Aequorin. Medical search. Definitions

Aequorin: A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).Laboratories, Dental: Facilities for the performance of services related to dental treatment but not done directly in the patient's mouth.Dental Technicians: Individuals responsible for fabrication of dental appliances.Biology: One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.Technology, Dental: The field of dentistry involved in procedures for designing and constructing dental appliances. It includes also the application of any technology to the field of dentistry.Oral Medicine: A branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the oral and paraoral structures and the oral management of systemic diseases. (Hall, What is Oral Medicine, Anyway? Clinical Update: National Naval Dental Center, March 1991, p7-8)Laboratories: Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.Molecular Biology: A discipline concerned with studying biological phenomena in terms of the chemical and physical interactions of molecules.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic combination (dual organism) of the MYCELIUM of FUNGI with the roots of plants (PLANT ROOTS). The roots of almost all higher plants exhibit this mutually beneficial relationship, whereby the fungus supplies water and mineral salts to the plant, and the plant supplies CARBOHYDRATES to the fungus. There are two major types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.Symbiosis: The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.Glomeromycota: A phylum of fungi that are mutualistic symbionts and form ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE with PLANT ROOTS.Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway.Daucus carota: A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.Plant Roots: The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.Spores, Fungal: Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Luminescent Measurements: Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.Luminescence: Emission of LIGHT when ELECTRONS return to the electronic ground state from an excited state and lose the energy as PHOTONS. It is sometimes called cool light in contrast to INCANDESCENCE. LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS take advantage of this type of light emitted from LUMINESCENT AGENTS.Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).Databases, Chemical: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific chemicals.Luciferases: Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Hypothalamic Hormones: Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.Receptors, Pituitary Hormone: Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.Receptors, Somatostatin: Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.Protein Modification, Translational: Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzymatic cleavage or crosslinking of peptide chains that occur pre-translationally (on the amino acid component of AMINO ACYL TRNA), co-translationally (during the process of GENETIC TRANSLATION), or after translation is completed (POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING).Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Streptavidin: A 60-kDa extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).Scyphozoa: The class of true jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA. They are mostly free-swimming marine organisms that go through five stages in their life cycle and exhibit two body forms: polyp and medusa.Hypotrichosis: Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Therapies, Investigational: Treatments which are undergoing clinical trials or for which there is insufficient evidence to determine their effects on health outcomes; coverage for such treatments is often denied by health insurers.Cystic Fibrosis: An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.Type C Phospholipases: A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Lung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator: A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)Lung Diseases: Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.Respiratory Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the RESPIRATORY TRACT, including the NASAL CAVITY; the LARYNX; the TRACHEA; and the BRONCHI tree. The respiratory mucosa consists of various types of epithelial cells ranging from ciliated columnar to simple squamous, mucous GOBLET CELLS, and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.Endoplasmic Reticulum: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases: Calcium-transporting ATPases that catalyze the active transport of CALCIUM into the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM vesicles from the CYTOPLASM. They are primarily found in MUSCLE CELLS and play a role in the relaxation of MUSCLES.Calcium-Transporting ATPases: Cation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transport of CALCIUM. They differ from CALCIUM CHANNELS which allow calcium to pass through a membrane without the use of energy.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.Insulin-Like Growth Factor I: A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.Cardiac Output: The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).Heart: The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.Heart Failure: A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.Myocardial Contraction: Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Receptor, IGF Type 1: A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is closely related in structure to the INSULIN RECEPTOR. Although commonly referred to as the IGF-I receptor, it binds both IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity. It is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The beta subunit contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Human Growth Hormone: A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.Soybeans: An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.Stem Cell Research: Experimentation on STEM CELLS and on the use of stem cells.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Caspases: A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.Tunicamycin: An N-acetylglycosamine containing antiviral antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It is also active against some bacteria and fungi, because it inhibits the glucosylation of proteins. Tunicamycin is used as tool in the study of microbial biosynthetic mechanisms.Pterocarpans: A group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes which can be formed from ISOFLAVONES by internal coupling of the B ring to the 4-ketone position. Members include medicarpin, phaseolin, and pisatin which are found in FABACEAE.Transcription Factor CHOP: A CCAAT-enhancer binding protein that is induced by DNA DAMAGE and growth arrest. It serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of other CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins.Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Various physiological or molecular disturbances that impair ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM function. It triggers many responses, including UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE, which may lead to APOPTOSIS; and AUTOPHAGY.Caspases, Initiator: A subtype of caspases that contain long pro-domain regions that regulate the activation of the enzyme. The pro-domain regions contain protein-protein interaction motifs that can interact with specific signaling adaptor proteins such as DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTORS; DED SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; and CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Once activated, the initiator caspases can activate other caspases such as the EFFECTOR CASPASES.Fraud: Exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter.Medicare Assignment: Concept referring to the standardized fees for services rendered by health care providers, e.g., laboratories and physicians, and reimbursement for those services under Medicare Part B. It includes acceptance by the physician.Insurance, Health, Reimbursement: Payment by a third-party payer in a sum equal to the amount expended by a health care provider or facility for health services rendered to an insured or program beneficiary. (From Facts on File Dictionary of Health Care Management, 1988)Competitive Bidding: Pricing statements presented by more than one party for the purpose of securing a contract.Purchasing, Hospital: Hospital department responsible for the purchasing of supplies and equipment.Chlorine Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.Contract Services: Outside services provided to an institution under a formal financial agreement.Medical Device Legislation: Laws and regulations pertaining to devices used in medicine, proposed for enactment, or enacted by a legislative body.Financial Audit: An examination, review and verification of all financial accounts.Biological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.Drug Industry: That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.Archives Medical Illustration: The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods.Patents as Topic: Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.Cubozoa: The class of box jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA, characterized by their cube shape, and considered the most venomous jellyfish.Hydrozoa: A class in the phylum CNIDARIA which alternates between polyp and medusa forms during their life cycle. There are over 2700 species in five orders.Information Storage and Retrieval: Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.Solar System: The group of celestial bodies, including the EARTH, orbiting around and gravitationally bound by the sun. It includes eight planets, one minor planet, and 34 natural satellites, more than 1,000 observed comets, and thousands of lesser bodies known as MINOR PLANETS (asteroids) and METEOROIDS. (From Academic American Encyclopedia, 1983)Stars, Celestial: Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Planets: Celestial bodies orbiting around the sun or other stars.Meteoroids: Any solid objects moving in interplanetary space that are smaller than a planet or asteroid but larger than a molecule. Meteorites are any meteoroid that has fallen to a planetary surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Evolution, Planetary: Creation and development of bodies within solar systems, includes study of early planetary geology.Research: Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)Biochemistry: The study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of living things.Research Support as Topic: Financial support of research activities.Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.Ethics, Research: The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic.Olfactory Receptor Neurons: Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.Odors: The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Olfactory Pathways: Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.Smell: The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.Receptors, Odorant: Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement.Complement C1: The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

(1/417) Intracellular trafficking pathways in the assembly of connexins into gap junctions.

Trafficking pathways underlying the assembly of connexins into gap junctions were examined using living COS-7 cells expressing a range of connexin-aequorin (Cx-Aeq) chimeras. By measuring the chemiluminescence of the aequorin fusion partner, the translocation of oligomerized connexins from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane was shown to occur at different rates that depended on the connexin isoform. Treatment of COS-7 cells expressing Cx32-Aeq and Cx43-Aeq with brefeldin A inhibited the movement of these chimera to the plasma membrane by 84 +/- 4 and 88 +/- 4%, respectively. Nocodazole treatment of the cells expressing Cx32-Aeq and Cx43-Aeq produced 29 +/- 16 and 4 +/- 7% inhibition, respectively. In contrast, the transport of Cx26 to the plasma membrane, studied using a construct (Cx26/43T-Aeq) in which the short cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal tail of Cx26 was replaced with the extended carboxyl terminus of Cx43, was inhibited 89 +/- 5% by nocodazole and was minimally affected by exposure of cells to brefeldin A (17 +/-11%). The transfer of Lucifer yellow across gap junctions between cells expressing wild-type Cx32, Cx43, and the corresponding Cx32-Aeq and Cx43-Aeq chimeras was reduced by nocodazole treatment and abolished by brefeldin A treatment. However, the extent of dye coupling between cells expressing wild-type Cx26 or the Cx26/43T-Aeq chimeras was not significantly affected by brefeldin A treatment, but after nocodazole treatment, transfer of dye to neighboring cells was greatly reduced. These contrasting effects of brefeldin A and nocodazole on the trafficking properties and intercellular dye transfer are interpreted to suggest that two pathways contribute to the routing of connexins to the gap junction. (+info)

(2/417) Reactive oxygen metabolites increase mitochondrial calcium in endothelial cells: implication of the Ca2+/Na+ exchanger.

In endothelial cells, a bolus of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or oxygen metabolites generated by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase (HX-XO) increased the mitochondrial calcium concentration [Ca2+]m. Both agents caused a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]m which was preceded by a rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration [Ca2+]c (18 and 6 seconds for H2O2 and HX-XO, respectively). The peak and plateau elevations of [Ca2+] were consistently higher in the mitochondrial matrix than in the cytosol. In Ca2+-free/EGTA medium, the plateau phase of elevated [Ca2+] evoked by H2O2 due to capacitative Ca2+ influx was abolished in the cytosol, but was maintained in the mitochondria. In contrast to H2O2 and HX-XO, ATP which binds the P2Y purinoceptors induced an increase in [Ca2+]m that was similar to that of [Ca2+]c. When cells were first stimulated with inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate-generating agonists or the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), subsequent addition of H2O2 did not affect [Ca2+]c, but still caused an elevation of [Ca2+]m. Moreover, the specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial Ca2+/Na+ exchanger, 7-chloro-3,5-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-4.1-benzothiazepine-2-on (CGP37157), did not potentiate the effects of H2O2 and HX-XO on [Ca2+]m, while causing a marked increase in the peak [Ca2+]m and a significant attenuation of the rate of [Ca2+]m efflux upon addition of histamine or CPA. In permeabilized cells, H2O2 mimicked the effects of CGP37157 causing an increase in the basal level of matrix free Ca2+ and decreased efflux. Dissipation of the electrochemical proton gradient by carbonylcyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and blocade of the Ca2+ uptake by ruthenium red prevented [Ca2+]m increases evoked by H2O2. These results demonstrate that the H2O2-induced elevation in [Ca2+]m results from a transfer of Ca2+ secondary to increased [Ca2+]c, and an inhibition of the Ca2+/Na+ electroneutral exchanger of the mitochondria. (+info)

(3/417) Functional effects of endothelin and regulation of endothelin receptors in isolated human nonfailing and failing myocardium.

BACKGROUND: An activated endothelin (ET) system may be of pathophysiological relevance in human heart failure. We characterized the functional effects of ET-1, ET receptors, and ET-1 peptide concentration in left ventricular myocardium from 10 nonfailing hearts (NF) and 27 hearts in end-stage failure due to idiopathic dilative cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Inotropic effects were characterized in isolated muscle strips (1 Hz; 37 degrees C). ET-1 0.0001 to 0.3 micromol/L significantly (P<0.05) increased twitch force by maximally 59+/-10% in NF and by 36+/-11% in DCM (P<0.05 versus NF). Preincubation with propranolol 1 micromol/L and prazosin 0.1 micromol/L did not affect the response to ET-1, but the mixed ET receptor antagonist bosentan and the ETA receptor antagonist BQ-123 shifted the concentration-response curves for ET-1 rightward. The ETB receptor agonist sarafotoxin S6c 0.001 to 0.3 micromol/L had no functional effects. The inotropic response to ET-1 was not associated with increased intracellular Ca2+ transients, as assessed in aequorin-loaded muscle strips. ET receptor density (Bmax; radioligand binding) was 62.5+/-12.5 fmol/mg protein in NF and 122. 4+/-24.3 fmol/mg protein in DCM (P<0.05 versus NF). The increase in Bmax in DCM resulted from an increase in ETA receptors without change in ETB receptors. ET-1 peptide concentration (radioimmunoassay) was higher in DCM than in NF (14 447+/-2232 versus 4541+/-1340 pg/mg protein, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ET-1 exerts inotropic effects in human myocardium through ETA receptor-mediated increases in myofibrillar Ca2+ responsiveness. In DCM, functional effects of ET-1 are attenuated, but ETA receptor density and ET-1 peptide concentration are increased, indicating an activated local cardiac ET system and possibly a reduced postreceptor signaling efficiency. (+info)

(4/417) Secretagogues modulate the calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of insulin-secreting cells. Studies in aequorin-expressing intact and permeabilized ins-1 cells.

The precise regulation of the Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]er) is important for protein processing and signal transduction. In the pancreatic beta-cell, dysregulation of [Ca2+]er may cause impaired insulin secretion. The Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin mutated to lower its Ca2+ affinity was stably expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of rat insulinoma INS-1 cells. The steady state [Ca2+]er was 267 +/- 9 microM. Both the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid and 4-chloro-m-cresol, an activator of ryanodine receptors, caused an almost complete emptying of ER Ca2+. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generating agonists, carbachol, and ATP, reduced [Ca2+]er by 20-25%. Insulin secretagogues that raise cytosolic [Ca2+] by membrane depolarization increased [Ca2+]er in the potency order K+ >> glucose > leucine, paralleling their actions in the cytosolic compartment. Glucose, which augmented [Ca2+]er by about 25%, potentiated the Ca2+-mobilizing effect of carbachol, explaining the corresponding observation in cytosolic [Ca2+]. The filling of ER Ca2+ by glucose is not directly mediated by ATP production as shown by the continuous monitoring of cytosolic ATP in luciferase expressing cells. Both glucose and K+ increase [Ca2+]er, but only the former generated whereas the latter consumed ATP. Nonetheless, drastic lowering of cellular ATP with a mitochondrial uncoupler resulted in a marked decrease in [Ca2+]er, emphasizing the requirement for mitochondrially derived ATP above a critical threshold concentration. Using alpha-toxin permeabilized cells in the presence of ATP, glucose 6-phosphate did not change [Ca2+]er, invalidating the hypothesis that glucose acts through this metabolite. Therefore, insulin secretagogues that primarily stimulate Ca2+ influx, elevate [Ca2+]er to ensure beta-cell homeostasis. (+info)

(5/417) Reactive oxygen species activate a Ca2+-dependent cell death pathway in the unicellular organism Trypanosoma brucei brucei.

Here we examine a cell death process induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the haemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Ca2+ distribution in cellular compartments was measured with stable transformants expressing aequorin targeted to the cytosol, nucleus or mitochondrion. Within 1.5 h of ROS production, mitochondrial Ca2+ transport was impaired and the Ca2+ barrier between the nuclear envelope and cytosol was disrupted. Consequently the mitochondrion did not accumulate Ca2+ efficiently in response to an extracellular stimulus, and excess Ca2+ accumulated in the nucleus. The terminal transferase deoxytidyl uridine end labelling assay revealed that, 5 h after treatment with ROS, extensive fragmentation of nuclear DNA occurred in over 90% of the cells. Permeability changes in the plasma membrane did not occur until an additional 2 h had elapsed. The intracellular Ca2+ buffer, EGTA acetoxymethyl ester, prevented DNA fragmentation and prolonged the onset of changes in cell permeability. Despite some similarities to apoptosis, nuclease activation was not a consequence of caspase 3, caspase 1, calpain, serine protease, cysteine protease or proteasome activity. Moreover, trypanosomes expressing mouse Bcl-2 were not protected from ROS even though protection from mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS have been reported for mammalian cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ pathways can induce pathology in trypanosomes, although the specific proteins involved might be distinct from those in metazoans. (+info)

(6/417) The vacuolar Ca2+/H+ exchanger Vcx1p/Hum1p tightly controls cytosolic Ca2+ levels in S. cerevisiae.

It is well established that the vacuole plays an important role in the cellular adaptation to growth in the presence of elevated extracellular Ca2+ concentrations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Ca2+ ATPase Pmc1p and the Ca2+/H+ exchanger Vcx1p/Hum1p have been shown to facilitate Ca2+ sequestration into the vacuole. However, the distinct physiological roles of these two vacuolar Ca2+ transporters remain uncertain. Here we show that Vcx1p can rapidly sequester a sudden pulse of cytosolic Ca2+ into the vacuole, while Pmc1p carries out this function much less efficiently. This finding is consistent with the postulated role of Vcx1p as a high capacity, low affinity Ca2+ transporter and suggests that Vcx1p may act to attenuate the propagation of Ca2+ signals in this organism. (+info)

(7/417) Differential pharmacological properties and signal transduction of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors EDG-1, EDG-3, and EDG-5.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) is a potent lipid mediator released upon cellular activation. In this report, pharmacological properties of the three G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for SPP, EDG-1, -3, and -5 are characterized using a Xenopus oocyte expression system, which lacks endogenous SPP receptors. Microinjection of the EDG-3 and EDG-5 but not EDG-1 mRNA conferred SPP-responsive intracellular calcium transients; however, the EDG-5 response was quantitatively much less. Co-expression of EDG-1 receptor with the chimeric Galphaqi protein conferred SPP responsiveness. Galphaqi or Galphaq co-injection also potentiated the EDG-5 and EDG-3 mediated responses to SPP. These data suggest that SPP receptors couple differentially to the Gq and Gi pathway. All three GPCRs were also activated by sphingosylphosphorylcholine, albeit at higher concentrations. None of the other related sphingolipids tested stimulated or blocked SPP-induced calcium responses. However, suramin, a polycyclic anionic compound, selectively antagonized SPP-activated calcium transients in EDG-3 expressing oocytes with an IC50 of 22 microM, suggesting that it is an antagonist selective for the EDG-3 GPCR isotype. We conclude that the three SPP receptors signal differentially by coupling to different G-proteins. Furthermore, because only EDG-3 was antagonized by suramin, variations in receptor structure may determine differences in antagonist selectivity. This property may be exploited to synthesize receptor subtype-specific antagonists. (+info)

(8/417) Measurement of perimitochondrial Ca2+ concentration in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells with aequorin targeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Microdomains of high cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration in the proximity of mitochondria might have an important role in the stimulation of steroidogenesis in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. In the present study we have investigated local changes of free Ca(2+) concentration near the outer mitochondrial membrane ([Ca(2+)](om)) under stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II) and K(+). Glomerulosa cells in primary culture were transfected with a recombinant cDNA encoding the N-terminal region of the human translocase protein 20 of the outer mitochondrial membrane, in frame with the Ca(2+)-sensitive photoprotein aequorin. This chimaeric aequorin (TomAeq) was associated with mitochondria-enriched subcellular fractions of transfected COS-7 cells and was susceptible to proteinase K, showing that it was targeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane, facing the cytosolic space. In bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells transfected with TomAeq cDNA, Ang II induced a transient [Ca(2+)](om) peak reaching 1.42+/-0.28 microM, which decreased immediately to the basal resting value. The peak response to Ang II was strikingly lower than the peak response of mitochondrial free Ca(2+) concentration, which increased to 5.4+/-1.2 microM. The smaller response of [Ca(2+)](om) to Ang II compared with the elevated matrix response did not result from buffering effects of the organelle, from altered mechanisms of intramitochondrial Ca(2+) transport or from differences in the affinity of the chimaeric aequorins for Ca(2+). This approach has allowed us to follow perimitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis in bovine glomerulosa cells under stimulation with Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists and to reveal a strong gradient of Ca(2+) concentration between the mitochondrial matrix and the immediate environment of the organelle. (+info)

Aequorin

Chemical characterization of aequorin indicates the protein is somewhat resilient to harsh treatments. Aequorin is heat ... Shimomura O, Inouye S, Musicki B, Kishi Y (1990). "Recombinant aequorin and recombinant semi-synthetic aequorins. Cellular Ca2+ ... making aequorin suitable as a (Ca2+ reporter) in plants, fungi, and mammalian cells. Aequorin has a number of advantages over ... not aequorin, although both originally derived from the same animal. Work on aequorin began with E. Newton Harvey in 1921. ...

Bioluminescence

Furthermore, some of the blue light released by aequorin in contact with calcium ions is absorbed by a green fluorescent ... Other cofactors may be required for the reaction, such as calcium (Ca2+) for the photoprotein aequorin, or magnesium (Mg2+) ... ISBN 978-1-139-45181-9. Shimomura, O. (August 1995). "A short story of aequorin". The Biological Bulletin. 189 (1): 1-5. doi: ... Shimomura, O.; Johnson, F.H.; Saiga, Y. (1962). "Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein ...

Aequorea victoria

The blue light produced is in turn transduced to green by the now famous green fluorescent protein (GFP). Both aequorin and GFP ... The species is best known as the source of two proteins involved in bioluminescence, aequorin, a photoprotein, and green ... PDB: 1EMA Shimomura O (August 1995). "A short story of aequorin". The Biological Bulletin. 189 (1): 1-5. doi:10.2307/1542194. ... In 1967, Ridgeway and Ashley microinjected aequorin into single muscle fibers of barnacles, and observed transient calcium ion- ...

Photoprotein

For example, the photoprotein aequorin produces a flash of light when luciferin and calcium are added, rather than the ... Because of the kinetically slow step, each aequorin molecule must "recharge" with another molecule of luciferin before it can ... Shimomura O, Johnson FH (1975). "Regeneration of the photoprotein aequorin". Nature. 256 (5514): 236-238. doi:10.1038/256236a0 ... often until the addition of another required factor such as Ca2+ in the case of aequorin. Shimomura, O. "Bioluminescence: ...

Douglas Prasher

He is known for his work to clone and sequence the genes for the photoprotein aequorin and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and ... Prasher, D., McCann, R.O., Cormier, M.J., Cloning and expression of the cDNA coding for aequorin, a bioluminescent calcium- ... aequorin. Photochem. Photobiol., 49(4), 509-512 (1989). Prasher, D.C., O'Kane, D., Lee, J., Woodward, B., The lumazine protein ... where he identified the gene sequence for aequorin. He then joined the Biology Department of the Woods Hole Oceanographic ...

Bioreporter

Aequorin has been incorporated into human B cell lines for the detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in what is referred ... GFP, like aequorin, produces a blue fluorescent signal, but without the required addition of an exogenous substrate. All that ... Aequorin is a photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Upon addition of calcium ions (Ca2+) ... In some instances, the signal only occurs when a secondary substrate is added to the bioassay (luxAB, Luc, and aequorin). For ...

John Woodland Hastings

Hastings, J.W.; Mitchell, G.W.; Mattingly, P.H.; Blinks, J.R.; Van Leeuwen, M. (1969). "Response of aequorin bioluminescence to ... aequorin), which alone emits blue light, to a secondary green emitter which they termed green fluorescent protein (GFP). Once ...

Connexin

"Connexin-aequorin chimerae report cytoplasmic calcium environments along trafficking pathways leading to gap junction ... "Assembly of chimeric connexin-aequorin proteins into functional gap junction channels. Reporting intracellular and plasma ...

Calcein

Alternatively, Fura-2 , Furaptra , Indo-1 and aequorin may be used. An acetomethoxy group obscures the part of the molecule ...

Roger Y. Tsien

Aequorin is also a useful tool to indicate calcium level inside cells; however, it has some limitations, primarily is that its ...

Green fluorescent protein

GFP is co-expressed with aequorin in small granules around the rim of the jellyfish bell. The secondary excitation peak (480 nm ... In the 1960s and 1970s, GFP, along with the separate luminescent protein aequorin (an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of ... In A. victoria, GFP fluorescence occurs when aequorin interacts with Ca2+ ions, inducing a blue glow. Some of this luminescent ... The purpose of both the (primary) bioluminescence (from aequorin's action on luciferin) and the (secondary) fluorescence of GFP ...

Fusion gene

Prendergast, FG; Mann, KG (1978). "Chemical and physical properties of aequorin and the green fluorescent protein isolated from ...

Cell CANARY

At the final step of these reactions, Ca2+ ions are released, and in the presence of aequorin, photons are emitted. Aequorin is ... Aequorin," Photochem. Photobiol., vol. 49, no. 4, 1989, pp. 509-512. Petrovick, Martha S., James D. Harper, Frances E. Nargi, ...

ILCD

Aequorin-expressing yeast emits light under electric control.J Biotechnol. 2011 Mar 20;152(3):93-5. Official website J ... It is based on yeast cells expressing aequorin protein sensitive to change in intracellular calcium. Upon electrical ...

Luciferin

It is the prosthetic group in the protein aequorin responsible for the blue light emission. Dinoflagellate luciferin is a ...

Adult neurogenesis

Prendergast, Franklyn G.; Mann, Kenneth G. (1978-08-22). "Chemical and physical properties of aequorin and the green ...

Chemiluminescence

Another protein, aequorin, found in certain jellyfish, produces blue light in the presence of calcium. It can be used in ...

Calcium concentration microdomains

... can be visualised with fluorescence microscopy by using aequorin as a reporter protein. The ...

K-Strophanthidin

"The effects of digitalis on intracellular calcium transients in mammalian working myocardium as detected with aequorin". ...

Steven M. Smith

Knight, Marc R.; Campbell, Anthony K.; Smith, Steven M.; Trewavas, Anthony J. (1991-08-08). "Transgenic plant aequorin reports ... aequorin, to report calcium signalling in plants. Together they obtained funding, created the plants and showed that they could ...

Anthony Trewavas

Knight, M. R.; Campbell, A. K.; Smith, S. M.; Trewavas, A. J. (1991). "Transgenic plant aequorin reports the effects of touch ...

EF hand

In addition, aequorin has been used for years as an indicator of Ca2+ and has been shown to be safe and well tolerated by cells ... Aequorin belongs to the EF-hand family of CaBPs, with EF-hand loops that are closely related to CaBPs in mammals. ... Aequorin is made up of two components - the calcium binding component apoaequorin (AQ) and the chemiluminescent molecule ... EPS15 homology (EH) domain - InterPro: IPR000261 Aequorin is a calcium binding protein (CaBP) isolated from the coelenterate ...

UR-AK49

"Determination of affinity and activity of ligands at the human neuropeptide Y Y4 receptor by flow cytometry and aequorin ...

Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1

"Determination of affinity and activity of ligands at the human neuropeptide Y Y4 receptor by flow cytometry and aequorin ...

Coelenterazine

... including aequorin, and obelin. Coelenterazine was simultaneously isolated and characterized by two groups studying the ...

Aequorin - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequorin

Transgenic plant aequorin reports the effects of touch and cold-shock and elicitors on cytoplasmic calcium. - PubMed - NCBI

Transgenic plant aequorin reports the effects of touch and cold-shock and elicitors on cytoplasmic calcium.. Knight MR1, ... Microinjected aequorin has been widely used for intracellular calcium measurement in animal cells, but its use in plants has ... Reconstituted aequorin is cytoplasmic and nonperturbing; measurements can be made on whole plants and a calcium indicator can ... Aequorin is a calcium-sensitive luminescent protein from the coelenterate Aequorea victoria (A. forskalea) which is formed from ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1865907?dopt=Abstract

Cell lines expressing recombinant aequorin and a G-protein coupled receptor for functional screening ( INTRODUCTION ...

... aequorin,and,a,G-protein,coupled,receptor,for,functional,screening,biological,advanced biology technology,biology laboratory ... For t he detection of antagonists, CHO-5HT2B- Gα16-aequorin cells were incubated with various concentrations of the compounds ... After reconstitution of active aequorin, the cells are diluted 10 times before use, and 50 μl of the dilution (i.e. 25 000 ... Button, D. and Brownstein, M. (1993) Aequorin-expressing mammalian cell lines used to report Ca2+ mobilization. Cell Calcium 14 ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-technology/Cell-lines-expressing-recombinant-aequorin-and-a-G-protein-coupled-receptor-for-functional-screening-1376-1/

The intracellular delivery of TAT-aequorin reveals calcium-mediated sensing of environmental and symbiotic signals by the...

The intracellular delivery of TAT-aequorin reveals calcium-mediated sensing of environmental and symbiotic signals by the ... The intracellular delivery of TAT-aequorin reveals calcium-mediated sensing of environmental and symbiotic signals by the ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12849/suppinfo

AID 632132 - Antagonist activity at rat MCHR1 expressed in HEK293 cells by aequorin bioluminescence assay - PubChem

Antagonist activity at rat MCHR1 expressed in HEK293 cells by aequorin bioluminescence assay. ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/632132

Aequorin-Containing Compositions and Methods of Using Same - Patent application

0050]Aequorin is taken up by hippocampal neurons. In a set of preliminary studies, aequorin was bilaterally injected directly ... Aequorin is not exported or secreted by cells, nor is it compartmentalized or sequestered within cells. Accordingly, aequorin ... 0016]Aequorin is a photoprotein originally isolated from luminescent jellyfish and other marine organisms. The aequorin complex ... 0019]The function of aequorin is distinguished by several characteristics: aequorin is non-toxic and does not interfere with ...

http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20100152117

"Aequorin Mutants with Site-Specifically Incorporated Non-Natural Amino" by Kristen Marie Grinstead

... several red-shifted aequorins, including the most red-shifted aequorin to date, with half-lives of up to 60 s were developed, ... Aequorin was also genetically linked to a VEGFA targeting molecule, a DARPin designated as MP0112, for the imaging of ... Aequorin is a well-characterized bioluminescent photoprotein that has found application in in vitro and in vivo studies. ... In order to increase the applications of aequorin, we have taken established methods that hijack the cellular machinery used to ...

https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/1482/

The effect of physiologically occurring cations upon aequorin light emission. Determination of the binding constants

2. The aequorin light emission in a medium simulating the in vivo cationic conditions for barnacle muscle fibres indicates that ... 1. The effect of K+, Na+, Mg2+ and pH upon the rate of aequorin utilization has been investigated in the presence of Ca2+. ... 7. The reaction schemes used for the explanation of these and other published results on aequorin (Moisescu, D.G., Ashley, C.C ... 10(-5) M. However, for free calcium concentrations lower than 10(-6) M, the intensity of light emitted by aequorin shows a ...

https://scholars.latrobe.edu.au/display/publication226512

"Red-Shifted Aequorin Variants Incorporating Non-Canonical Amino Acids:" by Kristen M. Grinstead, Laura Rowe et al.

The sensitivity of aequorin is due to the fact that bioluminescence is a rare phenomenon in nature and, therefore, it does not ... Aequorin is a non-toxic photoprotein that can be used as a sensitive marker for bioluminescence in vivo imaging. ... This is the first time that aequorin variants incorporating non-canonical amino acids have shown to be active in vivo and ... It is this reaction that endows aequorin with unique characteristics, making it ideally suited for a number of applications in ...

https://scholar.valpo.edu/chem_fac_pub/18/

Dense core secretory vesicles revealed as a dynamic Ca2+ store in neuroendocrine cells with a vesicle-associated membrane...

By constructing a vesicle-associated membrane protein 2-synaptobrevin.aequorin chimera, we show that in clonal pancreatic islet ... By constructing a vesicle-associated membrane protein 2-synaptobrevin.aequorin chimera, we show that in clonal pancreatic islet ... secretory vesicles revealed as a dynamic Ca2+ store in neuroendocrine cells with a vesicle-associated membrane protein aequorin ... secretory vesicles revealed as a dynamic Ca2+ store in neuroendocrine cells with a vesicle-associated membrane protein aequorin ...

https://iris.unife.it/handle/11392/516774

Altered Inotropic Responsiveness and Gene Expression of Hypertrophied Myocardium With Captopril | Hypertension

Aequorin Studies. Aequorin was loaded into the muscle preparations by the macroinjection technique as previously described.16 ... After aequorin loading and equilibration, muscle preparations were exposed to concentrations of Ca2+ (0.6, 1.2, 2.5, and 5 mmol ... with the bioluminescent indicator aequorin) was prolonged, and abundance of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger mRNA levels increased in ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/35/6/1203

Phospholipase C-β3 Is a Key Modulator of IL-8 Expression in Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells | The Journal of...

Aequorin measurements. The probes used (cytAEQ, erAEQmut, and mtAEQ) are chimeric aequorins targeted to the cytosol, ... The aequorin luminescence data were calibrated off-line into [Ca2+] values, using a computer algorithm based on the Ca2+ ... All aequorin measurements were carried out in KRB supplemented with either 1 mM CaCl2 (cytAEQ and mtAEQ) or 100 μM EGTA ( ... E, cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) by native aequorin with the addition of histamine, [Ca2+]c: mock 1.65 ± 0.13 μM ...

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/186/8/4946

Serca1 Truncated Proteins Unable to Pump Calcium Reduce the Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Concentration and Induce Apoptosis |...

Aequorin Measurements. The aequorin chimera targeted to the ER (erAEQ) (Montero et al. 1995) was transfected alone (control) or ... 1995) Transfected aequorin in the measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c). A critical evaluation. J. Biol. Chem. ... For aequorin measurements, we cotransfected 0.5 μg erAEQ plus 1.5 μg of the construct of interest (or 0.7 μg of each in the ... All aequorin measurements were carried out in KRB and terminated by lysing the cells with 100 μM digitonin in a hypotonic Ca2+- ...

http://jcb.rupress.org/content/153/6/1301

PDB 1sl8 structure summary ‹ Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe) ‹ EMBL-EBI

... the crystal structures of calcium-loaded apo-aequorin and apo-obelin. ... Aequorin-1 Chain: A Molecule details › Chain: A. Length: 191 amino acids. Theoretical weight: 21.89 KDa. Source organism: ... All three Ca2+-binding loops of photoproteins bind calcium ions: the crystal structures of calcium-loaded apo-aequorin and apo- ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/1sl8

Protein-Based Ca2+ Indicators-Section 19.5 | Thermo Fisher Scientific - AR

Aequorin is not exported or secreted, nor is it compartmentalized or sequestered within cells; thus, aequorin measurements can ... Figure 19.5.8 Images of Ca2+ waves in gastrulating zebrafish embryos detected by microinjected f aequorin (recombinant aequorin ... Recombinant Aequorin. Conventional purification of aequorin from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria requires laborious extraction ... In several experimental systems, aequorins luminescence was detectable many hours to days after cell loading.. Aequorin also ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/ar/en/home/references/molecular-probes-the-handbook/indicators-for-ca2-mg2-zn2-and-other-metal-ions/aequorin-a-bioluminescent-ca2-indicator.html

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 but Not Growth Hormone Augments Mammalian Myocardial Contractility by Sensitizing the Myofilament...

Aequorin Loading. Aequorin loading was performed as described previously.6 Briefly, 3 to 5 μL of an aequorin-containing ... Triton X-100 to lyse the aequorin-loaded cells and expose all of the remaining aequorin to Ca2+. This resulted in an ... Aequorin light signals were recorded on a 4-channel recorder in parallel with the LV pressure and coronary perfusion pressure ... The heart was then positioned in a organ bath with the aequorin-loaded area of the LV directed toward the cathode of a ...

http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/83/1/50

Primary antibodies - Page 7 of 481 on 'u' | Genetex Inc.

Aequorin antibody [2Q2147] Mouse Monoclonal WB GTX48743 Ajuba antibody Rabbit Polyclonal Hu ELISA, IP, WB ...

http://www.genetex.com/Web/search/Catalog/7?Category=494&Keyword=u

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced programmed cell death in soybean cells | Journal of Cell Science

Aequorin-dependent Ca2+ measurements. Reconstitution of the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin was performed in vivo by ... The residual aequorin was completely discharged by adding 0.33 M CaCl2 in 10% ethanol. Luminescence data were collected and ... Cessna, S. G. and Low, P. S. (2001). An apoplastic Ca2+ sensor regulates internal Ca2+ release in aequorin-transformed tobacco ... We have used a soybean cell line stably expressing the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin, to analyze the pathway of cell ...

http://jcs.biologists.org/content/117/12/2591

Cell Based Assays / In vitro > Cell Based Assay Kits Laboratory Product Directory and Equipment Reviews on...

AequoScreen and AequoZen aequorin Cell Lines. PerkinElmer, Inc. The AequoScreen™ technology is a generic GPCR technology which ...

http://www.selectscience.net/cell-based-assays-+-in-vitro/product-directory/cell-based-assay-kits/?catID=1740&u=BA04A4D4-D355-4E3A-B073-84809EF4E89B

Cell Based Assays Products, Reviews and Suppliers on SelectScience

AequoScreen and AequoZen aequorin Cell Lines. PerkinElmer, Inc. The AequoScreen™ technology is a generic GPCR technology which ...

http://www.selectscience.net/cell-based-assays-+-in-vitro/product-directory/?compID=7941&u=976680FF-68A7-4C7F-A641-F9189DA4D1DC

Coelenterazine Aequorea Bioluminescence Quincy Bioscience Calcium Bioluminescent Jellyfish Intracellular Vivo Amino acids Protein Reaction Measurements Light Form

Aequorin is a holoprotein composed of two distinct units, the apoprotein that is called apoaequorin, which has an approximate molecular weight of 21 kDa, and the prosthetic group coelenterazine, the luciferin. (wikipedia.org)
When coelenterazine is bound, it is called aequorin. (wikipedia.org)
The crystal structure revealed that aequorin binds coelenterazine and oxygen in the form of a peroxide, coelenterazine-2-hydroperoxide. (wikipedia.org)
It was later discovered that the apoprotein can stably bind coelenterazine and oxygen is required for the regeneration to the active form of aequorin. (wikipedia.org)
Aequorin is a calcium-sensitive luminescent protein from the coelenterate Aequorea victoria (A. forskalea) which is formed from apoaequorin, a polypeptide of relative molecular mass approximately 22,000, and coelenterazine, a hydrophobic luminophore. (nih.gov)
1993). In this system, cells are incubated with coelenterazine, which is the co-factor of aequorin. (bio-medicine.org)
During this incubation, coelenterazine enters the cell (it is lipophylic and readily crosses the cell membrane) and conjugates with apoaequorin to form aequorin, which is the active form of the enzyme. (bio-medicine.org)
This increase leads to the activation of the catalytic activity of aequorin, which oxidizes coelenterazine and yields apoaequorin, coelenteramide, CO 2 and light. (bio-medicine.org)
Cells expressing apoaequorin and a GPCR are detached from the culture plate (if they are adherent) and are incubated with coelenterazine to reconstitute active aequorin. (bio-medicine.org)
By site-specifically incorporating the non-natural amino acids L-4-aminophenylalanine, L-4-bromophenylalanine, L-4-iodophenylalanine, and L-4-methoxyphenylalanine, into positions associated with the bioluminescence and charging them with analogs of coelenterazine, several red-shifted aequorins, including the most red-shifted aequorin to date, with half-lives of up to 60 s were developed, creating aequorin mutants suitable for multiplexing and for transparent and deep tissue imaging. (miami.edu)
Emission of bioluminescence in the blue-region of the spectrum by aequorin only occurs when calcium, and its luciferin coelenterazine, are bound to the protein and trigger a biochemical reaction that results in light generation. (valpo.edu)
Herein we report the site-specific incorporation of non-canonical or non-natural amino acids and several coelenterazine analogues, resulting in a catalog of 72 cysteine-free, aequorin variants which expand the potential applications of these photoproteins by providing several red-shifted mutants better suited to use in vivo . (valpo.edu)
In vivo studies in mouse models using the transparent tissue of the eye confirmed the activity of the aequorin variants incorporating L-4-iodophehylalanine and L-4-methoxyphenylalanine after injection into the eye and topical addition of coelenterazine. (valpo.edu)
The apo-enzyme (apoaequorin) is a 21 kD protein, which requires a hydrophobic prosthetic group, coelenterazine, to be converted to aequorin,the active form of the enzyme. (perkinelmer.com)

Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria. (wikipedia.org)
Aequorin is presumably encoded in the genome of Aequorea. (wikipedia.org)
Aequorin, which comes from a species of jellyfish called Aequorea victoria, is a calcium-binding protein. (bio-medicine.org)
A reader asked what I've heard about this product, which contains aequorin (Aequorea victoria), a calcium-binding protein found in the jellyfish. (thecamreport.com)
Aequorin is a photo protein originating from the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria. (perkinelmer.com)

Aequorin is a non-toxic photoprotein that can be used as a sensitive marker for bioluminescence in vivo imaging. (valpo.edu)
The sensitivity of aequorin is due to the fact that bioluminescence is a rare phenomenon in nature and, therefore, it does not suffer from autofluorescence, which contributes to background emission. (valpo.edu)
This is the first time that aequorin variants incorporating non-canonical amino acids have shown to be active in vivo and useful as reporters in bioluminescence imaging. (valpo.edu)
In this study, using Drosophila and taking advantage of an in vivo bioluminescence Ca 2+ -imaging technique in combination with genetic and pharmacological tools, first we show that the GFP-aequorin Ca 2+ sensor is sensitive enough to detect odor-induced responses of various durations. (biologists.org)

Aequorin has proven to be neuroprotective in pre-clinical studies performed at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and has shown to be effective at improving aspects of cognition such as spatial working memory and executive function in human studies conducted by Quincy Bioscience. (bio-medicine.org)
A company called Quincy Bioscience sells a product containing aequorin (Prevagen) that it promotes as "the first supplement to address aging through the restoration of calcium-binding proteins. (thecamreport.com)

The early successful purification of aequorin led to the first experiments involving the injection of the protein into the tissues of living animals to visualize the physiological release of calcium in the muscle fibers of a barnacle. (wikipedia.org)
Transgenic plant aequorin reports the effects of touch and cold-shock and elicitors on cytoplasmic calcium. (nih.gov)
Microinjected aequorin has been widely used for intracellular calcium measurement in animal cells, but its use in plants has been limited to exceptionally large cells. (nih.gov)
We show here that aequorin can be reconstituted in transformed plants and that it reports calcium changes induced by touch, cold-shock and fungal elicitors. (nih.gov)
Compositions containing aequorin and methods for their use in preventing and/or alleviating symptoms and disorders related to calcium imbalance are provided by the present invention. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
4. A method for preventing or alleviating a symptom or disorder associated with calcium imbalance comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of aequorin. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
In particular, this invention is directed to aequorin-containing pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compositions useful in preventing and/or alleviating diseases or symptoms associated with calcium imbalance. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
2. The aequorin light emission in a medium simulating the in vivo cationic conditions for barnacle muscle fibres indicates that two Ca2+ are apparently involved in this process for free calcium concentrations higher than approx. (edu.au)
10(-5) M. However, for free calcium concentrations lower than 10(-6) M, the intensity of light emitted by aequorin shows a steeper dependency upon [Ca2+] than the square low relationship, indicating that a third Ca2+ should be involved in the process of aequorin light emission, as it has been previously predicted (Moisescu, D.G., Ashley, C.C. and Campbell, A.K. (1975) Biochim. (edu.au)
8. Based on these parameters one can make accurate quantitative predictions for the aequoring light response under a variety of ionic conditions, and this suggests that it is possible to determine absolute free calcium concentrations providing that the ionic composition of the solutions is known, and that the relative rate of aequorin utilization is higher than 0.005. (edu.au)
Using ER-targeted aequorin (erAEQ), we have found that S1T proteins reduce ER calcium and reverse elevation of ER calcium loading induced by SERCA1 and SERCA2b. (rupress.org)
The patent covers the use of aequorin-containing compounds for the purpose of preventing and alleviating symptoms and disorders related to calcium imbalance which include Alzheimer's disease. (bio-medicine.org)
Based on our ongoing research of aequorin in various health conditions and what we know about the role of calcium in the body, we expect aequorin to be a vital protein in many aspects of healthy aging. (bio-medicine.org)
Picosecond fluorescence relaxation spectroscopy of the calcium-discharged photoproteins aequorin and obelin. (wur.nl)
The aequorin plasmid (+G a16 ) particularly addresses GPCRs of the Gs and Gi family enabling them to modulate intracellular calcium concentration. (perkinelmer.com)
Aequorin and Photina cell lines - the alternative calcium flux assay. (perkinelmer.com)

Aequorin is a well-characterized bioluminescent photoprotein that has found application in in vitro and in vivo studies. (miami.edu)
In untreated SHR, α-myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene expression and protein were decreased, the Ca 2+ transient (with the bioluminescent indicator aequorin) was prolonged, and abundance of Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger mRNA levels increased in comparison to WKY. (ahajournals.org)

Discussions of "jellyfish DNA" to make "glowing" animals often refer to transgenic animals which express the Green fluorescent protein, not aequorin, although both originally derived from the same animal. (wikipedia.org)

Since the emitted light can be easily detected with a luminometer, aequorin has become a useful tool in molecular biology for the measurement of intracellular Ca2+ levels. (wikipedia.org)

Aequorin was also genetically linked to a VEGFA targeting molecule, a DARPin designated as MP0112, for the imaging of neovascularization in vivo using a wet age-related macular degeneration model in mice induced by laser exposure. (miami.edu)

Despite the many advantages of aequorin, its application has been limited by the finite number of canonical amino acids restricting the engineering of aequorin. (miami.edu)
In order to increase the applications of aequorin, we have taken established methods that hijack the cellular machinery used to synthesize proteins to incorporate non-natural amino acids. (miami.edu)
Red-Shifted Aequorin Variants Incorporating Non-Canonical Amino Acids:" by Kristen M. Grinstead, Laura Rowe et al. (valpo.edu)

In the animals, the protein occurs together with the Green fluorescent protein to produce green light by resonant energy transfer, while aequorin by itself generates blue light. (wikipedia.org)
It was also noted during the extraction the animal creates green light due to the presence of the green fluorescent protein, which changes the native blue light of aequorin to green. (wikipedia.org)
This has also explained the need for a thiol reagent like beta mercaptoethanol in the regeneration of the protein since such reagents weaken the sulfhydryl bonds between cysteine residues, expediting the regeneration of the aequorin. (wikipedia.org)
Chemical characterization of aequorin indicates the protein is somewhat resilient to harsh treatments. (wikipedia.org)
Cell lines expressing recombinant aequorin and a G-protein coupled receptor for functional screening ( INTRODUCTION Man. (bio-medicine.org)
The aequorin plasmid, which expresses the aequorin protein under the control of the CMV promoter, has been developed to convert mammalian cell lines into AequoScreen compatible cell lines. (perkinelmer.com)

The L-4- azidophenylalanine substituted aequorin was successfully covalently linked to a fluorophore via the azide to alkyne click reaction for BRET. (miami.edu)
7. The reaction schemes used for the explanation of these and other published results on aequorin (Moisescu, D.G., Ashley, C.C. and Campbell, A.K. (1975) Biochim. (edu.au)
It is this reaction that endows aequorin with unique characteristics, making it ideally suited for a number of applications in bioanalysis and imaging. (valpo.edu)

One of the methods of choice (reviewed by Mottheakis and Ohler, 2000) for such measurements is the use of cell lines expressing a GPCR and aequorin, such as described by Sheu et al (1993) or Button et al. (bio-medicine.org)
By injecting the same cell suspension into each of the 96 wells, this method avoids the need to wash the dispenser(s) between each measurement and allows 96 measurements of agonist-induced aequorin light emission in 32 minutes with a single-dispenser luminometer. (bio-medicine.org)

The effect of physiologically occurring cations upon aequorin light emission. (edu.au)
3. The inhibitory effect of physiologically occurring cations upon the aequorin light emission can be explained by the cooperative action of two cations, competing with Ca2+ for the reactive sites on aequorin. (edu.au)
5. The experiments indicate a strong interaction between Na+ and K+ in this inhibitory process, since for a given total concentration of monovalent cations, a mixture containing both Na+ and K+ has a larger inhibitory effect on the aequorin light response than solutions containing either Na+ or K+ alone. (edu.au)

8. The method according to claim 4 wherein said effective amount of aequorin is in a unit dosage form selected from the group consisting of a tablet, a capsule, a solution, a suspension, a syrup, a beverage, an oral or ophthalmic formulation and an injection. (patentsencyclopedia.com)