Afferent pathways. Medical search

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and NOCICEPTORS which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)

A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.

Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.

Nerves and plexuses of the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system structures which regulate the autonomic nervous system are not included.

GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.

The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)

An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/2523)

Neurological findings suggest that the human striate cortex (V1) is an indispensable component of a neural substratum subserving static achromatic form perception in its own right and not simply as a central distributor of retinally derived information to extrastriate visual areas. This view is further supported by physiological evidence in primates that the finest-grained conjoined representation of spatial detail and retinotopic localization that underlies phenomenal visual experience for local brightness discriminations is selectively represented at cortical levels by the activity of certain neurons in V1. However, at first glance, support for these ideas would appear to be undermined by incontrovertible neurological evidence (visual hemineglect and the simultanagnosias) and recent psychophysical results on 'crowding' that confirm that activation of neurons in V1 may, at times, be insufficient to generate a percept. Moreover, a recent proposal suggests that neural correlates of visual awareness must project directly to those in executive space, thus automatically excluding V1 from a related perceptual space because V1 lacks such direct projections. Both sets of concerns are, however, resolved within the context of adaptive resonance theories. Recursive loops, linking the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) through successive cortical visual areas to the temporal lobe by means of a series of ascending and descending pathways, provide a neuronal substratum at each level within a modular framework for mutually consistent descriptions of sensory data. At steady state, such networks obviate the necessity that neural correlates of visual experience project directly to those in executive space because a neural phenomenal perceptual space subserving form vision is continuously updated by information from an object recognition space equivalent to that destined to reach executive space. Within this framework, activity in V1 may engender percepts that accompany figure-ground segregations only when dynamic incongruities are resolved both within and between ascending and descending streams. Synchronous neuronal activity on a short timescale within and across cortical areas, proposed and sometimes observed as perceptual correlates, may also serve as a marker that a steady state has been achieved, which, in turn, may be a requirement for the longer time constants that accompany the emergence and stability of perceptual states compared to the faster dynamics of adapting networks and the still faster dynamics of individual action potentials. Finally, the same consensus of neuronal activity across ascending and descending pathways linking multiple cortical areas that in anatomic sequence subserve phenomenal visual experiences and object recognition may underlie the normal unity of conscious experience. (+info)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (2/2523)

Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long mechanoreceptor hairs (>1000 microm) are most sensitive to low-frequency air currents (<150 Hz); receptors innervating medium-length hairs (900-500 microm) are most sensitive to higher frequency ranges (150-400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (). We demonstrate here that the projection pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a continuous map of stimulus direction. However, the afferents from the long and medium-length hair afferents show very little spatial segregation with respect to their frequency sensitivity. The possible functional significance of this small degree of spatial segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative overlap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establishing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons. (+info)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (3/2523)

Repetitive ectopic discharges from injured afferent nerves play an important role in initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is effective for treatment of neuropathic pain but the sites and mechanisms of its antinociceptive actions remain uncertain. In the present study, we tested a hypothesis that therapeutic doses of gabapentin suppress ectopic afferent discharge activity generated from injured peripheral nerves. Mechanical allodynia, induced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats, was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the hindpaw. Single-unit afferent nerve activity was recorded proximal to the ligated sciatic nerve site. Intravenous gabapentin, in a range of 30 to 90 mg/kg, significantly attenuated allodynia in nerve-injured rats. Furthermore, gabapentin, in the same therapeutic dose range, dose-dependently inhibited the ectopic discharge activity of 15 injured sciatic afferent nerve fibers through an action on impulse generation. However, the conduction velocity and responses of 12 normal afferent fibers to mechanical stimulation were not affected by gabapentin. Therefore, this study provides electrophysiological evidence that gabapentin is capable of suppressing the ectopic discharge activity from injured peripheral nerves. This action may contribute, at least in part, to the antiallodynic effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. (+info)

Varying the degree of single-whisker stimulation differentially affects phases of intrinsic signals in rat barrel cortex. (4/2523)

Using intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISI), we have shown previously that the point spread of evoked activity in the rat barrel cortex in response to single-whisker stimulation encompasses a surprisingly large area. Given that our typical stimulation consists of five deflections at 5 Hz, the large area of evoked activity might have resulted from repetitive stimulation. Thus in the present study, we use ISI through the thinned skull to determine whether decreasing the degree of single-whisker stimulation decreases the area of the cortical point spread. We additionally outline a protocol to quantify stimulus-related differences in the temporal characteristics of intrinsic signals at a fine spatial scale. In 10 adult rats, whisker C2 was stimulated randomly with either one or five deflections delivered in a rostral-to-caudal fashion. Each deflection consisted of a 0.5-mm displacement of the whisker as measured at the point of contact, 15 mm from the snout. The number of whisker deflections did not affect the area or peak magnitude of the cortical point spread based on the intrinsic signal activity occurring from 0.5 up to 1.5 s poststimulus onset. In contrast, the magnitude and time course of intrinsic signal activity collected after 1.5-s poststimulus onset did reflect the difference in the degree of stimulation. Thus decreasing the degree of stimulation differentially affected the early and late phases of the evoked intrinsic signal response. The implications of the present results are discussed in respect to probable differences in the signal source underlying the early versus later phases of evoked intrinsic signals. (+info)

Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. (5/2523)

In this investigation we have estimated the afferent contribution to the generation of activity in the knee and ankle extensor muscles during walking in decerebrate cats by loading and unloading extensor muscles, and by unilateral deafferentation of a hind leg. The total contribution of afferent feedback to extensor burst generation was estimated by allowing one hind leg to step into a hole in the treadmill belt on which the animal was walking. In the absence of ground support the level of activity in knee and ankle extensor muscles was reduced to approximately 70% of normal. Activity in the ankle extensors could be restored during the "foot-in-hole" trials by selectively resisting extension at the ankle. Thus feedback from proprioceptors in the ankle extensor muscles probably makes a large contribution to burst generation in these muscles during weight-bearing steps. Similarly, feedback from proprioceptors in knee extensor appears to contribute substantially to the activation of knee extensor muscles because unloading and loading these muscles, by lifting and dropping the hindquarters, strongly reduced and increased, respectively, the level of activity in the knee extensors. This conclusion was supported by the finding that partial deafferentation of one hind leg by transection of the L4-L6 dorsal roots reduced the level of activity in the knee extensors by approximately 50%, but did not noticeably influence the activity in ankle extensor muscles. However, extending the deafferentation to include the L7-S2 dorsal roots decreased the ankle extensor activity. We conclude that afferent feedback contributes to more than one-half of the input to knee and ankle extensor motoneurons during the stance phase of walking in decerebrate cats. The continuous contribution of afferent feedback to the generation of extensor activity could function to automatically adjust the intensity of activity to meet external demands. (+info)

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. II. Responses To object texture and weights. (6/2523)

Three monkeys were trained to lift and hold a test object within a 12- to 25-mm position window for 1 s. The activity of single neurons was recorded during performance of the task in which both the weight and surface texture of the object were systematically varied. Whenever possible, each cell was tested with three weights (15, 65, and 115 g) and three textures (smooth metal, fine 200 grit sandpaper, and rough 60 grit sandpaper). Of 386 cells recorded in 3 monkeys, 45 cells had cutaneous receptive fields on the index or thumb or part of the thenar eminence and were held long enough to be tested in all 9 combinations of texture and weight. Recordings were made for the entire anterior-posterior extent of the thumb and index finger areas in somatosensory cortex including area 7b. However, the statistical analysis required a selection of only those cells for which nine complete recording conditions were available limiting the sample to cells in areas 2, 5, and 7b. Significant differences in the grip force accompanied 98% of the changes in texture and 78% of the changes in weight. Increasing the object weight also increased the force tangential to the skin surface as measured by the load or lifting force. The peak discharge during lifting was judged to be the most sensitive index of cell activity and was analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, peak cell discharge was normalized to allow comparisons among different combinations of texture and weight as well as comparisons among different neurons. Overall, the peak firing frequency of 87% of the cells was significantly modulated by changes in object texture, but changes in object weight affected the peak activity of only 58% of the cells. Almost all (17/18, 94%) of the static cells were influenced by the object texture, and 81% of the dynamic cells that were active only briefly at grip and lift onset were modulated by texture. For some cells, surface texture had a significant effect on neuronal discharge that was independent of the object weight. In contrast, weight-related responses were never simple main effects of the weight alone and appeared instead as significant interactions between texture and weight. Four neurons either increased or decreased activity in a graded fashion with surface structure (roughness) regardless of the object weight (P < 0.05). Ten other neurons showed increases or decreases in response to one or two textures, which might represent either a graded response or a tuning preference for a specific texture. The firing frequency of the majority (31/45) of neurons reflected an interaction of both texture and weight. The cells with texture-related but weight-independent activities were thought to encode surface characteristics that are largely independent of the grip and lifting forces used to manipulate the object. Such constancies could be used to construct internal representations or mental models for planning and controlling object manipulation. (+info)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/2523)

Fear conditioning involves the transmission of sensory stimuli to the amygdala from the thalamus and cortex. These input synapses are prime candidates for sites of plasticity critical to the learning in fear conditioning. Because N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms have been implicated in fear learning, we investigated the contribution of NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission at putative cortical and thalamic inputs using visualized whole cell recording in amygdala brain slices. Whereas NMDA receptors are present at both of these pathways, differences were observed. First, the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-receptor-mediated component of the synaptic response, relative to the NMDA component, is smaller at thalamic than cortical input synapses. Second, thalamic NMDA responses are more sensitive to Mg2+. These findings suggest that there are distinct populations of NMDA receptors at cortical and thalamic inputs to the lateral amygdala. Differences such as these might underlie unique contributions of the two pathways to fear conditioning. (+info)

Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. (8/2523)

Intracellular recordings from the sole proprioceptor (the oval organ) in the crab ventilatory system show that the nonspiking afferent fibers from this organ receive a cyclic hyperpolarizing inhibition in phase with the ventilatory motor pattern. Although depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current pulses injected into a single afferent will reset the ventilatory motor pattern, the inhibitory input is of sufficient magnitude to block afferent input to the ventilatory central pattern generator (CPG) for approximately 50% of the cycle period. It is proposed that this inhibitory input serves to gate sensory input to the ventilatory CPG to provide an unambiguous input to the ventilatory CPG. (+info)

A neuroanatomical review of the pain pathway, "Afferent pain pathways" by Almeida, describes various specific nociceptive ... "Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review". Brain Res. 1000 (1-2): 40-56. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.073. PMID ... Norman Doidge, the brain is limited in the sense that it tends to focus on the most used pathways. Therefore, having a common ... Then, there are also the descending pathways for the modulation of pain sensation. One of the brainstem regions responsible for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_and_pleasure

A relatively small afferent contribution is present. The efferent pathways include the cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and ... Afferent pathways include the anterior spinocerebellar and tectocerebellar tracts. The fibers of the anterior spinocerebellar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_peduncle

"Central pathways responsible for depolarization of primary afferent fibres". J. Physiol.(Gr.Brit.). 65 (2): 237-257. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon_Kostiuk

Pathways Arise from Subpopulations of Primary Afferent Nociceptor". Neuron. 47 (6): 787-793. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.015. ... The peduncle is not part of the lateral-spinothalamic-tract-pathway; the medulla receives the info and passes it onto the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociception

This is the afferent neural pathway. Unlike other areas responsible for involuntary actions like swallowing, there is no ... The cough reflex has both sensory (afferent) mainly via the vagus nerve and motor (efferent) components. Pulmonary irritant ... The efferent neural pathway then follows, with relevant signals transmitted back from the cerebral cortex and medulla via the ... This reflex may also be impaired by damage to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which relays the afferent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_reflex

The signaling pathway of the peripheral mechanism uses afferent vagal to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are ... mediated through a pathway including serotonergic and opioidergic components. Inveterately, enterostatin cuts fat intake, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterostatin

The ascending or afferent pathways to the cerebellum are the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts. They are involved in ... Ib afferents synapse with interneurons that are within the spinal cord that also project to the brain cerebellum and cerebral ... Each capsule is about 1 mm long, has a diameter of about 0.1 mm, and is perforated by one or more afferent type Ib sensory ... This stretching deforms the terminals of the Ib afferent axon, opening stretch-sensitive cation channels. As a result, the Ib ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ

The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ... The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe.[citation needed] All of these efferent pathways ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_reticular_nucleus

... and visceral afferent pathways in mouse cerebral cortex". Brain Research Bulletin. 12 (3): 221-226. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84) ... Afferent taste fibers from the facial and from the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves are sent to the nucleus solitarius. The ... All visceral afferents in the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves first arrive in the nucleus of the solitary tract and ... Norgren, Ralph; Leonard, Christiana M. (1973-07-15). "Ascending central gustatory pathways". The Journal of Comparative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustatory_nucleus

"The Major Afferent Pathway for Mechanosensory Information: The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus System". Neuroscience. 2nd ... The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents. In the peripheral nervous system, afferents refer to the ... "Gephyrin Clusters Are Absent from Small Diameter Primary Afferent Terminals Despite the Presence of GABAA Receptors". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion

By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals ... The pathway taken by the nerve impulse to accomplish a reflex action is called the reflex arc. When a reflex arc in an animal ... A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the ... A reflex arc, then, is the pathway followed by nerves which (a.) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_arc

The pupillary light reflex neural pathway on each side has an afferent limb and two efferent limbs. The afferent limb has nerve ... therefore damaging the left afferent limb, leaving the rest of the pupillary light reflex neural pathway on both sides intact) ... The afferent limb carries sensory input. Anatomically, the afferent limb consists of the retina, the optic nerve, and the ... Right afferent limb is intact, but left efferent limb, left CN III, is damaged. For example, in a person with abnormal left ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex

Researchers studying the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the feline clitoris concluded that "afferent neurons ... February 1994). "Morphological and electrophysiological analysis of the peripheral and central afferent pathways from the ... The average cross sectional area of clitoral afferent neuron profiles was 1.479±627 μm2." They also stated that light "constant ... "indicate that the clitoris is innervated by mechano-sensitive myelinated afferent fibers in the pudental nerve which project ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris

Visceral afferent fibers go to spinal cord following pathway of pelvic splanchnic nerve fibers. The parasympathetic nervous ... They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerves

Wang, S. C.; Borison, Herbert L. (1951). "Copper Sulphate Emesis: A Study of Afferent Pathways from the Gastrointestinal Tract ... Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting

It enhances bladder storage via suppression of the afferent limb of the micturition reflex pathway. Fujimura M, Izumimoto N, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltalimide

In the spinal cord reflex pathway the afferent neuron transmits information to spinal cord interneurons. These interneurons act ... The axon reflex pathway does not include an integration center or synapse that relays communication between neurons in the ... Langley defined this pathway as "axon reflex." In the early 20th century, British cardiologist Sir Thomas Lewis researched ... Acetylcholine also activates sudomotor fibers and primary afferent nociceptors, triggering axon reflexes in both. However, with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_reflex

"The afferent and efferent organization of the lateral geniculo-prestriate pathways in the macaque monkey". The Journal of ... Evidence also suggests that, following a traumatic injury to V1, there is still a direct pathway from the retina through the ... Rodman HR, Gross CG, Albright TD (June 1989). "Afferent basis of visual response properties in area MT of the macaque. I. ... Cragg, B.G. (1969-07-01). "The topography of the afferent projections in the circumstriate visual cortex of the monkey studied ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight

"Role of joint afferents in motor control exemplified by effects on reflex pathways from Ib afferents". The Journal of ... Poppelle and Bowman used linear system theory to model mammalian muscle spindles Ia and II afferents. They obtained a set of de ... To determine the load on a limb, vertebrates use sensory neurons in the Golgi tendon organs: type Ib afferents. These ... Murphy JT, Wong YC, Kwan HC (July 1975). "Afferent-efferent linkages in motor cortex for single forelimb muscles". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception

The aortic nerve is part of the nerve pathway that allows for afferent impulses to be sent from the aortic arch to the medulla ... Uchida, Y (1975-04-01). "Afferent aortic nerve fibers with their pathways in cardiac sympathetic nerves". American Journal of ... It supplies autonomic afferent nerve fibers to the peripheral baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found in the aortic arch. The ... aortic nerve is an autonomic afferent nerve fiber, and runs from the peripheral baroreceptors and chemoreceptors found in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_nerve

Perl's work at Utah focused on spinothalamic somatosensory pathways and the interactions between primary afferent neurons and ... Previous work by Ainsley Iggo had provided a small sample of primary afferent fibers that are now understood to have been C- ... Myelinated afferent fibres innervating the primate skin and their response to noxious stimuli. J. Physiol. (London) 197: 593- ... A specific inhibitory pathway between substantia gelatinosa neurons receiving direct C-fiber input. J. Neurosci. 23: 8752-8758 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Perl

Afferent nerve pathways could be blocked, totally cancelling out the "real" world and leaving the user with only the desired ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictions_made_by_Ray_Kurzweil

... a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory neuropathy". Nat. Genet. 38 (7): 770-8. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lathrop

... a newly identified protein of the afferent auditory pathway, cause DFNB59 auditory neuropathy". Nat. Genet. 38 (7): 770-8. doi: ... The encoded protein is required for the proper function of auditory pathway neurons. Defects in this gene are a cause of non- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejvakin

"Acute and chronic changes in dorsal horn innervation by primary afferents and descending supraspinal pathways after spinal cord ... Both pathways depend on the production of chemokines and other molecules important in the inflammatory response. An important ... Mechanoreceptors follow the same general pathway. However, they do not cross over at the level of the spinal cord, but at the ... TNF-alpha then binds to the TNF receptors expressed on nociceptors, activating the MAPK/NF-kappa B pathways. This leads to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodynia

Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. They could ... The primary afferent neurons responsible for histamine-induced itch are unmyelinated C-fibres. Two major classes of human C- ... a central neural pathway for itch". Nature Neuroscience. 4 (1): 72-7. doi:10.1038/82924. PMID 11135647. S2CID 28727869. " ... Touch-evoked hyperalgesia requires continuous firing of primary afferent nociceptors, and punctuate hyperalgesia does not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

The spasticity occurs when the afferent pathways in the brain are compromised and the communication between the brain to the ... Cerebral Palsy~clinical at eMedicine el-Abd MA, Ibrahim IK (March 1994). "Impaired afferent control in patients with spastic ... The theory behind constraint-induced movement therapy is that new neural pathways are created. Alternative forms of physical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spastic_hemiplegia

Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting.[36] ... Substance P coexists with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation.[ ... Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines, it has been proposed that ... "Delineation of the endocytic pathway of substance P and its seven-transmembrane domain NK1 receptor". Molecular Biology of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

In insects, the olfactory pathway starts at the antennae (though in some insects like Drosophila there are olfactory sensory ... "Odotopic afferent representation of the glomerular antennal lobe organization in the mushroom bodies of ants (Hymenoptera: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antennal_lobe

... these afferent neurons fire at low frequencies. Low-frequency afferent signals cause relaxation of the bladder by inhibiting ... the type due to interruption of facilitatory and inhibitory pathways descending from the brain. In all three types the bladder ... When the afferent and efferent nerves are both destroyed, as they may be by tumors of the cauda equina or filum terminale, the ... Bladder afferent signals ascend the spinal cord to the periaqueductal gray, where they project both to the pontine micturition ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ادرار_کردن?match=en

is typically 5 ml/ min (around 8 litres/ day), and the fluid is returned to the circulation via afferent and efferent ... Some continuous capillaries may feature fenestrations that provide an additional subglycocalyx pathway for solvent and small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_hydrostatic_pressure

... stimuli are initially processed by the cortex before being transmitted to the hippocampus along an afferent pathway, suggesting ... BDNF can promote protective pathways and inhibit damaging pathways in the NSCs and NPCs that contribute to the brain's ... The activation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway is important in the development of short-term memory and the growth of neurons.[ ... BDNF mediates more pathways involved in these enrichment-induced processes than any other molecule and is strongly regulated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

While the participant watches, the experimenter uses his or her finger to trace a pathway from the opening of the maze to the ... The CA3 is innervated by two afferent paths known as the perforant path (PPCA3) and the dentate gyrus (DG)-mediated mossy ... The length of the pathway varies depending on the level of difficulty (1-10) and the matrices themselves may vary in length ... The participant is then expected to replicate the demonstrated pathway through the maze to the drawing of the man. Mazes vary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_memory

Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze their individual steps, and almost all metabolic processes require enzyme ... Contrast afferent.. egg. The organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on ... Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. ... Afferent nerve fiber/. Sensory neuron. *GSA. *GVA. *SSA. *SVA. *fibers *Ia or Aα ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissural_fiber

Afferent leg. The afferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying sensory information to the brain, ... Besides surrounding each fascicle, the perimysium is a pathway for nerves and the flow of blood within the muscle. The ... Signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to the spinal cord and brain via the afferent leg of the peripheral nervous ... In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the reflexive movement by direct ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle

The glucose that enters the fat cells in this manner is converted into triglycerides (via the same metabolic pathways as are ... via afferent nerve fibers, to the solitary nucleus in the medulla oblongata.[48] From here motor nerves belonging to the ... "Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling cardiorespiratory activity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

It has been shown in studies to inhibit some specific signal pathways of adenosine. It allows for the inhibition of growth in ... Afferent arteriolar constriction in Kidney. *decreased heart rate. *N6-Cyclopentyladenosine. *N6-3-methoxyl-4-hydroxybenzyl ... Peart JN, Headrick JP (May 2007). "Adenosinergic cardioprotection: multiple receptors, multiple pathways". Pharmacology & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor

Neural pathways and circuits of the cerebellum[edit]. Neural pathways and circuits in the cerebellum ... Afferent nerve fiber/. Sensory neuron. *GSA. *GVA. *SSA. *SVA. *fibers *Ia or Aα ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell

The strength of two connected neural pathways is thought to result in the storage of information, resulting in memory. This ... The neurotransmitter may initiate an electrical response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the ... Afferent nerve fiber/. Sensory neuron. *GSA. *GVA. *SSA. *SVA. *fibers *Ia or Aα ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapses

The nigrostriatal pathway, which includes the substantia nigra, the lateral hypothalamus, and the basal ganglia have been shown ... Fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala, which receives glutaminergic input directly from thalamic afferents, as ... Presynaptic activation of protein kinase A and postsynaptic activation of NMDA receptors and its signal transduction pathway ... indirect pathways are necessary. The anterior cingulate is one candidate for intermediate trace conditioning, but the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning

The motor pathways that enable hiccuping form early during fetal development, before the motor pathways that enable normal lung ... This hypothesis has been questioned because of the existence of the afferent loop of the reflex, the fact that it does not ... the afferent of the hiccup reflex arc) is located.[20] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiccup

There appears to be some variation in the morphology and indeed the biochemistry of these suicide pathways; some treading the ... is the neurotrophic theory which states that PCD is required to optimize the connection between neurons and their afferent ... Besides the above two types of PCD, other pathways have been discovered. Called "non-apoptotic programmed cell-death" (or " ... Yoshida, H (1998). "Apaf1 is required for mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and brain development". Cell. 94: 739-750. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death

The solitary nucleus, which contains the general visceral afferent fibers for taste, as well as the special visceral afferent ... The soma (cell bodies) in these nuclei are the second-order neurons of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, and their ... The cochlear and vestibular nuclei, which contain the special somatic afferent column. ... The spinal trigeminal nerve nuclei which contains the general somatic afferent column. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata

Afferent inputEdit. Selected pathways between upper motor neurons and alpha motor neurons UMN origin α-MN target Tract name ... The corticospinal tract is one of the major descending pathways from the brain to the α-MNs of the spinal cord. ... Upper motor neurons (UMNs) send input to α-MNs via several pathways, including (but not limited to) the corticonuclear, ... Like other neurons, lower motor neurons have both afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) connections. Alpha motor neurons ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron

de Olmos J, Hardy H, Heimer L (Sep 1978). "The afferent connections of the main and the accessory olfactory bulb formations in ... Papez circuit pathway. Diencephalon. *Mammillary body → Mammillothalamic tract → Anterior nuclei of thalamus → ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/ഹിപ്പോകാംപസ്

These impulses are transmitted to the brain through afferent neurons. Senses and receptors[edit]. While debate exists among ... A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain ... Areas 1 and 2 receive most of their input from area 3. There are also pathways for proprioception (via the cerebellum), and ... This action potential then travels along afferent neurons to specific brain regions where it is processed and interpreted.[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system

"Synaptic Vesicle Mobilization Is Regulated by Distinct Synapsin I Phosphorylation Pathways at Different Frequencies". Neuron. ... Afferent nerve fiber/. Sensory neuron. *GSA. *GVA. *SSA. *SVA. *fibers *Ia or Aα ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_zone

The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of ... experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways". PLoS ONE. 3 (8): e2939. Bibcode:2008PLoSO... ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_lobe

Afferent signals are sensory neuronal signals that ascend to the brain. Afferent neurons significant in dyspnea arise from a ... Different physiological pathways may lead to shortness of breath including via ASIC chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and lung ... As the brain receives its plentiful supply of afferent information relating to ventilation, it is able to compare it to the ... It is believed the central processing in the brain compares the afferent and efferent signals; and dyspnea results when a " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea

Conscious proprioception is communicated by the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cerebrum.[26] ... on the basis that some of the afferent information (back to the brain) comes from other structures, including tendons, joints, ... Neuroscience Tutorial See "Basic somatosensory pathway", Eastern International College.. *Joint & Bone - Ehlers-Danlos/Joint ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesthetic

B-fibers send signals to the brain (the afferent pathway of the neural portion of the Bainbridge reflex), which then modulates ... both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to the SA node of the heart (the efferent pathway of the neural portion of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_reflex

... afferent and efferent renal arterioles) and the interstitium. Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of DN. This fibrosis ... Another possible mechanism is that abnormal vascular control in diabetic nephropathy leads to a reduction in afferent ... which is one of the most important pathways in DN pathophysiology. Due to the higher load of filtered glucose, there is an up- ... there is constriction of the efferent arterioles and dilation of afferent arterioles, with resulting glomerular capillary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(hiccups)

... is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as ... Other therapies and other links in the neurogenic inflammatory pathway for interruption of disease are under study, including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenic_inflammation

... common somatic peripheral afferents". BJU International 108 (10): 1634-1639. ISSN 1464-4096. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10116 ... "Increased activation of the alternative "backdoor" pathway in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: evidence from urinary ...

https://gl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterona

Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli. ... "Mechanism of the Antidiuretic Effect Associated with Interruption of Parasympathetic Pathways". Journal of Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal

The interneuronally mediated reflex actions evoked by electrical stimulation of group II muscle afferents in low spinal cats ... Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED (1987b) Reflex path-ways from group II muscle afferents. 3. Secondary spindle afferents ... cutaneous afferents and joint afferents. It is postulated that these group II EPSPs are mediated by an interneuronal pathway ... Reflex path-ways from group II muscle afferents. 2. Functional characteristics of reflex pathways to α-motoneurones. Exp Brain ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00236299

... Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Aug;20(8):877-83. doi: ... Increased oesophageal afferent pain sensitivity may play an important role in a subset of NERD and could offer an alternate ... with heightened afferent sensitivity as normal latency evoked potential responses could be elicited with reduced afferent input ... We demonstrate that NERD patients form a continuum of oesophageal afferent sensitivity with a correlation between the degree of ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410265/?dopt=Abstract

Kv1.1 Deletion Augments the Afferent Hypoxic Chemosensory Pathway and Respiration. David D. Kline, Maria C. F. Buniel, Patricia ... Kv1.1 Deletion Augments the Afferent Hypoxic Chemosensory Pathway and Respiration. David D. Kline, Maria C. F. Buniel, Patricia ... In the present study, we examined the role of Kv1.1 in the afferent pathway of the carotid body chemoreflex. In the carotid ... Kv1.1 Deletion Augments the Afferent Hypoxic Chemosensory Pathway and Respiration. David D. Kline, Maria C. F. Buniel, Patricia ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/13/3389

Chronic cough: ATP, afferent pathways and hypersensitivity Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from European ... Chronic cough: ATP, afferent pathways and hypersensitivity. Richard D. Turner, Surinder S. Birring ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2019/05/30/13993003.00889-2019

... afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway disorders). ... afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway disorders). ... Afferent Visual Pathway Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis. Optic neuritis. Optic neuritis is an inflammatory injury of the ... Costello F. The afferent visual pathway: designing a structural-functional paradigm of multiple sclerosis. ISRN Neurol. 2013. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214270-overview

Both afferent and efferent nerve pathways in the atonic bladder can be reconstructed by suprasacral motor-to-motor and sensory- ... Bypassing Spinal Cord Injury: Surgical Reconstruction of Afferent and Efferent Pathways to the Urinary Bladder after Conus ... Afferent and efferent nerve function in the atonic bladder caused by conus medullaris injury in a rat model was established by ...

https://insights.ovid.com/jrecm/200824080/00005292-200824080-00007

Afferent Pathways. The afferent pathways triggering the various forms of reflex syncope are less well understood. While space ... Presumably, the increase in venous return leads to interruption of the afferent pathways that triggered the reflex in the first ... Also, while the afferent limb may differ among the various forms of reflex syncope, the efferent limb is seemingly relatively ... Efferent Pathways. As noted above, syncope, except in rare circumstances such as hypoxia, results from transient failure of CBF ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/889214_4

... may have an effect in improving the voiding functions through an inhibition of the neuronal activity in the afferent pathways ... investing the effects of tamsulosin and sildenafil and comparing the degree of the suppressive effects on the afferent pathways ... Kim, S., Ko, I., Hwang, L. et al. An animal study to compare the degree of the suppressive effects on the afferent pathways of ... The degree of the expression of c-Fos and NGF in the afferent pathways of micturition was analyzed based on the number of c-Fos ...

https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1423-0127-20-81

Cytochemical relationships and central terminations of a unique population of primary afferent neurons in rat. June 1, 1991. /0 ... Cytochemical relationships and central terminations of a unique population of primary afferent neurons in rat. Brain Res Bull. ... 15Cytochemical relationships and central terminations of a unique population of primary afferent neurons in rat.. ...

http://synbio.mit.edu/tag/afferent-pathways/

Afferent pathways. The afferent pathways have receptors residing in the viscera and are sensitive to mechanical, chemical, or ... and increasing activity of the afferent pathway results in decreasing activity of the sympathetic efferent pathway and/or ... The afferent pathways synapse locally or in the ganglia, spinal cord, and more rostral portions of the autonomic nervous system ... In the afferent pathways, arterial baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus, aortic arch, and various thoracic arteries ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1922943-overview

As the afferent center of the vagus nerve, the NTS has been considered to play roles in the anticonvulsant effect of cervical ... The afferent projections from the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) to the nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS) have been ... From: The auriculo-vagal afferent pathway and its role in seizure suppression in rats ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2202-14-85/email/correspondent/c1/new

afferent fiber synonyms, afferent fiber pronunciation, afferent fiber translation, English dictionary definition of afferent ... Noun 1. afferent fiber - a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system sensory fiber nerve fiber, nerve ... afferent fiber. Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia.. Related to afferent fiber: afferent pathway ... Somatosympathetic reflexes: afferent fibers, central pathways, discharge characteristics.. Inclusion of height and limb length ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/afferent+fiber

... the effect on the vagal afferent pathway to the frontal cortical areas has been proposed. In this article, we review these and ... the effect on the vagal afferent pathway to the frontal cortical areas has been proposed. In this article, we review these and ... The Vagal Afferent Pathway. Several studies have reported that HRVB might be effective in reducing symptoms of depression and/ ... It is known that the vagal afferent pathways affect brain areas known to be involved in affect regulation and mood (locus ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00756/full

... Curr Biol. 2016 Apr 25;26(8):1062-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub. ... Increased spindle afferent responses to muscle stretch occurring early during learning reflected individual error size and were ... I also found that independent spindle control during sensory realignment (the "washout" stage) induced afferent signal " ... I found substantial modulation of sensory afferent signals as a function of adaptation state. Specifically, spindle control was ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27040776/?dopt=Abstract

Afferent visual pathway affection in patients with PMP22 deletion-related hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure ... Afferent visual pathway affection in patients with PMP22 deletion-related hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure ... The objective of this study was to identify potential structural and functional alterations in the afferent visual system in ... CONCLUSION: PMP22 deletion leads to functional, metabolic and macro-structural alterations in the afferent visual system of ...

http://edoc.mdc-berlin.de/16065/

Afferent visual pathways in multiple sclerosis: a review. Authors: Graham, Stuart Lindsay. Klistorner, Alexander. Central ... Afferent visual pathways in multiple sclerosis: a review, Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol.45, 1, 2017,pp 62-72. ...

https://sro.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/10765/132982

insight,oxford academic journals,sage journals,sage research methods,springer link,springer nature experiments,nature,westlaw. untuk civitas unpad silahkan klik gambar dan mendaftar.. ...

http://perpustakaanrsmcicendo.com/2017/01/24/413/

The Afferent Pathway. Alimentary Tract-Derived Afferent Signals Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid octanoylated peptide hormone first ... Figure 1. Afferent (gray), central (black), and efferent (white) pathways in the regulation of energy balance. The hormones ... Insulin is part of both the afferent and efferent pathway; unraveling its dual role provides valuable insights into the ... receives afferent hormonal and neural signals related to energy balance, fat stores, and satiety. The main afferent signals ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/25/12/2451.full

There are many unanswered questions about mGluR along visceral afferent pathways, the answers to which may reveal many more ... The focus here is on mGluR in sensory pathways from the viscera, where they have been explored as therapeutic targets. Group I ... Many inhibitory mGluR are also expressed in visceral afferents, many of which markedly reduce excitability. Their role in ... Many inhibitory mGluR are also expressed in visceral afferents, many of which markedly reduce excitability. Their role in ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2011.00040/full

Afferent Pathways / physiology. Animals. Aorta / innervation. Arteries / innervation*. Electrophysiology. Fourier Analysis. ... Our results suggest that over 0.02-0.3 Hz the relationship between arterial baroreceptor afferent nerve activity and RNA is ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Transfer-function-analysis-from-arterial/8304519.html

In order to find whether presynaptic inhibition of tooth pulp afferents is enhanced in any phase of sleep or wakefulness, the ... Afferent Pathways / physiology. Animals. Cats. Dental Pulp / innervation*. Electric Stimulation. Evoked Potentials. Neural ... In order to find whether presynaptic inhibition of tooth pulp afferents is enhanced in any phase of sleep or wakefulness, the ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Presynaptic-inhibition-tooth-pulp-afferents/7403738.html

Orienting toward threat: Contributions of a subcortical pathway transmitting retinal afferents to the amygdala via the superior ... Orienting toward threat: Contributions of a subcortical pathway transmitting retinal afferents to the amygdala via the superior ... Probabilistic diffusion tractography was used to provide the first direct evidence for a subcortical pathway from the retina to ... suggesting that afferents via the retinotectal tract contributed to the bias. Probabalistic tractography was used to virtually ...

http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111129/

The Afferent and Efferent Pathways of the Recto-colonic Reflex in the Dog. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Afferent ... The Afferent and Efferent Pathways of the Recto-colonic Reflex in the Dog. In: The Japanese journal of physiology. 1985 ; Vol. ... Fukuda H, Fukai K. The Afferent and Efferent Pathways of the Recto-colonic Reflex in the Dog. The Japanese journal of ... Fukuda, H & Fukai, K 1985, The Afferent and Efferent Pathways of the Recto-colonic Reflex in the Dog, The Japanese journal of ...

https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-afferent-and-efferent-pathways-of-the-recto-colonic-reflex-in

... afferent neuron explanation free. What is afferent neuron? Meaning of afferent neuron medical term. What does afferent neuron ... Looking for online definition of afferent neuron in the Medical Dictionary? ... Related to afferent neuron: afferent pathway. afferent neuron. A neuron that conducts sensory impulses toward the brain or ... 15] These afferent neurons are CGRP-immunoreactive, and are believed to mediate the spinal reflex pathways to the sympathetic ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/afferent+neuron

Rectal Heat Thresholds: A Novel Test of the Sensory Afferent Pathway. Chan, Christopher L. H.; Scott, Mark S.; Birch, Malcolm J ...

https://journals.lww.com/dcrjournal/toc/2003/46050

2005) Parallel "pain" pathways arise from subpopulations of primary afferent nociceptor. Neuron 47:787-793. ... 6A, arrow), which is targeted by TG afferents, as well as in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) (Fig. 6A, arrowhead) and ... A-E, Double labeling of DRG sections from TRPV1PLAP-nlacZ mice for nlacZ and markers of primary afferent neuron populations. A- ... A-D, Double labeling of DRG sections from TRPV1Cre/R26R-lacZ mice for lacZ and markers of primary afferent neuron populations. ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/28/10119?ijkey=e692c6c24b29bd129927ab30e19648b599ac9e4b&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_reflex

Vagal afferent neurons (VAN) express the cholecystokinin (CCK) type 1 receptor Posted on December 7, 2018. by ... Vagal afferent neurons (VAN) express the cholecystokinin (CCK) type 1 receptor (CCK1R) and, as predicted with the role of CCK ...

http://www.researchassistantresume.com/2018/12/07/vagal-afferent-neurons-van-express-the-cholecystokinin-cck-type-1-receptor/

Our results indicate that both a hormonal pathway and a renal sympathetic afferent pathway conduct information from the kidney ... Our results indicate that both a hormonal pathway and a renal sympathetic afferent pathway conduct information from the kidney ... Our results indicate that both a hormonal pathway and a renal sympathetic afferent pathway conduct information from the kidney ... Our results indicate that both a hormonal pathway and a renal sympathetic afferent pathway conduct information from the kidney ...

https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/activation-of-renal-afferent-pathways-following-furosemide-treatm

The exercise pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. Annual review of physiology ... The exercise pressor reflex : its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. / Mitchell, J. H.; Kaufman ... title = "The exercise pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways.", ... The exercise pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-exercise-pressor-reflex-its-cardiovascular-effects-afferent-m

Cytochemical relationships and central terminations of a unique population of primary afferent neurons in rat. (mit.edu)
wp-content/uploads/2016/03/[email protected] 0 0 syn-admin /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/[email protected] syn-admin 1991-06-01 21:45:30 2016-02-08 19:47:15 Cytochemical relationships and central terminations of a unique population of primary afferent neurons in rat. (mit.edu)
Afferent neurons mediating escape swimming of the marine mollusc, Tritonia. (thefreedictionary.com)
7,9] SCS activates the inhibitory effect of large primary afferent neurons in the dorsal columns, damping the incoming pain signal. (thefreedictionary.com)
This prevents the peripheral afferent neurons transmitting nociceptive pain signals. (thefreedictionary.com)
15] These afferent neurons are CGRP-immunoreactive, and are believed to mediate the spinal reflex pathways to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and hence play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NDO. (thefreedictionary.com)
Descending spinal noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons inhibit the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and serotonin, released from primary afferent neurons and dorsal horn neurons. (thefreedictionary.com)
In addition, afferent neurons may synapse with other afferent nerve cells within the central nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
It may result from the dysfunction of pain signaling pathways at multiple levels, such as cutaneous nociceptors, afferent neurons , and the spinal and supraspinal pathways, he said. (thefreedictionary.com)
Synapses between primary afferent neurons and the giant interneurons also occur in the periphery, in the antenniform leg, a feature first discovered by Foelix (1975). (thefreedictionary.com)
Somatic afferent neurons firing in the spinal cord can inhibit viscerosomatic neurons in the dorsal horn from responding to stimuli. (thefreedictionary.com)
Vagal afferent neurons (VAN) express the cholecystokinin (CCK) type 1 receptor (CCK1R) and, as predicted with the role of CCK in inducing satiation, CCK1R? (researchassistantresume.com)
It was hypothesized that activated neurons of the renal afferent pathway would express the protein product Fos of the c-fos immediate early gene and be identified by immunocytochemical staining for Fos in the cell nucleus. (nebraska.edu)
These results together with the results of first two experiments lend support to our hypothesis that furosemide-induced neuronal activation in the thoracic spinal cord and NTS is due to activation of second- and/or third-order neurons of a renal sympathetic afferent pathway. (nebraska.edu)
Primary afferent-mediated BDNF up-regulation in the sensory neurons regulates, at least in part, the bladder activity during colonic inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
This is particularly true with colonic inflammation which not only sensitizes colonic afferent neurons but also alters the molecular profiles of bladder afferent neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). (biomedcentral.com)
In primates, signals for red-green color vision are carried by both on- and off-type neurons in the parvocellular division of the subcortical pathway. (pnas.org)
Low-frequency sound localization depends on the neural computation of interaural time differences (ITD) and relies on neurons in the auditory brain stem that integrate synaptic inputs delivered by the ipsi- and contralateral auditory pathways that start at the two ears. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Adrenosensitivity of injured afferent neurons does not require the presence of postganglionic sympathetic terminals," Pain , vol. 72, no. 1-2, pp. 183-191, 1997. (hindawi.com)
Yet, brainstem neurons that gave rise to these pathways were only partially identified, and it was not clear to what degree vibrissal inputs to the VPM and Po arose from separate populations of trigeminothalamic cells. (scholarpedia.org)

Cangiano A, Lutzemberger L (1972) The action of selectively activated group II muscle afferent fibers on extensor motoneurons. (springer.com)
Small myelinated fibers transmit preganglionic autonomic efferents (B fibers) and somatic afferents (A delta fibers). (medscape.com)
Unmyelinated (C) fibers transmit postganglionic autonomic efferents as well as somatic and autonomic afferents. (medscape.com)
Although the signal-to-noise ratio of primary afferent fiber responses to EOD appears to be low when compared to that generated by ventilation, these fibers have a high, steady rate of resting activity and, in these experiments, are being strongly modulated by the fish's ventilatory potentials. (thefreedictionary.com)
Interestingly, AF occurs with the stimulation at the wrist level (mixed-nerve stimulation) of the median nerve but is not seen with the stimulation of skin branches (digital nerve) from the second finger This may suggest that this facilitation occurs through thick afferent fibers stemming from muscle spindles (51,53). (thefreedictionary.com)
Under physiological conditions, potentially harmful stimuli are integrated by the nociceptors of primary afferent fibers and relayed for final processing in the supraspinal centers. (thefreedictionary.com)
Prior scientific evidence shows that when the active device stimulates the afferent fibers of the vagus nerve, there is a rapid and sustained change in brain chemistry characterized by the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, and a decrease in the over-expression of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. (thefreedictionary.com)
afferent fibers , central pathways, discharge characteristics. (thefreedictionary.com)
Botulinum toxin A modulates afferent fibers in neurogenic detrusor overactivity," European Journal of Neurology, vol. (thefreedictionary.com)
Conduction velocities of the peaks indicate that Aδ and C afferent fibers innervate the colon and rectum. (elsevier.com)
These results indicate that the peripheral limbs of the recto-colonic reflex arc consist of afferent Aδ and C fibers, preganglionic B fibers and post-ganglionic C fibers. (elsevier.com)
Primary afferent "pain" fibers (nociceptors) are divided into subclasses based on distinct molecular and anatomical features, and these classes mediate noxious modality-specific contributions to behaviors evoked by painful stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
The afferent nerve fibers that constitute the afferent nerves are subdivided into groups corresponding to the particular sensory systems-for example, the visual, auditory, or olfactory system. (thefreedictionary.com)
While some of the afferent nerves consist of fibers from different receptors (for example, cutaneous and muscular), most nerves consist of fibers of a single sensory type. (thefreedictionary.com)
Once stimuli are received, the various afferent action potentials are triggered and pass along various fibers and axons of these nociceptive nerve cells into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord through the dorsal roots. (wikipedia.org)
G. W. Lu, R. Z. Liang, and J. Q. Xie, "Analysis of peripheral afferent fibers on effect of acupuncture analgesia at Zusanli point," Science in China , vol. 22, pp. 495-503, 1979. (hindawi.com)

Students will develop an understanding of disorders of the afferent and efferent visual pathways. (edu.au)

The cough reflex has both sensory ( afferent ) mainly via the vagus nerve and motor ( efferent ) components. (wikipedia.org)
For example, binding of PRR can lead to activation of the afferent vagus nerve, which communicates neuronal signals via the lower brain stem (nucleus tractus solitarius) to higher brain centers such as the hypothalamus and amygdala. (biologists.org)

The efferent neural pathway then follows, with relevant signals transmitted back from the cerebral cortex and medulla via the vagus and superior laryngeal nerves to the glottis, external intercostals, diaphragm, and other major inspiratory and expiratory muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Final common pathway: phrenic nerves, nerves to intercostals, etc. (lsuhsc.edu)
The nucleus of the tractus solitarius is a primary projection site of visceral afferents from the 9th and 10th cranial nerves, including input from the arterial chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, stretch receptors in the heart and lungs, and many others. (lsuhsc.edu)
This suggests that afferent information, from the vagus nerves (and possibly the spinal cord) may be important in preventing apneusis. (lsuhsc.edu)
Apparatus and method for manipulating the nervous system of a subject through afferent nerves, modulated by an externally applied weak electric field. (freepatentsonline.com)
Involvement of peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors in activation of cutaneous branches of spinal dorsal rami following antidromic electrical stimulation of adjacent afferent nerves in rats," Brain Research Bulletin , vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 10-17, 2007. (hindawi.com)

Optic neuritis is an inflammatory injury of the optic nerve that causes vision loss, which is common in MS. Some individuals with MS also experience homonymous visual field defects caused by lesions in retrochiasmal or retrogeniculate regions of the afferent visual pathway. (medscape.com)
Afferent and efferent nerve function in the atonic bladder caused by conus medullaris injury in a rat model was established by intradural microanastomosis of the left L5 ventral root (VR) to right S2 VR to restore pure motor-to-motor reinnervation coupled with extradural postganglionic spinal nerve transfer of L5 dorsal root (DR) to S2 DR for pure sensory-to-sensory reinnervation. (ovid.com)
Both afferent and efferent nerve pathways in the atonic bladder can be reconstructed by suprasacral motor-to-motor and sensory-to-sensory nerve transfer after spinal cord injury in rats. (ovid.com)
It has also been proposed not only that nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in the neuronal function by which the micturition pathways are modulated but also that its expression serves as an indicator for the bladder overactivity[ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Transfer function analysis from arterial baroreceptor afferent activity to renal nerve activity in rabbits. (biomedsearch.com)
Our results suggest that over 0.02-0.3 Hz the relationship between arterial baroreceptor afferent nerve activity and RNA is linear and instantaneous but above 0.3 Hz it is not linear possibly due to an interaction between central activity and arterial baroreflex. (biomedsearch.com)
[ citation needed ] This reflex may also be impaired by damage to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which relays the afferent branch of the reflex arc. (wikipedia.org)
In the present study, the effects of tamsulosin on the expression of c-Fos, nerve growth factor (NGF), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the afferent micturition areas, including the pontine micturition center (PMC), the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG), and the spinal cord (L5), of rats with an SCI were investigated. (bvsalud.org)
Our purpose was to determine the afferent pathways underlying reflexes by which changes in upper airway pressure induced alterations in hypoglossal and phrenic nerve activities. (ntnu.edu.tw)
Langley noted the absence of sensory (afferent) nerve cell bodies in autonomic ganglia and defined the ANS as a purely motor system. (scholarpedia.org)
Postherpetic neuralgia results from partial or complete damage to afferent nerve pathways. (unboundmedicine.com)

by now considering an efferent pathway, the somatic nervous system. (coursera.org)
efferent pathway, the somatic nervous system that activates skeletal muscle. (coursera.org)
Autonomic pathways, together with somatic motor pathways to skeletal muscle and neuroendocrine pathways, are the means whereby the central nervous system (CNS) sends commands to the rest of the body. (scholarpedia.org)

Nociceptors provide significant afferent pain pathways. (bmj.com)

These results demonstrate the important role of Kv1.1 in afferent chemosensory activity and suggest that mutations in the human Kv1.1 gene have functional consequences during stress responses that involve respiratory reflexes. (jneurosci.org)
Some processes involved in this pattern are caused by known reflexes, some with modulatory functions, often controlled by different autonomic pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Oscillatory tremor is caused by reflexes originating in the afferent muscle pathways. (news-medical.net)

The possibility is considered that these group II EPSPs are mediated by an interneuronal group II pathway with little or no input from group III muscle afferents but probably from extramuscular receptors. (springer.com)
Our group combines recombinant DNA technology, electrophysiology, in vivo imaging, gene targeting and behavioural approaches to explore the channels, receptors, transcription factors and regulatory pathways that control nociceptor excitability. (ucl.ac.uk)
The chemoreceptor trigger zone at the base of the fourth ventricle has numerous dopamine D 2 receptors , serotonin 5-HT 3 receptors , opioid receptors , acetylcholine receptors , and receptors for substance P . Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance P appears involved. (wikipedia.org)
Journal Article] Afferent neural pathways from photoperiodic receptors in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris. (nii.ac.jp)

Finally, the remarkable sensitivity that is characteristic of these reporter mice revealed an innervation of central and peripheral targets by TRPV1+ primary afferents in the adult that is considerably more extensive than has previously been appreciated. (jneurosci.org)
The physiological mechanisms responsible for this 'learned immune response' are not yet fully understood, but some relevant afferent and efferent pathways in the communication between the brain and the peripheral immune system have been identified. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Thus the ANS is best seen as one of the outflows whereby the CNS controls bodily organs, so that "peripheral autonomic pathways" is a better term, but "autonomic nervous system" is well-established. (scholarpedia.org)
Indeed, the rapidity of the febrile response to intravenous LPS would imply a neural rather than a humoral communications pathway between peripheral endogenous pyrogens and the POA. (physiology.org)

We provide objective evidence that increased oesophageal pain sensitivity in reflux negative NERD is associated with heightened afferent sensitivity as normal latency evoked potential responses could be elicited with reduced afferent input. (nih.gov)
By examining muscle spindle responses during a classic visuomotor adaptation task [3-6] performed by fully alert humans, I found substantial modulation of sensory afferent signals as a function of adaptation state. (nih.gov)
Increased spindle afferent responses to muscle stretch occurring early during learning reflected individual error size and were negatively related to subsequent antagonist activity (i.e., 60-80 ms thereafter). (nih.gov)
The twenty first century has seen a revolution in our understanding of the receptor systems and regulatory pathways that underlie the responses of these specialised cells to the occurrence of tissue damage. (ucl.ac.uk)
Here, we measured blue-off responses in the subcortical visual pathway of marmoset monkeys. (pnas.org)
We found that the cells exhibiting blue-off responses are largely segregated to the koniocellular pathway. (pnas.org)
Journal Article] Circadian clock regulates photoperiodic responses governed by distinct output pathways in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris. (nii.ac.jp)

The interneuronally mediated reflex actions evoked by electrical stimulation of group II muscle afferents in low spinal cats have been reinvestigated with intracellular recording from motoneurones to knee flexors and ankle extensors. (springer.com)
It is proposed that the group II actions of the flexor reflex pattern characterizing the anaesthetized low spinal cat are due to suppression of the inhibitory pathway to flexor motoneurones and the excitatory pathway to extensor motoneurones. (springer.com)
Based upon our previous work, we hypothesized that the NTS and spinal cord dorsal horn labeling was due to activation of sympathetic afferents originating in the kidney and labeling in forebrain structures was due to stimulation by angiotensin generated by renal renin release. (nebraska.edu)
A neuroanatomical review of the pain pathway, "Afferent pain pathways" by Almeida, describes various specific nociceptive pathways of the spinal cord: spinothalamic tract, spinoreticular tract, spinomesencephalic tract, spinoparabrachial tract, spinohypothalamic tract, spinocervical tract, postsynaptic pathway of the spinal column. (wikipedia.org)
Like the pathways for pain and temperature, the message is relayed to the spinal cord, then crosses the midline and ascends via the lateral spinothalamic tract to the thalamus, and then finally travels to the cerebral cortex. (skintherapyletter.com)

Recently, the effect on the vagal afferent pathway to the frontal cortical areas has been proposed. (frontiersin.org)
Bianciotti, Liliana G. / C-type natriuretic peptide stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in the rat : Role of vagal afferent and efferent pathways . (elsevier.com)

SCI was found to remarkably upregulate the expression of c-Fos, NGF, and NADPH-d in the afferent pathway of micturition, the dorsal horn of L5, the vlPAG, and the PMC, resulting in the symptoms of OAB. (bvsalud.org)

Our results indicate that both a hormonal pathway and a renal sympathetic afferent pathway conduct information from the kidney to the central nervous system (CNS) after furosemide treatment. (nebraska.edu)

In conclusion, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists and PDE-5 inhibitors may have an effect in improving the voiding functions through an inhibition of the neuronal activity in the afferent pathways of micturition. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent advances in pruritus research have partially elucidated the signaling molecules and neuronal pathways involved in itch transmission [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

Appelberg B, Hulliger M, Johansson H, Sojka P (1983) Actions on γ-motoneurones elicited by electrical stimulation of group II muscle afferent fibres in the hind limb of the cat. (springer.com)

We investigated the longitudinal construct validity of position-cortical coherence (PCC), that is, the agreement between mechanically evoked wrist perturbations and electroencephalography (EEG), as a measure of afferent pathway integrity. (vu.nl)
These properties are consistent with input from koniocellular or "W-like" ganglion cells in the retina and suggest that blue-off cells, as previously shown for blue-on cells, could contribute to cortical mechanisms for visual perception via the koniocellular pathway. (pnas.org)
Unlike cells in the parvocellular (PC) and ventral (magnocellular) layers, the constituent cells of koniocellular pathways show diverse functional properties and widespread cortical terminations and are considered to have arisen early in the evolutionary history of the visual system ( 7 ⇓ - 9 ). (pnas.org)
The interruption of afferent and efferent brain-body pathways promotes extensive cortical reorganization. (mdpi.com)
Within this context, cortical and subcortical control, pathways and functions of the different types of eye movement systems will also be investigated. (edu.au)
each pathway arises from a different cell type, transits through a different thalamic region and projects to different cortical areas or different layers in the same cortical area. (scholarpedia.org)
2) a paralemniscal pathway whose exact origin was uncertain, that transits through the posterior thalamic nuclear group (Po) and terminates in cortical regions surrounding the barrels. (scholarpedia.org)

Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated Kv1.1 in the afferent limb of the carotid body chemoreflex (the major regulator in the response to hypoxia), consisting of the carotid body, petrosal ganglion, and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). (jneurosci.org)
The efferent limb of the reflex is somewhat better understood than the afferent limb(s) or the central cerebral interconnections. (medscape.com)
Also, while the afferent limb may differ among the various forms of reflex syncope, the efferent limb is seemingly relatively similar. (medscape.com)
afferent pathway within the residual limb . (tripdatabase.com)

Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations are frequently encountered in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Affected individuals may experience problems with how they see the world (afferent visual pathway symptoms) and/or how their eyes move together (efferent visual pathway disorders). (medscape.com)
Efferent visual pathway lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) may create a perception of oscillopsia, a visual disturbance in which objects appear to jiggle or move owing to nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). (medscape.com)

Almeida TF, Roizenblatt S, Tufik S. Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review. (springer.com)

In other ankle extensor motoneurones group II EPSPs were combined with EPSPs from group III muscle afferents, cutaneous afferents and joint afferents. (springer.com)
Somatostatin inhibits activation of dorsal cutaneous primary afferents induced by antidromic stimulation of primary afferents from an adjacent thoracic segment in the rat," Brain Research , vol. 1229, pp. 61-71, 2008. (hindawi.com)

G. W. Lu, "Characteristics of afferent fiber innervation on acupuncture points zusanli," The American Journal of Physiology , vol. 245, no. 4, pp. (hindawi.com)

This is the afferent neural pathway. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, tamsulosin treatment significantly suppressed these neural activities and the production of nitric oxide in the afferent pathways of micturition, and consequently, attenuated the symptoms of OAB. (bvsalud.org)
Most of the neural pathways in the enteric plexuses lack direct preganglionic inputs and can operate independently of central control. (scholarpedia.org)
Calcium-binding protein expression has proven useful in delineating neural pathways. (cambridge.org)

The focus here is on mGluR in sensory pathways from the viscera, where they have been explored as therapeutic targets. (frontiersin.org)
This strain is suitable for use in studies examining afferent sensory pathways. (jax.org)

Many inhibitory mGluR are also expressed in visceral afferents, many of which markedly reduce excitability. (frontiersin.org)
Their role in visceral pain remains to be determined, but they have shown promise in inhibition of the triggering of gastro-esophageal reflux, via an action on mechanosensory gastric afferents. (frontiersin.org)
There are many unanswered questions about mGluR along visceral afferent pathways, the answers to which may reveal many more therapeutic candidates. (frontiersin.org)
Studies with animal models have demonstrated that activation of primary afferent pathways may have a role in mediating viscero-visceral cross-organ sensitization. (biomedcentral.com)

This is promising for reducing activation of nociceptive afferents and pain using mGluR5 negative allosteric modulators. (frontiersin.org)
Activation of renal afferent pathways following furosemide treatment. (nebraska.edu)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Activation of renal afferent pathways following furosemide treatment. (nebraska.edu)
We previously reported that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) increases amylase release in isolated pancreatic acini through natriuretic peptide receptor C activation and enhances pancreatic exocrine secretion via vagal pathways when applied to the brain. (elsevier.com)
Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2 expression, which is reportedly upregulated during obesity development, affects sympathetic activation via hepatic vagal afferents. (elsevier.com)

From these results and corresponding ones on flexors (Holmqvist and Lundberg 1961) it is postulated that secondary afferents in addition to the weak monosynaptic connexions (Kirkwood and Sears 1975) have disynaptic excitatory pathways and trisynaptic inhibitory pathways to both flexor and extensor motoneurones. (springer.com)
There was an internal latency difference for the two excitatory pathways that would, if left uncompensated, position the ITD response function too far outside the physiological range to be useful for estimating ITD. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Fukuda, H & Fukai, K 1985, ' The Afferent and Efferent Pathways of the Recto-colonic Reflex in the Dog ', The Japanese journal of physiology , vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 795-801. (elsevier.com)

I also found that independent spindle control during sensory realignment (the "washout" stage) induced afferent signal "linearization" with respect to muscle length (i.e., signals were more tuned to hand position). (nih.gov)
Conclusion The hepatic PPARγFsp27 pathway plays important roles in the development of obesity-related hypertension via afferent vagal signals from the liver. (elsevier.com)
It is thought that on-type signals for blue-yellow color vision are carried by cells in a distinct, diffusely projecting (koniocellular) pathway, but the pathway taken by blue-off signals is not known. (pnas.org)
By contrast, the divergence of M and L cones to yield red-green signals in PC pathway cells occurred relatively recently (≈15 million years ago) in the evolution of the primate visual system ( 11 , 12 ). (pnas.org)

SCI at the cervical or thoracic levels disrupts voluntary control of voiding and the normal reflex pathways coordinating bladder and sphincter functions. (bvsalud.org)
Common interneurones in reflex pathways from group 1a and 1b afferents of knee flexors and extensors in the cat. (gu.se)

Several stretch-induced signaling cascades have been described with multiple levels of crosstalk between the different pathways. (nih.gov)

Three experiments were performed to determine whether renal afferent pathways were activated by the diuretic drug, furosemide. (nebraska.edu)

Addressing the role of somatosensory impairment, that is, afferent pathway integrity, in poststroke motor recovery may require neurophysiological assessment. (vu.nl)

Then, there are also the descending pathways for the modulation of pain sensation. (wikipedia.org)

In order to find whether presynaptic inhibition of tooth pulp afferents is enhanced in any phase of sleep or wakefulness, the orthodromic mass response of the trigeminal nucleus to electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral tooth pulp and the antidromic mass response of the tooth pulp to stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus were recorded in the cat. (biomedsearch.com)

Probabilistic diffusion tractography was used to provide the first direct evidence for a subcortical pathway from the retina to the amygdala, via the superior colliculus and pulvinar, that transmits visual stimuli signaling threat. (cf.ac.uk)

This study is aimed at investing the effects of tamsulosin and sildenafil and comparing the degree of the suppressive effects on the afferent pathways of micturition between them using an animal model of OAB, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, no studies have compared the degree of the suppressive effects on the afferent pathways of micturition between α1-adrenergic receptor blockers and PDE inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism and effects of tamsulosin on the afferent pathways of micturition. (bvsalud.org)

Latency measurements suggest that the minimal linkage is disynaptic in the excitatory interneuronal pathways and trisynaptic in the inhibitory pathways. (springer.com)

Thus, we demonstrated that nonpeptidergic afferents that express the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor D (MrgprD) selectively contribute to mechanical, and not heat, pain behaviors. (jneurosci.org)

Presynaptic inhibition of tooth pulp afferents in the trigeminal nucleus during REM sleep. (biomedsearch.com)

We demonstrate that NERD patients form a continuum of oesophageal afferent sensitivity with a correlation between the degree of acid exposure and oesophageal pain thresholds. (nih.gov)
Increased oesophageal afferent pain sensitivity may play an important role in a subset of NERD and could offer an alternate therapeutic target. (nih.gov)

Bradley K, Eccles JC (1953) Analysis of the fast afferent impulses from thigh muscles. (springer.com)

Here, ascending pathways that might contribute to evoked and spontaneous components of an experimental neuropathic pain model were explored. (elsevier.com)
There is strong evidence of biological connections between the neurochemical pathways used for the perception of both pain and pleasure, as well as other psychological rewards. (wikipedia.org)
In the knee, they are located in the retinaculum, fat pad, synovium, and periosteum, 10 and all these structures may play a role in the tendon pain pathway. (bmj.com)

It is postulated that these group II EPSPs are mediated by an interneuronal pathway from the FRA which also supply interneuronal pathways giving inhibition to extensor or/and flexor motoneurones and excitation to flexors as postulated by Eccles and Lundberg (1959) and Holmqvist and Lundberg (1961). (springer.com)
Recently, the blockade of CYP450/ω-hydroxylase has been shown to stimulate an endogenous cardioprotective pathway, as indicated by a profound reduction in myocardial infarct size after inhibition of 20-HETE production during the process of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. (ahajournals.org)

The exercise pressor reflex: its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. (elsevier.com)
T2 - its cardiovascular effects, afferent mechanisms, and central pathways. (elsevier.com)
We clarified projection pathways from the central ommatidia of the compound eye, which are the photoreceptor for photoperiodism, to the brain and the cells in the cephalic ganglia expressing a clock protein. (nii.ac.jp)

Olfactory Pathways" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)

Pulmonary inflation afferent information inhibits pneumotaxic center respiratory activity. (lsuhsc.edu)

Anatomy26

Organisms2

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs3

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes13

Disciplines and Occupations1

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/2523)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (2/2523)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (3/2523)

Varying the degree of single-whisker stimulation differentially affects phases of intrinsic signals in rat barrel cortex. (4/2523)

Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. (5/2523)

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. II. Responses To object texture and weights. (6/2523)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/2523)

Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. (8/2523)

Afferent Pathways

Visceral Afferents

Vagus Nerve

Vagotomy

Reflex

Urination

Neurons, Afferent

Capsaicin

Thermoreceptors

Neurons, Efferent

Meprobamate

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder, Overactive

Autonomic Pathways

Solitary Nucleus

Sensation

Electric Stimulation

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Decerebrate State

Stomach

Mechanoreceptors

Physical Stimulation

Efferent Pathways

Cats

Nociceptors

Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated

Gastrointestinal Motility

Spinal Cord

Neural Pathways

Sensory Receptor Cells

Denervation

Medulla Oblongata

Action Potentials

Pressoreceptors

Neurons

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Muscle Contraction

Neural Inhibition

Evoked Potentials

Synaptic Transmission

Synapses

Pressure

Reaction Time

Atropine

Nerve Fibers

Sensory Thresholds

Motor Neurons

Ganglia, Spinal

Sympathetic Nervous System

Electrophysiology

Electromyography

Brain

Time Factors

On the neural correlates of visual perception. (1/2523)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (2/2523)

Gabapentin suppresses ectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathic rats. (3/2523)

Varying the degree of single-whisker stimulation differentially affects phases of intrinsic signals in rat barrel cortex. (4/2523)

Contribution of sensory feedback to the generation of extensor activity during walking in the decerebrate Cat. (5/2523)

Neuronal activity in somatosensory cortex of monkeys using a precision grip. II. Responses To object texture and weights. (6/2523)

Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. (7/2523)

Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. (8/2523)

Afferent connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat. - PubMed - NCBI

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Sonic reflexes - Page 2 - Biology-Online

Pulmonary arterial distension and vagal afferent nerve activity in anaesthetized dogs - University of Huddersfield Repository

List of medical mnemonics - Wikipedia

UC Irvine - Faculty Profile System

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Central Suppression of Regenerated Proprioceptive Afferents by Valerie K. Haftel, Edyta K. Bichler et al.

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The role of gastrointestinal vagal afferent fibres in obesity.

Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Identifying unique subtypes of spinal afferent nerve endings within the urinary bladder of mice

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Dynamic integration of subplate neurons into the cortical barrel field circuitry during postnatal development in the Golli-tau...

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