxins Again a Concern | Agweb.comAflatoxin, Mycotoxins Again a Concern | Agweb.com
Aflatoxin Poisoning in Horses | petMDAflatoxin Poisoning in Horses | petMD
Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Chinese peanut butter and sesame paste. - PubMed - NCBINatural occurrence of aflatoxins in Chinese peanut butter and sesame paste. - PubMed - NCBI
Genetic organization and function of the aflatoxin B1 biosynthetic genes. - PubMed - NCBIGenetic organization and function of the aflatoxin B1 biosynthetic genes. - PubMed - NCBI
Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize in Kenya: Observability and Mitigation BehaviorAflatoxin Contamination of Maize in Kenya: Observability and Mitigation Behavior
AllAboutFeed - Sunflower seeds often contain aflatoxinsAllAboutFeed - Sunflower seeds often contain aflatoxins
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
AflatoxinsAflatoxin B1Aflatoxin M1Aspergillus flavusAspergillusSterigmatocystinFood ContaminationPoisonsAnthraquinonesArachis hypogaeaEthoxyquinMycotoxicosisDichlorvosOchratoxinsMycotoxinsCarcinogensCondimentsChromatography, Thin LayerZea maysZearalenoneFood MicrobiologyBiotransformationFood AnalysisLiver NeoplasmsMutagensDNA AdductsLiverEncyclopedias as TopicLiver Failure, AcuteNafronylForeign Professional PersonnelEcotoxicologyToxicologyEnvironmental HealthEnvironmental ExposureDictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as TopicHelianthusSeedsMichiganStearatesResearchTropical MedicinePeriodicals as TopicBreedingPatient Care TeamWilliams SyndromeDictionaries, ChemicalMyristica fragransPenicilliumCottonseed Oil
High levels of aflatoxinMycotoxinsAFB1MycotoxinCarcinogenicFungalBiosynthesisFungiEffects of aflatoxinPresence of aflatoxinsPeanutsToxicOchratoxinLiverFlavus2018GroundnutsCropsHumansLevelsPoultryConcentrationsMilkCarcinogenDifferent aflatoxinsPreharvest aflatoxin contaminationOxidative stressAccumulation in maize
High levels of aflatoxin1
Mycotoxins6
AFB11
Mycotoxin2
Carcinogenic1
Fungal3
Biosynthesis1
Fungi2
Effects of aflatoxin1
  • The experiment was conducted at Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in order to test the effects of aflatoxin B 1 and the counteracting properties of the binder Mycofix® Secure. (thefishsite.com)
Presence of aflatoxins1
Peanuts1
  • aflatoxins are produced on peanuts, soybeans, corn and other cereals in the field or during storage when moisture content and temperatures are sufficiently high for mold growth. (gotmold.ca)
Toxic3
Ochratoxin2
Liver11
Flavus5
20181
  • The article , "Injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating multiparous Holstein cows," is published in the Journal of Dairy Science [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018- (goldeaglecoop.com)
Groundnuts1
Crops2
Humans3
  • Adult humans have a high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis, but children are particularly affected, and their exposure can lead to stunted growth and delayed development, in addition to all the symptoms mentioned below. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the potential health risk posed to animals and humans, many people in developing countries are oblivious of the ability of aflatoxins to cause cancer and other debilitating diseases. (academicjournals.org)
  • Toxigenic molds pose the most serious health risk to both humans and animals because they have aflatoxins . (gotmold.ca)
Levels3
Poultry1
  • For example, contaminated poultry feed is suspected in the findings of high percentages of samples of aflatoxin-contaminated chicken meat and eggs in Pakistan. (wikipedia.org)
Concentrations1
Milk5
Carcinogen1
Different aflatoxins1
  • At least 14 different aflatoxins are produced in nature. (wikipedia.org)
Preharvest aflatoxin contamination2
Oxidative stress1
  • As we had hypothesized, supplying cows with trace minerals via injection, independent of minerals ingested in the feed, resulted in an improved immune response and reduced oxidative stress when cows were challenged with aflatoxin," Pate says. (goldeaglecoop.com)
Accumulation in maize1
  • While regulated in the United States, many underdeveloped countries do not have the resources to monitor aflatoxin accumulation in maize and, thus, developing low aflatoxin accumulation commercial maize lines would be of great benefit. (umsystem.edu)
Aflatoxin - Wikipedia
Aflatoxin - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Corn aflatoxin: breeding, molecular markers | Delta Farm Press
Corn aflatoxin: breeding, molecular markers | Delta Farm Press (deltafarmpress.com)
African Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countries
African Journal of Biotechnology - aflatoxins: a silent threat in developing countries (academicjournals.org)
Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus...
Frontiers | Essential APSES Transcription Factors for Mycotoxin Synthesis, Fungal Development, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus... (frontiersin.org)
Almond - Wikipedia
Almond - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors
Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention and Risk Factors (medicinenet.com)
All You Need to Know About Foodborne Illnesses
All You Need to Know About Foodborne Illnesses (medindia.net)
Primary Hepatic Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Primary Hepatic Carcinoma: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology (emedicine.medscape.com)
Peanuts 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits
Peanuts 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits (healthline.com)
Glossary of scientific terms
Glossary of scientific terms (wcrf.org)
The Aflatoxins: Evolution, Function and Prospects for Control | SpringerLink
The Aflatoxins: Evolution, Function and Prospects for Control | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Frontiers | Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota | Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Frontiers | Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota | Cellular and Infection Microbiology (frontiersin.org)
Is Peanut Butter Good for You? Here's What The Science Says
Is Peanut Butter Good for You? Here's What The Science Says (foodrevolution.org)
Results · British Universities Film & Video Council
Results · British Universities Film & Video Council (bufvc.ac.uk)
Aflatoxins: Poisoning Health and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa | Inter Press Service
Aflatoxins: Poisoning Health and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa | Inter Press Service (ipsnews.net)
Details-projects | Community of Practice on food loss reduction (CoP) | Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация...
Details-projects | Community of Practice on food loss reduction (CoP) | Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация... (fao.org)
AllAboutFeed - Novel analytical methods for 8 types of mycotoxins
AllAboutFeed - Novel analytical methods for 8 types of mycotoxins (allaboutfeed.net)
Lactose and Lactose Derivatives | IntechOpen
Lactose and Lactose Derivatives | IntechOpen (intechopen.com)
Aflatoxin | GreenMedInfo | Toxic Ingredient | Natural Medicine
Aflatoxin | GreenMedInfo | Toxic Ingredient | Natural Medicine (greenmedinfo.com)
Table of Contents - December 05, 2008, 322 (5907) | Science
Table of Contents - December 05, 2008, 322 (5907) | Science (science.sciencemag.org)
Life Sciences Archives - Page 20 of 46 - Nova Science Publishers
Life Sciences Archives - Page 20 of 46 - Nova Science Publishers (novapublishers.com)
Right To Food<...
Right To Food<... (ipsnews.net)
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 00177061 - Size range of viable fungal particles from aflatoxin-contaminated corn aerosols.
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 00177061 - Size range of viable fungal particles from aflatoxin-contaminated corn aerosols. (cdc.gov)
Milk | Food Safety News
Milk | Food Safety News (foodsafetynews.com)
Pure and Applied Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry (degruyter.com)
Aflatoxins: Poisons Hiding in Plain Sight | GreenMedInfo | Blog Entry
Aflatoxins: Poisons Hiding in Plain Sight | GreenMedInfo | Blog Entry (greenmedinfo.com)
Handbook of Immunohistochemistry and in situ Hybridization of Human Carcinomas - 1st Edition
Handbook of Immunohistochemistry and in situ Hybridization of Human Carcinomas - 1st Edition (elsevier.com)
Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? | The BMJ
Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? | The BMJ (bmj.com)
The Microbiological Risk Assessment of Food | Microbiology' Food Safety & Security | General & Introductory Food Science &...
The Microbiological Risk Assessment of Food | Microbiology' Food Safety & Security | General & Introductory Food Science &... (wiley.com)
The Chemistry of Mycotoxins | SpringerLink
The Chemistry of Mycotoxins | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
ISO - ISO/TC 34 - Food products
ISO - ISO/TC 34 - Food products (iso.org)
Known and Probable Human Carcinogens
Known and Probable Human Carcinogens (cancer.org)
Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning --- Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January--July 2004
Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning --- Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January--July 2004 (cdc.gov)
Overview of Poisonings in Poultry - Poultry - Merck Veterinary Manual
Overview of Poisonings in Poultry - Poultry - Merck Veterinary Manual (merckvetmanual.com)
Search Results - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education
Search Results - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education (accessscience.com)
All news articles for March 23, 2017
All news articles for March 23, 2017 (foodnavigator.com)
Carcinogen - Food
Carcinogen - Food (foodnavigator.com)
Deadly Mycotoxins Found In Breakfast Cereals | GreenMedInfo | Blog
Deadly Mycotoxins Found In Breakfast Cereals | GreenMedInfo | Blog (greenmedinfo.com)
Plant growth promoting potential of Aspergillus sp. NPF7, isolated from wheat rhizosphere in South Gujarat, India | SpringerLink
Plant growth promoting potential of Aspergillus sp. NPF7, isolated from wheat rhizosphere in South Gujarat, India | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Biomin.net - 3 contaminants to watch for in sow milk
Biomin.net - 3 contaminants to watch for in sow milk (biomin.net)
Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, 3rd Edition | Chemical and Environmental Health and Safety | Chemistry |...
Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, 3rd Edition | Chemical and Environmental Health and Safety | Chemistry |... (wiley.com)
Quick, Sensitive LC/MS/MS Analysis of Aflatoxins in Cannabis | Sigma-Aldrich
Quick, Sensitive LC/MS/MS Analysis of Aflatoxins in Cannabis | Sigma-Aldrich (sigmaaldrich.com)
List | SBIR.gov
List | SBIR.gov (sbir.gov)
2020 Archives - Page 32 of 66 - Nova Science Publishers
2020 Archives - Page 32 of 66 - Nova Science Publishers (novapublishers.com)
Microorganisms in Foods 7 - Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management | International Commission on Microbi | Springer
Microorganisms in Foods 7 - Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management | International Commission on Microbi | Springer (springer.com)
Antibiotics | Free Full-Text | LC-MS/MS Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Phenolic Compounds and Pentacyclic...
Antibiotics | Free Full-Text | LC-MS/MS Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Phenolic Compounds and Pentacyclic... (mdpi.com)
Liver cancer risk | Cancer Research UK
Liver cancer risk | Cancer Research UK (cancerresearchuk.org)
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Variation in Occurrence and Aflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus from Two Climatically Varied...
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Variation in Occurrence and Aflatoxigenicity of Aspergillus flavus from Two Climatically Varied... (mdpi.com)
Diet and Chronic Degenerative Diseases | SpringerLink
Diet and Chronic Degenerative Diseases | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
AllAboutFeed - Mycotoxins in plant meals: A risk for farmed fish
AllAboutFeed - Mycotoxins in plant meals: A risk for farmed fish (allaboutfeed.net)
Rapid Analysis of Aflatoxins with the ACQUITY UPLC H-Class System : Waters
Rapid Analysis of Aflatoxins with the ACQUITY UPLC H-Class System : Waters (waters.com)
Aflatoxin in Peanuts: Should You Be Worried? | Berkeley Wellness
Aflatoxin in Peanuts: Should You Be Worried? | Berkeley Wellness (berkeleywellness.com)