Excessive periodic leg movements during sleep that cause micro-arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. This condition induces a state of relative sleep deprivation which manifests as excessive daytime hypersomnolence. The movements are characterized by repetitive contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle, extension of the toe, and intermittent flexion of the hip, knee and ankle. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p387)
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.
Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.
The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.
Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
The position or attitude of the body.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Manner or style of walking.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
Viral proteins that facilitate the movement of viruses between plant cells by means of PLASMODESMATA, channels that traverse the plant cell walls.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.
The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.
General or unspecified injuries involving the leg.
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.
Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
Four or five slender jointed digits in humans and primates, attached to each HAND.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.
Performance of complex motor acts.
Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Skin breakdown or ulceration caused by VARICOSE VEINS in which there is too much hydrostatic pressure in the superficial venous system of the leg. Venous hypertension leads to increased pressure in the capillary bed, transudation of fluid and proteins into the interstitial space, altering blood flow and supply of nutrients to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and eventual ulceration.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
A mechanism of communicating one's own sensory system information about a task, movement or skill.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
Recording of the average amplitude of the resting potential arising between the cornea and the retina in light and dark adaptation as the eyes turn a standard distance to the right and the left. The increase in potential with light adaptation is used to evaluate the condition of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Sense of movement of a part of the body, such as movement of fingers, elbows, knees, limbs, or weights.
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
Voluntary activity without external compulsion.
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the FOOT, and including the BUTTOCKS; HIP; and LEG.
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
The region of the upper limb between the metacarpus and the FOREARM.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.
A POSTURE in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved. Postural balance provides the body carriage stability and conditions for normal functions in stationary position or in movement, such as sitting, standing, or walking.
An increase in the rate of speed.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
Also known as articulations, these are points of connection between the ends of certain separate bones, or where the borders of other bones are juxtaposed.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.
Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)

Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome, also known as Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), is a condition characterized by recurring involuntary jerking movements of the limbs during sleep, particularly the legs. These movements typically occur every 20-40 seconds and can last for an hour or more throughout the night. They often disrupt normal sleep patterns, causing insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.

The movements are usually jerky, rapid, and rhythmic, involving extension of the big toe and flexion of the ankle, knee, or hip. In some cases, these movements can be so forceful that they cause the person to wake up, although often individuals with this condition may not be aware of their nighttime leg movements.

Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome is different from another common sleep disorder called Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), as RLS primarily causes discomfort or an irresistible urge to move the legs while awake and still, whereas Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome involves involuntary movements during sleep. However, up to 80% of people with RLS also have PLMD.

The exact cause of Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome is not fully understood, but it may be associated with abnormalities in the brain's regulation of muscle activity during sleep. Certain medications, neurological conditions, and iron deficiency anemia have been linked to an increased risk of developing this disorder. Treatment options include medication, lifestyle changes, and addressing any underlying medical conditions that may contribute to the development or worsening of symptoms.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations. It most commonly affects the legs. The condition worsens during periods of rest, particularly when lying or sitting.

The symptoms typically include:

1. An uncontrollable need or urge to move the legs to relieve uncomfortable sensations such as crawling, creeping, tingling, pulling, or painful feelings.
2. Symptoms begin or intensify during rest or inactivity.
3. Symptoms are partially or totally relieved by movement, such as walking or stretching, at least as long as the activity continues.
4. Symptoms are worse in the evening or night, often leading to disturbed sleep.

The exact cause of RLS is unknown, but it may be related to abnormalities in the brain's dopamine pathways that control muscle movements. It can also be associated with certain medical conditions like iron deficiency, kidney disease, diabetes, and pregnancy. Treatment often involves addressing any underlying conditions and using medications to manage symptoms.

Sleep stages are distinct patterns of brain activity that occur during sleep, as measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG). They are part of the sleep cycle and are used to describe the different types of sleep that humans go through during a normal night's rest. The sleep cycle includes several repeating stages:

1. Stage 1 (N1): This is the lightest stage of sleep, where you transition from wakefulness to sleep. During this stage, muscle activity and brain waves begin to slow down.
2. Stage 2 (N2): In this stage, your heart rate slows, body temperature decreases, and eye movements stop. Brain wave activity becomes slower, with occasional bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles.
3. Stage 3 (N3): Also known as deep non-REM sleep, this stage is characterized by slow delta waves. It is during this stage that the body undergoes restorative processes such as tissue repair, growth, and immune function enhancement.
4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: This is the stage where dreaming typically occurs. Your eyes move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, heart rate and respiration become irregular, and brain wave activity increases to levels similar to wakefulness. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation and learning.

The sleep cycle progresses through these stages multiple times during the night, with REM sleep periods becoming longer towards morning. Understanding sleep stages is crucial in diagnosing and treating various sleep disorders.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.

The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.

Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.

The term "extremities" in a medical context refers to the most distant parts of the body, including the hands and feet (both fingers and toes), as well as the arms and legs. These are the farthest parts from the torso and head. Medical professionals may examine a patient's extremities for various reasons, such as checking circulation, assessing nerve function, or looking for injuries or abnormalities.

Locomotion, in a medical context, refers to the ability to move independently and change location. It involves the coordinated movement of the muscles, bones, and nervous system that enables an individual to move from one place to another. This can include walking, running, jumping, or using assistive devices such as wheelchairs or crutches. Locomotion is a fundamental aspect of human mobility and is often assessed in medical evaluations to determine overall health and functioning.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness. It's characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), where people experience sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. These "sleep attacks" can occur at any time - while working, talking, eating, or even driving.

In addition to EDS, narcolepsy often includes cataplexy, a condition that causes loss of muscle tone, leading to weakness and sometimes collapse, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise. Other common symptoms are sleep paralysis (a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up), vivid hallucinations during the transitions between sleep and wakefulness, and fragmented nighttime sleep.

The exact cause of narcolepsy is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve genetic and environmental factors, as well as problems with certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as hypocretin/orexin, which regulate sleep-wake cycles. Narcolepsy can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making it essential to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and management.

Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.

Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

In a medical or physiological context, "arousal" refers to the state of being awake and responsive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for action. Arousal levels can vary from low (such as during sleep) to high (such as during states of excitement or stress). In clinical settings, changes in arousal may be assessed to help diagnose conditions such as coma, brain injury, or sleep disorders. It is also used in the context of sexual response, where it refers to the level of physical and mental awareness and readiness for sexual activity.

A leg ulcer is a chronic wound that occurs on the lower extremities, typically on the inner or outer ankle. It's often caused by poor circulation, venous insufficiency, or diabetes. Leg ulcers can also result from injury, infection, or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. These ulcers can be painful, and they may take a long time to heal, making them prone to infection. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and wound care are essential for healing leg ulcers and preventing complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "grasshoppers" is not a term used in medical definitions. Grasshoppers are a type of insect that belongs to the order Orthoptera and suborder Caelifera. They are known for their long hind legs which they use for jumping, and some species can jump over 20 times their own body length. If you have any questions about medical terminology or topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

Medical science often defines and describes "walking" as a form of locomotion or mobility where an individual repeatedly lifts and sets down each foot to move forward, usually bearing weight on both legs. It is a complex motor activity that requires the integration and coordination of various systems in the human body, including the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.

Walking involves several components such as balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. The ability to walk independently is often used as a measure of functional mobility and overall health status. However, it's important to note that the specific definition of walking may vary depending on the context and the medical or scientific field in question.

Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.

Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.

Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.

Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders are a category of sleep disorders that involve difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep throughout the night. This category includes:

1. Insomnia disorder: A persistent difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening, despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, which causes clinically significant distress or impairment.
2. Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions), hypnagogic hallucinations (vivid, dream-like experiences that occur while falling asleep) and sleep paralysis (temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up).
3. Breathing-related sleep disorders: A group of disorders that involve abnormal breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, which can lead to difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: A group of disorders that involve a misalignment between the individual's internal circadian rhythm and the external environment, leading to difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep at desired times.
5. Parasomnias: A group of disorders that involve abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder, which can disrupt sleep initiation and maintenance.

These disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, daytime functioning, and overall health, and should be evaluated and managed by a healthcare professional with expertise in sleep medicine.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Gait is a medical term used to describe the pattern of movement of the limbs during walking or running. It includes the manner or style of walking, including factors such as rhythm, speed, and step length. A person's gait can provide important clues about their physical health and neurological function, and abnormalities in gait may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, orthopedic problems, or injuries.

A typical human gait cycle involves two main phases: the stance phase, during which the foot is in contact with the ground, and the swing phase, during which the foot is lifted and moved forward in preparation for the next step. The gait cycle can be further broken down into several sub-phases, including heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, and toe off.

Gait analysis is a specialized field of study that involves observing and measuring a person's gait pattern using various techniques, such as video recordings, force plates, and motion capture systems. This information can be used to diagnose and treat gait abnormalities, improve mobility and function, and prevent injuries.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.

If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

In the context of medicine, "periodicity" refers to the occurrence of events or phenomena at regular intervals or cycles. This term is often used in reference to recurring symptoms or diseases that have a pattern of appearing and disappearing over time. For example, some medical conditions like menstrual cycles, sleep-wake disorders, and certain infectious diseases exhibit periodicity. It's important to note that the duration and frequency of these cycles can vary depending on the specific condition or individual.

Hyperemia is a medical term that refers to an increased flow or accumulation of blood in certain capillaries or vessels within an organ or tissue, resulting in its redness and warmth. This can occur due to various reasons such as physical exertion, emotional excitement, local injury, or specific medical conditions.

There are two types of hyperemia: active and passive. Active hyperemia is a physiological response where the blood flow increases as a result of the metabolic demands of the organ or tissue. For example, during exercise, muscles require more oxygen and nutrients, leading to an increase in blood flow. Passive hyperemia, on the other hand, occurs when there is a blockage in the venous outflow, causing the blood to accumulate in the affected area. This can result from conditions like thrombosis or vasoconstriction.

It's important to note that while hyperemia itself is not a disease, it can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional if it persists or is accompanied by other symptoms.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the extremities, most commonly the legs. This results in reduced blood flow, leading to symptoms such as leg pain, cramping, numbness, or weakness during physical activity, and in severe cases, tissue damage or gangrene. PAD is often indicative of widespread atherosclerosis, which is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. It's important to note that early detection and management can help prevent serious complications.

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious intention. In the context of physiology and neurology, it's a basic mechanism that involves the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons, resulting in a muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

Reflexes are important for maintaining homeostasis, protecting the body from harm, and coordinating movements. They can be tested clinically to assess the integrity of the nervous system, such as the knee-j jerk reflex, which tests the function of the L3-L4 spinal nerve roots and the sensitivity of the stretch reflex arc.

Head movements refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the head in various directions. These movements can occur in different planes, including flexion (moving the head forward), extension (moving the head backward), rotation (turning the head to the side), and lateral bending (leaning the head to one side).

Head movements can be a result of normal physiological processes, such as when nodding in agreement or shaking the head to indicate disagreement. They can also be caused by neurological conditions, such as abnormal head movements in patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebellar disorders. Additionally, head movements may occur in response to sensory stimuli, such as turning the head toward a sound.

In a medical context, an examination of head movements can provide important clues about a person's neurological function and help diagnose various conditions affecting the brain and nervous system.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that affect the control and coordination of voluntary movements. These disorders can result from damage to or dysfunction of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or other parts of the brain that regulate movement. Symptoms may include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akathisia (restlessness and inability to remain still), dystonia (sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures), chorea (rapid, unpredictable movements), tics, and gait disturbances. Examples of movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, and dystonic disorders.

A hindlimb, also known as a posterior limb, is one of the pair of extremities that are located distally to the trunk in tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates) and include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In humans and other primates, hindlimbs are equivalent to the lower limbs, which consist of the thigh, leg, foot, and toes.

The primary function of hindlimbs is locomotion, allowing animals to move from one place to another. However, they also play a role in other activities such as balance, support, and communication. In humans, the hindlimbs are responsible for weight-bearing, standing, walking, running, and jumping.

In medical terminology, the term "hindlimb" is not commonly used to describe human anatomy. Instead, healthcare professionals use terms like lower limbs or lower extremities to refer to the same region of the body. However, in comparative anatomy and veterinary medicine, the term hindlimb is still widely used to describe the corresponding structures in non-human animals.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

Plant viral movement proteins (MPs) are specialized proteins encoded by plant viruses that play a crucial role in the infection process. These proteins are responsible for the cell-to-cell movement of the virus, allowing it to spread throughout the infected plant. MPs facilitate the transport of viral genetic material from infected cells to neighboring uninfected cells, often through plasmodesmata, which are specialized channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

Movement proteins can increase the size exclusion limit (SEL) of plasmodesmata, creating a larger pore through which viral RNA or DNA can pass. They also form complexes with viral nucleic acids and other MPs to create movement protein-viral RNA/DNA complexes that are transported between cells. The precise mechanisms by which MPs function vary among different virus families, but their role in facilitating the spread of plant viruses is well established.

It's important to note that understanding the structure and function of plant viral movement proteins can provide valuable insights into plant-virus interactions and contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling plant virus diseases.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

Fetal movement, also known as quickening, refers to the first perceived movements of the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. These movements are often described as a fluttering sensation in the lower abdomen and are usually felt by pregnant individuals between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation, although they may occur earlier or later depending on various factors such as the position of the placenta and whether it is a first-time pregnancy.

Fetal movements are an important sign of fetal well-being, and pregnant individuals are typically advised to monitor them regularly starting from around 28 weeks of gestation. A decrease in fetal movement or the absence of fetal movement for an extended period may indicate a problem and should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately.

Fetal movements can be described as kicks, rolls, jabs, or turns, and they become stronger and more frequent as the pregnancy progresses. By 32 weeks of gestation, most fetuses move around 10 times per hour, and by 37 weeks, they typically move around 30 times per day. However, it is important to note that every fetus has its own pattern of movements, and what is normal for one may not be normal for another.

Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.

In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.

Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.

In medical terms, the arm refers to the upper limb of the human body, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. It is composed of three major bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The arm contains several joints, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, which allow for a wide range of motion. The arm also contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that are essential for normal function.

Cell movement, also known as cell motility, refers to the ability of cells to move independently and change their location within tissue or inside the body. This process is essential for various biological functions, including embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and cancer metastasis.

There are several types of cell movement, including:

1. **Crawling or mesenchymal migration:** Cells move by extending and retracting protrusions called pseudopodia or filopodia, which contain actin filaments. This type of movement is common in fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells during tissue invasion and metastasis.
2. **Amoeboid migration:** Cells move by changing their shape and squeezing through tight spaces without forming protrusions. This type of movement is often observed in white blood cells (leukocytes) as they migrate through the body to fight infections.
3. **Pseudopodial extension:** Cells extend pseudopodia, which are temporary cytoplasmic projections containing actin filaments. These protrusions help the cell explore its environment and move forward.
4. **Bacterial flagellar motion:** Bacteria use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel themselves through their environment. The rotation of the flagellum is driven by a molecular motor in the bacterial cell membrane.
5. **Ciliary and ependymal movement:** Ciliated cells, such as those lining the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes, have hair-like structures called cilia that beat in coordinated waves to move fluids or mucus across the cell surface.

Cell movement is regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and adhesion molecules, which enable cells to respond to environmental cues and navigate through tissues.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

A saccade is a quick, rapid, and ballistic conjugate eye movement that shifts the point of fixation from one target to another. It helps in rapidly repositioning the fovea (the central part of the retina with the highest visual acuity) to focus on different targets of interest in the visual scene. Saccades are essential for efficient scanning and exploration of our environment, allowing us to direct our high-resolution vision towards various points of interest. They typically take only about 20-200 milliseconds to complete and can reach peak velocities of up to 500 degrees per second or more, depending on the amplitude of the movement. Saccades are a critical component of normal visual function and are often studied in fields such as ophthalmology, neurology, and neuroscience.

In medical terms, a hand is the part of the human body that is attached to the forearm and consists of the carpus (wrist), metacarpus, and phalanges. It is made up of 27 bones, along with muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues. The hand is a highly specialized organ that is capable of performing a wide range of complex movements and functions, including grasping, holding, manipulating objects, and communicating through gestures. It is also richly innervated with sensory receptors that provide information about touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of body parts).

Leg injuries refer to damages or harm caused to any part of the lower extremity, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and other soft tissues. These injuries can result from various causes such as trauma, overuse, or degenerative conditions. Common leg injuries include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, contusions, and cuts. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness, weakness, or difficulty walking. The specific treatment for a leg injury depends on the type and severity of the injury.

Ocular fixation is a term used in ophthalmology and optometry to refer to the ability of the eyes to maintain steady gaze or visual focus on an object. It involves the coordinated movement of the extraocular muscles that control eye movements, allowing for clear and stable vision.

In medical terminology, fixation specifically refers to the state in which the eyes are aligned and focused on a single point in space. This is important for maintaining visual perception and preventing blurring or double vision. Ocular fixation can be affected by various factors such as muscle weakness, nerve damage, or visual processing disorders.

Assessment of ocular fixation is often used in eye examinations to evaluate visual acuity, eye alignment, and muscle function. Abnormalities in fixation may indicate the presence of underlying eye conditions or developmental delays that require further investigation and treatment.

'Leg length inequality' (LLIS) is a condition where there is a discrepancy in the lengths of an individual's lower extremities, specifically the bones of the thigh (femur) and/or the leg (tibia/fibula). This discrepancy can be congenital or acquired due to various causes such as fractures, infections, or surgical procedures. The inequality can lead to functional scoliosis, lower back pain, and other musculoskeletal issues. It is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, and may be treated with various methods including orthotics, shoe lifts, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

The motor cortex is a region in the frontal lobe of the brain that is responsible for controlling voluntary movements. It is involved in planning, initiating, and executing movements of the limbs, body, and face. The motor cortex contains neurons called Betz cells, which have large cell bodies and are responsible for transmitting signals to the spinal cord to activate muscles. Damage to the motor cortex can result in various movement disorders such as hemiplegia or paralysis on one side of the body.

Eye movement measurements, also known as oculometry, refer to the measurement and analysis of eye movements. This can include assessing the direction, speed, range, and patterns of eye movement. These measurements are often used in research and clinical settings to understand various aspects of vision, perception, and cognition. They can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions that affect eye movement, such as strabismus (crossed eyes), amblyopia (lazy eye), or neurological disorders. Additionally, eye movement measurements are also used in areas such as human-computer interaction, marketing research, and virtual reality to understand how individuals interact with their environment.

In the context of medical terminology, I believe you may be referring to "pursuit" as it relates to neurological tests. A smooth pursuit is a type of eye movement in which the eyes smoothly and slowly follow a moving object. It requires coordination between the extraocular muscles, vestibular system, and visual system. If there are issues with any of these systems, smooth pursuit can be affected, leading to abnormalities such as jerky or saccadic movements.

Therefore, "smooth pursuit" is a medical term used to describe the normal, coordinated movement of the eyes that allows for the tracking of moving objects in a smooth and continuous manner.

In medical terms, fingers are not specifically defined as they are common anatomical structures. However, I can provide you with a general anatomy definition:

Fingers are the terminal parts of the upper limb in primates, including humans, consisting of four digits (thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers) and one opposable thumb. They contain bones called phalanges, connected by joints that allow for movement and flexibility. Each finger has a nail, nerve endings for sensation, and blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen. Fingers are crucial for various activities such as grasping, manipulating objects, and tactile exploration of the environment.

I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself. It is sometimes described as the "sixth sense" and it's all about knowing where your body parts are, how they are moving, and the effort being used to move them. This information is crucial for motor control, balance, and coordination.

The proprioceptive system includes sensory receptors called proprioreceptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that send messages to the brain through nerves regarding body position and movement. These messages are then integrated with information from other senses, such as vision and vestibular sense (related to balance), to create a complete understanding of the body's position and motion in space.

Deficits in proprioception can lead to problems with coordination, balance, and fine motor skills.

Motor skills are defined as the abilities required to plan, control and execute physical movements. They involve a complex interplay between the brain, nerves, muscles, and the environment. Motor skills can be broadly categorized into two types: fine motor skills, which involve small, precise movements (such as writing or picking up small objects), and gross motor skills, which involve larger movements using the arms, legs, and torso (such as crawling, walking, or running).

Motor skills development is an essential aspect of child growth and development, and it continues to evolve throughout adulthood. Difficulties with motor skills can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and can be associated with various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.

In the context of medicine, particularly in anatomy and physiology, "rotation" refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis or the long axis of another structure. This type of motion is three-dimensional and can occur in various planes. A common example of rotation is the movement of the forearm bones (radius and ulna) around each other during pronation and supination, which allows the hand to be turned palm up or down. Another example is the rotation of the head during mastication (chewing), where the mandible moves in a circular motion around the temporomandibular joint.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

A varicose ulcer is a type of chronic wound that typically occurs on the lower leg, often as a result of poor circulation and venous insufficiency. These ulcers form when there is increased pressure in the veins, leading to damage and leakage of fluids into the surrounding tissues. Over time, this can cause the skin to break down and form an open sore or ulcer.

Varicose ulcers are often associated with varicose veins, which are swollen and twisted veins that are visible just beneath the surface of the skin. These veins have weakened walls and valves, which can lead to the pooling of blood and fluid in the lower legs. This increased pressure can cause damage to the surrounding tissues, leading to the formation of an ulcer.

Varicose ulcers are typically slow to heal and may require extensive treatment, including compression therapy, wound care, and sometimes surgery. Risk factors for developing varicose ulcers include obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and a history of deep vein thrombosis or other circulatory problems.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Motion perception is the ability to interpret and understand the movement of objects in our environment. It is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain and the visual system. In medical terms, motion perception refers to the specific function of the visual system to detect and analyze the movement of visual stimuli. This allows us to perceive and respond to moving objects in our environment, which is crucial for activities such as driving, sports, and even maintaining balance. Disorders in motion perception can lead to conditions like motion sickness or difficulty with depth perception.

"Macaca mulatta" is the scientific name for the Rhesus macaque, a species of monkey that is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia. They are often used in biomedical research due to their genetic similarity to humans.

Sensory feedback refers to the information that our senses (such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell) provide to our nervous system about our body's interaction with its environment. This information is used by our brain and muscles to make adjustments in movement, posture, and other functions to maintain balance, coordination, and stability.

For example, when we walk, our sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints provide feedback to our brain about the position and movement of our limbs. This information is used to adjust our muscle contractions and make small corrections in our gait to maintain balance and avoid falling. Similarly, when we touch a hot object, sensory receptors in our skin send signals to our brain that activate the withdrawal reflex, causing us to quickly pull away our hand.

In summary, sensory feedback is an essential component of our nervous system's ability to monitor and control our body's movements and responses to the environment.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the resting potential of the eye and the changes in this potential that occur with eye movements. It involves placing electrodes near the eyes to detect the small electric fields generated by the movement of the eyeball within the surrounding socket. This technique is used in research and clinical settings to study eye movements and their control, as well as in certain diagnostic applications such as assessing the function of the oculomotor system in patients with neurological disorders.

Kinesthesia, also known as proprioception, refers to the perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body parts in space. It is a type of sensory information that comes from receptors located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints, which detect changes in tension, length, and pressure of these tissues during movement. This information is then sent to the brain, where it is integrated with visual and vestibular (inner ear) inputs to create a sense of body position and movement.

Kinesthesia allows us to perform complex movements and maintain balance without having to consciously think about each movement. It helps us to coordinate our movements, adjust our posture, and navigate through our environment with ease. Deficits in kinesthetic perception can lead to difficulties with motor coordination, balance, and mobility.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.

In medical terms, "volition" refers to the conscious and deliberate process of making decisions and initiating actions based on personal choice. It is the ability to choose or decide on a course of action and then carry it out willfully. Volition involves the integration of cognitive, emotional, and motor functions to achieve a specific goal-oriented behavior.

Volitional processes are often impaired in certain neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and depression, among others. Assessing volition is important for evaluating an individual's capacity to make informed decisions and take responsibility for their actions.

Leg dermatoses is a general term that refers to various skin conditions affecting the legs. This can include a wide range of inflammatory, infectious, or degenerative diseases that cause symptoms such as redness, itching, scaling, blistering, or pigmentation changes on the leg skin. Examples of specific leg dermatoses include stasis dermatitis, venous eczema, contact dermatitis, lichen planus, psoriasis, and cellulitis among others. Accurate diagnosis usually requires a thorough examination and sometimes a biopsy to determine the specific type of dermatosis and appropriate treatment.

The term "lower extremity" is used in the medical field to refer to the portion of the human body that includes the structures below the hip joint. This includes the thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot. The lower extremities are responsible for weight-bearing and locomotion, allowing individuals to stand, walk, run, and jump. They contain many important structures such as bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Paresis is a medical term that refers to a partial loss of voluntary muscle function. It is often described as muscle weakness, and it can affect one or several parts of the body. Paresis can be caused by various conditions, including nerve damage, stroke, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, and infections like polio or botulism. The severity of paresis can range from mild to severe, depending on the underlying cause and the specific muscles involved. Treatment for paresis typically focuses on addressing the underlying condition causing it.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

A medical definition of the wrist is the complex joint that connects the forearm to the hand, composed of eight carpal bones arranged in two rows. The wrist allows for movement and flexibility in the hand, enabling us to perform various activities such as grasping, writing, and typing. It also provides stability and support for the hand during these movements. Additionally, numerous ligaments, tendons, and nerves pass through or near the wrist, making it susceptible to injuries and conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

A vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a automatic motion of the eyes that helps to stabilize images on the retina during head movement. It is mediated by the vestibular system, which includes the semicircular canals and otolith organs in the inner ear.

When the head moves, the movement is detected by the vestibular system, which sends signals to the oculomotor nuclei in the brainstem. These nuclei then generate an eye movement that is equal and opposite to the head movement, allowing the eyes to remain fixed on a target while the head is moving. This reflex helps to maintain visual stability during head movements and is essential for activities such as reading, walking, and driving.

The VOR can be tested clinically by having the patient follow a target with their eyes while their head is moved passively. If the VOR is functioning properly, the eyes should remain fixed on the target despite the head movement. Abnormalities in the VOR can indicate problems with the vestibular system or the brainstem.

Visual perception refers to the ability to interpret and organize information that comes from our eyes to recognize and understand what we are seeing. It involves several cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, size estimation, movement detection, and depth perception. Visual perception allows us to identify objects, navigate through space, and interact with our environment. Deficits in visual perception can lead to learning difficulties and disabilities.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

In a medical context, "orientation" typically refers to an individual's awareness and understanding of their personal identity, place, time, and situation. It is a critical component of cognitive functioning and mental status. Healthcare professionals often assess a person's orientation during clinical evaluations, using tests that inquire about their name, location, the current date, and the circumstances of their hospitalization or visit.

There are different levels of orientation:

1. Person (or self): The individual knows their own identity, including their name, age, and other personal details.
2. Place: The individual is aware of where they are, such as the name of the city, hospital, or healthcare facility.
3. Time: The individual can accurately state the current date, day of the week, month, and year.
4. Situation or event: The individual understands why they are in the healthcare setting, what happened leading to their hospitalization or visit, and the nature of any treatments or procedures they are undergoing.

Impairments in orientation can be indicative of various neurological or psychiatric conditions, such as delirium, dementia, or substance intoxication or withdrawal. It is essential for healthcare providers to monitor and address orientation issues to ensure appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and patient safety.

Postural balance is the ability to maintain, achieve, or restore a state of equilibrium during any posture or activity. It involves the integration of sensory information (visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive) to control and adjust body position in space, thereby maintaining the center of gravity within the base of support. This is crucial for performing daily activities and preventing falls, especially in older adults and individuals with neurological or orthopedic conditions.

In the context of medicine and physiology, acceleration refers to the process of increasing or quickening a function or process. For example, heart rate acceleration is an increase in the speed at which the heart beats. It can also refer to the rate at which something increases, such as the acceleration of muscle strength during rehabilitation. In physics terms, acceleration refers to the rate at which an object changes its velocity, but this definition is not typically used in a medical context.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide support and stability to the body during motion. Joints can be classified in several ways, including structure, function, and the type of tissue that forms them. The three main types of joints based on structure are fibrous (or fixed), cartilaginous, and synovial (or diarthrosis). Fibrous joints do not have a cavity and have limited movement, while cartilaginous joints allow for some movement and are connected by cartilage. Synovial joints, the most common and most movable type, have a space between the articular surfaces containing synovial fluid, which reduces friction and wear. Examples of synovial joints include hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, saddle, and condyloid joints.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

Dyskinesias are a type of movement disorder characterized by involuntary, erratic, and often repetitive muscle movements. These movements can affect any part of the body and can include twisting, writhing, or jerking motions, as well as slow, writhing contortions. Dyskinesias can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications (such as those used to treat Parkinson's disease), brain injury, stroke, infection, or exposure to toxins. They can also be a side effect of some medical treatments, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Dyskinesias can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, making it difficult for them to perform routine tasks and affecting their overall quality of life. Treatment for dyskinesias depends on the underlying cause and may include medication adjustments, surgery, or physical therapy. In some cases, dyskinesias may be managed with the use of assistive devices or by modifying the person's environment to make it easier for them to move around.

In the context of medical terminology, "motion" generally refers to the act or process of moving or changing position. It can also refer to the range of movement of a body part or joint. However, there is no single specific medical definition for the term "motion." The meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.

"Torque" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a physical concept used in the fields of physics and engineering, referring to a twisting force that causes rotation around an axis. However, in certain medical contexts, such as in discussions of spinal or joint biomechanics, the term "torque" may be used to describe a rotational force applied to a body part. But generally speaking, "torque" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology.

The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.

'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.

In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.

Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

A forelimb is a term used in animal anatomy to refer to the upper limbs located in the front of the body, primarily involved in movement and manipulation of the environment. In humans, this would be equivalent to the arms, while in quadrupedal animals (those that move on four legs), it includes the structures that are comparable to both the arms and legs of humans, such as the front legs of dogs or the forepaws of cats. The bones that make up a typical forelimb include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

... an effect called augmentation which may represent symptoms occurring throughout the day and affect movements of all limbs. ... Continuous, fast up-and-down movements of the leg, and/or rapidly moving the legs toward then away from each other, may keep ... Stretching the leg muscles can bring temporary relief. Walking and moving the legs, as the name "restless legs" implies, brings ... "Two early descriptions of restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements by Boissier de Sauvages (1763) and Gilles de la ...
Appendicular ataxia affects the movements of the arms and legs. It is caused by lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres. Truncal ... Truncal ataxia affects the muscles closer to the body such as the trunk, shoulder girdle and hip girdle. It is involved in gait ...
Podoconiosis however typically affects the legs bilaterally, while filariasis is generally unilateral. Also, podoconiosis very ... Ultrasonography can also be used to detect the movements and noises caused by the movement of adult worms. Lymphatic filariasis ... Different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body: Wuchereria bancrofti can affect the arms, ... legs, breasts, or genitals. The skin may become thicker as well, and the condition may become painful. Affected people are ...
Usually, the legs are most prominently affected. Those affected may fidget, rock back and forth, or pace, while some may just ... Visible signs of akathisia include repetitive movements such as crossing and uncrossing the legs, and constant shifting from ... Akathisia is classified as an extrapyramidal side effect along with other movement disorders that can be caused by ... appears to play an important role in the development of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), a form of akathisia focused in the legs,[ ...
Circulation, particularly of the legs, can be adversely affected as well. In fact, back pain and circulation discomfort are ... All movements are not the same; there are movements to be avoided. For example, movement that alternates between different ... and minimizes lower leg edema and swollen ankles. Since movement allows blood to flow freely from the lower extremities, this ... Their movement can be limited to that of the upper extremities only. Thus, for wheelchair users, this static body posture may ...
Stuttering and restless legs syndrome are some of the less common associations. A less common side effect of amitriptyline is ... A literature review about abnormal movements and amitriptyline found that this drug is associated with various movement ... If the affected person is unconscious or has an impaired gag reflex, a nasogastric tube may be used to deliver the activated ... However, its effect is not sustained after the treatment ends. Alarm therapy gives better short- and long-term results. In the ...
At 5-8 years of age affected children developed abnormal movements. They presented with twisting movements of the hands of a ... They also developed jerky movements of the legs after running. Initially, abnormal movements were intermediate in speed between ... Combinations of abnormal movements involving the arms, legs, trunk and occasionally the head were observed. The attacks lasted ... In affected individuals presenting with the ICCA syndrome, the human genome was screened with microsatellite markers regularly ...
ALL other movements and skills are based on this form. Outward Step (出步; Cantonese: Ceot1 Bou6) This is a gliding effect used ... Flying Leg (飛腿; Cantonese: Fei1 Teoi2) A crescent kick. Hair-flinging (旋水髮; Cantonese: Syun4 Seoi2 Faat3) A circular swinging ... Hand Movements (手動作; Cantonese: Sau2 Dung6 Zok3) Hand and finger movements reflect the music as well as the action of the play ... These are the basic movements of the hands and arms. This is the MOST important basic movement in ALL Chinese Operas. ...
Different antelope have different body types, which can affect movement. Duikers are short, bush-dwelling antelope that can ... Both dibatags and gerenuks habitually stand on their two hind legs to reach acacia and other tree foliage. ... slender yet powerful legs, many antelope have long strides and can run fast. Some (e.g. klipspringer) are also adapted to ... legs, and rumps are used in such communication. Many species "flash" such markings, as well as their tails; vocal ...
The Bose crescograph uses a series of clockwork gears and a smoked glass plate to record the movement of the tip of a plant (or ... This machine is highly sensitive; Bose padded the legs of the table on which the Crescograph is being used with India-rubber ... This negated any vibration which could affect results. Chunder Bose, Jagadis; Das, Guruprasanna (1919-02-17). "Researches on ... The electronic crescograph plant movement detector is capable of measurements as small as 1/1,000,000 of an inch. However, its ...
The affected leg is usually extremely painful, precluding weight-bearing and movement. Nerve injuries also can accompany ... Side Lying Leg abduction- Lie on one side with one leg on top of the other. Slowly lift the top leg towards the ceiling and ... the affected limb will be in a position of flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. This is to say, the affected leg will be ... This is to say that with superior and inferior anterior dislocations, the affected leg will be bent at the hip backwards and ...
SM10 is open to those with "very minimal weakness affecting the legs; Swimmers with restriction of hip joint movement; Swimmers ... Her times of 32.35 for the 50-metre and 1:06.37 for the 100-metre were the fastest for her legs of the events.[failed ... with both feet deformed; Swimmers with one leg amputated below the knee; Swimmers missing one hand. This is the class with the ...
The affected siblings have a form of non-progressive congenital cerebellar ataxia. The brain impairments include cerebellar ... They are also mildly intellectually disabled and have problems in balancing on two legs. However, they do not show the poor ... coordination of hands, speech, and eye movements often found in cerebellar ataxia. The four sisters can do needlework. They all ... Second, due to their congenital brain impairment, they found balancing on two legs difficult. Because of this, their motor ...
Another example, sea legs, are a kind of Tetris effect. A person newly on land after spending long periods at sea may sense ... illusory rocking motion, having become accustomed to the constant work of adjusting to the boat making such movements (see " ... The Tetris effect occurs when people devote so much time and attention to an activity that it begins to pattern their thoughts ... Those experiencing the effect may feel they are unable to prevent the thoughts, images, or dreams from happening. A more ...
It is exacerbated by movement and sitting or standing and is relieved to some degree by lying down. Nausea, vomiting, pain in ... PDPH is a common side effect of lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid causes reduced fluid ... arms and legs, hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness and paraesthesia of the scalp are also common. ... Mahoori, Alireza; Noroozinia, Heydar; Hasani, Ebrahim; Saghaleini, Hadi (2014). "Comparing the effect of pregabalin, gabapentin ...
Some affected infants are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth, which is called a cleft palate. Treatment is ... People with the condition are often shorter than average because the bones in their arms and legs are unusually short. Other ... limited joint movement, and arthritis that begins early in life. Severe high-tone hearing loss is common. Typical facial ... The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are usually not affected but are carriers of one copy of the ...
Movement symptoms relate to the quality of motor functions. Walking may be delayed or difficult because legs are stiff ( ... Behavioral symptoms affect relations with other people and may include short attention span, intractability, and delays in ... and there is often a head movement in the same direction as the eye movement. These abnormal eye movements were recently named ... In newborns, the first sign of the disorder may be involuntary eye movements that are rapid and irregular. Patients typically ...
It is also common to X-ray the spine and legs, as well as the hips, since soft tissues can be affected by the extra strain of a ... This may be visible as "bunny hopping", where both legs move together, or less dynamic movement (running, jumping), or ... The degree to which a dog is affected by hip dysplasia is represented by a score given to each hip. Scores for each hip are ... The hip condition is only one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of ...
Arellano, Christopher J; McDermott, William J; Kram, Rodger; Grabowski, Alena M (Jan 2015). "Effect of Running Speed and Leg ... Tokuno, CD; Sanderson, DJ; Inglis, JT; Chua, R (Dec 2003). "Postural and movement adaptations by individuals with a unilateral ... However, the effect of added mass appears to be less significant for amputees. Small increases in mass (4-oz and 8-oz) of a ... Implementing a prosthetic leg requires the user to mechanically control the behaviors of the prosthetic knee and ankle joints ...
Those affected typically experience abrupt leg weakness, sometimes after sudden movement of the head. The weakness may persist ... Drop attacks stem from diverse mechanisms, including orthopedic causes (for example, leg weakness and knee instability), ...
CP7 sportspeople are able to walk, but appear to do so while having a limp as one side of their body is more affected than the ... Athlete has difficulty walking on his heels and has significant difficulty with hopping on the impaired leg. Side stepping ... Lower Extremities-Hemiplegia Spasticity Grade 3 to 2. Dominant side has better development and good follow through movement in ... Sportspeople in this class can walk but may appear to have a limp as half their body is affected by cerebral palsy. Sports ...
... particularly affected are the sensory neurons essential for directing muscle movement of the arms and legs through connections ... The sensory neurons essential for directing muscle movement of the arms and legs through connections with the cerebellum are ... FRDA affects one in 50,000 people in the United States and is the most common inherited ataxia. Rates are highest in people of ... FRDA affects Indo-European populations. It is rare in East Asians, sub-Saharan Africans, and Native Americans. FRDA is the most ...
Former Australian bowler Dennis Lillee employed a leg cutter of this sort to considerable effect; however, deliveries of this ... the result is movement to the right (in to the right-handed batter). It can be seen that only rarely would the ball be at the ... In order to achieve this effect, a seam bowler usually delivers the ball with the seam held upright, with rotation about a ... Australian fast-medium bowler Glenn McGrath has used his seaming ability to great effect in his career. The ball 'seams' at its ...
Speech is often affected (dysarthria), as is walking; legs will suddenly give way or flick out to one side, giving an irregular ... writhing or explosive involuntary movements. Usually all four limbs are affected, but there are cases reported where just one ... uncoordinated jerking movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet. Sydenham's chorea is an autoimmune disease that ... Underlying the abnormal movements is often low tone (hypotonia) which may not become obvious until treatment is started to ...
... involuntary movements of the limbs, torso, and fingers may also occur. In some cases, an individual's legs can be so affected ... Additionally, there may be rapid jerking movements or slow writhing movements. In about 20% of people with TD, the disorder ... Some examples of these types of involuntary movements include: Grimacing Tongue movements Lip smacking Lip puckering Pursing of ... The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) examination is a test used to identify the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD). ...
The angles of certain bones, especially in the hind leg, shoulders, and pasterns, also affect movement. The forelegs carry the ... A sequence of movements in which a horse takes a step with all four legs is called a stride. During each step, with each leg, a ... Movement adds concussive force to weight, increasing the likelihood that a poorly built leg will buckle under the strain. At ... Forward motion and flexion of the hind legs is achieved through the movement of the quadriceps group of muscles on the front of ...
... legs, forearm and buttocks. She recovered from the physical wounds within a week but was affected mentally by the experience. ... By 1969 Kazickas was working for the Associated Press (AP) in New York, for whom she covered the women's liberation movement. ... Kazickas later reported on the women's liberation movement for the Associated Press and, with Lynn Sherr, published the ...
The suits restrict leg movement, and participants are not allowed to use their hands to lift the suits up. This results in ... participants raising their arms and shoulders while running producing a comedic effect. There have now been three World ...
She was born with cerebral palsy right-sided hemiplegia, which affects the movement in her right arm and leg. Her family moved ...
Anarky successfully lures Batman's attention by hiring Legs and other homeless men to monitor Batman's movements. During the ... Thus, when Machin activates it, it only affects himself. The vision that follows reveals what may have happened if he had ... The mob includes Legs, a homeless Vietnam veteran who Alan Grant would utilize as a partner for Anarky in future stories. ... Malochia hopes this act will set into effect his own delusional predictions of calamity. Anarky and Joe Potato revive and steer ...
Movement Disorders: Parkinsons Disease, Tourette, Dystonia, Restless Leg Syndrome. *Marcie Rabin, MD ... pseudobulbar affect (PBA), and stroke.. ... Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA). *Robert Felberg, MD. Stroke. *Kyle ... Movement disorders are an area of specialized focus for our researchers. The program remains committed to bringing as many ...
Determining if wearable sensors affect infant leg movement frequency. August 29, 2023. June 14, 2022. by ERT_Admin ... Tags Infant, Leg Movement, Movement System, Pediatric, Wearable Sensor Post navigation Quantitative Evaluation of Gait Changes ... Human Movement and Related Disorders. Huntingtons Disease. Kinesiology. Metabolic Diseases. Multiple Sclerosis. Parkinsons ... But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. ...
MOVEMENT-RELATED * Restless Legs Syndrome * Bruxism * Sleepwalking * Sleep Quiz: See Your Sleep Profile! Alcohol and Sleep ... COPD affects almost 16 million people in the United States alone and is the third most common cause of death due to disease ... Are There Treatments for Sleep Affected by COPD?. Yes, there are treatments available for COPD symptoms that negatively impact ... Treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) By Danielle Pacheco August 31, 2023 ...
Leg / physiology* * Male * Movement / physiology* * Muscle, Skeletal / physiology* * Rupture ... The effect of upper-limb motion on lower-limb muscle synchrony. Implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury J Bone Joint ... In the present study, we examined whether the upper-limb motion involved in catching a ball affected the synchrony of the lower ...
... an effect called augmentation which may represent symptoms occurring throughout the day and affect movements of all limbs. ... Continuous, fast up-and-down movements of the leg, and/or rapidly moving the legs toward then away from each other, may keep ... Stretching the leg muscles can bring temporary relief. Walking and moving the legs, as the name "restless legs" implies, brings ... "Two early descriptions of restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements by Boissier de Sauvages (1763) and Gilles de la ...
It also affects eye movements. Symptoms of PSP may resemble symptoms of Parkinsons disease. However, in PSP tremor is less ... Corticobasal syndrome, which causes arms and legs to become uncoordinated or stiff. ... Disturbances of motor (movement or muscle) function include three disorders that are a part of the frontotemporal degeneration ... Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is the second major form of frontotemporal degeneration that affects language skills, ...
Lack of movement in the arm or leg. *Pain in the affected area ... Pale color of the arm or leg (pallor). *Weakness of an arm or ... Arterial emboli often occur in the legs and feet. Emboli that occur in the brain cause a stroke. Ones that occur in the heart ... The health care provider may find decreased or no pulse, and decreased or no blood pressure in the arm or leg. There may be ... The goals of treatment are to control symptoms and to improve the interrupted blood flow to the affected area of the body. The ...
Some kids have balance problems that affect how they walk. Some have trouble with small movements, like forming letters on a ... Others have problems with more areas of the body, including the arms, legs, and face. This can make it hard to walk, talk, see ... Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition that affects muscle tone, movement, and coordination. ... Kids with CP who are self-conscious of uncontrolled movements or other differences may want to sit in the back or away from ...
CP happens when areas of the brain that control movement and posture do not develop correctly or get damaged. Treatment can ... Sometimes it only affects one part of the body. In other cases, it can affect both arms and legs, the trunk, and the face. ... CP affects the cerebral motor cortex. This is the part of the brain that directs muscle movement. In fact, the first part of ... Dyskinetic cerebral palsy, which causes problems controlling the movement of the hands, arms, feet, and legs. This can make it ...
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD). *Parasomnias (Sleep Walking, Sleep Talking, Sleep ... Other Conditions That Can Affect Your Sleep:. *Nose and sinus issues, such as nasal congestion, nasal obstruction from ...
Alcoholic neuropathy can affect both movement and sensation. Symptoms range from slight discomfort to major disability. ... This could lead to disability, chronic pain, and damage to your arms and legs. However, if caught early enough, you can ... Alcohol-related neurologic disease refers to a range of conditions that affect the nerves and nervous system. Learn the types, ... Drinking too much can alter levels of these nutrients and affect the spread of alcoholic neuropathy. Fortunately, abstaining ...
... you have uncontrollable movements of the legs, arms, and facial muscles. Symptoms may include sudden, random movements or ... Huntingtons disease is a genetic condition that affects your brain. Xenazine is prescribed to treat uncontrollable movements ... With chorea, you have uncontrollable movements of the legs, arms, and facial muscles. Chorea may be caused by Huntingtons ... Chorea is the medical term for uncontrollable movements of the legs, arms, and facial muscles. With Huntingtons disease, the ...
Diminished movement in the affected side * Asymmetry in leg positions * Asymmetry of the thigh fat folds * After 3 months of ... asymmetry of rotation of the leg and apparent shortening of the affected leg Note: There may be no symptoms. ... In early infancy, positioning with a device to keep the legs apart and turned outward (frog-leg position) will usually hold the ...
This could affect your blood pressure. 2.) When lifting weights, use smooth, steady movements. Breathe out as you lift or push ... 3.) Avoid jerking or thrusting movements. 4.) Avoid locking the joints of your arms and legs into a strained position. 5.) Some ... Rare clotting effect of early COVID shots finally explained - what could that mean for future vaccines?. By Stephanie Pappas. ... 8.) Never bounce into a stretch; make slow steady movements instead. 9.) To prevent injuries, use safety equipment such as ...
... such as increased movement (like spasms or shaking) and/or slow movement. ... Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that cause abnormal movements, ... It affects how you walk, think, swallow and move your eyes.. *Restless leg syndrome (RLS): RLS is a sleep disorder that causes ... Movement Disorders. Movement disorders cause increased and/or slow movement. They can affect actions you choose to make or ...
... is unique in that the movements occur during sleep. Most other movement disorders manifest during wakefulness. ... Effect of pergolide on restless legs and leg movements in sleep in uremic patients. Sleep. 1998 Sep 15. 21(6):617-22. [QxMD ... Periodic leg movements in sleep with restless legs syndrome: effect of clonazepam treatment. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992 Sep ... Leg movements associated with PLMD are stereotyped and involve one or both limbs. The movement simulates triple flexion with ...
Gumby, cat with severely deformed legs, is adopted .cls-3{fill:#fff;fill-rule:evenodd}. ... What to know about the Sikh independence movement … GOP Rep. George Santos refuses to resign and warns … ... "But actually, that interaction effect was the opposite of what we expected and ended up having an effect of offsetting each ... However, the researchers believe this is only a short-term effect.. "What we find is that while there may be greater alertness ...
As a result of these changes, people living with CBS can experience increased difficulty with their coordination, movement, ... Difficulties with movement. A person may only experience difficulties with movement in one of their hands, arms or legs. It is ... and how it affects the people who have it. These myths stand in the way of understanding the disease and helping those affected ... involuntary tightening of the affected limb). People with CBS may complain that a limb affected by the disease does not feel ...
... is unique in that the movements occur during sleep. Most other movement disorders manifest during wakefulness. ... Effect of pergolide on restless legs and leg movements in sleep in uremic patients. Sleep. 1998 Sep 15. 21(6):617-22. [QxMD ... Periodic leg movements in sleep with restless legs syndrome: effect of clonazepam treatment. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992 Sep ... Wetter TC, Pollmacher T. Restless legs and periodic leg movements in sleep syndromes. J Neurol. 1997 Apr. 244(4 Suppl 1):S37-45 ...
Later they affect both sides.. *Trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face ... Parkinsons disease is a type of movement disorder. It happens when nerve cells in the brain dont produce enough of a brain ...
Kao, P.C., Ferris, D.P. (2005). The effect of movement frequency on interlimb coupling during recumbent stepping. Motor control ... Ferris, D.P., Huang, H.J., Kao, P.C. (2006). Moving the arms to activate the legs. Exercise and sport sciences reviews,34(3) ... MS: Movement Science, (2003), University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI. Dissertation/Thesis Title: Recumbent stepping frequency ... Kao, P.C., Srivastava, S., Agrawal, S.K., Scholz, J.P. (2013). Effect of robotic performance-based error-augmentation versus ...
... but his legs are most severely affected. He struggles with fine movement but is able to transfer his body weight with his arms ... All of Kris muscles are affected by Cerebral Palsy; his muscles are stiff and rigid, ...
Patients may even have to undergo occupational therapy if movement and fine motor control is affected. ... For example, if leg paralysis occurs, there is an increased risk of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Tight compression ... control of the voluntary movement of the body is affected, leading to paralysis. ... A - Arms - Weakness, heaviness and numbness in the upper body limbs may affect the ability to lift one or both arms. ...
Did you get a little hobbled there on your left leg? Something affected your movement it looked like.. DEVONTE GREEN: Yeah, I ... It didnt affect me much the first half because my adrenaline rushing, but then you go to halftime and youre sitting for a ...
But they lose movement-sometimes it is only a little movement, just one muscle, and other times it is both legs and arms and ... "It doesnt affect sensation, they have full sensation," he says. "So if you touch the paralyzed leg, they feel pain like me and ... "We were at a party of a relative when we realized that he was not able to move his other leg either. Both his legs were limp." ... The COVID-19 crisis will affect polio victims in Afghanistan long after the pandemic subsides. The ICRC is concerned about the ...
Repeat the movement up to 20 times per leg in 3 series. You need to do this exercise many times to get the effect you want. ... 8. Leg extensions. Do this exercise lying on the floor, resting your hands on the floor and knees too. Put one leg back, until ... You will go down, standing on the other leg. That will add to the difficulty of the exercise, and the muscles of the legs will ... Your legs should be stretched out when your heel on the floor. Then you flex your elbow and perform the up and down motion. You ...
Push the handles away with a strong but smooth movement, straightening out your hands.. Effect of exercise:. Strengthens the ... Sit comfortably and place the legs on the platforms. Hold the handles with your hands. ...
It removes leg drive, forcing the movement to rely on chest and shoulder strength. My back started cramping up for the first ... It sounds like its supposed to be a leg exercise so youd probably want to drop your hips really low and bend your knees. ... It sounds like its supposed to be a leg exercise so youd probably want to drop your hips really low and bend your knees[/ ... Matter of fact Ill be hitting them tomorrow for my pull movement :D. Ive always been interested in Conjugate training but I ...
... problems with precise movements of hands, arms, feet, and legs, problems swallowing or synchronizing eye movements, and changes ... Symptoms may include decreased movement or pain in the affected joint and a locking or catching sensation when moving the joint ... Spinal tumors can affect the brain in several ways. Growth in the spinal canal can block the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid or ... Spinal cord tumors may lead to weakness, numbness, lack of coordination in the arms and/or legs (usually on both sides of the ...
  • Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is generally a long-term disorder that causes a strong urge to move one's legs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Restless leg syndrome may either be early-onset, occurring before age 45, or late-onset, occurring after age 45. (wikipedia.org)
  • Restless legs syndrome may resolve if the underlying problem is addressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a survey among members of the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, it was found that up to 45% of patients had their first symptoms before the age of 20 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • restless legs feel similar to the urge to yawn, situated in the legs or arms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the most common include Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and restless leg syndrome. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Growing evidence suggests a link between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and PLMD. (medscape.com)
  • Hoque R, Chesson AL Jr. Pharmacologically induced/exacerbated restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements of sleep, and REM behavior disorder/REM sleep without atonia: literature review, qualitative scoring, and comparative analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Initially, doctors may misattribute the restless movements and involuntary facial expressions of Sydenham chorea to a child being extremely fidgety, hyperactive, clumsy and/or purposely uncooperative. (rarediseases.org)
  • Stress, inadequate warm-up before exercise, and certain medical conditions such as peripheral artery disease or restless leg syndrome can also be underlying causes. (dossia.org)
  • 9. Can restless leg syndrome cause leg tightness? (dossia.org)
  • Yes, restless leg syndrome, a neurological disorder characterized an urge to move the legs, can also lead to leg tightness. (dossia.org)
  • Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are characterized by abnormal motions of and, for RLS, usually sensations in the lower or upper extremities, which may interfere with sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A systematic review by Kuang et al found that sleep bruxism is more common in adults with sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux disease, restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movement during sleep, obstructive sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder, and sleep-related epilepsy than in the general population. (medscape.com)
  • Iron deficiency has been shown to be etiologic for restless legs syndrome (RLS), with a reduction in severity of the condition upon correction of the deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Frontotemporal dementia used to be called Pick's disease after Arnold Pick, M.D., a physician who in 1892 first described a patient with distinct symptoms affecting language. (alz.org)
  • The symptoms of chorea (uncontrollable movements of the legs, arms, and facial muscles) associated with Huntington's disease may return or get worse within 12 to 18 hours of when you took your last dose of Xenazine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Rather, it's an overall term for a set of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. (alzheimer.ca)
  • The symptoms of stroke are variable, depending on what part of the brain is affected. (news-medical.net)
  • If the blood supply to any brain region is disrupted, neurons and other cells in that particular region begin to die, with symptoms correlating to what part of the brain is affected. (news-medical.net)
  • Tumors in or around the cranial nerves may cause different symptoms depending on the nerve affected. (medicinenet.com)
  • Symptoms in arms and legs are often worse on one side of the body. (rarediseases.org)
  • The abnormal movements in Sydenham chorea range from subtle symptoms, affecting coordination and tasks such as writing, to severe symptoms, disrupting walking, talking, and performing basic tasks such as dressing, eating, or simply holding objects. (rarediseases.org)
  • If your leg tightness persists despite self-care measures, intensifies, or is accompanied severe pain, swelling, numbness, or other concerning symptoms, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment. (dossia.org)
  • These are common symptoms for many individuals, but all individuals with cerebral palsy are affected differently and exhibit different signs. (specialneeds.com)
  • However, depending on which joint is affected, these symptoms may vary. (lu.se)
  • However, it is not uncommon that people affected by OA go about life with symptoms for a long period of time before seeking medical care. (lu.se)
  • Common symptoms of OA of the fingers include finger stiffness and hard lumps filled with synovial fluid appearing on the affected finger joints. (lu.se)
  • In the present study, we examined whether the upper-limb motion involved in catching a ball affected the synchrony of the lower-limb muscles during tasks known to stress the anterior cruciate ligament-namely, abrupt decelerative landings. (nih.gov)
  • It causes increased muscle tone, stiff muscles, and awkward movements. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's important to note that conditions that result in a lack of movement (like paralysis ) or weakened muscles (such as muscular dystrophy ) aren't considered movement disorders even though they affect mobility. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spasticity is a disruption in muscle movement patterns that causes certain muscles to contract all at once when you try to move or even at rest. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • his muscles are stiff and rigid, but his legs are most severely affected. (newlifecharity.co.uk)
  • I like where your head is at about hitting all the muscles in the least amount of movement. (bodybuilding.com)
  • Yes, overusing your leg muscles, especially during repetitive activities like running or cycling, can cause tightness. (dossia.org)
  • Yes, regular exercise can help improve blood flow, increase flexibility, and strengthen the muscles, thus reducing leg tightness. (dossia.org)
  • Her hind legs continued their trembling, though, and I could see that the German shepherd's back muscles were tight. (handicappedpets.com)
  • Physiotherapy, to improve range of movement at the joint, as well as to strengthen the muscles responsible for mobilising the joint (the hamstrings and quadriceps). (docpods.com)
  • These movements can affect any part of the body that uses muscles, such as the face or mouth. (specialneeds.com)
  • Between 2 and 10 out of 100 people who have paralysis from poliovirus infection die, because the virus affects the muscles that help them breathe. (cdc.gov)
  • Muscle cramps involving the leg and abdominal muscles occur within weeks and may persist for years. (medscape.com)
  • NIH-supported researchers have been studying ways to deliver dystrophin genes to affected muscles with fewer side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jerky movements, sudden starts and stops, as well as sideways running or hopping, can all lead to an ACL injury. (docpods.com)
  • Spastic refers to the type of cerebral palsy where the individual has increased muscle tone, which results in stiff and jerky movements. (specialneeds.com)
  • Jerky movements, impaired balance, and incoordination or balance issues can be signs of a patient dealing with ataxia. (acrm.org)
  • By its very nature, cerebral palsy affects a person's ability to control their voluntary and involuntary movements. (cochranfirm.com)
  • As children grow older, cerebral palsy affects their muscle tone, movement, and muscle control. (specialneeds.com)
  • Corticobasal syndrome, which causes arms and legs to become uncoordinated or stiff. (alz.org)
  • When the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) which connects the jawbone to the skull, is affected by OA, the jaw often feels stiff, and it may hurt when moving your jaw. (lu.se)
  • An urge to move, usually due to uncomfortable sensations that occur primarily in the legs, but occasionally in the arms or elsewhere. (wikipedia.org)
  • Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is characterized by periodic episodes of repetitive limb movements during sleep, which most often occur in the lower extremities. (medscape.com)
  • The movements are said to occur mainly in non-REM sleep. (medscape.com)
  • While some patients with increased periodic limb movements during sleep may have an underlying etiology, it is important to recognize that these movements are not always indicative of a medical condition and have been shown to occur in up to 7.7% of healthy children. (medscape.com)
  • Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder Parasomnias are undesirable behaviors that occur during entry into sleep, during sleep, or during arousal from sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This particular sequence has been found to occur in close to 80% of rhythmic jaw movements associated with tooth grinding during sleep. (medscape.com)
  • Chorea is defined as random-appearing, continuous (while awake), involuntary movements which can affect the entire body. (rarediseases.org)
  • Leg movements associated with PLMD are stereotyped and involve one or both limbs. (medscape.com)
  • weakness on MMT) in affected limbs and reported little or no functional difficulty. (cdc.gov)
  • changes in affected limbs not present at 4 months were observed in 6 patients. (cdc.gov)
  • A - Arms - Weakness, heaviness and numbness in the upper body limbs may affect the ability to lift one or both arms. (news-medical.net)
  • These effects appeared to result from the exoskeleton inhibiting regular stepping motion due to its posterior placement on the lower limbs, added mass, and mechanical constraints on participant movement. (cdc.gov)
  • Others have problems with more areas of the body, including the arms, legs, and face. (kidshealth.org)
  • Sometimes it only affects one part of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some only affect one area of your body, while others can affect most of your body. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Stereotypies are complex and usually bilateral (both sides of your body) movements. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • He struggles with fine movement but is able to transfer his body weight with his arms. (newlifecharity.co.uk)
  • For example, if the blood supply to the motor cortex is disrupted through a blockage of the middle cerebral artery, control of the voluntary movement of the body is affected, leading to paralysis. (news-medical.net)
  • Spinal cord tumors may lead to weakness, numbness, lack of coordination in the arms and/or legs (usually on both sides of the body), and bladder or bowel problems. (medicinenet.com)
  • Usually the movements only affect one side of the body (hemiballism). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Dehydration can cause muscle cramps and tightness throughout the body, including the legs. (dossia.org)
  • In the first photo, the Rhodesian ridgeback's spine is flexed (rounded), allowing him to draw his legs underneath his body. (handicappedpets.com)
  • This condition can affect just the legs in an individual or the whole body. (specialneeds.com)
  • Why getting louder and is affected by body movements? (healthtap.com)
  • SMN1 helps the body make an important protein that keeps the nerves that control muscle movement healthy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In other cases, it can affect both arms and legs, the trunk, and the face. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 4.) Avoid locking the joints of your arms and legs into a strained position. (livescience.com)
  • They resemble those seen in eosinophilic fasciitis, with skin thickening and subcutaneous induration affecting the forearms, arms, and legs. (medscape.com)
  • Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that cause abnormal movements. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Abnormal movements may be the only part of a condition, such as in essential tremor. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What are the types of abnormal movements? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The abnormal movements (chorea) that characterize Sydenham chorea usually emerge over hours, peaking within a few hours or days. (rarediseases.org)
  • Dystonia is sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive movements or postures. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Tics are patterned, repetitive, nonrhythmic movements. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Periodic limb movement disorder is characterized by repetitive (usually every 20 to 40 seconds) twitching or kicking of the lower or upper extremities during sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Additionally, many have limb twitching during sleep, a condition known as periodic limb movement disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nozawa et al studied arousal index and movement index in PLMD and noted that the sleep-wake disorders associated with periodic limb movement relate to threshold of awakening. (medscape.com)
  • Vetrugno R, D'Angelo R, Montagna P. Periodic limb movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric periodic limb movement disorder: sleep symptom and polysomnographic correlates compared to obstructive sleep apnea. (medscape.com)
  • Hornyak M, Feige B, Riemann D, Voderholzer U. Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: prevalence, clinical significance and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition that affects muscle tone, movement, and coordination. (kidshealth.org)
  • Based on this, it is possible to develop programs focused on the improvement and development of correct strategies for coordination and management of instabilities in motor abundance, so that there are no harmful effects of great variability in balance and movement. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chorea may be caused by Huntington's disease (a genetic condition that affects your brain). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sydenham chorea most often affects children over the age of 5 years and adolescents. (rarediseases.org)
  • In some extremely rare cases (less than 2 percent), severe muscle weakness, irritability, or confusion may be profound and affected children may become bedridden, a condition sometimes referred to as paralytic chorea. (rarediseases.org)
  • Chorea is a movement disorder that occurs in many different diseases and conditions. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • At least two other movements related to chorea are seen in neurological diseases. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Who is affected by chorea? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Chorea is a neurological symptom that originates in an area of the brain called basal ganglia, which are collections of nerve cells deep inside the brain that control movement. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Dozens of genetic conditions, autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, infections and medications can affect basal ganglia and lead to the onset of chorea. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Alcoholic neuropathy can affect both movement and sensation. (healthline.com)
  • This stimulates different brain regions for movement, sensation, and pain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Walters et al provide an association between ADHD and sleep movement disorders including PLMD. (medscape.com)
  • PLMD and epilepsy are both common at the population level, however, little research has been done to establish the prevalence of periodic limb movements during sleep in people with a history of epilepsy. (medscape.com)
  • You may be wondering how supporting the dog's ribcage could possibly affect weakness and trembling in the hind legs. (handicappedpets.com)
  • Physical or occupational therapy can help with arm or leg weakness caused by polio and might improve long-term outcomes, especially if implemented early in the course of illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Regardless of which part of the hand has been affected by OA, it normally becomes difficult to grasp things properly due to pain and hand weakness. (lu.se)
  • Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of neuromuscular disorders affecting an individual's movement and reflexes. (cochranfirm.com)
  • How Can COPD and Difficulty Breathing Affect Sleep? (sleepfoundation.org)
  • Unfortunately, another effect of strokes can be vision problems such as double vision, blind patches, difficulty focusing, and eye movement problems. (acrm.org)
  • Did you get a little hobbled there on your left leg? (asapsports.com)
  • But later, the parents noticed that Saidgul was not able to move his left leg. (popsci.com)
  • Hyperkinetic movement. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Hyperkinetic movement disorders involve increased movement. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • He therefore reasoned that tics may be hyperkinetic movements similar to RLS, and "serum iron may underlie tics in Tourette syndrome," he said. (medscape.com)
  • It is most common in the hip and shoulder but can affect other large joints such as the knee, elbow, wrist, and ankle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This may include using crutches if your hip, knee, or ankle is affected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It interferes with movement and can also affect your speech and how you walk (gait). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Poor posture, lack of strength and mobility and diminishing balance skills affect our gait. (acuityscheduling.com)
  • There are several ways to relieve leg tightness, including stretching exercises, foam rolling, massage therapy, applying heat or ice, and practicing relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation. (dossia.org)
  • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that cause problems with movement , balance , and posture. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders involving movement and posture development that cause activity limitations. (bvsalud.org)
  • When factors other than actual bone shortening or lengthening make one leg shorter or longer than the other, a functional inequality occurs. (gc.ca)
  • Behavior that occurs during the day is termed awake or diurnal bruxism and can consist of semi-voluntary clenching or lateral tooth grinding movement. (medscape.com)
  • These movements may cause awakening during the night resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness. (medscape.com)
  • The constant need to move the legs can cause muscle fatigue and stiffness. (dossia.org)
  • Dr Ghosh noted that iron is required for nerve myelination and affects the sensitivity of dopamine D 2 receptors. (medscape.com)
  • 2. How does muscle imbalance affect leg tightness? (dossia.org)
  • The effect of upper-limb motion on lower-limb muscle synchrony. (nih.gov)
  • A bilateral asymmetry in lower limb length is called anisomelia or Leg Length Inequality, (LLI). (gc.ca)
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy (or DMD) is the most common muscular dystrophy in children, and it mostly affects boys in early childhood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our physicians are conducting ongoing research to offer the most advanced diagnostic and therapeutic services available for stroke patients and those who have brain tumors, movement disorders or other neurological diseases. (atlantichealth.org)
  • It can affect voluntary movement (actions you choose to take) or cause involuntary movement (actions that are out of your control). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Parents (and children) generally recognize however that these movements, even in mild cases, are a clear change from the child's usual status. (rarediseases.org)
  • That is post-polio syndrome (PPS), a condition that can affect polio survivors decades after they recover from their initial poliovirus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or arm, depending on the patient's age. (cdc.gov)
  • A rare vaccine-derived version of the poliovirus is affecting African countries with low immunization coverage, particularly among remote communities and those experiencing migration or conflict. (who.int)
  • Parkinson's disease is a type of movement disorder. (riversideonline.com)
  • Speaking at a poster session here at the 20th International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Debabrata Ghosh, MD, associate professor of clinical pediatrics and neurology at Ohio State University College of Medicine in Columbus, described his analysis of patient records (n = 57) at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, where he is an attending pediatric neurologist. (medscape.com)
  • 20th International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Females are more commonly affected than males, and it becomes increasingly common with age. (wikipedia.org)
  • Post-stroke movement requires more concentration than most patients are used to for seemingly simple tasks, such as walking and speaking at the same time. (acrm.org)
  • When OA affects the shoulder, it can become difficult to lift things or perform everyday tasks that require movement of the shoulder, such as putting on a sweater or combing your hair. (lu.se)
  • OA of the hand usually affects the joints closest to the fingertips and the base of the thumb, but it can also affect the middle joint of the fingers and the wrist. (lu.se)
  • As the foot has 33 joints, the foot can be affected by OA in several different places. (lu.se)
  • Strides are almost equally effective as squats, especially since you can do multiple variants, either backward or to the sides, that allow you to work other muscle groups of the legs such as the obliques, abductors, and the posterior. (chartattack.com)
  • It may become increasingly difficult to climb stairs, stand up from a seated position or perform knee bend movements, such as squats. (lu.se)
  • Stretching and regular mobility exercises can help improve flexibility and alleviate leg tightness. (dossia.org)
  • To prevent leg tightness, ensure you maintain a balanced exercise routine, warm-up adequately before physical activity, hydrate properly, incorporate regular stretching and mobility exercises into your routine, and prioritize rest and recovery. (dossia.org)
  • Your health care provider will do a physical exam to find out if you have any diseases or conditions that may affect your bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are various medical diseases which cause leg lengthening and leg shortening. (gc.ca)
  • Because specific rare diseases generally only affect a few hundred people, pharmaceutical companies aren't usually interested in developing treatments for them. (medlineplus.gov)
  • He said that both placements would have an "extremely similar" effect on someone's ability to breathe in the position Floyd was in. (wypr.org)
  • The effect directly interfered with Floyd's ability to breathe and rendered his left lung almost entirely unable to operate, Tobin said. (wypr.org)
  • The dog lay on her side, her hind legs trembling. (handicappedpets.com)
  • One common side effect of a stroke is impaired balance, and some stroke patients feel they can never return their balance to normal again. (acrm.org)
  • If your patient can't feel their affected side, then knowing how to move, walk, and operate in general will, understandably, be much more complicated. (acrm.org)
  • When someone's brain isn't processing sensory information from one entire side, they may forget to move, for example, their weak leg when trying to walk. (acrm.org)
  • and hemiplegia, affecting one side. (bvsalud.org)
  • Osteonecrosis can be caused by disease or by severe trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation , that affects the blood supply to the bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Outcome may vary from complete healing to permanent damage in the affected bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It runs from the outer back of the knee end of the femur (the thighbone) to the inner front of the joint surface of the tibia (the stronger lower leg bone). (docpods.com)
  • this abnormal pattern of movement may damage adjacent joint structures such as the cartilage covering the joint ends of the bones, and may predispose to bone inflammation (osteoarthritis). (docpods.com)
  • This gives the relative anterior shift of the lower leg bone, which in the case of a damaged ACL is 2 mm or more. (docpods.com)
  • Historically, the Medical Guidelines of Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) have considered LLI on the basis of both actual shortening of the long bone of the leg (anatomic) and functional shortening (which may be caused by a fixed flexion deformity of the hip or knee joint). (gc.ca)
  • Occasionally, arms may also be affected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Occasionally, a bed partner may provide the history of limb movements. (medscape.com)
  • Individuals with dyskinesia (choreoathetosis) present involuntary, uncontrolled, recurring and occasionally stereotyped movements, which may be totally disabling when severe 3 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Keep Moving - Older adults can reduce their risk of falling by improving their balance and strengthen their legs. (cdc.gov)
  • RLS and periodic limb movements during sleep are also common in patients with a history of spinal cord injury. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting as many as 50% of patients with type 1 and type 2 DM. (medscape.com)
  • However, it is most common for the big toe to be affected by the joint disease. (lu.se)
  • Legs slightly open, no more than shoulder-width. (chartattack.com)
  • It removes leg drive, forcing the movement to rely on chest and shoulder strength. (bodybuilding.com)
  • This is the part of the brain that directs muscle movement. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Damage to or malfunction of the areas of your brain that control movement results in a movement disorder. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Frontotemporal dementia Frontotemporal dementia is an umbrella term for a group of rare disorders that primarily affect the areas of the brain associated with personality and behaviour. (alzheimer.ca)
  • Can Spinal Tumors Affect the Brain? (medicinenet.com)
  • cancer health center / cancer a-z list / can spinal tumors affect the brain? (medicinenet.com)
  • Spinal tumors can affect the brain in several ways. (medicinenet.com)
  • In cases of Structural Asymmetry, there can be actual lengthening or shortening of the leg. (gc.ca)
  • Avoid sudden movements that could affect the bike's handling. (statefarm.com)
  • utility and elite skills are typically not affected by weapon strength and use a strike damage range based on the character's level . (guildwars2.com)
  • They are typically unaware of the movements and brief arousals that follow and have no abnormal sensations in the extremities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some kids have balance problems that affect how they walk. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some patients' balance is affected negatively because they're not fully aware of their surroundings due to decreases in perceptual awareness. (acrm.org)
  • A passive leg-support exoskeleton adversely affects reactive balance after simulated slips and trips on a treadmill. (cdc.gov)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a leg-support exoskeleton on reactive balance after simulated slips and trips. (cdc.gov)
  • The exoskeleton increased the probability of a failed recovery, and adversely affected reactive balance kinematics, after simulated slips and trips. (cdc.gov)
  • Cerebral palsy is a disorder that affects as many as 500,000 children and adults each year. (specialneeds.com)
  • TCE is expected to affect children in the same way it affects adults. (cdc.gov)
  • We do not know whether children are more affected by TCE than are adults. (cdc.gov)