Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.Aflatoxins: Furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by ASPERGILLUS from STERIGMATOCYSTIN. They are structurally related to COUMARINS and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become ALKYLATING AGENTS. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).Aspergillus flavus: A species of imperfect fungi which grows on peanuts and other plants and produces the carcinogenic substance aflatoxin. It is also used in the production of the antibiotic flavicin.Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.Sterigmatocystin: A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, and an unidentified species of Bipolaris. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney and has an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA.Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.Poisons: Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.Anthraquinones: Compounds based on ANTHRACENES which contain two KETONES in any position. Substitutions can be in any position except on the ketone groups.Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.Liver Neoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Arachis hypogaea: A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.Mycotoxins: Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.DNA Adducts: The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.Rats, Inbred F344Mycotoxicosis: Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin.Mutagenicity Tests: Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Ochratoxins: Isocoumarins found in ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS and other FUNGI. Ochratoxin contaminated FOOD has been responsible for cases of FOODBORNE DISEASES.Microsomes, Liver: Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.Aldehyde Reductase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Antimutagenic Agents: Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.Benzoflavones: Organic compounds containing a BENZENE ring attached to a flavone group. Some of these are potent arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors. They may also inhibit the binding of NUCLEIC ACIDS to BENZOPYRENES and related compounds. The designation includes all isomers; the 7,8-isomer is most frequently encountered.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.Metabolic Detoxication, Drug: Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.GuanineFood Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.gamma-Glutamyltransferase: An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.Butylated Hydroxyanisole: Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.Trout: Various fish of the family SALMONIDAE, usually smaller than salmon. They are mostly restricted to cool clear freshwater. Some are anadromous. They are highly regarded for their handsome colors, rich well-flavored flesh, and gameness as an angling fish. The genera Salvelinus, Salmo, and ONCORHYNCHUS have been introduced virtually throughout the world.Zea mays: A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Orotic AcidDictionaries, MedicalCottonseed Oil: Oil obtained from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum L., the cotton plant. It is used in dietary products such as oleomargarine and many cooking oils. Cottonseed oil is commonly used in soaps and cosmetics.Biotin: A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.
Protective alterations in phase 1 and 2 metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by oltipraz in residents of Qidong, People's Republic of China. (1/513)
BACKGROUND: Residents of Qidong, People's Republic of China, are at high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma, in part due to consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxins, which require metabolic activation to become carcinogenic. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase IIa chemoprevention trial, we tested oltipraz, an antischistosomal drug that has been shown to be a potent and effective inhibitor of aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models. METHODS: In 1995, 234 adults from Qidong were enrolled. Healthy eligible individuals were randomly assigned to receive by mouth 125 mg oltipraz daily, 500 mg oltipraz weekly, or a placebo. Sequential immunoaffinity chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or to fluorescence detection were used to identify and quantify phase 1 and phase 2 metabolites of aflatoxin B1 in the urine of study participants. Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS: One month of weekly administration of 500 mg oltipraz led to a 51% decrease in median levels of the phase 1 metabolite aflatoxin M1 excreted in urine compared with administration of a placebo (P = .030), but it had no effect on levels of a phase 2 metabolite, aflatoxin-mercapturic acid (P = .871). By contrast, daily intervention with 125 mg oltipraz led to a 2.6-fold increase in median aflatoxin-mercapturic acid excretion (P = .017) but had no effect on excreted aflatoxin M1 levels (P = .682). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent, high-dose oltipraz inhibited phase 1 activation of aflatoxins, and sustained low-dose oltipraz increased phase 2 conjugation of aflatoxin, yielding higher levels of aflatoxin-mercapturic acid. While both mechanisms can contribute to protection, this study highlights the feasibility of inducing phase 2 enzymes as a chemopreventive strategy in humans. (+info)Determinants of specificity for aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide in alpha-class glutathione S-transferases. (2/513)
We have used homology modelling, based on the crystal structure of the human glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1-1, to obtain the three-dimensional structures of rat GSTA3 and rat GSTA5 subunits bound to S-aflatoxinyl-glutathione. The resulting models highlight two residues, at positions 208 and 108, that could be important for determining, either directly or indirectly, substrate specificity for aflatoxin-exo-8,9-epoxide among the Alpha-class GSTs. Residues at these positions were mutated in human GSTA1-1 (Met-208, Leu-108), rat GSTA3-3 (Glu-208, His-108) and rat GSTA5-5 (Asp-208, Tyr-108): in the active rat GSTA5-5 to those in the inactive GSTA1-1; and in the inactive human GSTA1-1 and rat GSTA3-3 to those in the active rat GSTA5-5. These studies show clearly that, in all three GSTs, an aspartate residue at position 208 is a prerequisite for high activity in aflatoxin-exo-8,9-epoxide conjugation, although this alone is not sufficient; other residues in the vicinity, particularly residues 103-112, are important, perhaps for the optimal orientation of the aflatoxin-exo-8,9-epoxide in the active site for catalysis to occur. (+info)Regional differences in production of aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid by soil isolates of aspergillus flavus along a transect within the United States. (3/513)
Soil isolates of Aspergillus flavus from a transect extending from eastern New Mexico through Georgia to eastern Virginia were examined for production of aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid in a liquid medium. Peanut fields from major peanut-growing regions (western Texas; central Texas; Georgia and Alabama; and Virginia and North Carolina) were sampled, and fields with other crops were sampled in regions where peanuts are not commonly grown. The A. flavus isolates were identified as members of either the L strain (n = 774), which produces sclerotia that are >400 micrometer in diameter, or the S strain (n = 309), which produces numerous small sclerotia that are <400 micrometer in diameter. The S-strain isolates generally produced high levels of aflatoxin B1, whereas the L-strain isolates were more variable in aflatoxin production; variation in cyclopiazonic acid production also was greater in the L strain than in the S strain. There was a positive correlation between aflatoxin B1 production and cyclopiazonic acid production in both strains, although 12% of the L-strain isolates produced only cyclopiazonic acid. Significant differences in production of aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid by the L-strain isolates were detected among regions. In the western half of Texas and the peanut-growing region of Georgia and Alabama, 62 to 94% of the isolates produced >10 microgram of aflatoxin B1 per ml. The percentages of isolates producing >10 microgram of aflatoxin B1 per ml ranged from 0 to 52% in the remaining regions of the transect; other isolates were often nonaflatoxigenic. A total of 53 of the 126 L-strain isolates that did not produce aflatoxin B1 or cyclopiazonic acid were placed in 17 vegetative compatibility groups. Several of these groups contained isolates from widely separated regions of the transect. (+info)Potency of dietary indole-3-carbinol as a promoter of aflatoxin B1-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis: results from a 9000 animal tumor study. (4/513)
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a metabolite of glucobrassicin found in cruciferous vegetables, is documented as acting as a modulator of carcinogenesis and, depending on timing and dose of administration, it may promote hepatocarcinogenesis in some animal models. In this study we demonstrate that, when given post-initiation, dietary I3C promotes aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rainbow trout model at levels as low as 500 p.p.m. Trout embryos (approximately 9000) were initiated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 175 or 250 p.p.b. AFB1 by a 30 min immersion. Experimental diets containing 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 or 1250 p.p.m. I3C were administered starting at 3 months and fish were sampled for liver tumors at 11-13 months. Promotion at the level of tumor incidence was statistically significant for all dietary levels, except 250 p.p.m. Relative potency for promotion markedly increased at dietary levels >750 p.p.m. We propose that more than one mechanism could be involved in promotion and that both estrogenic and Ah receptor-mediated pathways could be active. The estrogenicity of I3C, measured as its ability to induce vitellogenin (an estrogen biomarker in oviparous vertebrates) was evident at the lowest dietary level (250 p.p.m.), whereas CYPIA (a P450 isozyme induced through the Ah receptor pathway) was not induced until dietary levels of 1000 p.p.m. Therefore, at lower dietary levels, promotion by I3C in this model could be explained by estrogenic activities of I3C acid derivatives, as it is known that estrogens promote hepatocarcinogenesis in trout. Much stronger promotion was observed at high dietary I3C levels (1000 and 1250 p.p.m.), at which levels both CYP1A and vitellogenin were induced. (+info)Downregulation of DNA excision repair by the hepatitis B virus-x protein occurs in p53-proficient and p53-deficient cells. (5/513)
Synergism between exposure to chemical carcinogens and infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been implicated in the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study we report that the HBV protein HBx, inhibits cellular DNA repair capacity in a p53-independent manner. Two alternative assays were used: the host cell reactivation assay, which measures the cell's capacity to repair DNA damage in a reporter plasmid, and unscheduled DNA synthesis, which measures the overall DNA repair capacity in damaged cells. Two p53-proficient cell lines, the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 and liver epithelial cell line CCL13, were co-transfected with the pCMV-HBx reporter plasmid and the pCMV-CAT plasmid damaged with UVC radiation. Compared with cells transfected with control plasmid, the presence of HBx resulted in approximately 50% inhibition of the cell's capacity to reactivate CAT activity of UVC-damaged plasmid, and approximately 25% inhibition of unscheduled DNA synthesis in cells treated with either aflatoxin B1 epoxide or UVC radiation. Using the p53-deficient cell line Saos-2, we demonstrated that expression of HBx also resulted in diminished overall cellular DNA repair of damage induced by both aflatoxin B1 epoxide and UVC radiation, using both the host cell reactivation and unscheduled DNA synthesis assays. In summary, this study provides evidence for p53-independent regulation of DNA repair by HBx. (+info)Divergence of West African and North American communities of Aspergillus section Flavi. (6/513)
West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B1. However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G1 in NH4 medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G1. This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management. (+info)Expression of stably transfected murine glutathione S-transferase A3-3 protects against nucleic acid alkylation and cytotoxicity by aflatoxin B1 in hamster V79 cells expressing rat cytochrome P450-2B1. (7/513)
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is activated to AFB1-8,9-oxide (AFBO), a potent mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of AFB1. In the mouse, AFBO has been shown to be most efficiently detoxified by a specific isozyme of alpha-class glutathione S-transferase (GST), mGSTA3-3 (mGST-Yc). A hamster V79 cell line (V79MZr2B1, originally designated V79/SD1) previously transfected with the rat cytochrome P450-2B1 was stably transfected with an mGSTA3-3 expression vector, to study the chemopreventive role of GST in protecting against cytotoxicity or genotoxicity of AFBO. Immunoblotting demonstrated strong expression of an alpha-class GST in the mGSTA3-3 transfected cell line, whereas no detectable alpha-class GST protein was observed in the control (empty vector-transfected) cells. Previous studies with the V79MZr2B1 cell line indicated that it can activate AFB1 to a mutagenic metabolite via a transfected rat P450-2B1 stably expressed in the cells. We examined the ability of the expressed mGSTA3-3 to protect against AFB1-induced cytotoxicity or [3H]-covalent adduct formation in cellular nucleic acids. Exposure of empty vector-transfected control cells and mGSTA3-3 expressing cells to up to 600 nM [3H]-AFB1 indicated that a 70-80% reduction in DNA and RNA adducts was afforded by the expression of mGSTA3-3 in the transfected cells. Clonogenic survival assays showed that the mGSTA3-3 cell line was 4.6-fold resistant to AFB1 cytotoxicity as compared with the empty vector-transfected control SD1 cells, with IC50 values of 69 and 15 microM, respectively. The results of these studies demonstrate that mGSTA3-3 confers substantial protection against nucleic acid covalent modification and cytotoxicity by AFB1 in this transgenic cell model system. (+info)XRCC1 polymorphisms: effects on aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts and glycophorin A variant frequency. (8/513)
Hereditary genetic defects in DNA repair lead to increased risk of cancer. Polymorphisms in several DNA repair genes have been identified; however, the impact on repair phenotype has not been elucidated. We explored the relationship between polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme, XRCC1 (codons 194, 280, and 399), and genotoxic end points measured in two populations: (a) placental aflatoxin B1 DNA (AFB1-DNA) adducts in a group of Taiwanese maternity subjects (n = 120); and (b) somatic glycophorin A (GPA) variants in erythrocytes from a group of North Carolina smokers and nonsmokers (n = 59). AFB1-DNA adducts were measured by ELISA, and erythrocyte GPA variant frequency (NN and NO) was assessed in MN heterozygotes with a flow cytometric assay. XRCC1 genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLPs. The XRCC1 399Gln allele was significantly associated with higher levels of both AFB1-DNA adducts and GPA NN mutations. Individuals with the 399Gln allele were at risk for detectable adducts (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.4; P = 0.03). GPA NN variant frequency was significantly higher in 399Gln homozygotes (19.6 x 10(-6)) than in Gln/Arg heterozygotes (11.4 x 10(-6); P < 0.05) or Arg/Arg homozygotes (10.1 x 10(-6); P = 0.01). No significant effects were observed for other XRCC1 polymorphisms. These results suggest that the Arg399Gln amino acid change may alter the phenotype of the XRCC1 protein, resulting in deficient DNA repair. (+info)Rawal S, Coulombe RA (August 2011). "Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in turkey liver microsomes: the relative roles of cytochromes ... Rawal S, Kim JE, Coulombe R (December 2010). "Aflatoxin B1 in poultry: toxicology, metabolism and prevention". Research in ... in terms of their kinetic properties as well as in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1. CYPs have also been heavily studied in ...
"Changes in liver polyamines due to aflatoxin B1". Toxicol Lett. 34 (1): 1-4. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(86)90138-4. PMID 3097877. ... He also worked on Aspergillus parasiticus, a type of mold which produces aflatoxin and in the biosynthesis of those cancer- ... CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Khan S. N.; Venkitasubramanian T. A. (February 1986). "Regulation of aflatoxin ... T. V. Reddy; L. Viswanathan; T. A. Venkitasubramanian (September 1971). "High Aflatoxin Production on a Chemically Defined ...
Aflatoxin B1, a frequent food contaminant, causes liver cancer. Betel nut chewing can cause oral cancer. National differences ...
... produces Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin B2 and sterigmatocystin. List of Aspergillus species www.mycobank.org " ... a new producer of aflatoxin B1, B2 and sterigmatocystin". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 38 (5): 440-445. doi:10.1111/j.1472- ...
Aflatoxin B1 one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. Polyketides are usually biosynthesized through the decarboxylative ... The cholesterol lowering agent lovastatin Discodermolide Aflatoxin Usnic acid Anthracimycin Anthramycin Esterase Nonribosomal ...
Gabliks J, Barter S (April-September 1987). "Comparative cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and saxitoxin in cell cultures". ...
i) RPSA binds aflatoxin B1 both in vivo and in vitro. (ii) RPSA is a receptor for epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), which is a ...
Other xenobiotic substrates for this enzyme include caffeine, aflatoxin B1, and acetaminophen. The transcript from this gene ...
The four major aflatoxins produced are B1, B2, G1, and G2. The production of the major toxins are a result of particular ... Both L and S strains can produce the two most common aflatoxins (B1 and B2). Unique to the S strains is the production of ... Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and potent hepatocarcinogenic natural compound characterized. A. flavus also produces other ... and peppers produces high concentrations of aflatoxins. A. flavus growth on spices produces low concentrations of aflatoxin as ...
"RNA-seq reveals novel hepatic gene expression pattern in Aflatoxin B1 treated rats". PLoS ONE. 8: e61768. doi:10.1371/journal. ...
"Taxonomic comparison of three different groups of aflatoxin producers and a new efficient producer of aflatoxin B1, ... It accumulates very large amounts of sterigmatocystin, 3-O-methylsterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1. Frisvad JC, Skouboe P, ...
Hirano, S; Shima, T; Shimada, T (August 2001). "[Proportion of aflatoxin B1 contaminated kernels and its concentration in ... The United States Department of Agriculture tests every truckload of raw peanuts for aflatoxin; any containing aflatoxin levels ... The peanut industry has manufacturing steps in place to ensure all peanuts are inspected for aflatoxin. A warning sign for the ... Poor storage of the cake may sometimes results in its contamination by aflatoxin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin that is ...
"A novel strain of Cellulosimicrobium funkei can biologically detoxify aflatoxin B1 in ducklings". Microbial Biotechnology. 8 (3 ...
The toxic effects of sterigmatocystin are much the same as those of aflatoxin B1. It is thus considered as a potent carcinogen ... Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as ... It has been suggested that sterigmatocystin is about 1/10 as potent a carcinogen as aflatoxin B1. Toxic effects of ... It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been ...
"Glycine N-methyltransferase affects the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and blocks its carcinogenic effect". Toxicology and Applied ... GNMT has been shown to detoxify some environmental carcinogens such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxin. There is ...
"Identification of O-methylsterigmatocystin as an aflatoxin B1 and G1 precursor in Aspergillus parasiticus". Appl. Environ. ... Yabe K, Ando Y, Hashimoto J, Hamasaki T (1989). "Two distinct O-methyltransferases in aflatoxin biosynthesis". Appl. Environ. ...
on growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in groundnut". Mycological Research. 93: ...
Huuskonen, P; Myllynen, P; Storvik, M; Pasanen, M (2013). "The effects of aflatoxin B1 on transporters and steroid metabolizing ...
Aflatoxin B1, Hydralazine, Valproic acid, and Decitabine. Interstitial deletions of chromosome 3 are rare, and only a few ...
"Susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with genetic variation in the enzymatic detoxification of aflatoxin B1 ...
It promotes liver cancer in trout when it is combined with aflatoxin B1 and demotes metastasis. Indole-3-carbinol causes ... "Quantitative inter-relationships between aflatoxin B1 carcinogen dose, indole-3-carbinol anti-carcinogen dose, target organ DNA ... Results showed dose-related decreases in tumor susceptibility due to Indole-3-carbinol (inferred by decreases in aflatoxin-DNA ...
nov., a fluoranthene and aflatoxin B1 degrading bacterium from contaminated soil of a former coal gas plant. Syst. Appl. ...
... and an inhibitory effect on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis. Allixin may therefore be responsible, at least in part, for the ... DNA-binding and metabolism of aflatoxin B1". Cancer Letters. 59 (2): 89-94. doi:10.1016/0304-3835(91)90171-D. PMID 1909211. ...
Mycotoxins, such as nidulotoxins and aflatoxin B1, are typically produced in relatively low concentrations by A. versicolor. ...
DNA-binding and metabolism of aflatoxin B1". Cancer Lett. 59 (2): 89-94. doi:10.1016/0304-3835(91)90171-D. PMID 1909211. "The ... inhibition of aflatoxin B2 DNA binding, and neurotrophic effects. Allixin showed an anti-tumor promoting effect in vivo, ...
Dietary exposure to the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, commonly produced by growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus on improperly ... Aflatoxin is an example of a mycotoxin. It is a cancer-causing poison produced by certain fungi in or on foods and feeds, ... high levels of carcinogen aflatoxin M1 in Mengniu brand milk were found to be associated with the consumption of mold- ... experienced a significant rise in the number of corn shipments containing elevated levels of aflatoxin. This mold toxin ...
Dietary aflatoxin B1. Differentiating Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Other Diseases. *Fibrolamellar hepatocellular ... and dietary aflatoxin B1. The majority of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma remain asymptomatic for years. ...
Aflatoxin M1 and Aflatoxin M2 are major metabolites, being hydroxylated forms, of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 in humans and ... M aflatoxins may be present in milk from animals fed on contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 feed, leading to the ... Aflatoxin M1 ELISA. The Randox Food Diagnostics Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA aims to give a fast, reliable, analytical method to ... Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus, a fungus which is especially found in areas with hot and ...
Aflatoxin B1 is mostly found in contaminated food and humans are exposed to aflatoxin B1 almost entirely through their diet. ... Aflatoxin B1 must first be metabolitzed into its reactive electriphilic form, aflatoxin B1-8,9-exo-epoxide by cytochrome p450. ... Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 has also been reported in swine and poultry production. While aflatoxin B1 contamination ... Then a final recyclization occurs to form aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1 is a potent genotoxic hepatocarcinogen with its exposure ...
Genetic organization and function of the aflatoxin B1 biosynthetic genes.. Woloshuk CP1, Prieto R. ... Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Most of the genes involved in ... A pair of fatty acid synthase genes were identified that are involved uniquely in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Two genes were also ... Gene expression is coordinated during aflatoxin production and is under the control of a positive regulatory gene belonging to ...
SSAFB - Aflatoxin B1-lysine result (ng/mL). Variable Name: SSAFB. SAS Label: Aflatoxin B1-lysine result (ng/mL). English Text: ... SSAFBLC - Aflatoxin B1-lysine result comment code. Variable Name: SSAFBLC. SAS Label: Aflatoxin B1-lysine result comment code. ... Peak area ratios (aflatoxin B1-lysine m/z: aflatoxin B1-lysine-d4 m/z) were linearly related to concentration. Instrument ... Measurement of concentrations (ng/mL) of aflatoxin B1-lysine, derived from aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts, in a 2,104 serum ...
Aflatoxin B1. A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of Fungi. It is ... The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to Aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal Monooxygenases biotransform the toxin ...
... aflatoxin B1 explanation free. What is aflatoxin B1? Meaning of aflatoxin B1 medical term. What does aflatoxin B1 mean? ... Looking for online definition of aflatoxin B1 in the Medical Dictionary? ... Related to aflatoxin B1: Ochratoxin A, Aspergillus flavus, Aflatoxin m1. aflatoxin B1. A fungal toxin derived from Aspergillus ... Aflatoxin B1 , definition of aflatoxin B1 by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aflatoxin+B1 ...
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a contaminant of grain and fruit and has one of the highest levels of carcinogenicity of any natural ... Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a contaminant of grain and fruit and has one of the highest levels of carcinogenicity of any natural ... Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 during the Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages. Tomonori Inoue. ... The Use of Feed Additives to Reduce the Effects of Aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol on Pig Growth, Organ Health and Immune Status ...
... Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 May 21;25(5):1132-44. doi: 10.1021/ ... and lung of rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for 90 days in feed at 1 ppm. These tissues originated from the same rats used ...
The aim of this study was to determine the airway exposure of sugar and papermaking factory workers to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ... Co-contamination of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in food and human dietary exposure in three areas of China. Food Addit Contam ... Determination of exposure to aflatoxins among Danish workers in animal-feed production through the analysis of aflatoxin B1 ... Asim M, Sarma MP, Thayumanavan L, Kar P. Role of aflatoxin B1 as a risk for primary liver cancer in north Indian population. ...
M. Oplatowska-Stachowiak, N. Sajic, Y. Xu et al., "Fast and sensitive aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins ELISAs for analysis of ... and aflatoxin B1 in rice in India," Food Microbiology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 27-31, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google ... "Effect of naturally contaminated feed with aflatoxins on performance of laying hens and the carryover of aflatoxin B1 residues ... M. A. Anjum, S. H. Khan, A. W. Sahota, and R. Sardar, "Assessment of aflatoxin B1 in commercial poultry feed and feed ...
... pigs are easily exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and suffer from poisoning, thus the poisoned products potentially affect human ... Due to unavoidable contaminations in feedstuff, pigs are easily exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and suffer from poisoning, thus ... Confirmation and Fine Mapping of a Major QTL for Aflatoxin Resistance in Maize Using a Combination of Linkage and Association ... RNA Sequencing of Contaminated Seeds Reveals the State of the Seed Permissive for Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination and ...
X. Ma, W. Wang, X. Chen et al., "Selection, identification, and application of Aflatoxin B1 aptamer," European Food Research ... A. Abdollahi and R. L. Buchanan, "Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: induction of aflatoxin production by various ... "Influence of lipids with and without other cottonseed reserve materials on aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus," ... "Multifunctional column coupled with liquid chromatography for determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in corn, almonds, ...
Jodynis-Liebert J, Matlawska I, Bylka W, and Murias M (2006) Protective effect of Aquilegia vulgaris L. on aflatoxin B1 induced ... Raney KD, Meyer DJ, Ketterer B, Harris TM, and Guengerich FP (1992) Glutathione conjugation of aflatoxin B1 exo- and endo- ... Stresser DM, Bailey GS, and Williams DE (1994) Indole-3-carbinol and a-naphthoflavone induction of aflatoxin B1 metabolism and ... Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, and Ko KM (1996) Effect of a lignan enriched extract of Schisandra chinensis on aflatoxin B1 and ...
A new technique for the extraction of grain dust aflatoxin-B1 (1162658) using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was ... SFE detected aflatoxin-B1 in 14 samples, while the classical method did so for seven. Optimization for temperature, pressure, ... Development and optimization of a supercritical fluid extraction method for the analysis of aflatoxin b1 in grain dust.. ... A new technique for the extraction of grain dust aflatoxin-B1 (1162658) using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was ...
Mouse Monoclonal Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Antibody (6A10) [Biotin]. Validated: WB, ELISA, ICC/IF, IHC-Fr, IHC-P. Tested Reactivity: ... At least 13 different types of aflatoxin are produced in nature with aflatoxin B1 considered as the most toxic. Aflatoxin B1 ... Aflatoxin B1 Antibody (6A10) [Biotin] Summary. Immunogen. Aflatoxin B1 DNA (against the midazole ring-opened persistent form of ... Check out the latest blog posts on Aflatoxin B1.. Using Aflatoxin B1 Antibody for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Studies. We at Novus ...
GMP+ International adjusted the risk profile for Aflatoxin B1 for maize. For Croatia and Spain this means that the risk is ... Aflatoxin B1: Changes for Brazil and Croatia As a result of the evaluation of the available analysis results of Aflatoxin B1 in ... Aflatoxin B1 risk for Canada reduced For Canada, the risk profile for Aflatoxin B1 changes from Medium to Low. This means ... Aflatoxin B1: changes in risk profile Spain The risk profile for Aflatoxin B1 for Spanish maize is changed from Low to ...
Sample Type Detection Limit (ng/g or ppb) sMeat/fish/sereal/feed/seed/starch 0.5(Rapid Method); 2.5(Organic Solvent Method) sMeat/liver/kidney 0.5 sMi ...
... which inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay system. The number of revertants per plate was ... Aflatoxin B1 / toxicity*. Animals. Antimutagenic Agents / pharmacology*. Male. Plant Extracts / pharmacology. Rats. Rats, ... An attempt was made to isolate the active component of Eriobotrya japonica, which inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in ... 0/Antimutagenic Agents; 0/Plant Extracts; 0/Triterpenes; 1162-65-8/Aflatoxin B1; 77-52-1/ursolic acid ...
Molecular model of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (C17.H12.O6), produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. This chemical is ... Caption: Aflatoxin B1. Molecular model of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (C17.H12.O6), produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. ... Keywords: aflatoxin b1, artwork, aspergillus flavus, ball and stick, ball-and-stick, chemical, chemical compound, chemistry, ...
Aflatoxin B1 Exposure, Hepatitis B Virus Infection, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Taiwan ... Aflatoxin B1 Exposure, Hepatitis B Virus Infection, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Taiwan. Hui-Chen Wu, Qiao Wang, Hwai-I Yang ... Aflatoxin B1 Exposure, Hepatitis B Virus Infection, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Taiwan ... Aflatoxin B1 Exposure, Hepatitis B Virus Infection, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Taiwan ...
An analysis of hepatic aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct (HADA) concentrations in rats and trout demonstrated that the hepatic cancer ... Molecular dosimetry of hepatic aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts: linear correlation with hepatic cancer risk Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. ... An analysis of hepatic aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct (HADA) concentrations in rats and trout demonstrated that the hepatic cancer ... The minimum human virtual safe dose for aflatoxin was estimated to be 0.264 ng/kg/day on the basis of this approach. ...
Aflatoxin belong to the strongest natural occurring carcinogenic substances, found in corn, peanuts, cotton seed, human blood ... Aflatoxin B1 ELISA Home / Food Safety Assays / Aflatoxin B1 ELISA Return to Previous Page ... The use of aflatoxin B1 ELISA kit to analyze aflatoxin B1 residue of samples is fast and accurate. Refer to the National ... Aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi species Aspergillus flavus, parasiticus and nomius. Aflatoxins ...
Aflatoxin B1 Rapid Home / Food Safety Assays / Aflatoxin B1 Rapid Return to Previous Page ... Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is one of the strongest carcinogenic chemicals currently known, the State AQSIQ stipulate that AFB1 is one ...
... treatment with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) (2mg/kg) showed less than 40% of the radioactivity in the 24 h urine and... ... Aflatoxin B1 glutathione conjugation biliary and urinary excretion This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check ... Bassir, O. and Osiyemi, F. (1967) Biliary excretion of aflatoxin in the rat after a single dose. Nature 215, 882.CrossRefPubMed ... Acute and chronic effects of aflatoxin on the liver of Domestic and laboratory animals. A. review.PubMedGoogle Scholar ...
AspergillusMetabolitesELISAMilkAFB1MycotoxinsAdductsSecondary metabolitesToxicityAdductEffects of AflatoxinCarcinogenToxinMetabolitePresence of aflatoxinNaturally occurringFungiMetabolism of aflatoxinOccurrence of aflatoxinsDetection of Aflatoxin B1Determination of Aflatoxin B1AssayAntibodyConcentrationsGlutathioneFungalConjugationConjugatePotentRatsMaizeCarcinogensContaminated foodMutagenicHepaticApoptosisZearalenoneCerealsTissuesAcutePeanutsELISA Test KitAnalysis of aflatoxinBacillusCompoundsMolecularHepatocellularMutagenicityConcentration of aflatoxin2016ParasiticusAmount of aflatoxins
- Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus, a fungus which is especially found in areas with hot and humid climates. (randox.com)
- Aflatoxin M1 and Aflatoxin M2 are major metabolites, being hydroxylated forms, of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 in humans and animals. (randox.com)
- The Randox Food Diagnostics Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA aims to give a fast, reliable, analytical method to detect the presence of Aflatoxin M1. (randox.com)
- M aflatoxins may be present in milk from animals fed on contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 feed, leading to the presence of Alfatoxin M1 in the milk. (randox.com)
- aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). (thefreedictionary.com)
- In this study, we evaluated the applicability of qPCR for detecting genomic changes in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues by determining if a subset of 14 genes from a 90-gene signature derived from microarray data and associated with eventual tumor development could be detected in archival liver, kidney, and lung of rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for 90 days in feed at 1 ppm. (nih.gov)
- The aim of this study was to determine the airway exposure of sugar and papermaking factory workers to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and to explore the potential association between AFB1 airway exposure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a case-control study. (springer.com)
- Aflatoxin B1 DNA (against the midazole ring-opened persistent form of the major N-7 guanine adduct of AFB1). (novusbio.com)
- Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is one of the strongest carcinogenic chemicals currently known, the State AQSIQ stipulate that AFB1 is one of the must inspection material for most food. (krishgen.com)
- A novel magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was explored for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZON) simultaneous determination. (rsc.org)
- To develop a better understanding of the significance of low dose effects, in the present study, we developed quantitative methods for the detection of biologically active aflatoxin B 1 (AFB1) in Vero cells by two independent assays: the green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay, as a measure of protein synthesis by the cells, and the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, as a measure of cell viability. (mdpi.com)
- A study of liver apoptosis after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) administration and the effect of melatonin (MEL) was investigated in male rats. (nel.edu)
- We developed a simple aptamer fluorescence assay for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detection by using an array of capillaries. (rsc.org)
- Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and common of the major types of aflatoxins. (frontiersin.org)
- The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of probiotic fermented milk (FM) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, alone as well as in combination with chlorophyllin (CHL) as an antioxidant agent in male Wistar rats administered aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1). (fil-idf.org)
- This paper presents the synthesis, optimization and application of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sorbent for the selective extraction and pre-concentration of the potent toxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), from the child weaning food, Tsabana (manufactured in Serowe, Botswana). (degruyter.com)
- As a food safety regulatory measure, Tsabana must be cleared of hazardous aflatoxins, especially AFB1, before consumption. (degruyter.com)
- This is because AFB1 is the most common and potent of the aflatoxins commonly found in cereals. (degruyter.com)
- The adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentrations on duck laying performance regarding egg productivity, serum-hematological profiles and residue were investigated. (lrrd.org)
- There are four major aflatoxin analogues including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) of which AFB1 is the most toxic and detected worldwide (Monson et al 2015). (lrrd.org)
- Residues of AFB1 and the carry-over rate of aflatoxin into tissues and eggs were reported by Oliveira et al (2000) and Bintvihok et al (2002). (lrrd.org)
- This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding corns naturally contaminated with AflatoxinB1 (AFB1) on performance, serum biochemistry, liver histopathological changes and percentage of hepatocyte apoptosis of Cherry Valley Ducks. (scialert.net)
- Poultry are highly susceptible to the immunotoxic effects of the food-borne mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). (hku.hk)
- High concentrations of the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are commonly found in respirable, airborne grain dusts, and inhaled AFB1 has been shown to be a risk factor for occupational pulmonary carcinogenesis. (usu.edu)
- Occupational exposures to respirable dusts contaminated with the mycotoxin aflatoxin b1 (AFB1) have been associated with an increased incidence of upper airway tumors. (usu.edu)
- A Fe3O4/GO based platform for aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) detection and a [email protected] based platform for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection were fabricated. (bvsalud.org)
- In current study, different stabilizers were applied to stabilize a newly prepared conjugated molecule, Horseradish peroxidase-Bovine serum albumin- Aflatoxin B1 (HRP-BSA-AFB1). (ac.ir)
- In this present work, an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was successfully developed based on an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (myjournals.org)
- Competition occurred between aflatoxin B1-bovine serum albumin (AFB1-BSA) and free AFB1 (in peanut sample and standard) for the binding site of a fixed amount of anti-AFB1 antibody. (myjournals.org)
- Can reduce the dialdehyde protein-binding form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to the non-binding AFB1 dialcohol. (creative-enzymes.com)
- In extremely toxic compounds include aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). (engormix.com)
- The degradation of AFB1 was examined using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Electron spray ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). The optimal temperature, time, and pH of the medium for the maximum degradation of Aflatoxin B1 were found to be 37 °C, 24 h and 7, respectively. (cftri.com)
- We examined the cellular immune status of 64 Ghanaians in relation to levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-albumin adducts in plasma. (edu.gh)
- In this study, we determined the effects of aqueous extracts of these four herbs on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced mutagenesis using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 as the bacterial tester strain and rat liver 9000 x g supernatant as the activation system. (heilpflanzen-welt.de)
- Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mutagenic and carcinogenic compound mainly produced by the Aspergillus parasiticus , A. flavus , A. nomius , A. tamari , and A. pseudotamarii . (ac.ir)
- This study was carried out to detect the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in samples of spices collected from Qaemshahr in Mazandaran province, Iran. (ac.ir)
- Conclusion: Although the concentration of AFB1 in the study samples was less than the maximum limit approved by the EU, the 100% Aflatoxin contamination of the samples could be a potential hazard for public health. (ac.ir)
- Abstract Aflatoxin B1 AFB1 is commonly found in cereals and animal feeds and causes a significant threat to the food industry and animal production. (duhnnae.com)
- Prolonged dietary exposure to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the major risk factors for the development of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (edu.gh)
- The immunogen is Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-BSA conjugates. (immunechem.com)
- This study assessed the binding of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from contaminated solution by 20 strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. (hku.hk)
- In this study, a rapid and sensitive gold nanoparticle (AuNP) immunochromatographic strip is produced for detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in suspicious fungi-contaminated food samples. (tudublin.ie)
- Early life exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and low protein diet through complementary foods during weaning is common in parts of Africa and Asia. (toxicolres.org)
- This article is from PLoS ONE, volume 9.AbstractDietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 AFB1 is detrimental to avian health and leads to major economic losses for the poultry industry. (duhnnae.com)
- Genetics of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) metabolism in various inbred strains o" by H L. Gurtoo, R Dahms et al. (jax.org)
- Genetics of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) metabolism in various inbred strains of mice, offsprings of selected matings and in recombinant inbred sublines. (jax.org)
- Aflatoxins belong to the class of mycotoxins. (rapidtest.com)
- Aflatoxins are the strongest mycotoxins, which act primarily in a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic way. (rapidtest.com)
- One of the most toxic groups of mycotoxins are the aflatoxins ( 20 , 47 ), and aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), the most toxic and carcinogenic of the naturally occurring aflatoxins, has been classified as a class 1A human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( 20 ). (asm.org)
- Two Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains, GG and LC-705, were the most efficient strains in binding a range of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins ( 6 , 9 , 10 , 18 , 28 , 29 ). (asm.org)
- Animal feeds are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins, with aflatoxin the most common mycotoxin found in tropical climates. (lrrd.org)
- Aflatoxins are a group of toxic agents belonging to the category of mycotoxins. (ac.ir)
- Aflatoxin B1 is the most harmful among the mycotoxins commonly present in food and feed, and it may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and animals. (cftri.com)
- The comparison of the experimental data for three mycotoxins studied (e.g. aflatoxin B1, T-2 mycotoxin, and zearalenone) confirmed a common mechanism of the sensitivity boost due to the aggregation of hydrophobic molecules of mycotoxins in aqueous solutions. (shu.ac.uk)
- The most significant mycotoxins in terms of public health and agronomicperspective include the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes, fumonisins,OPEN ACCESSToxins 2010, 2739patulin, and the ergot alkaloids. (edu.mx)
- Aflatoxins form one of the major groupings of mycotoxins . (wikipedia.org)
- The acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, and metabolism of sterigmatocystin has been compared with those for aflatoxin and several other hepatotoxic mycotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
- Measurement of concentrations (ng/mL) of aflatoxin B1-lysine, derived from aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts, in a 2,104 serum sample subset of NHANES 1999-2000. (cdc.gov)
- 2005) was used to assess aflatoxin-albumin adducts in serum. (cdc.gov)
- Aflatoxin B1 adducts were hydrolyzed from serum albumin using enzymatic digestion with pronase which was incubated in a 40°C water bath for 4 hours or overnight at 37°C. Once digestion was complete, samples were transferred to an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) system. (cdc.gov)
- AFB-lys eluted 0.02±0.01 min after the internal standard in the QC pools which were known to contain aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts and similarly, 0.02±0.02 min after the internal standard in the unknown NHANES samples. (cdc.gov)
- The structures of the macromolecular adducts of AFB 1 -Cl 2 formed in vitro , the carcinogenicity of this electrophile, and the lack of carcinogenicity of its hydrolysis products indicate that alkylation of nucleic acids is a critical reaction in tumor induction with this carcinogen and aflatoxin B 1 . (aacrjournals.org)
- Aflatoxin is metabolized to a reactive epoxide that forms adducts with DNA and protein lysine groups. (toxbank.net)
- Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites of fungi (e.g. (hindawi.com)
- In laboratory cultures, aflatoxins are biosynthesized after active growth has ceased, as is typical for secondary metabolites. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The liver is the most susceptible organ to aflatoxin B1 toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
- The concept of reactive electrophilic metabolites in chemical carcino-genesis: Recent results with aromatic amines, safrole and as aflatoxin B 1 In Biological Reactive intermediates: formation, toxicity and interactions Edited by Jollow, D.J. Kocsis, J.J. Synder, R. and Vainio, T.J., 6-24 Plenum press, N. York, London. (springer.com)
- The four main aflatoxins show a different toxicity. (rapidtest.com)
- Christopher McKean, Lili Tang, Madhavi Billam, Meng Tang, Christopher W. Theodorakis, Ronald J. Kendall and Jia-Sheng Wang, "Comparative acute and combinative toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin in animals and immortalized human cell lines", J. Appl. (toxbank.net)
- An analysis of hepatic aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct (HADA) concentrations in rats and trout demonstrated that the hepatic cancer risk was linearly and quantitatively related in both species. (nih.gov)
- Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is oxidized to an epoxide in vivo, which forms an N7-dG DNA adduct (AFB(1)-N7-dG). (rcsb.org)
- We have previously reported that glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) interacts with aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and reduces both AFB 1 -DNA adduct formation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. (elsevier.com)
- Acute and chronic effects of aflatoxin on the liver of Domestic and laboratory animals. (springer.com)
- Preparation of 8 9-epoxide of aflatoxin B1 the ultimate carcinogen species. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Aflatoxin is listed as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Aflatoxin B 1 -2,3-dichloride (AFB 1 -Cl 2 ) was synthesized as a model for the probable ultimate carcinogen, aflatoxin B 1 -2,3-oxide. (aacrjournals.org)
- Glutathione-S-transferase-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide plays an important role in preventing binding of this ultimate carcinogen to target macromolecules. (semanticscholar.org)
- Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is a known carcinogen associated with early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is thought to contribute to over half a million new HCCs per year. (elsevier.com)
- Accounting for 70% of total aflatoxin in food, it has been designated as a class 1A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC). (toxicolres.org)
- Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been suggested that sterigmatocystin is about 1/10 as potent a carcinogen as aflatoxin B1. (wikipedia.org)
- When animals are fed grain or feed contaminated with the toxin, aflatoxin B1 is converted by hydroxylation to aflatoxin M1, which is subsequently secreted in the milk of lactating cows. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is a contaminant of grain and fruit and has one of the highest levels of carcinogenicity of any natural toxin. (mdpi.com)
- This Aflatoxin B1 Food ELISA Kit is a quick, economical, and sensitive Food Toxin ELISA Kit which is designed to detect Aflatoxin B1 in food. (rapidtest.com)
- Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) was the predominant toxin detected abundantly and frequently at a level up to 68.51 microg/kg in 41 of 50 peanut butter samples and 20.45 microg/kg in 37 of 100 sesame paste samples analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC). (nih.gov)
- Garner, R.C. (1973) Chemical evidence for the forma-tion of a reactive aflatoxin B 1 metabolite, by hamster liver microsomes. (springer.com)
- Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins, and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. (wikipedia.org)
- This means that maize from Croatia and Spain needs to be analysed less frequently, because the risk of the presence of Aflatoxin B1 is virtually non-existent. (allaboutfeed.net)
- Using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 497 maize, 205 millet and 164 sorghum samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1. (cgiar.org)
- Accurate and rapid determination of the presence of aflatoxin in commodities is of paramount importance. (prognosis-biotech.com)
- The naturally occurring aflatoxins are identified in physicochemical assays as intensely blue (aflatoxins B 1 and B 2 ) or blue-green (aflatoxins G 1 and G 2 ) fluorescent compounds under long-wave ultraviolet light. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin are contained within a single cluster in the genome of these filamentous fungi. (nih.gov)
- Gene expression is coordinated during aflatoxin production and is under the control of a positive regulatory gene belonging to a family of fungal transcriptional activators associated with various metabolic pathways in fungi. (nih.gov)
- Detection and estimation of aflatoxin B1 in feeds and its biodegradation by bacteria and fungi. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Aflatoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feed during pre-harvest, storage and processing periods. (mdpi.com)
- Garner, R.C. Miller, E.C. and Miller, J.A. (1972) Liver microsomal metabolism of aflatoxin B 1 to a reactive derivative toxic to Salmonella Typhimurium TA 1530 Cancer Res. (springer.com)
- Dutton, "Cellular Interactions and Metabolism of Aflatoxin: An Update", Pharmac. (toxbank.net)
- Chinese medicinal herbs modulate mutagenesis, DNA binding and metabolism of aflatoxin B1. (heilpflanzen-welt.de)
- This study investigated the occurrence of aflatoxins in maize, millet and sorghum from five counties in Kenya (Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka-Nithi, Kisii and Bungoma) representing four agro-ecological zones (AEZs). (cgiar.org)
- Due to the high occurrence of aflatoxins in crops worldwide fast and cost-effective analytical methods are required for the identification of contaminated agricultural commodities before they are processed into final products and placed on the market. (qub.ac.uk)
- Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Chinese peanut butter and sesame paste. (nih.gov)
- A study on the natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Chinese peanut butter and sesame paste samples was conducted. (nih.gov)
- The Effect of Different Stabilizers on Stability of Horseradish Peroxidase- Bovine Serum Albumin-Aflatoxin B1, a Conjugated Tracer for Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Immunoassay-Based Methods', Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research , Volume 6(Number 3), pp. 179-184. (ac.ir)
- Farzamfar, B., Bayanolhagh, S., Mahboudi, F., Zahrai, M. The Effect of Different Stabilizers on Stability of Horseradish Peroxidase- Bovine Serum Albumin-Aflatoxin B1, a Conjugated Tracer for Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Immunoassay-Based Methods. (ac.ir)
- In order to provide new tools for aflatoxin screening two prototype fast ELISA methods: one for the detection of aflatoxin B1 and the other for total aflatoxins were developed. (qub.ac.uk)
- The method of spectroscopic ellipsometry in total internal reflection mode (TIRE) was utilised for detection of Aflatoxin B1. (shu.ac.uk)
- Diagnostic Automation Inc. offers an Aflatoxin B1 Food ELISA Kit that is an Enzyme Immunoassay for the Quantitative determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Food. (rapidtest.com)
- High performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed and validated according to the protocol on Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology, International Cooperation on Harmonization (ICH) with respect to linearity, sensitivity, precision, LOD, LOQ and accuracy for determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2. (tsijournals.com)
- Ursolic acid inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in a Salmonella assay system. (biomedsearch.com)
- An attempt was made to isolate the active component of Eriobotrya japonica, which inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay system. (biomedsearch.com)
- The Aflatoxin B1 Food ELISA Kit is a quantitative test based on the principle of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. (rapidtest.com)
- Tavakoli HR, Kamkar A, Riazipour M, Mozaffari Nejad S, Rafati Shaldehi H. Assessment of Aflatoxin M 1 Levels by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay in Yoghurt Consumed in Tehran, Iran. (ac.ir)
- There are currently no images for Aflatoxin B1 Antibody (NB600-443B). (novusbio.com)
- This Aflatoxin B1 antibody is useful for ELISA, Immunohistochemistry, Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence and Western blot. (novusbio.com)
- Immobilized and free aflatoxin B1 compete for the antibody binding sites. (rapidtest.com)
- Small volumes of anti-Aflatoxins B1+B2+G1+G2 antibody vial(s) may occasionally become entrapped in the seal of the product vial during shipment and storage. (xlbiotec.com)
- The tissue concentrations of aflatoxins for the microcrystalline group were significantly greater at 3 hr in all tissues examined except for the trachea and lung in which those for the dust-adsorbed group were greater. (usu.edu)
- This work developed a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the detection and quantitation of aflatoxins in smokeless tobacco products, which was then used to determine aflatoxin B1 concentrations in 32 smokeless tobacco products commercially available in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- The method of TIRE with the improved data analysis was capable of detection of aflatoxin molecules in low concentrations (down to 0.04 ng/ml) using a label-free and cost-effective direct immunoassay format. (shu.ac.uk)
- It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. (wikipedia.org)
- Emerole G.O., Neskovic, N. and Dixon, R.L. (1979) The detoxication of aflatoxin B 1 with glutathione. (springer.com)
- Whole-body autoradiography of 3 H-labeled aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) in adult C57BL mice pretreated with the glutathione (GSH)-depleting agent phorone showed accumulation of tissue-bound radioactivity in the nasal olfactory and respiratory mucosa, the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal duct, and the tracheal and esophageal mucosa, which was not seen in unpretreated adult mice. (aacrjournals.org)
- ATP-dependent transport of aflatoxin B1 and its glutathione conjugates by the product of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) gene. (semanticscholar.org)
- Kevin D. Raney, David J. Meyer, Brian Ketterer, Thomas M. Harris, and F. Peter Guengerich, "Glutathione Conjugation of Aflatoxin B1 exo- and endo-Epoxides by Rat and Human Glutathione S-Transferases", Chem. (toxbank.net)
- Animals are exposed to aflatoxins by consumption of feeds that are contaminated by aflatoxin producing fungal strains during growth, harvest or storage. (prognosis-biotech.com)
- The method is implemented as follows: aflatoxin B1, prepared by conjugation with a carrier protein and the creation of an emulsion through the addition of conjugation. (all.biz)
- Free aflatoxin in sample solutions and the immobilized antigen compete for aflatoxin enzyme conjugate. (krishgen.com)
- An aflatoxin conjugate is bound on the surface of a microtiter plate. (rapidtest.com)
- Aflatoxins are potent molecules with many biological effects. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is able to bind the potent hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) and thus potentially restrict its rapid absorption from the intestine. (asm.org)
- Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), a potent hepatocarcinogen, enhances ROS formation and causes oxidative DNA damage, which may play a role in its carcinogenicity. (oup.com)
- Abdel-Wahhab MA and Ahy SE (2003) Antioxidants and radical scavenging properties of vegetable extracts in rats fed aflatoxin contaminated diet. (springer.com)
- Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, and Ko KM (1996) Effect of a lignan enriched extract of Schisandra chinensis on aflatoxin B 1 and cadmium chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. (springer.com)
- Jodynis-Liebert J, Matlawska I, Bylka W, and Murias M (2006) Protective effect of Aquilegia vulgaris L. on aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic damage in rats. (springer.com)
- Wogan, G.N., Edwards, G.S. Shank, R.C. (1967) Excretion and Tissue Distribution of Radioactivity from aflatoxin B 1 - 14 C in rats cancer Res. (springer.com)
- AFB 1 -Cl 2 was much more active than aflatoxin B 1 in inducing sarcomas at the s.c. injection site in rats, in the initiation of papillomas on the skin of mice, and in the induction of lung tumors in mice. (aacrjournals.org)
- GMP+ International adjusted the risk profile for Aflatoxin B1 for maize. (allaboutfeed.net)
- When uploading this information, please make sure that the origin of the maize is entered correctly and that the levels of Aflatoxin detected are entered with the correct unit (mg/kg). (allaboutfeed.net)
- Overall, 76% of maize, 64% of millet and 60% of sorghum samples were positive for aflatoxin B1. (cgiar.org)
- Of these, the proportion of samples with aflatoxin B1 levels above the Kenya Bureau of Standards limit of five parts per billion was 26% for maize, 10% for millet and 11% for sorghum. (cgiar.org)
- Total aflatoxins ELISA was further applied to analyse naturally contaminated maize porridge and distiller's dried grain with solubles samples and the results were correlated with these obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS method. (qub.ac.uk)
- Given the potential of aflatoxins as human carcinogens and their known activity as toxins in animal feeds, many international regulatory agencies monitor aflatoxin levels in susceptible crops. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Aflatoxin B1 is mostly found in contaminated food and humans are exposed to aflatoxin B1 almost entirely through their diet. (wikipedia.org)
- Aflatoxin-contaminated food is a public health concern. (cgiar.org)
- When contaminated food is processed, aflatoxins enter the general food supply where they have been found in both pet and human foods, as well as in feedstocks for agricultural animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Animals fed contaminated food can pass aflatoxin transformation products into eggs, milk products, and meat. (wikipedia.org)
- In animals, aflatoxin B1 has also been shown to be mutagenic, teratogenic, and to cause immunosuppression. (wikipedia.org)
- The primary target of aflatoxins is the hepatic system. (toxbank.net)
- Vol 9: Response of the Hepatic Transcriptome to Aflatoxin B1 in Domestic Turkey Meleagris gallopavo. (duhnnae.com)
- Mycoflora and incidence of aflatoxin B1 , zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in poultry feeds in Argentina. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Kaaya A.N., Management of aflatoxins in cereals, legumes and tubers, In: AT Uganda Ltd., Final technical report CPP R8435 (ZA0653) and R8442 (ZA0666) appendix 12, 2009. (degruyter.com)
- Once consumed, aflatoxins (AFs) accumulate in tissues, causing illnesses in animals and humans. (mdpi.com)
- Comparative Activation of Aflatoxin B1 by Mammlian Pulmonary Tissues" by R. Wayne Ball, J. Michael Huie et al. (usu.edu)
- Both chronical and acute intoxications are effected by aflatoxins. (rapidtest.com)
- A reliable and rapid method has been developed for the determination of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) in four kinds of feedstuffs comprising broken rice, peanuts, corn, and fishmeal. (hindawi.com)
- Diagnostic Automation Inc. offers several popular Food ELISA Test Kits: Chloramphenicol ELISA Kit, Fumonisin ELISA Kit, Streptomycin ELISA Kit, Aflatoxin M1 ELISA Kit, Penicillin ELISA Kit, Histamine ELISA Kit, and Verotoxin Antigen in Food ELISA Test Kit. (rapidtest.com)
- Development and optimization of a supercritical fluid extraction method for the analysis of aflatoxin b1 in grain dust. (cdc.gov)
- Biological detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Bacillus licheniformis CFR1. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Buch, JK , Buch, S & Dave, PJ 1982, ' Microsome-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B 1 in Bacillus megaterium SJ-6 his - ', FEMS Microbiology Letters , vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 349-352. (elsevier.com)
- Intervention approaches at the individual level use either sorbent materials to prevent aflatoxin absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (enterosorption) or compounds that alter activation or detoxification of AFB 1 (chemoprotection) ( 48 ). (asm.org)
- Aflatoxin total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of a group of organic compounds called aflatoxins. (wikipedia.org)
- Background & Aims: Aflatoxins are a group of toxic compounds found in most plant products such as pistachio, corn, spices, wheat, and rice. (ac.ir)
- Aflatoxin B1 is considered the most toxic aflatoxin and it is highly implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- Current Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Aflatoxin B1, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. (toxbank.net)
- Furthermore, Ames test for mutagenicity showed that when treated with B. licheniformis CFR1 extracellular fraction coincided with the loss of Aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity. (cftri.com)
- The concentration of aflatoxin in positive samples ranged from trace to 366 ppb (366 μg/kg). (nepjol.info)
- Results: Aflatoxin B1 was found in all samples, and the concentration of aflatoxin ranged from 63.16 to 626.81 ng/kg. (ac.ir)
- Since A. flavus and A. parasiticus are nearly ubiquitous in the natural environment, numerous other grain, legume, nut, and spice crops, as well as coffee and cocoa, have been reported to contain aflatoxins. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Most controlling government agencies worldwide have regulations regarding the amount of aflatoxins allowable in human and animal foodstuffs. (prognosis-biotech.com)