Afferent pathways. Medical search

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and NOCICEPTORS which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)

A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.

Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.

Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.

The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/2523)

Neurological findings suggest that the human striate cortex (V1) is an indispensable component of a neural substratum subserving static achromatic form perception in its own right and not simply as a central distributor of retinally derived information to extrastriate visual areas. This view is further supported by physiological evidence in primates that the finest-grained conjoined representation of spatial detail and retinotopic localization that underlies phenomenal visual experience for local brightness discriminations is selectively represented at cortical levels by the activity of certain neurons in V1. However, at first glance, support for these ideas would appear to be undermined by incontrovertible neurological evidence (visual hemineglect and the simultanagnosias) and recent psychophysical results on 'crowding' that confirm that activation of neurons in V1 may, at times, be insufficient to generate a percept. Moreover, a recent proposal suggests that neural correlates of visual awareness must project directly to those in executive space, thus automatically excluding V1 from a related perceptual space because V1 lacks such direct projections. Both sets of concerns are, however, resolved within the context of adaptive resonance theories. Recursive loops, linking the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) through successive cortical visual areas to the temporal lobe by means of a series of ascending and descending pathways, provide a neuronal substratum at each level within a modular framework for mutually consistent descriptions of sensory data. At steady state, such networks obviate the necessity that neural correlates of visual experience project directly to those in executive space because a neural phenomenal perceptual space subserving form vision is continuously updated by information from an object recognition space equivalent to that destined to reach executive space. Within this framework, activity in V1 may engender percepts that accompany figure-ground segregations only when dynamic incongruities are resolved both within and between ascending and descending streams. Synchronous neuronal activity on a short timescale within and across cortical areas, proposed and sometimes observed as perceptual correlates, may also serve as a marker that a steady state has been achieved, which, in turn, may be a requirement for the longer time constants that accompany the emergence and stability of perceptual states compared to the faster dynamics of adapting networks and the still faster dynamics of individual action potentials. Finally, the same consensus of neuronal activity across ascending and descending pathways linking multiple cortical areas that in anatomic sequence subserve phenomenal visual experiences and object recognition may underlie the normal unity of conscious experience. (+info)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (2/2523)

Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long mechanoreceptor hairs (>1000 microm) are most sensitive to low-frequency air currents (<150 Hz); receptors innervating medium-length hairs (900-500 microm) are most sensitive to higher frequency ranges (150-400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (). We demonstrate here that the projection pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a continuous map of stimulus direction. However, the afferents from the long and medium-length hair afferents show very little spatial segregation with respect to their frequency sensitivity. The possible functional significance of this small degree of spatial segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative overlap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establishing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons. (+info)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (3/2523)

Repetitive ectopic discharges from injured afferent nerves play an important role in initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is effective for treatment of neuropathic pain but the sites and mechanisms of its antinociceptive actions remain uncertain. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis that therapeutic doses of gabapentin suppress ectopic afferent discharge activity generated from injured peripheral nerves. Mechanical allodynia, induced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats, was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the hindpaw. Single-unit afferent nerve activity was recorded proximal to the ligated sciatic nerve site. Intravenous gabapentin, in a range of 30 to 90 mg/kg, significantly attenuated allodynia in nerve-injured rats. Furthermore, gabapentin, in the same therapeutic dose range, dose-dependently inhibited the ectopic discharge activity of 15 injured sciatic afferent nerve fibers through an action on impulse generation. However, the conduction velocity and responses of 12 normal afferent fibers to mechanical stimulation were not affected by gabapentin. Therefore, this study provides electrophysiological evidence that gabapentin is capable of suppressing the ectopic discharge activity from injured peripheral nerves. This action may contribute, at least in part, to the antiallodynic effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. (+info)

Varying the degree of single-whisker stimulation differentially affects phases of intrinsic signals in rat barrel cortex. (4/2523)

Using intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI), we have shown previously that the point spread of evoked activity in the rat barrel cortex in response to single-whisker stimulation encompasses a surprisingly large area. Given that our typical stimulation consists of five deflections at 5 Hz, the large area of evoked activity might have resulted from repetitive stimulation. Thus in the present study, we use ISI through the thinned skull to determine whether decreasing the degree of single-whisker stimulation decreases the area of the cortical point spread. We additionally outline a protocol to quantify stimulus-related differences in the temporal characteristics of intrinsic signals at a fine spatial scale. In 10 adult rats, whisker C2 was stimulated randomly with either one or five deflections delivered in a rostral-to-caudal fashion. Each deflection consisted of a 0.5-mm displacement of the whisker as measured at the point of contact, 15 mm from the snout. The number of whisker deflections did not affect the area or peak magnitude of the cortical point spread based on the intrinsic signal activity occurring from 0.5 up to 1.5 s poststimulus onset. In contrast, the magnitude and time course of intrinsic signal activity collected after 1.5-s poststimulus onset did reflect the difference in the degree of stimulation. Thus decreasing the degree of stimulation differentially affected the early and late phases of the evoked intrinsic signal response. The implications of the present results are discussed in respect to probable differences in the signal source underlying the early versus later phases of evoked intrinsic signals. (+info)

Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. (5/2523)

In this investigation we have estimated the afferent contribution to the generation of activity in the knee and ankle extensor muscles during walking in decerebrate cats by loading and unloading extensor muscles, and by unilateral deafferentation of a hind leg. The total contribution of afferent feedback to extensor burst generation was estimated by allowing one hind leg to step into a hole in the treadmill belt on which the animal was walking. In the absence of ground support the level of activity in knee and ankle extensor muscles was reduced to approximately 70% of normal. Activity in the ankle extensors could be restored during the "foot-in-hole" trials by selectively resisting extension at the ankle. Thus feedback from proprioceptors in the ankle extensor muscles probably makes a large contribution to burst generation in these muscles during weight-bearing steps. Similarly, feedback from proprioceptors in knee extensor appears to contribute substantially to the activation of knee extensor muscles because unloading and loading these muscles, by lifting and dropping the hindquarters, strongly reduced and increased, respectively, the level of activity in the knee extensors. This conclusion was supported by the finding that partial deafferentation of one hind leg by transection of the L4-L6 dorsal roots reduced the level of activity in the knee extensors by approximately 50%, but did not noticeably influence the activity in ankle extensor muscles. However, extending the deafferentation to include the L7-S2 dorsal roots decreased the ankle extensor activity. We conclude that afferent feedback contributes to more than one-half of the input to knee and ankle extensor motoneurons during the stance phase of walking in decerebrate cats. The continuous contribution of afferent feedback to the generation of extensor activity could function to automatically adjust the intensity of activity to meet external demands. (+info)

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. II. Responses To object texture and weights. (6/2523)

Three monkeys were trained to lift and hold a test object within a 12- to 25-mm position window for 1 s. The activity of single neurons was recorded during performance of the task in which both the weight and surface texture of the object were systematically varied. Whenever possible, each cell was tested with three weights (15, 65, and 115 g) and three textures (smooth metal, fine 200 grit sandpaper, and rough 60 grit sandpaper). Of 386 cells recorded in 3 monkeys, 45 cells had cutaneous receptive fields on the index or thumb or part of the thenar eminence and were held long enough to be tested in all 9 combinations of texture and weight. Recordings were made for the entire anterior-posterior extent of the thumb and index finger areas in somatosensory cortex including area 7b. However, the statistical analysis required a selection of only those cells for which nine complete recording conditions were available limiting the sample to cells in areas 2, 5, and 7b. Significant differences in the grip force accompanied 98% of the changes in texture and 78% of the changes in weight. Increasing the object weight also increased the force tangential to the skin surface as measured by the load or lifting force. The peak discharge during lifting was judged to be the most sensitive index of cell activity and was analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, peak cell discharge was normalized to allow comparisons among different combinations of texture and weight as well as comparisons among different neurons. Overall, the peak firing frequency of 87% of the cells was significantly modulated by changes in object texture, but changes in object weight affected the peak activity of only 58% of the cells. Almost all (17/18, 94%) of the static cells were influenced by the object texture, and 81% of the dynamic cells that were active only briefly at grip and lift onset were modulated by texture. For some cells, surface texture had a significant effect on neuronal discharge that was independent of the object weight. In contrast, weight-related responses were never simple main effects of the weight alone and appeared instead as significant interactions between texture and weight. Four neurons either increased or decreased activity in a graded fashion with surface structure (roughness) regardless of the object weight (P < 0.05). Ten other neurons showed increases or decreases in response to one or two textures, which might represent either a graded response or a tuning preference for a specific texture. The firing frequency of the majority (31/45) of neurons reflected an interaction of both texture and weight. The cells with texture-related but weight-independent activities were thought to encode surface characteristics that are largely independent of the grip and lifting forces used to manipulate the object. Such constancies could be used to construct internal representations or mental models for planning and controlling object manipulation. (+info)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/2523)

Fear conditioning involves the transmission of sensory stimuli to the amygdala from the thalamus and cortex. These input synapses are prime candidates for sites of plasticity critical to the learning in fear conditioning. Because N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms have been implicated in fear learning, we investigated the contribution of NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission at putative cortical and thalamic inputs using visualized whole cell recording in amygdala brain slices. Whereas NMDA receptors are present at both of these pathways, differences were observed. First, the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response, relative to the NMDA component, is smaller at thalamic than cortical input synapses. Second, thalamic NMDA responses are more sensitive to Mg2+. These findings suggest that there are distinct populations of NMDA receptors at cortical and thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala. Differences such as these might underlie unique contributions of the two pathways to fear conditioning. (+info)

Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. (8/2523)

Intracellular recordings from the sole proprioceptor (the oval organ) in the crab ventilatory system show that the nonspiking afferent fibers from this organ receive a cyclic hyperpolarizing inhibition in phase with the ventilatory motor pattern. Although depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current pulses injected into a single afferent will reset the ventilatory motor pattern, the inhibitory input is of sufficient magnitude to block afferent input to the ventilatory central pattern generator (CPG) for approximately 50% of the cycle period. It is proposed that this inhibitory input serves to gate sensory input to the ventilatory CPG to provide an unambiguous input to the ventilatory CPG. (+info)

A neuroanatomical review of the pain pathway, "Afferent pain pathways" by Almeida, describes various specific nociceptive ... "Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review". Brain Res. 1000 (1-2): 40-56. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.073. PMID ... Norman Doidge, the brain is limited in the sense that it tends to focus on the most used pathways. Therefore, having a common ... Then, there are also the descending pathways for the modulation of pain sensation. One of the brainstem regions responsible for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_and_pleasure

This is the afferent neural pathway. Unlike other areas responsible for involuntary actions like swallowing, there is no ... The efferent neural pathway then follows, with relevant signals transmitted back from the cerebral cortex and medulla via the ... This reflex may also be impaired by damage to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which relays the afferent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_reflex

Cranial Nerve II and Afferent Visual Pathways". Textbook of Clinical Neurology (3rd ed.). Saunders. pp. 113-132. doi:10.1016/ ... "The Visual Pathway from Below" NIF Search - Calcarine Fissure via the Neuroscience Information Framework (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus

A relatively small afferent contribution is present. The efferent pathways include the cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and ... Afferent pathways include the anterior spinocerebellar and tectocerebellar tracts. The fibers of the anterior spinocerebellar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncle

"Central pathways responsible for depolarization of primary afferent fibres". The Journal of Physiology. 65 (2): 237-257. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon_Kostiuk

Pathways Arise from Subpopulations of Primary Afferent Nociceptor". Neuron. 47 (6): 787-793. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.015. ... The peduncle is not part of the lateral-spinothalamic-tract-pathway; the medulla receives the info and passes it onto the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception

Wang, S. C.; Borison, Herbert L. (1951). "Copper Sulphate Emesis: A Study of Afferent Pathways from the Gastrointestinal Tract ... Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting

Luo, Pifu; Moritani, Masayuki; Dessem, Dean (2001-07-02). "Jaw-muscle spindle afferent pathways to the trigeminal motor nucleus ... The downstream pathways involving in regulation of CSCs are Wnt, SHH, Notch, TGF-β, RTKs-EGF, FGF, IGF, HGF. NFκB regulates the ... While, Wnt signaling pathways and β-catenin are important for stem cell maintenance, over-expression of β-catenin in hair ... Other important signalling pathways include the MAPK and Hedgehog, which regulate germline enclosure and somatic cell self- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_niche

The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are ... mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterostatin

The ascending or afferent pathways to the cerebellum are the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts. They are involved in ... Ib afferents synapse with interneurons in the spinal cord that also project to the brain cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The ... Each capsule is about 1 mm long, has a diameter of about 0.1 mm, and is perforated by one or more afferent type Ib sensory ... This stretching deforms the terminals of the Ib afferent axon, opening stretch-sensitive cation channels. As a result, the Ib ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ

The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ... The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe.[citation needed] All of these efferent pathways ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus

... and visceral afferent pathways in mouse cerebral cortex". Brain Research Bulletin. 12 (3): 221-226. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84) ... Afferent taste fibers from the facial and from the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves are sent to the nucleus solitarius. The ... All visceral afferents in the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves first arrive in the nucleus of the solitary tract and ... Norgren, Ralph; Leonard, Christiana M. (1973-07-15). "Ascending central gustatory pathways". The Journal of Comparative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus

"The Major Afferent Pathway for Mechanosensory Information: The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System". Neuroscience. 2nd ... The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents. In the peripheral nervous system, afferents refer to the ... "Gephyrin Clusters Are Absent from Small Diameter Primary Afferent Terminals Despite the Presence of GABAA Receptors". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion

By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals ... The pathway taken by the nerve impulse to accomplish a reflex action is called the reflex arc. When a reflex arc in an animal ... A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the ... A reflex arc, then, is the pathway followed by nerves which (a.) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_arc

"Role of presynaptic inputs to proprioceptive afferents in tuning sensorimotor pathways of an insect joint control network". ... A reflex occurs via neural pathways in the nervous system called reflex arcs. A stimulus initiates a neural signal, which is ... The simplest type of reflex, a short-latency reflex, has a single synapse, or junction, in the signaling pathway. Long-latency ... Büschges A, Manira AE (December 1998). "Sensory pathways and their modulation in the control of locomotion". Current Opinion in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex

The pupillary light reflex neural pathway on each side has an afferent limb and two efferent limbs. The afferent limb has nerve ... therefore damaging the left afferent limb, leaving the rest of the pupillary light reflex neural pathway on both sides intact) ... The afferent limb carries sensory input. Anatomically, the afferent limb consists of the retina, the optic nerve, and the ... Right afferent limb is intact, but left efferent limb, left CN III, is damaged. For example, in a person with abnormal left ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex

Researchers studying the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the feline clitoris concluded that "afferent neurons ... February 1994). "Morphological and electrophysiological analysis of the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the ... The average cross sectional area of clitoral afferent neuron profiles was 1.479±627 μm2." They also stated that light "constant ... "indicate that the clitoris is innervated by mechano-sensitive myelinated afferent fibers in the pudental nerve which project ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris

Visceral afferent fibers go to spinal cord following pathway of pelvic splanchnic nerve fibers. The parasympathetic nervous ... They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerves

McFadyen, Jessica (2019). "An afferent white matter pathway from the pulvinar to the amygdala facilitates fear recognition". ... This ultimately increases our neural pathways allowing us to increase our knowledge of the world around us. When our brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala

It enhances bladder storage via suppression of the afferent limb of the micturition reflex pathway. Fujimura M, Izumimoto N, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltalimide

In the spinal cord reflex pathway the afferent neuron transmits information to spinal cord interneurons. These interneurons act ... The axon reflex pathway does not include an integration center or synapse that relays communication between neurons in the ... Langley defined this pathway as "axon reflex." In the early 20th century, British cardiologist Sir Thomas Lewis researched ... Acetylcholine also activates sudomotor fibers and primary afferent nociceptors, triggering axon reflexes in both. However, with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_reflex

"Role of joint afferents in motor control exemplified by effects on reflex pathways from Ib afferents". The Journal of ... Poppelle and Bowman used linear system theory to model mammalian muscle spindles Ia and II afferents. They obtained a set of de ... To determine the load on a limb, vertebrates use sensory neurons in the Golgi tendon organs: type Ib afferents. These ... Murphy JT, Wong YC, Kwan HC (July 1975). "Afferent-efferent linkages in motor cortex for single forelimb muscles". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception

"The afferent and efferent organization of the lateral geniculo-prestriate pathways in the macaque monkey". The Journal of ... Evidence also suggests that, following a traumatic injury to V1, there is still a direct pathway from the retina through the ... Rodman HR, Gross CG, Albright TD (June 1989). "Afferent basis of visual response properties in area MT of the macaque. I. ... Cragg, B.G. (1969-07-01). "The topography of the afferent projections in the circumstriate visual cortex of the monkey studied ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight

The aortic nerve is part of the nerve pathway that allows for afferent impulses to be sent from the aortic arch to the medulla ... Uchida, Y (1975-04-01). "Afferent aortic nerve fibers with their pathways in cardiac sympathetic nerves". American Journal of ... It supplies autonomic afferent nerve fibers to the peripheral baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found in the aortic arch. The ... aortic nerve is an autonomic afferent nerve fiber, and runs from the peripheral baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_nerve

Perl's work at Utah focused on spinothalamic somatosensory pathways and the interactions between primary afferent neurons and ... Previous work by Ainsley Iggo had provided a small sample of primary afferent fibers that are now understood to have been C- ... Myelinated afferent fibres innervating the primate skin and their response to noxious stimuli. J. Physiol. (London) 197: 593- ... A specific inhibitory pathway between substantia gelatinosa neurons receiving direct C-fiber input. J. Neurosci. 23: 8752-8758 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Perl

... a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory neuropathy". Nat. Genet. 38 (7): 770-8. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lathrop

... a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory neuropathy". Nat. Genet. 38 (7): 770-8. doi: ... The encoded protein is required for the proper function of auditory pathway neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of non- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejvakin

"Acute and chronic changes in dorsal horn innervation by primary afferents and descending supraspinal pathways after spinal cord ... Mechanoreceptors follow the same general pathway. However, they do not cross over at the level of the spinal cord, but at the ... Both pathways depend on the production of chemokines and other molecules important in the inflammatory response.[citation ... TNF-alpha then binds to the TNF receptors expressed on nociceptors, activating the MAPK/NF-kappa B pathways. This leads to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia

The secondary nerve association involves an efferent and afferent pathway that measure the stress and strain placed on the ... As intrafusal muscle fibers, nuclear chain fibers are innervated by both sensory afferents and motor efferents. The afferent ... The afferent pathway resembles a spring wrapping around the nuclear chain fiber and connecting to one of its ends away from the ... Again, depending on the stress and strain the muscles sustains, this afferent and efferent coordination will measure the " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_chain_fiber

The spasticity occurs when the afferent pathways in the brain are compromised and the communication between the brain to the ... Cerebral Palsy~clinical at eMedicine el-Abd MA, Ibrahim IK (March 1994). "Impaired afferent control in patients with spastic ... The theory behind constraint-induced movement therapy is that new neural pathways are created. Alternative forms of physical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spastic_hemiplegia

The reflex pathway (reflex arc) is a sequence of neurons connecting the sensory input (afferent neuron) to the motor output ( ... The general pathway of a spinal reflex is one which involves neurons contained within the spinal cord. However, the brain may ... The crossed synchrony may be partially due to a shared neural pathway between upper and lower limbs. While the function of this ... There are also reflex pathways involved in more dynamic activities such as walking and running, helping to ensure a smooth gait ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_reflex_in_human_locomotion

This pathway initially follows the dorsal spino-cerebellar pathway. It is arranged as follows: proprioceptive receptors of ... The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be ... Some of the "pain fibers" in the ALS deviate from their pathway towards the VPLN. In one such deviation, axons travel towards ... The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Much shorter than its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

The biosynthetic pathway of N-arachindonoyldopamine is not well understood. It has been proposed to be conjugated from ... receptor-mediated effects of the endovanilloid/endocannabinoid N-arachidonoyl-dopamine on primary afferent fibre and spinal ... and activator protein 1 signaling pathways". Journal of Immunology. 172 (4): 2341-2351. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2341. ISSN ... N-acyl-dopamines induce COX-2 expression in brain endothelial cells by stabilizing mRNA through a p38 dependent pathway". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine

This area links auditory and motor representations of speech through a pathway that starts in the superior temporal cortex, ... The translation phase involves afferent codes that uses the auditory system and neural networks. The choice phase involves ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_shadowing

... via the vagus nerve Chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings ... Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal ... The pathways for gastric and gustatory (taste) processes are believed to terminate in different subdivisions of the ... Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent (sensory) cranial nerves schematically represented; lateral view. Solitary tract Duane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_nucleus

Type Aβ fibres, and type Aγ, are the type II afferent fibers from stretch receptors. Type Aβ fibres from the skin are mostly ... This pathway describes the first-order neuron. Aδ fibers serve to receive and transmit information primarily relating to acute ... Group A nerves are found in both motor and sensory pathways. Different sensory receptors are innervated by different types of ... Type Aδ fibers are the afferent fibers of nociceptors. Aδ fibers carry information from peripheral mechanoreceptors and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A_nerve_fiber

In insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like Drosophila there are olfactory sensory ... López-Riquelme, G.O. (June 2014). "Odotopic afferent representation of the glomerular antennal lobe organization in the ... "Two Parallel Olfactory Pathways for Processing General Odors in a Cockroach". Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 11: 32. doi:10.3389 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennal_lobe

On a similar basis, nerves into the nervous system are afferent nerves and ones out are termed efferent nerves. When an ... The inhibitory commands originate at the same time as the motor command and target the sensory pathway that would report any ... This is unique from the efference copy, since the corollary discharge is actually fed into the sensory pathway to cancel out ... "The view [of von Helmholtz and his followers] which dispenses with peripheral organs and afferent nerves for the muscular sense ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efference_copy

However, if there is an imbalance such that the protein synthetic pathway is decreased relative to that of the rate of ... Shenkman, BS; Litvinova, KS; Nemirovskaya, TL; Podlubnaya, ZA; Vikhlyantsev, IM; Kozlovskaya, IB (July 2004). "Afferent and ... Additionally, use of the metabolic pathway for glucose uptake is increased in muscles undergoing HS. Thus, while the enzyme ... constituting the PI3kinase/akt/mTOR pathway), which regulates the protein synthetic apparatus controlling protein translation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

... "re-afferent" input generated from the moving limb, that is, the afferent return from the moving limb associated with the self- ... These areas are closely linked in terms of motor planning and its final pathways. The callosal variant includes advanced willed ... The afferent return from the limb is effectively correlated with the efference copy signal so that the re-afference can be ... When the efference copy is no longer normally generated, then the afferent return from the limb associated with the self- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_hand_syndrome

Neural pathways regulate brain-body interactions and allow to sense and control its body and interact with the environment. ... involve both efferent nerve fibres that transmit action potentials to the muscles to generate muscle contractions and afferent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain–body_interaction

Pathways through cerebral white matter can be charted by histological dissection and staining, by degeneration methods, and by ... "Extension of corticocortical afferents into the anterior bank of the intraparietal sulcus by tool-use training in adult monkeys ... Axonal tracing methods form the primary basis for the systematic charting of long-distance pathways into extensive, species- ... Tract tracing, often described as the "gold standard" of neuroanatomy for detecting long-range pathways across the brain, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectome

A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain-machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between ... the topographic organization of the primary visual cortex is such that a broader area obtains afferents from the central or ... "The effect of type of afferent feedback timed with motor imagery on the induction of cortical plasticity". Brain Research. 1674 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain–computer_interface

When afferent feedback is provided, the scratch response is more accurate in terms of accessing the stimulus site. Recordings ... The current theory is that efference copies from CPGs travel to the cerebellum via spinocerebellar pathways. These signals then ... Another general aspect of the scratch response is that the response continues even after afferent input from the stimulated ... This discovery was made while studying animals with silenced afferent neurons from the scratching limb, meaning no movement- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_reflex

Afferent signals are sensory neuronal signals that ascend to the brain. Afferent neurons significant in dyspnea arise from a ... Different physiological pathways may lead to shortness of breath including via ASIC chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and lung ... As the brain receives its plentiful supply of afferent information relating to ventilation, it is able to compare it to the ... It is believed the central processing in the brain compares the afferent and efferent signals; and dyspnea results when a " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath

In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the axons are called afferent nerve ... A recent study has also found that macrophages activated through a specific inflammatory pathway activated by the Dectin-1 ... afferents) and the motor fibers (efferents). The first group A, was subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta fibers - Aα, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon

The loss of auditory nerve fibers or synapses has been simulated by assuming (i) that each afferent fiber operates as a ... Perception of second-order AM has been interpreted as resulting from nonlinear mechanisms in the auditory pathway that produce ... The first problem is that the temporal information deteriorates as it passes through successive stages of the auditory pathway ... Kay RH, Matthews DR (September 1972). "On the existence in human auditory pathways of channels selectively tuned to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure

Using acoustic stimuli to activate the MOC reflex pathway, recordings have been made from single efferent fibres in guinea pigs ... 1985). "Numerical estimations of structures in the cochlear nuclei and cochlear afferents and efferents". Acta Otolaryngol ... The MOCS' response to sound is mediated through the MOC acoustic reflex pathway (see inset), which had been previously ... Nov 2003). "Modulation of cochlear afferent response by the lateral olivocochlear system: activation via electrical stimulation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivocochlear_system

In the initial part of this pathway, the axons project through the perforant pathway to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus ... de Olmos J, Hardy H, Heimer L (Sep 1978). "The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in ... The glutamatergic pathways have been seen to be largely affected. The subfield CA1 is seen to be the least involved of the ... Axons from the EC that originate in layer III are the origin of the direct perforant pathway and form synapses on the very ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus

Specialized sensory receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune the afferent fibers ... This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual information to the brain. There are three primary types of ... The sensory information travels on the afferent nerve fibers in a sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord. The stimulus ... Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuron

While the participant watches, the experimenter uses his or her finger to trace a pathway from the opening of the maze to the ... The CA3 is innervated by two afferent paths known as the perforant path (PPCA3) and the dentate gyrus (DG)-mediated mossy ... The length of the pathway varies depending on the level of difficulty (1-10) and the matrices themselves may vary in length ... The participant is then expected to replicate the demonstrated pathway through the maze to the drawing of the man. Mazes vary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_memory

"A Multimodal Training Modulates Short Afferent Inhibition and Improves Complex Walking in a Cohort of Faller Older Adults With ... causes a delay in reflexes and diminishes balance and fine motor control via its inhibitory effects on nerve pathways in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_prevention

This efference copy diverges, transmitted through two separate pathways, before the signals converge along with electrosensory ... and afferent input from the electrosensory receptors, the animal is able to eliminate predictable inputs produced by its own ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hebbian_learning

Damage to the central nervous system motor pathway from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei is found in the pons. This ... These circuits depend on the motor area to receive afferent information from the parietal areas. The input in one area is ... This idea using bilateral innervation to the upper facial motor neurons is rarely tested by humans because of the afferent ... The interaction of both of these systems enables the central motor pathways and a central feedback loop that determine the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_facial_palsy

Berman R.; Wurtz R. (2011). "Signals conveyed in the pulvinar pathway from superior colliculus to cortical area mt". The ... Inferior pulvinar nucleus, together with its lateral and medial nuclei, receives afferent input from superior colliculus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_pulvinar_nucleus

... suggesting either a direct suppression of nociceptive afferents on the nerve or an indirect modulation of the afferents' ... In support of the former "direct" pathway of arachidonic acid and glycine conjugation and hydrolysis, the secreted enzyme ... Using biochemical approaches, two proposed pathways include: 1) enzymatic conjugation of arachidonic acid and glycine and 2) ... "The endocannabinoid anandamide is a precursor for the signaling lipid N-arachidonoyl glycine by two distinct pathways". BMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine

2008). Spatial Attention Modulates Initial Afferent Activity in Human Primary Visual Cortex. Cerebral Cortex. vol. 18 (11) pp. ... Further evidence that the P1 is located along the ventral pathway comes from a studies using both ERPs and positron emission ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1_and_P1

This is true for not only for the striatal afferent but also for the subthalamic (see below). The synaptology of the set is ... The corticostriatal connection is an excitatory glutamatergic pathway. One small cortical site can project many axon branches ... Most of the dendritic spines on the medium spiny neurons synapse with cortical afferents and their axons project numerous ... One noticeable property of this ensemble is that not one of its elements receives cortical afferents. Initial collaterals are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_basal_ganglia

Most afferent and efferent connections of the forebrain have bilateral components, especially outside the primary sensory and ... Luiten, P.G.M. (1981). "Two visual pathways to the telencephalon in the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). I. retinal ... Luiten, P.G.M. (1981). "Two visual pathways to the telencephalon in the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). II. ascending ... and the afferent connections from the spine, the cerebellum and the pons to the thalamus are crossed. Thus, motor, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contralateral_brain

... afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway disorders). ... regions of the afferent visual pathway. Efferent visual pathway lesions can create a perception of oscillopsia, a visual ... afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how smoothly and synchronously their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway ... Afferent Visual Pathway Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. Optic neuritis is an inflammatory injury of ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1214270-166034/what-is-the-role-of-multiple-sclerosis-ms-in-the-development-of-diplopia

Mutations in the gene encoding pejvakin, a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory ... By immunohistofluorescence, pejvakin is detected in the cell bodies of neurons of the afferent auditory pathway. Furthermore, ... show abnormal auditory brainstem responses indicative of neuronal dysfunction along the auditory pathway. Unlike previously ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/mutations-in-the-gene-encoding-pejvakin-a-newly-identified-protein-of-the-afferent-auditory-pathway-cause-dfnb59-auditory-neuropathy/

Studies on the Role of Afferent Activity in the Visual Pathways of the Cat. I. Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Geniculate ... Kuppermann, Baruch Davidson (1983) Studies on the Role of Afferent Activity in the Visual Pathways of the Cat. I. Mechanisms ... Two studies were conducted examining the role of afferent activity on synaptic connectivity in the cats visual pathways. The ... Studies on the Role of Afferent Activity in the Visual Pathways of the Cat. ...

https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/11827/

This report analyzes the clinical and physiological evidence supporting a role for altered visceral afferent mechanisms in the ... Afferent Pathways / metabolism * Afferent Pathways / physiopathology * Autonomic Nervous System / physiopathology * Central ... Role of visceral afferent mechanisms in functional bowel disorders Gastroenterology. 1990 Dec;99(6):1688-704. doi: 10.1016/0016 ... Sensory input can be modulated peripherally at the afferent nerve terminal, at the level of prevertebral ganglia, the spinal ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2227282/?dopt=Abstract

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1214270-166029/what-is-the-prognosis-of-optic-neuritis-in-multiple-sclerosis-ms

The Auditory Afferent Pathway as a Clinical Marker of Alzheimers Disease - Medicine Innovates. Share * LinkedIn ...

https://medicineinnovates.com/auditory-afferent-pathway-clinical-marker-alzheimers-disease/erp-figure/

Dive into the research topics of Baseline Cerebro-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Afferent and Efferent Pathways Reveal ... Baseline Cerebro-Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Afferent and Efferent Pathways Reveal Dissociable Improvements in ...

https://scholar.nycu.edu.tw/en/publications/baseline-cerebro-cerebellar-functional-connectivity-in-afferent-a/fingerprints/

Canning, B. J. Functional implications of the multiple afferent pathways regulating cough. Pulm.Pharmacol.Ther 2011;24:295-299 ... An effect unrelated to actions on sensory afferent neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;202:129-31. View abstract. ... a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 10-23-1997;389:816-824. View abstract. ... Increased expression of vanilloid receptor 1 on myelinated primary afferent neurons contributes to the antihyperalgesic effect ...

https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/druginfo/natural/945.html

The Pathways for Afferent and Efferent Impulses. Influences Coming from the Heart. Pregnancy. Association Between Vomiting and ... Afferent Impulses Injuring the Brain. Mixed Effects of Stimulating Sympathetic Nerves. The Nature of the Involuntary Nervous ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/an-introduction-to-gastro-enterology/alvarez/978-1-4831-9888-0

... brain involving pathways from the cerebral cortex down to the spinal cord that can lead to inhibition or excitation of afferent ... Figure 3: Attentional and emotional factors modulate pain perception via different pathways.. ... Ascending nociceptive pathways. Fibres travelling to the brain from receptors in body tissues that respond to tissue-damaging ... Basbaum, A. I. & Fields, H. L. Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annu. Rev. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3516?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bbdbb8b6-0182-4de8-8021-00139b2e2353

Afferent pathways. In: Porter R, ed. Breathing. Hering-Breuer Centenary Symposium. London, J&A Churchill, 1970; pp. 111-124. ... Afferent impulses in the vagus and their effect on respiration. J Physiol (Lond) 1933;70:332-358. ... Vagal afferents are potentially implicated. Chest compression and lung deflation could potentially reduce the input from ... This is probably because of the abnormality in the mechanisms of the process of integration of the afferent sensation. If the ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/25/2/380

The trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves supply the afferent pathways for cough receptors; the vagus, through its ... Afferent impulses are transmitted to the cough center of the brain, located in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the medulla of ... The cough reflex has 3 components: an afferent sensory limb, a central processing center, and an efferent limb. [3] ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1048560-overview

Structure of the pecten neuropil pathway and its innervation by bimodal peg afferents in two scorpion species. *D. Drozd, H. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Functionally-redundant-peg-sensilla-on-the-scorpion-Knowlton-Gaffin/c86e284255a447270fa429e8eb17d76d1ff76dc2

Canning, B. J. Functional implications of the multiple afferent pathways regulating cough. Pulm.Pharmacol.Ther 2011;24(3):295- ... Rashid, M. H., Inoue, M., Bakoshi, S., and Ueda, H. Increased expression of vanilloid receptor 1 on myelinated primary afferent ... An effect unrelated to actions on sensory afferent neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;202:129-31. View abstract. ... a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 10-23-1997;389(6653):816-824. View abstract. ...

https://www.rxlist.com/capsicum/supplements.htm

... resulting from lesions in postchiasmatic afferent visual pathways. Several studies in patients with hemianopia have shown that ... Ventral and dorsal visual pathways support auditory motion processing in the blind: Evidence from electrical neuroimaging ... pathway mainly subserving sound identification and a posterodorsal (where) stream mainly subserving sound localization. ... by a loss of vision in one hemifield that is caused by unilateral brain lesions involving the visual cortex or its afferents. ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joerg-Lewald

By activating this afferent pathway, Barostim restores sympatho-vagal balance by reducing sympathetic activity and increasing ...

https://www.cvrx.com/cvrx-barostim-therapy-for-heart-failure-clinical-trial-results-presented-in-a-featured-clinical-research-session-of-the-american-college-of-cardiology-annual-conference/

As well, the exposure to solvents can effect the afferent and efferent auditory pathways. Ototoxic drugs have been shown ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=%27organic+solvent%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&B1=Search&terms=3&Adv=1&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=16&RecNo=159&View=f&

The spinal itch pathway[edit]. After the pruriceptive primary afferent has been activated, the signal is transmitted from the ... Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. They could ... The primary afferent neurons responsible for histamine-induced itch are unmyelinated C-fibres.[1] ... Molecular diversity of itch transmitting primary afferents[edit]. Using single-cell mRNA sequencing, sensory-modality specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchiness

Spiegler, A.; Knösche, T. R.: Considering afferent pathways on interneurons in the Jansen and Rit Neural Mass Model. 15th ...

https://www.cbs.mpg.de/publication-search/7076?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons20007

As well, the exposure to solvents can effect the afferent and efferent auditory pathways. Ototoxic drugs have been shown ...

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=%27hearing+loss%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&t1=0&s2=noise%2A&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=%2A&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=103&RecNo=1029&View=f&

Activation in vagal afferents and central autonomic pathways: early responses to intestinal infection with Campylobacter jejuni ... pathways; (ii) the vagus nerve acts as communication pathway (Rhee et al., 2009; Grenham et al., 2011); (iii) moreover, ... 2019). The gut and Parkinsons disease-a bidirectional pathway. Front. Neurol. 10, 574. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00574 ... administration of Campylobacter jejuni triggers anxiety-like behaviors through a vagal-mediated pathway (Goehler et al., 2005 ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.946601/full

... communication between the liver and adipose tissue may occur through neural pathways involving hepatic vagal afferents (17). In ... Neuronal pathway from ther liver modulates energy expenditure and systemic insulin sensitivity. Science. 312:1656-1659. View ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/34827

Fawley HA, Hegarty DM, Aicher SA, Beaumont E, Andresen MC (2021) Dedicated c-fiber vagal sensory afferent pathways to the ... Vagal afferent activation suppresses systemic inflammation via the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun. ... T.S. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor, Cell ... Fos Expression in the Olfactory Pathway of High- and Low-Sexually Performing Rams Exposed to Urine from Estrous or ...

https://www.ohsu.edu/school-of-medicine/chemical-physiology-and-biochemistry/publications

... with CTN have abnormal LEPs indicates a dysfunction of nociceptive fibers or of CNS pathways evoked by nociceptive afferent ... 2. An MS plaque at the trigeminal root entry zone or in the pons affecting the intrapontine primary afferents has been ... or its presence is suggested by routine electrophysiological studies showing impairment of the trigeminal pathways. Both of the ... These findings demonstrate a mechanism by which afferent nociceptors could be stimulated by activity in low-threshold ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/954467_18

Further, we propose the mechanisms by which CPS represents deficits in dynamic interactions between afferent and efferent ... and reorganization along the sensory pathways of the spinothalamic tract in the pathogenesis of the painful sensations. We ... consciousness model in which consciousness and body schema arise when afferent information is processed by corticothalamic ... Information on the afferent pathway signals baseline subconscious and unconscious information. We assert that the afferent ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/12-1390452_84489.htm

AFFERENT INNERVATION. In the current study of FD, we provide evidence for alterations in visceral afferent pathways, mediating ... 21 As opposed to vagal afferents, splanchnic afferent pathways (sympathetic) are involved in the mediation of visceral pain. ... In contrast, several pieces of evidence suggest that altered function of visceral afferent pathways may be responsible for both ... Background-Hypersensitivity of gastric afferent pathways may play an aetiological role in symptoms of functional dyspepsia. ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/42/6/814?ijkey=0fbdacbd1643028ca326f3c90c99605684750fa7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

1995) Is the afferent pathway from the rectum impaired in children with chronic constipation and encopresis? Gastroenterology ...

https://adc.bmj.com/content/85/2/121

Is there a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)? Compare the afferent anterior pupillary pathway of one eye vs. the fellow ... The Visual Pathway. To fully appreciate the potential underlying causes for various visual field defects, it is important to ... 1. The visual pathway. Note that half of the optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm, causing vision loss on one side to be ... A trace relative afferent pupillary defect was seen O.S., but both pupils were of normal size. Visual fields are below. ...

https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/doc-part-of-my-vision-is-gone

"Recent papers discuss afferent and efferent visual pathway abnormalities as biomarkers of the early stage of dementia. So, our ...

https://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/eeglab_news/12/Jung.php

By immunohistofluorescence, pejvakin is detected in the cell bodies of neurons of the afferent auditory pathway. (pasteur.fr)
Cranial primary afferents enter the brainstem to release glutamate (Glu) onto second-order neurons within the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to initiate autonomic reflexes. (elsevier.com)
The simplest pathways for these reflexes contain as few as two central neurons, but display robust frequency-dependent behavior. (elsevier.com)
In second-order NTS neurons recorded in slices, activation of primary afferents at frequencies as low as 10 shocks per second released sufficient Glu to alter rates of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs). (elsevier.com)
Jin, YH, Bailey, TW & Andresen, MC 2004, ' Cranial afferent glutamate heterosynaptically modulates GABA release onto second-order neurons via distinctly segregated metabotropic glutamate receptors ', Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 24, no. 42, pp. 9332-9340. (elsevier.com)
These results suggest that the afferent sensory pathway via the SC is certainly primary and possibly instrumental to the DA neurons' role in the discovery of novel actions and that the differences found are not due to simple sensory latency. (open.ac.uk)

This report analyzes the clinical and physiological evidence supporting a role for altered visceral afferent mechanisms in the pathogenesis of two functional bowel syndromes: noncardiac chest pain and the irritable bowel syndrome. (nih.gov)
A total of 87% of functional dyspeptics studied had evidence of altered visceral afferent function. (bmj.com)
In contrast, several pieces of evidence suggest that altered function of visceral afferent pathways may be responsible for both symptoms and delayed gastric emptying. (bmj.com)

The vagal and spinal afferent innervation mediates visceral sensation and is involved in multiple reflex loops regulating gastrointestinal effector function, such as motility and secretion. (nih.gov)
By activating this afferent pathway, Barostim restores sympatho-vagal balance by reducing sympathetic activity and increasing parasympathetic activity. (cvrx.com)
The aim of this article is to describe current knowledge of afferent and efferent vagal pathways role in the development and progression of depression. (nel.edu)
For example, vagal afferents activated by endotoxin and cytokines in sepsis stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and exert anti-inflammatory effects through the release of glucocorticoids ( Tracey, 2002 ). (elifesciences.org)
Chronic stress enhances the reward fatty acids, ketones, lactate, vagal nerve afferents, and value of foods (15). (cdc.gov)

and 3) some clusters are shared by more than one condition, suggesting that similar pathways or receptors modify dyspnoea, respectively. (ersjournals.com)
Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)
The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)

Indeed, the finding that some patients with CTN have abnormal LEPs indicates a dysfunction of nociceptive fibers or of CNS pathways evoked by nociceptive afferent stimulation. (medscape.com)

Affected individuals may experience problems with how they see the world (afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how smoothly and synchronously their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway disorders). (medscape.com)
Efferent visual pathway lesions can create a perception of oscillopsia, a visual disturbance in which objects appear to jiggle or move owing to nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). (medscape.com)
Of note, efferent visual pathway lesions may be more challenging to identify than those in the afferent visual pathway, as affected patients do not experience pain and therefore may not report symptoms. (medscape.com)

This has been shown in other work to activate both afferent and efferent pathways of the vagus nerve and enhance plasticity and functional motor recovery. (allthingsneonatal.com)

Figure 3: Attentional and emotional factors modulate pain perception via different pathways. (nature.com)
Generally, exercise activates the endogenous opioid and adrenergic systems but does not consistently mitigate pain in FM patients [ 25 ], possibly due to sensitization of the primary afferent pathways or the dysfunction of endogenous systems that modulate afferent activity in FM and the overall increase in sensitivity [ 26 ]. (hindawi.com)

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as well as the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), contain afferent fibers that provide sensory input and efferent fibers that provide motor output to the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
In humans, the majority of the output goes to the bundle of fibers continues through the medial tegmental field toward the inferior olive of the same side, to form part of a pathway that ultimately influence the cerebellum . (wikipedia.org)

Furthermore, Dfnb59 knock-in mice, homozygous for the R183W variant identified in one DFNB59 family, show abnormal auditory brainstem responses indicative of neuronal dysfunction along the auditory pathway. (pasteur.fr)

Sensory input can be modulated peripherally at the afferent nerve terminal, at the level of prevertebral ganglia, the spinal cord, and the brainstem. (nih.gov)
Afferent impulses are transmitted to the cough center of the brain, located in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the medulla of the brainstem, which is connected to the central respiratory generator. (medscape.com)

Causes of a visual field defect that respects the horizontal midline (altitudinal visual field defects) are more frequently located anteriorly in the pathway (near the optic nerve or retina). (reviewofoptometry.com)

Some individuals with MS and other CNS inflammatory syndromes also may experience homonymous visual field defects caused by lesions in retrochiasmal or retrogeniculate (posterior) regions of the afferent visual pathway. (medscape.com)
However, spontaneous skew deviation is often caused by central lesions and less frequently by the peripheral vestibular lesions involving the otoliths or their pathways 1 . (interacoustics.com)

As well, the exposure to solvent s can effect the afferent and efferent auditory pathways. (cdc.gov)

Sensory input by way of afferent (sensory) pathways carries vital information to the swallowing centers of the brain. (passy-muir.com)

Current evidence is consistent with an alteration in the peripheral functioning of visceral afferents and/or in the central processing of afferent information in the etiology of altered somatovisceral sensation and motor function observed in patients with functional bowel disease. (nih.gov)
The asymmetry can be induced by caloric or head rotation stimuli or can result from a peripheral vestibular lesion involving one of the semicircular canals or its afferent neural pathways. (interacoustics.com)
The static component of OCR is considered a test of the peripheral and central otolith pathways 1,3,5 . (interacoustics.com)
Minimally, a recep- tor includes a peripheral axon terminal of one pri- mary afferent neuron, whose cell body is sited proximally in the dorsal root ganglion. (cdc.gov)

We provide a novel etiology for CPS via implementation of the previously proposed 3D Default Space (3DDS) consciousness model in which consciousness and body schema arise when afferent information is processed by corticothalamic feedback loops and integrated via the thalamus. (scirp.org)

Bidirectional sensory afferent (superior laryngeal nerve) and motor efferent (recurrent laryngeal nerve) input to the central nervous system in response to stimulation of laryngopharyngeal mucosa typically results in firing of the thyroarytenoid muscle bilaterally in order to close the vocal folds (adduction) for airway protection (Domer, Kuhn, & Belafsky, 2013). (passy-muir.com)

This process may critically shape the dynamic character and use dependence for cranial afferent transmission at the first stage of autonomic reflexes. (elsevier.com)

The SNS and PNS motor pathways incorporate a two-neuron series: a pre-ganglionic neuron with a cell body in the CNS and a post-ganglionic neuron with a cell body in the periphery that innervates target tissues [1] . (nih.gov)

The results suggest a strong control of LGN cell size by afferent (retinal) activity. (caltech.edu)

GABAergic terminals are presynaptic to primary afferent terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord. (wikidata.org)

Attention can reduce pain via distraction and is purported to depend on insula-parietal-somatosensory corticocortical pathways. (nature.com)
Modern hypotheses of CPS suggest roles for maladaptive neuroplasticity, a deafferentated somatosensory cortex and/or thalamus, and reorganization along the sensory pathways of the spinothalamic tract in the pathogenesis of the painful sensations. (scirp.org)
Feldmeyer D, Roth A, Sakmann B (2005) Monosynaptic connections between pairs of spiny stellate cells in layer 4 and pyramidal cells in layer 5A indicate that lemniscal and paralemniscal afferent pathways converge in the infragranular somatosensory cortex. (yale.edu)

The aim is to selectively activate or block the afferent pathway to disentangle their differential effects on gastric responses. (datacite.org)

Studies on the Role of Afferent Activity in the Visual Pathways of the Cat. (caltech.edu)
Two studies were conducted examining the role of afferent activity on synaptic connectivity in the cat's visual pathways. (caltech.edu)
Thesis title listed in 1983 commencement program varies from actual thesis: Studies on the Role of Afferent Activity in the Visual Pathways of the Cat. (caltech.edu)
Also, defects that respect the vertical midline are nearly always located at the chiasm or farther back in the visual pathway. (reviewofoptometry.com)
Know anatomical structures relating to the afferent and efferent visual pathways. (uiowa.edu)
Veredas FJ, Vico FJ, Alonso JM (2005) Factors determining the precision of the correlated firing generated by a monosynaptic connection in the cat visual pathway. (yale.edu)
While some aspects of the visual signal (e.g. luminance), are relayed directly to the SC via the retinotectal projection, other information unavailable to this subcortical pathway must take a more circuitous route to the SC, first submitting to early visual processing in cortex. (open.ac.uk)
By comparing action-outcome pairing when the visual stimulus denoting success was immediately available to the SC, via the retinotectal pathway, against that when cortical processing of the signal was required, the impact this additional sensory processing has on action-outcome learning can be established. (open.ac.uk)
VELASCO, M. Central influences on afferent conduction in the somatic and visual pathways. (bvsalud.org)

Such neuronal translocation constitutes an additional not generally recognized clearance pathway for inhaled solid UFP, whose significance for humans, however, still needs to be estab- lished. (cdc.gov)

Afferent Glu spillover provides heterosynaptic cross talk with GABAergic inhibition in NTS. (elsevier.com)
Among the signaling pathways regulated by GSK3s, the Wnt canonical pathway is the most well described, with GSK3β inhibition triggering an increase in β -catenin protein levels and its nuclear translocation to activate target gene expression ( Doble and Woodgett, 2003 ). (eneuro.org)

Background -Hypersensitivity of gastric afferent pathways may play an aetiological role in symptoms of functional dyspepsia. (bmj.com)

An up-regulation of afferent mechanisms would result both in altered conscious perception of physiological stimuli and in altered motor reflexes. (nih.gov)
Further, we propose the mechanisms by which CPS represents deficits in dynamic interactions between afferent and efferent signaling. (scirp.org)
Tests with capsaicin and αβ-methylene ATP suggest that myelinated and unmyelinated afferent pathways engageboth mGluR-GABA mechanisms. (elsevier.com)

Una forma particular de pimiento provoca un intenso dolor ocular y otros efectos desagradables cuando entra en contacto con la cara. (medlineplus.gov)

Genetic variants and pathways implicated in a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease cohort. (cdc.gov)

Further experiments suggest that orexin is likely to regulate immune responses through multiple signaling pathways in the brain. (elifesciences.org)

The cough reflex has 3 components: an afferent sensory limb, a central processing center, and an efferent limb. (medscape.com)

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins (GSK3α and GSK3β) are key mediators of signaling pathways, with crucial roles in coordinating fundamental biological processes during neural development. (eneuro.org)

The wide arborization fields of thalamocortical afferents provide a potential source for the unmasked sensitivity. (edu.au)

We found that action acquisition was significantly impaired when the action was reinforced by a stimulus ineligible for the retinotectal pathway. (open.ac.uk)

Could you then apply the same to improving development of the motor pathways of the preterm newborn or patient recovering from HIE? (allthingsneonatal.com)

Figure 2: Afferent pain pathways include multiple brain regions. (nature.com)

In the present article, we argue that disruption of normal afferent/efferent oscillatory synchronization can lead to sensory experiences characteristic of central pain, and may in fact lend insights into the neurological basis of consciousness. (scirp.org)

These results demonstrated that unless two brain regions were connected via efferent or afferent pathways, administration of 3-MPA in one region had no neurochemical effect in the others. (ku.edu)

Anatomy26

Organisms2

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/2523)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (2/2523)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (3/2523)

Varying the degree of single-whisker stimulation differentially affects phases of intrinsic signals in rat barrel cortex. (4/2523)

Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. (5/2523)

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. II. Responses To object texture and weights. (6/2523)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/2523)

Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. (8/2523)

Afferent Pathways

Visceral Afferents

Vagus Nerve

Vagotomy

Reflex

Urination

Neurons, Afferent

Capsaicin

Thermoreceptors

Neurons, Efferent

Meprobamate

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder, Overactive

Autonomic Pathways

Solitary Nucleus

Sensation

Electric Stimulation

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Decerebrate State

Stomach

Mechanoreceptors

Physical Stimulation

Efferent Pathways

Cats

Nociceptors

Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated

Gastrointestinal Motility

Spinal Cord

Neural Pathways

Sensory Receptor Cells

Denervation

Medulla Oblongata

Action Potentials

Pressoreceptors

Neurons

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Muscle Contraction

Neural Inhibition

Evoked Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

Synapses

Pressure

Reaction Time

Atropine

Nerve Fibers

Sensory Thresholds

Motor Neurons

Ganglia, Spinal

Sympathetic Nervous System

Electrophysiology

Electromyography

Brain

Time Factors

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/2523)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (2/2523)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (3/2523)

Varying the degree of single-whisker stimulation differentially affects phases of intrinsic signals in rat barrel cortex. (4/2523)

Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. (5/2523)

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. II. Responses To object texture and weights. (6/2523)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/2523)

Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. (8/2523)

Afferent connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat. - PubMed - NCBI

THE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO BLOOD LOSS IN THE CONSCIOUS RAT: CONTRIBUTIONS OF CARDIAC VAGAL AND CARDIAC SPINAL SIGNALS<...

Responses and afferent pathways of superficial and deeper C|sub|1|/sub|-C|sub|2|/sub| spinal cells to intrapericardial...

Sonic reflexes - Page 2 - Biology-Online

Pulmonary arterial distension and vagal afferent nerve activity in anaesthetized dogs - University of Huddersfield Repository

List of medical mnemonics - Wikipedia

UC Irvine - Faculty Profile System

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Central Suppression of Regenerated Proprioceptive Afferents by Valerie K. Haftel, Edyta K. Bichler et al.

Advances in vagal afferent neurobiology</em>...

Letter by Hiltunen and Jolkkonen Regarding Article, Secondary Neurodegeneration in Remote Regions After Focal Cerebral...

On the Auditory-Proprioception Substitution Hypothesis: Movement Sonification in Two Deafferented Subjects Learning to Write...

Purkinje Cell Heterogeneity: Its Role in Organizing the Topography of the Cerebellar Cortex Connections | SpringerLink

Plus it

The role of gastrointestinal vagal afferent fibres in obesity.

Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Identifying unique subtypes of spinal afferent nerve endings within the urinary bladder of mice

Reflex pathways from group II muscle afferents | SpringerLink

Dynamic integration of subplate neurons into the cortical barrel field circuitry during postnatal development in the Golli-tau...

Superoxide anions in the paraventricular nucleus mediate cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in insulin resistance rats. |...