Adult somatic cells oocytes cell nucleus. Medical search

Oocytes: Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).Cloning, Organism: The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.Nuclear Transfer Techniques: Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell.Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS.Nuclear Reprogramming: The process that reverts CELL NUCLEI of fully differentiated somatic cells to a pluripotent or totipotent state. This process can be achieved to a certain extent by NUCLEAR TRANSFER TECHNIQUES, such as fusing somatic cell nuclei with enucleated pluripotent embryonic stem cells or enucleated totipotent oocytes. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING of the fused hybrid cells is used to determine the degree of reprogramming. Dramatic results of nuclear reprogramming include the generation of cloned mammals, such as Dolly the sheep in 1997.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Pluripotent Stem Cells: Cells that can give rise to cells of the three different GERM LAYERS.Embryonic Stem Cells: Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Hybrid Cells: Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.Oogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).Meiosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.Oocyte Donation: Transfer of preovulatory oocytes from donor to a suitable host. Oocytes are collected, fertilized in vitro, and transferred to a host that can be human or animal.Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Active Transport, Cell Nucleus: Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Cytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Blastocyst: A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.Oocyte Retrieval: Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION.Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.Embryonic Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.Ovary: The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.Parthenogenesis: A unisexual reproduction without the fusion of a male and a female gamete (FERTILIZATION). In parthenogenesis, an individual is formed from an unfertilized OVUM that did not complete MEIOSIS. Parthenogenesis occurs in nature and can be artificially induced.Metaphase: The phase of cell nucleus division following PROMETAPHASE, in which the CHROMOSOMES line up across the equatorial plane of the SPINDLE APPARATUS prior to separation.Embryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.Ovum: A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques: Methods used to induce premature oocytes, that are maintained in tissue culture, to progress through developmental stages including to a stage that is competent to undergo FERTILIZATION.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.Thalamic Nuclei: Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Embryo Transfer: The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Solitary Nucleus: GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.Chromatin: The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Cell Nucleus Shape: The quality of surface form or outline of the CELL NUCLEUS.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Fertilization: The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.Chromosomes: In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Embryo Culture Techniques: The technique of maintaining or growing mammalian EMBRYOS in vitro. This method offers an opportunity to observe EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; and susceptibility to TERATOGENS.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Cumulus Cells: The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Zygote: The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.Raphe Nuclei: Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Nuclear Envelope: The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Testis: The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Octamer Transcription Factor-3: An octamer transcription factor that is expressed primarily in totipotent embryonic STEM CELLS and GERM CELLS and is down-regulated during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.Cerebellar Nuclei: Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.Septal Nuclei: Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Arcuate Nucleus: A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.Mastitis, Bovine: INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus: Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.Sperm-Ovum Interactions: Interactive processes between the oocyte (OVUM) and the sperm (SPERMATOZOA) including sperm adhesion, ACROSOME REACTION, sperm penetration of the ZONA PELLUCIDA, and events leading to FERTILIZATION.Cell Nucleolus: Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Milk: The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Histones: Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.Cell Dedifferentiation: A reverse developmental process in which terminally differentiated cells with specialized functions revert back to a less differentiated stage within their own CELL LINEAGE.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic: An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.Microscopy, Confocal: A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Mitosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X: The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Embryonic and Fetal Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Cell Nucleus Size: The quantity of volume or surface area of a CELL NUCLEUS.Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Trigeminal Nuclei: Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus.Sertoli Cells: Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.Maturation-Promoting Factor: Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.Oogonia: Euploid female germ cells of an early stage of OOGENESIS, derived from primordial germ cells during ovarian differentiation. Oogonia undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to haploid OOCYTES Cleavage Stage, Ovum: The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.Subthalamic Nucleus: Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the INTERNAL CAPSULE. The SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.Spermatogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Supraoptic Nucleus: Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the OPTIC TRACT.Karyotyping: Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.Zona Pellucida: A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.Cell Nucleus Structures: Structures that are part of or contained in the CELL NUCLEUS.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Morula: An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Epigenesis, Genetic: A genetic process by which the adult organism is realized via mechanisms that lead to the restriction in the possible fates of cells, eventually leading to their differentiated state. Mechanisms involved cause heritable changes to cells without changes to DNA sequence such as DNA METHYLATION; HISTONE modification; DNA REPLICATION TIMING; NUCLEOSOME positioning; and heterochromatization which result in selective gene expression or repression.Research Embryo Creation: The creation of embryos specifically for research purposes.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Mice, Inbred C57BL Spermatocytes: Male germ cells derived from SPERMATOGONIA. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to SPERMATIDS.Interphase: The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).Spindle Apparatus: A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence: A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.Spermatids: Male germ cells derived from the haploid secondary SPERMATOCYTES. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to SPERMATOZOA.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.DNA Replication: The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Granulosa Cells: Supporting cells for the developing female gamete in the OVARY. They are derived from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the OOCYTE in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the OVUM in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors (RECEPTORS, LH).Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Egg Proteins: Proteins which are found in eggs (OVA) from any species.DNA Methylation: Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.Cell Culture Techniques: Methods for maintaining or growing CELLS in vitro.Nucleoplasmins: A family of histone molecular chaperones that play roles in sperm CHROMATIN decondensation and CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY in fertilized eggs. They were originally discovered in XENOPUS egg extracts as histone-binding factors that mediate nucleosome formation in vitro.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.Cell Compartmentation: A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.SOXB1 Transcription Factors: A subclass of SOX transcription factors that are expressed in neuronal tissue where they may play a role in the regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION. Members of this subclass are generally considered to be transcriptional activators.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.X Chromosome: The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.Chromosome Positioning: The mechanisms of eukaryotic CELLS that place or keep the CHROMOSOMES in a particular SUBNUCLEAR SPACE.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Xenopus Proteins: Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.Genes, mos: Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (mos) originally isolated from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV). The proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. There is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. However, in mice, activation can occur when the retrovirus-like intracisternal A-particle inserts itself near the c-mos sequence. The human c-mos gene is located at 8q22 on the long arm of chromosome 8.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Meiotic Prophase I: The prophase of the first division of MEIOSIS (in which homologous CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION occurs). It is divided into five stages: leptonema, zygonema, PACHYNEMA, diplonema, and diakinesis.RNA, Complementary: Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Blastomeres: Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Karyopherins: A family of proteins involved in NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT. Karyopherins are heteromeric molecules composed two major types of components, ALPHA KARYOPHERINS and BETA KARYOPHERINS, that function together to transport molecules through the NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX. Several other proteins such as RAN GTP BINDING PROTEIN and CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN bind to karyopherins and participate in the transport process.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Chromosomes, Human, 1-3: The large, metacentric human chromosomes, called group A in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 3.Lamin Type B: A subclass of ubiquitously-expressed lamins having an acidic isoelectric point. They are found to remain bound to nuclear membranes during mitosis.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Chromosomes, Mammalian: Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.Prophase: The first phase of cell nucleus division, in which the CHROMOSOMES become visible, the CELL NUCLEUS starts to lose its identity, the SPINDLE APPARATUS appears, and the CENTRIOLES migrate toward opposite poles.Ribonucleoproteins: Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).Lamins: Nuclear matrix proteins that are structural components of the NUCLEAR LAMINA. They are found in most multicellular organisms.Olivary Nucleus: A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.Chimera: An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Lamin Type A: A subclass of developmentally regulated lamins having a neutral isoelectric point. They are found to disassociate from nuclear membranes during mitosis.Cell Aging: The decrease in the cell's ability to proliferate with the passing of time. Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Sex Differentiation: The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.Mastitis: INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.Staining and Labeling: The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Dairying Subcellular Fractions: Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.Follicular Fluid: The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.Haploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells, in which each type of CHROMOSOME is represented once. Symbol: N.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation, the rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.Mice, Inbred ICR Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Ovulation: The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.Autoradiography: The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)Heterochromatin: The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during INTERPHASE.Nuclear Localization Signals: Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Fetus: The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal: Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Reprogramming

An oocyte can reprogram an adult nucleus into an embryonic state after somatic cell nuclear transfer, so that a new organism ... Cell. 126 (4): 663-76. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024. PMID 16904174. Baker, Monya (2007-12-06). "Adult cells reprogrammed to ... During somatic cell nuclear transfer, the oocyte turns off tissue specific genes in the Somatic cell nucleus and turns back on ... Yamanaka was the first to demonstrate (in 2006) that this somatic cell nuclear transfer or oocyte-based reprogramming process ( ...

Pyrenean ibex

Researchers took adult somatic cells from the tissue and fused them with oocytes from goats that had their nuclei removed. The ... The biotechnology company Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. announced on October 8, 2000, that the Spanish government had agreed ... purpose of removing the nuclei from the goats' oocytes was to extract all the DNA of the goat, so there would be no genetic ... and it is not known whether this will be feasible at all without irreparable damage to the cell. Three teams of scientists, two ...

Induced stem cells

Transplantation of nuclei taken from somatic cells into an oocyte (egg cell) lacking its own nucleus (removed in lab) Fusion of ... "Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Adult Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6): 777-80. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015. PMID ... human PSC-derived insulin-expressing cells resemble human fetal β cells rather than adult β cells. In contrast to adult β cells ... Induced totipotent cells can be obtained by reprogramming somatic cells with somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The process ...

Partial cloning

PCL consists in introducing a somatic adult or senescent cell nucleus or entire cell with enlarged membrane pores in an ( ... of somatic cells to stem cells and then the artificial re-differentiation of stem cells to the desired differentiated cell type ... activated) oocyte and to withdraw this treated cell before its de-differentiation and first cell division occurs. Thus, the ... In the field of cell biology, the method of partial cloning (PCL) converts a fully differentiated old somatic cell into a ...

Drosophila embryogenesis

... in the localization of the oocyte nucleus becomes a difference in the signaling state of the surrounding follicle cells which ... Cells that make Engrailed can make the cell-to-cell signaling protein Hedgehog (green in Figure 7). The motion of Hedgehog is ... The germ line segregates from the somatic cells through the formation of pole cells at the posterior end of the embryo. After ... Cells that will produce adult structures are put aside in imaginal discs. During the pupal stage, the larval body breaks down ...

Interphase

In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go ... Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90% of the total time involved in cell ... whereas diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to create haploid ... However, since mitosis is the division of the nucleus, prophase is actually the first stage. ...

Polly and Molly

The nuclei of these somatic cells was then transferred into an empty oocyte, as in the procedure of nuclear transfer, and this ... successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell where there was no genetic modification carried out on the adult donor nucleus. ... Polly and Molly (born 1997), two ewes, were the first mammals to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell and ... In the case of Dolly the Sheep, the nucleus that was transferred came from mammary gland cells from a 6-year-old ewe; in the ...

Human cloning

"Human somatic cell nuclear transfer using adult cells". Cell Stem Cell. 14 (6): 777-80. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.015. PMID ... but their process involved leaving the oocyte's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for ... In somatic cell nuclear transfer ("SCNT"), the nucleus of a somatic cell is taken from a donor and transplanted into a host egg ... After the donor somatic cell genetic material is transferred into the host oocyte with a micropipette, the somatic cell genetic ...

Oogonium

... by observing their nuclei. Oogonial nuclei contain randomly dispersed fibrillar and granular material whereas the somatic cells ... It is thought that these germ cell might be necessary for the upkeep of the reproductive follicles and oocyte development, well ... The discovery of these active germ cells and oogonia in the adult female could be very useful in the advancement of fertility ... Normal oogonia in human ovaries are spherical or ovoid in shape and are found amongst neighboring somatic cells and oocytes at ...

Drosophila melanogaster

Finally, after the 13th division, cell membranes slowly invaginate, dividing the syncytium into individual somatic cells. Once ... Each photoreceptor cell consists of two main sections, the cell body and the rhabdomere. The cell body contains the nucleus, ... DSX-F causes transcription of Yolk proteins 1 and 2 in somatic cells, which will be pumped into the oocyte on its production. ... Imaginal discs develop to form most structures of the adult body, such as the head, legs, wings, thorax, and genitalia. Cells ...

Egg cell

... oocytes develop in individual egg chambers that are supported by nurse cells and surrounded by somatic follicle cells. The ... Ooplasm (also: oöplasm) is the yolk of the ovum, a cell substance at its center, which contains its nucleus, named the germinal ... "Egg-producing stem cells isolated from adult human ovaries". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 28 March 2017. Regan, Carmen L. (2001). " ... 15 nurse cells die for every oocyte that is produced. In addition to this developmentally regulated cell death, egg cells may ...

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

"Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells". Nature. 510 (7506): 533-6 ... 1], Nature Stem Cell Blog. [2], The Scientist 19 June 2007 Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Using Adult Cells Cell Stem Cell ... the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell. The ovum, now containing the somatic cell's nucleus, is ... The second being a somatic cell, referring to the cells of the human body. Skin cells, fat cells, and liver cells are only a ...

Dolly (sheep)

She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred ... into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to ... 1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature. 385 (6619): 810-3. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..810W ... 24 January 2018). "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell (journal). doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 ...

New York Stem Cell Foundation

Noggle, Scott (6 October 2011). "Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state". Nature. 478 (7367): 70-5. doi: ... reprogramming adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. This work, the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells, led to Dr. ... the team removed the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell and replaced it with the nucleus of another donor's egg cell, but, ... which may thereafter be reprogrammed into other cell types (e.g. heart cells, liver cells, and brain cells). These cells ...

Caenorhabditis elegans

The adult hermaphrodite has 959 somatic cells, while the male C. elegans has 1031 cells. The number of cells does not change ... Research into meiosis has been considerably simplified since every germ cell nucleus is at the same given position as it moves ... The hermaphroditic gonad acts as an ovotestis with sperm cells being stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until ... A second cell division produces the ABp and ABa cells from the AB cell, and the EMS and P2 cells from the P1 cell. This ...

Megan and Morag

The nuclear material of these blastocyst cells would be transferred into an unfertilized sheep egg cell, an oocyte where the ... are not to be confused with Dolly the Sheep which was the first animal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell or ... In order to achieve this they decided to try to transfer the nucleus from one cell to another and stimulate this new cell to ... "Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells". Nature. 405 (6790): 1066-1069. doi:10.1038/ ...

Biochemical cascade

At cell cycle level there is an increase of complexity of the mechanisms in somatic stem cells. However, it is observed a ... In somatic cells it binds to receptors in nucleus; however, in spermatozoon its receptors are present in plasmatic membrane. ... There are evidences that these cells promote tumor growth and metastasis. The oocyte is the female cell involved in ... Mitogen stimulation mobilizes these cells into cycle by activating cyclin D expression. In old adult stem cells, let-7 microRNA ...

Dolly (sheep)

... where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its ... "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell. 172 (4): 881. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020. Retrieved 24 ... 1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature. 385 (6619): 810-3. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..810W ... Dolly (5 July 1996 - 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, ...

Ovarian follicle activation

Communication between the oocytes and the surrounding somatic cells, such as the granulosa cells and the theca cells, is ... Due to its' important role in the cell cycle, it is found within the nucleus of mice oocytes in primordial and primary ... as well as developed adult follicles at both developmental stages. BMP15 has been shown to stimulate granulosa cell growth by ... "The initiation of follicle growth: the oocyte or the somatic cells?". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 187 (1-2): 11-18. ...

Hwang Woo-suk

2005). "Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells". Nature. 436 (7051): 641. doi:10.1038/436641a. PMID 16079832. Bin Lee, J.; Park, ... The enucleated egg is then fused together with the nucleus of the cloning subject's cell using electricity. This creates an ... In an interview, Schatten commented that "my decision is grounded solely on concerns regarding oocyte (egg) donations in ... In February 2004, Hwang and his team announced that they had successfully created an embryonic stem cell with the somatic cell ...

Endoreduplication

... the tapetal cells have one diploid nucleus which divides while the cell remains undivided. The two diploid nuclei may undergo ... mature eggs that are produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same ploidy as the somatic cells of the adult ... Endoreplication is commonly observed in cells responsible for the nourishment and protection of oocytes and embryos. It has ... In endoreplication cells skip M phase completely, resulting in a mononucleated polyploid cell. Endomitosis is a type of cell ...

Beta-catenin

"A novel cell-cell junction system: the cortex adhaerens mosaic of lens fiber cells". Journal of Cell Science. 116 (Pt 24): 4985 ... It will eventually translocate to the nucleus to bind TCF3 in order to activate several genes that induce dorsal cell ... Zelarayan L, Gehrke C, Bergmann MW (September 2007). "Role of beta-catenin in adult cardiac remodeling". Cell Cycle. 6 (17): ... Somatic mutations of APC in colorectal cancer are also not uncommon. Beta-catenin and APC are among the key genes (together ...

BRCA1

... interacts physically with BRCA1 in the nucleus of living cells". DNA Cell Biol. 19 (5): 253-63. doi:10.1089/10445490050021168. ... Primordial follicles contain oocytes that are at an intermediate (prophase I) stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the general process ... Similarly, BRCA1 mutations are only seen in about 18% of ovarian cancers (13% germline mutations and 5% somatic mutations). ... and as of 2015 only two adults were known to have loss-of-function mutations in both alleles; both had congenital or ...

Actin

In somatic cell nuclei, however, actin filaments cannot be observed using this technique.[104] The DNase I inhibition assay, so ... For example, in Xenopus oocytes (with higher nuclear actin level in comparison to somatic cells) actin forms filaments, which ... "Hsp27 and axonal growth in adult sensory neurons in vitro". BMC Neuroscience. 6 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-24. PMC ... Cell division in animal cells and yeasts normally involves the separation of the parent cell into two daughter cells through ...

Actin

In somatic cell nucleus however we cannot observe any actin filaments using this technique. The DNase I inhibition assay, so ... For example, in Xenopus oocytes (with higher nuclear actin level in comparison to somatic cells) actin forms filaments, which ... Williams KL, Rahimtula M, Mearow KM (2005). "Hsp27 and axonal growth in adult sensory neurons in vitro". BMC Neuroscience. 6 (1 ... Cell division in animal cells and yeasts normally involves the separation of the parent cell into two daughter cells through ...

Embryology

All the nuclei in the syncytium are identical, just as all the nuclei in every somatic cell of any multicellular organism are ... "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature. 385 (6619): 810-813. doi:10.1038/385810a0. PMID 9039911 ... The protein is concentrated in the nuclei of cleavage stage embryos. It cannot be detected in oocytes, indicating temporal ... division of the cell) in the zygote to form a multi-nucleated cell (a cell containing multiple nuclei) known as a syncytium.[8] ...

Free Genetics Flashcards about UTSW genetics

nuclear cloning, transfer of diploid nucleus from adult donor somatic cell into an oocyte cytoplasm. ... uses embryonic stem cells generated by nuclear trnsplantation to form mature differentiated cell types in culture, for ... Usually target cell must undergo mitosis, but Lentiviruses (eg. HIV) work in non-dividing cells. ... 1. somatic rearrangements in T-cell receptor & IgG, 2. X-chromosome inactivation. ...

studystack.com

Volume 67 Issue 1 | Biology of Reproduction

Granulosa cells from adult sheep were heated to nonphysiological temperatures (55°C or 75°C) before their nuclei were injected ... We report that oocyte maturation is altered under all experimental conditions examined. In cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes (CEO) ... Nuclei of Nonviable Ovine Somatic Cells Develop into Lambs after Nuclear Transplantation ... Here we report on the successful reprogramming of nuclei from somatic cells rendered nonviable by heat treatment. ...

bioone.org

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona researchers first to clone mic... ( Researchers at the Department of Cel...)

In order to clone the animals researchers collected oocytes and surro...The mice obtained by researchers at UAB in addition to ... Researchers at the Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunolo...All three mice were or are being suckled with other non ... removed their chromosomes and substituted them for the nucleus of an adult somatic cell. The cloning of mice is part of a ... In order to clone the animals, researchers collected oocytes and surrounding cumulus cells from several female mice. The ...

bio-medicine.org

Zavos Organization - RBM Simpson

2001 Fertilizable oocytes reconstructed from patients somatic cell nuclei and donor ooplasts. Reproductive Biomedicine Online ... 2000) in mice (immature adult Sertoli cells), and Wells et al. (1999) in cattle (adult mural granulosa cells). True, many ... 2002 Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature Biotechnology 20, 366-369. ... 2000 Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. Nature 407, 86-90. ...

zavos.org

Protocols and Video Articles Authored by Kevin Eggan (Translated to Polish)

Modelling Zika Virus Infection of the Developing Human Brain In Vitro Using Stem Cell Derived Cerebral Organoids ... In contrast, cloning from embryonic stem cell donor nuclei is significanty more efficient than from adult donor cells. However ... production of embryonic stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer have relied on introducing nuclei into meiotic oocytes ... cells and from somatic donor cell nuclei and find substantial gene dysregulation. Our results suggest that faulty reprogramming ...

jove.com

Potential oocyte-specific factors that can drive somatic cell reprogramming

The promise of generating truly pluripotent stem cells from terminally differentiated adult cell types continues to captivate ... primary methods involve either the replacement of oocyte nuclei with adult somatic cell nuclei-a process known as somatic cell ... The promise of generating truly pluripotent stem cells from terminally differentiated adult cell types continues to captivate ... In Somatic Cell Reprogramming Informed by the Oocyte,Elena González-Muñoz, PhD, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and ...

news-medical.net

talks.cam : 'Is nuclear reprogramming a route to cell replacement therapy?'

Nuclear transplantation to eggs and oocytes can reprogram somatic cell nuclei from an adult pattern of gene expression to that ... This is the first stage of a procedure by which replacement cells can be formed from adult cells of the same individual, ... aim of recent work in this field is to analyze the mechanisms by which eggs and ooctyes can rejuvenate a cell from an adult to ... Is nuclear reprogramming a route to cell replacement therapy?. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal ...

talks.cam.ac.uk

Actin-dependent cytoplasmic streaming in C. elegans oogenesis | Development

Only one cell in the 16-cell Drosophila cyst becomes an oocyte; the other 15 cells become highly polyploid `nurse cells that ... a few somatic cells called sheath cells partially surround the gonad. Throughout most of the gonad, germ nuclei are located at ... subsequent adult germ cells differentiate as oocytes. The oocytes begin to enlarge in the loop area, and finally sever their ... the pachytene cells appear to function transiently as nurse cells. Somatic gonadal cells that surround the germ cells do not ...

dev.biologists.org

Phys.org - somatic cells(... continued page 5)

By injecting a nucleus from an adult cell into an oocyte from which the ... ... Somatic cell. Somatic cells are any cells forming the body of an organism, as opposed to germline cells. In mammals, germline ... have succeeded in obtaining somatic stem cells from fully differentiated somatic cells. Stem cell researcher ... ... the cells from which they are made (gametocytes) and undifferentiated stem cells-is a somatic cell: internal organs, skin, ...

phys.org

Disease-Specific Human Embryonic Stem Cell Line by Nuclear Transfer

Dieter Egli has created the first disease-specific embryonic stem cell line with two sets of chromosomes, using somatic cell ... embryonic stem cells by adding the nuclei of adult skin cells to unfertilized donor oocytes using a process called somatic cell ... and disease-specific stem cell lines to be generated by genetically reprogramming adult cells into becoming pluripotent cells. ... The generation of pluripotent stem cell lines by SCNT uses human oocytes, while iPS cells use recombinant DNA, RNA, or ...

medindia.net

Alternate Methods for Preparing Pluripotent Stem Cells | stemcells.nih.gov

Scientists then remove the nucleus from the donated oocyte and replace it with the nucleus from a somatic cell, a ... Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs): Reprogramming Adult Somatic Cells to Become Pluripotent Stem Cells. In 2007, two ... Successful reprogramming of adult somatic cells could also lead to the development of stem cell lines from patients who suffer ... were breakthroughs because they used adult somatic cells to create pluripotent stem cells that featured hallmarks of ES cells. ...

stemcells.nih.gov

Diabetes Research at NYSCF - New York Stem Cell Foundation

NYSCF is turning stem cells from diabetes patients into the pancreatic beta cells affected by the disease, helping us study its ... Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei to diploid pluripotent stem cells.. Yamada M, Johannesson B, Sagi I, Burnett LC, ... This paper outlines how NYSCF scientists created stem cells from diabetic patients through a process called somatic cell ... What are beta cells?. Pancreatic beta cells are the cells in the pancreas that produce and release insulin. They are a ...

nyscf.org

Joe Biden And The Abortion Question

... cells by transferring the nucleus of an adult somatic cell into a hollowed out oocyte, Woo Suk Hwang became a scientific ... In a new twist, George Daley and colleagues now report in Cell Stem Cell that Hwang and co-workers unwittingly achieved a ... Single cells, though multi-cell organisms naturally self-assemble from them. Its rather easy to set up conditions so that the ... Further examination of the chromosomes of these cells show indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells, similar ...

ncregister.com

Regulation of X-linked gene expression during early mouse development by Rlim | eLife

Note the lack of RLIM immunoreactivity in nuclei and pronuclei of both somatic cell types and oocytes in RlimcKO/Δ-SC females, ... while evidence for X/A upregulation was observed not only in adult mouse tissues but also in mouse ES cells and epiblast cells ... ranging between 1 cell to most cells (Figure 2B,D). As few cells of 8-cell staged female embryos lacking RLIM display Xist ... Studies of various adult somatic cell types have revealed general X/A expression ratios of around 1, indicating that gene ...

elifesciences.org

Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. - PubMed - NCBI

... a single piglet was reported after transfer of a blastomere nucleus from a four-cell embryo to an enucleated oocyte; however, ... Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells.. Polejaeva IA1, Chen SH, Vaught TD, Page RL, Mullins J, Ball ... we investigate some of these factors and report the successful production of cloned piglets from a cultured adult somatic cell ... 1), successful development has been obtained in sheep, cattle, mice and goats using a variety of somatic cell types as nuclear ...

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

β-Cell Replacement in Mice Using Human Type 1 Diabetes Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells | Diabetes

Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2014;510:533-536 ... From cloned frogs to patient matched stem cells: induced pluripotency or somatic cell nuclear transfer? Curr Opin Genet Dev ... β-Cells derived from stem cells hold great promise for cell replacement therapy for diabetes. Here we examine the ability of ... In a comparison of NT-ES cell lines and iPSC lines, we found that β-cells could be derived from both cell types, though iPSC ...

diabetes.diabetesjournals.org

Nuclear transfer to reprogram adult patient cells into stem cells demonstrated

... stem cells by nuclear transfer has been reported as a breakthrough by scientists from the US and the Hebrew University of ... The capacity to reprogram adult patient cells into pluripotent, embryonic-like, ... More information: "Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells." ... pluripotent cell types and their comparison to other stem cells. "Human pluripotent stem cells generated from adult cells may ...

phys.org

Apologetics Press - Human Cloning and Stem-Cell Research-Science's "Slippery Slope" [Part I]

... of the cell) in order to replace it with the nucleus from either an adult somatic (body) cell that has been "stressed" (via ... combining pig oocytes and human somatic cells (see "Human-Pig Embryo Accusation Provokes Debate," 2000). ... 2001), "Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Generated from Adult Somatic Cells by Nuclear Transfer," Science, 292:740- ... As the nucleus side of the cell began to divide into a 16-cell stage, the nucleus slipped over to the cytoplasm on the other ...

apologeticspress.org

Racer X Asylum - View topic - A Clump of Condor Cells

In this process the nucleus of an oocyte (ovum) is removed; the nucleus of somatic cell with its full set of genes is placed ... Only adult stem cells have shown significant success in therapeutic uses; to date embryonic stem cells have had no therapeutic ... The nucleus of a somatic cell will be joined to an enucleated oocyte (as in cloning), but before that, certain genes in the ... these genes will be to ensure that the product of the fusion of the somatic cells nucleus with the enucleated (and altered) ...

racerxband.com

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell line(ZZUi006-A)from a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 1.

... such as fusing somatic cell nuclei with enucleated pluripotent embryonic stem cells or enucleated totipotent oocytes. GENE ... Cells from adult organisms that have been reprogrammed into a pluripotential state similar to that of EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS. ... Methods of implanting a CELL NUCLEUS from a donor cell into an enucleated acceptor cell. Often the nucleus of a somatic cell is ... The process that reverts CELL NUCLEI of fully differentiated somatic cells to a pluripotent or totipotent state. This process ...

bioportfolio.com

Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Feasible in Monkeys --Doctors Lounge

Twenty-two pregnancies were confirmed in 42 surrogates for SCNT using adult monkey cumulus cells, yielding two babies that were ... Genetic analysis in both cases confirmed that the nuclear DNA of the offspring originated from the nucleus donor cell, and ... mitochondria DNA of the offspring originated from the oocyte donor monkey.. "This study demonstrated that cloning of non-human ... is feasible by somatic cell nuclear transfer using fetal fibroblasts, according to a study published online Jan. 24 in Cell.. ...

doctorslounge.com

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data...

Yamada, M., et al. Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells. Nature ... Filter cells through a 40 µm cell strainer.. *Spin cells 3 min with 500 x g, remove supernatant and re-suspend cells in 10 ml ... Spin cells 3 min with 500 x g at 4 °C, remove supernatant and re-suspend cells in 1 ml L1- buffer / 1 x 106 cells. ... For the differentiation use the NSCB#8534 (H9) cell line. Culture cells on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as feeder cells. ...

jove.com

A look at epigenetics

Pluripotent stem cells generated from adult skin cells for example behave similarly to an embryonic stem cell with the ability ... During this process, the nucleus from a skin cell can be reprogrammed by an egg cell (oocyte) so that a new organism can be ... Clones are genetically identical organisms that are produced using the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. ... the resulting cells change into all of the different cell types in an organism, including neurons, muscle cells, blood cells ...

pbrc.edu

Stem Cell Approaches for the Treatment of Renal Failure | Pharmacological Reviews

... transfer enables the generation of cells genetically identical to an adult animal by the transfer of a somatic cell nucleus (in ... this case from a skin fibroblast) into an enucleated oocyte to generate a cloned embryo (reviewed by Hochedlinger and Jaenisch ... Embryonic stem (ES) cells, with their ability to generate all, or nearly all, of the cell types in the adult body and a ... hematopoietic stem cell; BMSC, bone marrow-derived stem cell; MAPC, multipotent adult progenitor cell; NOD/SCID, nonobese ...

pharmrev.aspetjournals.org

Difference between revisions of "Stem cell research" - OrthodoxWiki

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - embryos can be created by transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an enucleated oocyte. ... Adult stem cells give the bodys ability to repair and replace the cells and tissues of some organs. Adult stem cells are rare ... Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - embryos can be created by transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an enucleated oocyte ... Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - embryos can be created by transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an enucleated oocyte ...

orthodoxwiki.org

By means of nuclear transfer techniques, scientist collected mature oocytes, removed their chromosomes and substituted them for the nucleus of an adult somatic cell. (bio-medicine.org)
2003), who believe disturbances of the mitotic spindle assembly precluded development in any of 33 rhesus embryos created by non-embryonic somatic cell nuclear transfer. (zavos.org)
The two primary methods involve either the replacement of oocyte nuclei with adult somatic cell nuclei-a process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-or the introduction, typically by viruses, of a cocktail of specific transcription factors to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (news-medical.net)
talks.cam : 'Is nuclear reprogramming a route to cell replacement therapy? (cam.ac.uk)
Nuclear transplantation to eggs and oocytes can reprogram somatic cell nuclei from an adult pattern of gene expression to that characteristic of embryos. (cam.ac.uk)
A team of scientists led by Dr. Dieter Egli at the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) and Dr. Mark Sauer at Columbia University Medical Center, has created the first disease-specific embryonic stem cell line with two sets of chromosomes, using somatic cell nuclear transfer. (medindia.net)
As reported today in Nature , the scientists derived embryonic stem cells by adding the nuclei of adult skin cells to unfertilized donor oocytes using a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (medindia.net)
In 2011, the team reported creating the first embryonic cell line from human skin using nuclear transfer when they made stem cells and insulin-producing beta cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. (medindia.net)
I am thrilled to say we have accomplished our goal of creating patient-specific stem cells from diabetic patients using somatic cell nuclear transfer," said Susan L. Solomon, CEO and co-founder of NYSCF. (medindia.net)
In principle, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a potent tool for scientists looking to produce exact genetic replicas of a particular animal. (phys.org)
β-Cell Replacement in Mice Using Human Type 1 Diabetes Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells. (nyscf.org)
This study examines the ability of nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells derived from a patient with type 1 diabetes to differentiate into beta cells. (nyscf.org)
Yamanaka was the first to demonstrate (in 2006) that this somatic cell nuclear transfer or oocyte-based reprogramming process (see below), that Gurdon discovered, could be recapitulated (in mice) by defined factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (wikipedia.org)
An oocyte can reprogram an adult nucleus into an embryonic state after somatic cell nuclear transfer, so that a new organism can be developed from such cell. (wikipedia.org)
During somatic cell nuclear transfer, the oocyte turns off tissue specific genes in the Somatic cell nucleus and turns back on embryonic specific genes. (wikipedia.org)
Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells. (nih.gov)
Since the first report of live mammals produced by nuclear transfer from a cultured differentiated cell population in 1995 (ref. 1), successful development has been obtained in sheep, cattle, mice and goats using a variety of somatic cell types as nuclear donors. (nih.gov)
however, no live offspring were obtained in studies using somatic cells such as diploid or mitotic fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors. (nih.gov)
Here we investigate some of these factors and report the successful production of cloned piglets from a cultured adult somatic cell population using a new nuclear transfer procedure. (nih.gov)
Here we examine the ability of nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (NT-ESs) derived from a patient with type 1 diabetes to differentiate into β-cells and provide a source of autologous islets for cell replacement. (diabetesjournals.org)
We have recently shown that pluripotent stem cells matched to a subject with type 1 diabetes can be derived from skin cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Notably, nuclear transfer (NT) from adult cells more consistently results in the production of viable mice ( 6 ) than in the production from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ( 7 ), suggesting that reprogrammed cells derived by SCNT are more often fully differentiation competent ( 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The capacity to reprogram adult patient cells into pluripotent, embryonic-like, stem cells by nuclear transfer has been reported as a breakthrough by scientists from the US and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (phys.org)
However, the actual ability to reprogram cells from humans by nuclear transfer had only been accomplished until now by using fetal cells for this purpose, until this latest work involving reprogramming of adult patient cells demonstrated by the researchers from the US and the Hebrew University, as described in the new Nature article. (phys.org)
Scottish embryologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues had taken a mammary gland cell from a six-year-old Scottish Finn Dorset ewe and, via a process known as "nuclear transfer," succeeded in placing the genetic material from that cell into a hollowed-out egg cell from a Scottish Blackface sheep. (apologeticspress.org)
Cloning cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) is feasible by somatic cell nuclear transfer using fetal fibroblasts, according to a study published online Jan. 24 in Cell . (doctorslounge.com)
Genetic analysis in both cases confirmed that the nuclear DNA of the offspring originated from the nucleus donor cell, and mitochondria DNA of the offspring originated from the oocyte donor monkey. (doctorslounge.com)
Clones are genetically identical organisms that are produced using the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. (pbrc.edu)
The process behind this innovation is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (diabetesforum.com)
Here we describe detailed methods that allowed us to derive embryonic stem cell lines by nuclear transfer of fibroblasts from a newborn and from a type 1 diabetic adult. (researchsquare.com)
Note: this protocol is a guideline that allows ES cell derivation after somatic cell nuclear transfer. (researchsquare.com)
The derivation of embryonic stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer yields stem cells that are genetically identical to the donor of the somatic cell nucleus. (researchsquare.com)
Researchers working with Advanced Cell Technology reported developmental arrest at the cleavage stage after somatic cell nuclear transfer [12- and though parthenogenetic blastocysts could be obtained, they were of poor quality and did not result in embryonic stem cell lines . (researchsquare.com)
Originally reported as a nuclear transfer ES cell line, others discovered that the cell line was of parthenogenetic origin . (researchsquare.com)
Apparently, oocyte enucleation followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer did not result in development that would allow ES cell derivation. (researchsquare.com)
Other groups similarly reported difficulties in obtaining development beyond the cleavage stage following somatic cell nuclear transfer, though not all had access to high quality human oocytes [9, 17- and few used stringent standards to genotype the embryos obtained. (researchsquare.com)
The protocols used for nuclear transfer were all reminiscent of protocols that had been established using sheep or cow oocytes : the use of somatic cell fusion by an electrical pulse, followed by oocyte activation with a calcium ionophore and the kinase inhibitor 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) had been successful in sheep and in bovine [22, but was apparently very inefficient with human oocytes. (researchsquare.com)
Another option relies on somatic-cell nuclear transfer ( SCNT ) which creates a cloned animal by replacing an oocyte's nucleus with an adult somatic cell. (redorbit.com)
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 Enhances the Developmental Efficiency of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos by Accelerating the Kinetics of Cleavage During In Vitro Maturation. (hamiltonthorne.com)
Investigation of the Developmental Potential and Developmental Kinetics of Bovine Parthenogenetic and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Using a Time-Lapse Monitoring System. (hamiltonthorne.com)
Shin DH, Lee JE, Eum JH, Chung YG, Lee HT, Lee DR. Characterization of Tetraploid Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-Derived Human Embryonic Stem Cells. (hamiltonthorne.com)
This technique, called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), consists in isolating a nucleus from a somatic cell and transferring it into an oocyte, which has been previously enucleated [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
We show that METT-10 is a nuclear protein that acts in the germ line to inhibit the specification of germ-cell proliferative fate. (genetics.org)
However, after the serial nuclear transfer, 5 out of 272 embryos were recovered live at Day 19.5, and 2 of these went on to develop into apparently normal adults. (bioone.org)
This study illustrates that reprogramming can occur after nuclear transfer at metaphase of the cell cycle. (bioone.org)
Yukiko Ono , Nobuhiro Shimozawa , Mamoru Ito , and Tomohiro Kono "Cloned Mice from Fetal Fibroblast Cells Arrested at Metaphase by a Serial Nuclear Transfer," Biology of Reproduction 64(1), 44-50, (1 January 2001). (bioone.org)
B. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - embryos can be created by transferring the nucleus of a donor cell into an enucleated oocyte. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Shoukhrat Mitalipov and his team at Oregon Health and Science University were able to generate the embryos through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), otherwise known as cloning . (forbes.com)
According to Susan Solomon, CEO of the New York Stem Cell Foundation , "We currently conduct comparative studies between iPSCs and embryonic stem cells derived via nuclear transfer to understand similarities and differences--a crucial step before any cell therapies can reach patients. (forbes.com)
On the other hand, applying somatic cell nuclear transfer to create embryos using an enucleated animal egg, such as a rabbit or cow oocyte with the nucleus of an adult human cells has evident value, providing a possible route to controlling the genetic make-up of embryonic stem cells. (bioworld.com)
Animal eggs could provide an essentially unlimited supply of oocytes with which to hone the techniques and skills of somatic cell nuclear transfer, allowing more rapid progress and sparing the use of valuable human eggs. (bioworld.com)
Embryonic stem cells can also be derived from embryos created by somatic cell nuclear transfer (see 'Cloning' section below). (nhmrc.gov.au)
Therapeutic cloning, also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is permitted in Australia under a licence issued by the NHMRC Embryo Research Licensing Committee. (nhmrc.gov.au)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (also called 'therapeutic cloning') offers the possibility of using the patient's own genetic material to generate ES cells and so overcome this problem (Figure 2). (kidney.org.uk)
Dolly, the cloned sheep, was "produced" by removing the nucleus from an unfertilized ewe's egg (an "oocyte"), replacing it with nuclear material from an adult cell of a different sheep, inducing the reconstituted egg to divide with an electrical pulse, and reimplanting it in the ewe from which the egg was taken. (patents4life.com)
In that procedure, the nucleus of an unfertilized egg from any human donor would be removed (a la Dolly) and replaced with nuclear material from the human patient , e.g. a type I diabetic. (patents4life.com)
Oocyte donation for somatic cell nuclear transfer and stem cell therapy, Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for treatment of mitochondrial mutational disorders. (ucsf.edu)
Reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been envisioned as an approach for generating patient-matched nuclear transfer (NT)-ESCs for studies of disease mechanisms and for developing specific therapies. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
NT-ESCs displayed normal diploid karyotypes and inherited their nuclear genome exclusively from parental somatic cells. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
However, the derivation of human nuclear transfer-embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) has not been achieved despite numerous attempts during the past decade. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
One of the most interesting issues of nuclear cloning is the question of genomic reprogramming, i.e. the question whether successful cloning requires the resetting of epigenetic modifications which are characteristic of the adult donor nucleus. (embl.it)
The classical nuclear transfer experiments with frogs have suggested that the source of the donor nucleus affects the phenotype of the clone. (embl.it)
Most recently we have succeeded, using nuclear transplantation, to reprogram the genomes of terminally differentiated neurons and of cancer cells. (embl.it)
Nuclear transfer into an oocyte gives somatic cells pluripotency to produce cloned animals. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Some lady, referred to as "Knoppers," is quoted as stating that an embryo cloned by nuclear transfer from a patient "provides a perfect cell match for the patient, with no fear of rejection. (thefreelibrary.com)
All other types of nuclear transfer cloning produce clones that contain mitochondrial DNA originating in the cytoplasm of the oocyte. (thefreelibrary.com)
Known as somatic cell nuclear transfer, this process involves removing the nucleus of a somatic cell and implanting that nucleus into an enucleated (ie without a nucleus) oocyte. (blogspot.com)
Specifically, Campbell and Wilmut found that if the donor, somatic cell is arrested in the stage of the cell cycle where it is dormant and non-replicating (the quiescent phase) prior to nuclear transfer, the resulting fused cell will develop into a reconstituted embryo. (blogspot.com)
The more differentiated the donor cells of the nuclei, the longer it takes for the pluripotency genes to be activated after the nuclear transfer to oocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
The transcriptional status of differentiated cells can be reversed by somatic cell nuclear transfer to eggs. (biomedcentral.com)
The transplantation of mammalian somatic cell nuclei to amphibian oocytes in the first meiotic prophase provides an opportunity to analyse nuclear reprogramming in ways not accessible in other kinds of nuclear transfer experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
Nuclear reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of another unrelated cell type. (sciencemag.org)
Subsequent procedures included mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, induction of pluripotency by ectopic gene expression, and direct reprogramming. (sciencemag.org)
They entail nuclear reprogramming, a term that describes a switch in nuclear gene expression of one kind of cell to that of an embryo or other cell type. (sciencemag.org)
Second, nuclear reprogramming represents a first major step in cell-replacement therapy, in which defective cells are replaced by normal cells of the same or a related kind but derived from a different cell type. (sciencemag.org)
Third, nuclear reprogramming enables the culture of lines of cells from diseased tissues, and hence allows us to analyze the nature of the disease and to screen for therapeutic drugs. (sciencemag.org)
They found, however, that the transfer of nuclei from slightly older (gastrula) embryos resulted only in abnormal development and concluded that cell differentiation was likely to involve irreversible nuclear changes ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
In addition, it was suggested that Npm could improve development of nuclear transfer embryos by facilitating reprogramming of the somatic cell nucleus in bovine (Betthauser et al. (freethesaurus.com)
The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2011 would make somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) illegal and would impose a felony charge on scientists who conduct such research. (freethesaurus.com)
Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
In 1996, Keith Campbell, Jim McWhir, William Ritchie, and Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK, used nuclear transfer techniques to clone a sheep that was born and gre into an adult. (asu.edu)
There's no beef in a somatic cell nuclear transfer. (lifeissues.net)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), like "twinning", is a well-established cloning technique. (lifeissues.net)
The resulting 'renucleated' oocyte can give rise to an individual who will carry the nuclear genome of only one donor individual, unlike genetically identical twins. (lifeissues.net)
Nuclear transfer technology was first employed in embryo cloning, in which the donor cell is derived from an early embryo, and has been long established in the case of amphibia. (lifeissues.net)
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) is a technique, which allows the harvesting of embryonic stem cells (ES cells). (edu.au)
This initiates a process called nuclear reprogramming, which causes the donor nucleus to become pluripotent again by certain chemicals in the egg's cytoplasm. (edu.au)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
Yet a subset of cancer types have been reprogrammed to pluripotency or near‐pluripotency by blastocyst injection, by somatic cell nuclear transfer and by induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology. (embopress.org)
Further information came from experiments described in the 1996 article titled "Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer from a Cultured Cell Line. (asu.edu)
Keith Campbell had previously studied the reprogramming of cell nuclei as well as the transplantation of frog nuclear material. (asu.edu)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has shown a wide application in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and therapeutic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has shown great advantages and application prospects in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and stem cell therapy [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, animal cells disassemble their nuclear envelopes before chromosome separation, but yeasts do not. (rupress.org)
A variety of mammalian species have been cloned utilizing S.C.N.T. (somatic cell nuclear transfer). (zavos.org)
Professor Keith Campbell's critical contribution to the discovery that a somatic cell from an adult animal can be fully reprogrammed by oocyte factors to form a cloned individual following nuclear transfer (NT)(Wilmut et al. (usda.gov)
But it would also criminalize a biomedical research procedure called somatic cell nuclear transfer that some geneticists and doctors believe holds promise as a way to produce stem cells for tissue repair and therapy. (natcath.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer involves removing the nucleus of an egg cell. (natcath.org)
Since they contain the donor s own DNA, stem cells generated in somatic cell nuclear transfer theoretically can be used to repair damaged or defective organ tissue in the donor s body without rejection or immune reactions related to organ transplant or injection from existing stem cell lines. (natcath.org)
Moreover, in transfected HeLa cells, chimeric GFP containing a nuclear localization signal and a C-terminal CaaX motif of N-Ras induces intranuclear membrane stacks that resemble those induced by lamins and ER-like cisternae that are induced in the cytoplasm upon increased synthesis of integral ER membrane proteins. (biologists.org)
The nuclear lamina is an essential component of metazoan cells. (biologists.org)
The objectives of the present study were to initiate cloning of Korean native goat by somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) and to examine whether unovulated (follicular) oocytes can support the same developmental ability of NT embryos as ovulated (oviductal) oocytes after hCG injection in stimulated cycles of the goat. (koreascience.or.kr)
2000. Developmental rates of male bovine nuclear transfer embryos derived from adult and fetal cells. (koreascience.or.kr)
Human mature MII oocytes and embryonic stem (ES) cells are both able to achieve the feat of cell reprogramming towards pluripotency, either by somatic cell nuclear transfer or by cell fusion, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
In terms of artificial cloning, somatic-nuclear transfer (SCNT), the nowadays' most spread cloning method, was first performed by Hans Spemman, owner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1935) for his work on embryo induction, and his student, Hilde Mangol, with amphibian embryos. (questioz.com)
During somatic cell nuclear transfer, a nucleus abstracted from a donor adult cell is transplanted to a host egg cell without genetic material, which means that the genetic material of the somatic cell is transferred into the oocyte with a micropipette. (questioz.com)
This procedure is known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. (docplayer.net)
On the other hand, the embryo cloned from somatic cell nuclear transfer begins development with the diploid (double) number of chromosomes, all derived from one somatic cell (adult udder) of a single individual. (docplayer.net)
This embryo has the same nuclear genetic composition as the donor of the somatic cell. (docplayer.net)
Embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer impeded by persisting histone methylation. (nih.gov)
Mammalian oocytes can reprogram somatic cells into a totipotent state enabling animal cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (nih.gov)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer - the transfer of a cell nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg from which the nucleus has been removed. (thailabonline.com)
Nuclear reprogramming is the name given to the change that occurs in the nucleus of a somatic cell when it is induced to revert from its differentiated state and assumes a pluripotent state, from which it can adopt any cellular identity, given the appropriate cues. (beds.ac.uk)
When they microinjected mRNA encoding epitope-tagged H3.3 into the oocytes prior to nuclear transfer, they observed early incorporation of H3.3 into the pluripotency gene Oct4 coincident with the onset of transcription of the gene. (beds.ac.uk)
New York, NY (November 6, 2014) - A team led by New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF) Research Institute scientists conducted a study comparing induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and embryonic stem cells created using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (eurekalert.org)
With the suffragettes in mind, then, it is interesting to consider the powerful position that somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has also given women who, not long ago, were not even allowed to vote! (blogspot.com)
Somatic nuclei can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent state by nuclear transfer, cell fusion and expression of transcription factors. (biomedsearch.com)
The effects of the age of cell donor animal on in vitro development of ovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos were investigated. (biomedsearch.com)
Effect of calf death loss on cloned cattle herd derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer: Clones with congenital defects would be removed by the death loss. (worldlibrary.net)
One cloning technology that has been developed for mammalian and human cells is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (blogspot.com)
1. Hakelien AM, Gaustad KG, Collas P. Transient alteration of cell fate using a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract of an insulinoma cell line. (ac.ir)
2. Hakelien AM, Gaustad KG, Collas P. Modulation of cell fate using nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. (ac.ir)
Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently, pluripotent stem cell induction . (wikipedia.org)
With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic. (wikipedia.org)
In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk , a professor at Seoul National University , published two separate articles in the journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using somatic-cell nuclear transfer techniques. (wikipedia.org)
The Human Cloning Prohibition Act outlaws the process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using human cells. (encyclopedia.com)
Although this process can be used for reproductive cloning, as in the case of Dolly the sheep, the technique can also be used for non-reproductive or therapeutic cloning, a process that could be used to create cells and tissues that would be immunologically compatible with the donor of the nuclear material. (encyclopedia.com)

Using wildtype or engineered stem cell lines, researchers may use this technique to uncover the various mechanisms or treatments that may affect early brain infection and resulting microcephaly in Zika virus-infected embryos. (jove.com)
This allows the production of stem cells for biomedical research, such as research into stem cell therapies, without the use of embryos. (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian X-linked gene expression is highly regulated as female cells contain two and male one X chromosome (X). To adjust the X gene dosage between genders, female mouse preimplantation embryos undergo an imprinted form of X chromosome inactivation (iXCI) that requires both Rlim (also known as Rnf12) and the long non-coding RNA Xist . (elifesciences.org)
Beginning at the 4-cell stage in female mouse embryos, imprinted XCI (iXCI) exclusively silences the paternally inherited X (Xp), and this pattern of XCI is maintained in extraembryonic trophoblast cells. (elifesciences.org)
The researchers found that following SCNT, injection of H3K9me3 demethylase Kdm4d mRNA and treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A at one-cell stage correlated with improvement in blastocyst development and the rate of pregnancy of transplanted SCNT embryos in surrogate monkeys. (doctorslounge.com)
At the present time, the production of new cell lines involves destruction of preimplantation embryos at the 100-200 cell (blastocyst) stage. (jci.org)
Granulocytes and monocytes, the physically largest of the white blood cell types, had a higher success rate, yielding viable embryos about 2.1 percent of the time. (redorbit.com)
Gontar J, Ilyin I, Buderatskaya N, Fedota O, Parnitskaya O, Ilyina K, Kazachkova N, Kapustin E, Lavrynenko S, Lakhno Y. P-23 - The Structure and Location Gradation of Oocyte Meiotic Spindle and Its Relationship to Embryos' Quality and Euploidy. (hamiltonthorne.com)
xnd-1 mutant embryos display a novel 'one PGC' phenotype as a result of G2 cell cycle arrest of the P 4 blastomere. (biologists.org)
Stem cells originating in human embryos can be categorized in embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells . (orthodoxwiki.org)
A. In Vitro Fertilization - some of the embryos used in human stem cells research were initially created for infertility purposes through in vitro fertilization procedures. (orthodoxwiki.org)
A paper in this week's Cell describes how a team in Oregon finally achieved what many scientists have expected--and many others have dreaded: they derived embryonic stem cells from human embryos that they created in the lab themselves. (forbes.com)
We reported previously that the exposure of monkey oocytes to caffeine, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, was effective in protecting the cytoplast from premature activation and improved development of SCNT embryos (Mitalipov et al. (forbes.com)
Further evidence of their robustness was confirmed when Mitalipov's team was able to differentiate the embryonic stem cells from the cloned embryos into contracting heart cells. (forbes.com)
These stem cells do not require the use of human embryos for their derivation, and they can be generated from any cell in the adult body. (forbes.com)
If patient-specific stem cells made from SCNT embryos turn out to be healthier and more robust than the 'standard' iPSCs, there could be a significant demand for SCNT-derived stem cells. (forbes.com)
LONDON - One of the UK's leading medical organizations has spoken out against government plans to restrict research involving human/animal hybrid embryos, saying such work is "vital" to the development of embryonic stem cell therapies. (bioworld.com)
And while the government accepted in the preamble to the bill that there is a good case for allowing embryos to be created by fusing human adult cells with enucleated animal oocytes, the proposed bill as it stands would not allow that research either. (bioworld.com)
The current UK law permits embryonic stem cell research, under license, on human embryos up to 14 days. (bioworld.com)
The academy claims there is no substantive ethical or moral reason not to allow research on embryos based on animal oocytes under similar regulatory controls. (bioworld.com)
In Australia, human embryonic stem cells are derived from human embryos that are excess to the needs of patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment programs and have been donated to research by the couple for whom they were created. (nhmrc.gov.au)
However, 1998 saw the publication of two scientific papers describing the growth in culture of human embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from very early (first 14 days) surplus embryos. (kidney.org.uk)
ES cell lines are invariably derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of 5-day-old embryos called blastocysts (Figure 1). (kidney.org.uk)
http://www.hfea.gov.uk ) licences and monitors all human embryo research, including using embryos for stem cell extraction. (kidney.org.uk)
2006 ), or by using ES cell lines established from embryos following preimplantation genetic diagnosis (Eiges et al. (stembook.org)
freezing embryos or oocytes for use in artificial fertilization. (reuters.com)
In adult stem cell research money is flowing like a river," Scott Fischbach said, "[In contrast], money going into embryonic stem cell research is resulting in nothing but dead embryos. (patents4life.com)
As drafted, the bills presently working their way through the Minnesota legislature would ban "therapeutic cloning" but permit the production of embryonic stem cell lines from embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. (patents4life.com)
However, when a somatic cell nucleus is transplanted into an intact oocyte containing its own chromosomes, the resulting polyploid embryos are able to develop to blastocysts and support ESC derivation. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Ce-RCQ-5 was immuno-localized in the nuclei of embryos, germ cells, and oocytes and also in the nuclei of various somatic cells of larvae and adults. (elsevier.com)
From this experiment, Willadsen made viable mammalian embryos using his modified techniques, but they didn't grow into adult organisms. (asu.edu)
SCNT avoids or at least, minimises the potential ethical issues that other embryo sources, such as surplus in-vitro fertilisation embryos, have encountered in many countries including Australia (see Stem Cell Controversy ). (edu.au)
Compared with fertilized embryos, somatic donor cells lack some important components of sperm, such as sperm small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) and proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
The utmost relevance of SCNT in regenerative medicine remains unquestionable due to the fact that it is not only free of somatic epigenetic memory but also more similar to conventional embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from in vitro fertilized embryos in their transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In genetic screens for temperature-sensitive maternal effect embryonic lethal (Mel) mutants, we have identified 32 mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in which fertilized embryos arrest as one-cell embryos. (rupress.org)
In these mutant embryos, the oocyte chromosomes arrest in metaphase of meiosis I without transitioning to anaphase or producing polar bodies. (rupress.org)
Following fusion, activation and in vitro culture to a 2- to 4-cell stage, 49 in vitro-derived and 105 in vivo-derived embryos were transferred to 6 and 17 recipient does, respectively. (koreascience.or.kr)
Comparative transcriptome analysis identified reprogramming resistant regions (RRRs) that are expressed normally at 2-cell mouse embryos generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) but not SCNT. (nih.gov)
5 in each replicates) obtained by a pairwise comparison between donor cumulus cells, IVF 2-cell and SCNT 2-cell embryos. (nih.gov)
Shown are the 811 regions that are activated from 1-cell (12 h) to 2-cell (28 h) stage IVF embryos compared to cumulus derived SCNT embryos. (nih.gov)
It is important to note that both types of techniques led to cells that had more of these aberrations than embryonic stem cells derived from an unfertilized human oocyte, or than embryonic stem cells derived from leftover IVF embryos. (eurekalert.org)
The resulting embryos are given an electric shock to stimulate cell division, and the resulting foetus would be incubated in an artificial womb for nine months. (blogspot.com)
Vertebrate embryos are characterized by an elongated antero-posterior (AP) body axis, which forms by progressive cell deposition from a posterior growth zone in the embryo. (biomedsearch.com)
Vector injection into the perivitelline space has emerged as the standard delivery method to transduce lentivirus to mammalian oocytes or one-cell embryos, but its application is limited by the need for high titers of lentivirus. (biomedsearch.com)
In humans, a major roadblock in achieving successful SCNT leading to embryonic stem cells has been the fact that human SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage. (blogspot.com)
They derived several human embryonic stem cell lines from these cloned embryos whose DNA was an exact match to the adult cell that donated the DNA. (blogspot.com)
Studies concern mainly analysis of nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions in reconstructed embryos during their preimplantation development and testing cells alternative to MII oocytes (GV oocytes, proMI and MI oocytes, zygotes), which could be used as the recipients of exogenous embryonic and somatic nuclei. (edu.pl)
In vitro production of bovine embryos (including production of embryos from the oocytes collected by ovum pick-up method) under various culture conditions and using co-culture with various types of cells. (edu.pl)
Analysis of the behaviour and growth rate of mouse offspring derived from 8-cell embryos subjected to blastomere biopsy (in collaboration with Teramo University, Italy). (edu.pl)

When sperm fertilizes egg w/out nucleus. (studystack.com)
Yet, how definitive for humans could be evidence derived from rhesus monkeys, a species differing from humans with respect to oocyte size, form of implantation, and perhaps also response to micromanipulation procedures such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)? (zavos.org)
Every other cell type in the mammalian body-apart from the sperm and ova, the cells from which they are made (gametocytes) and undifferentiated stem cells-is a somatic cell: internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue are all made up of somatic cells. (phys.org)
That zygote-which then contained the full complement of 54 chromosomes (as if it had been fertilized by a sperm cell)-was placed into the uterus of a second Scottish Blackface sheep that served as a surrogate mother. (apologeticspress.org)
At the transition zone (3), germ cells enter meiosis and proceed through meiotic prophase (4) to give rise to sperm in the L4 stage (6) and to oocytes during adulthood (5). (genetics.org)
A somatic cell is any body cell other than gametes (egg or sperm). (blogspot.com)
Scientists also use the term somatic stem cell instead of adult stem cell, where somatic refers to cells of the body (not the germ cells, sperm or eggs). (stemcellclinic.net)
Apparently this physician is not aware of the long known scientific fact that human beings can be reproduced both sexually (involving an oocyte and a sperm during fertilization) and a-sexually (e.g., as the immediate product of many different cloning procedures). (lifeissues.net)
These human beings reproduced a-sexually - i.e., without the use of sperm or oocytes - are the immediate product of such a-sexual human reproductive processes. (lifeissues.net)
In many organisms, germ cells (which produce gametes) initially divide mitotically to form clusters of germ cells, from which differentiated oocytes or sperm arise. (frontiersin.org)
Retro-genes' are generated by the process of reverse transcription, in which transcribed RNA, modified, amplified and tested by the individual's experience, are 'back copied' into complementary DNA (cDNA), constituting new genetic messages that may be delivered in sperm cells to the egg at fertilization . (i-sis.org.uk)
This process has been shown to occur during in vitro fertilization, regardless of whether intact sperm cells are incubated with exogenous DNA or RNA molecules. (i-sis.org.uk)
According to the definitions included in the bill, Clone a human being or cloning a human being, shall mean the creation of a human being by any means other than by the fertilization of a naturally intact oocyte of a human female by a naturally intact sperm of a human male. (natcath.org)
Typically, a lamb is the product of natural reproduction two germ cells, a sperm from an adult male and an egg (oocyte) from an adult female, fuse at fertilization. (docplayer.net)
Each of these germ cells (the sperm and the oocyte) contributes half the chromosomes needed to create a new individual. (docplayer.net)
Second, unlike the sperm and the egg, each of which contributes half the number of chromosomes at fertilization, each body cell contains twice the number of chromosomes in each germ cell. (docplayer.net)
Somatic cell - cell of the body other than egg or sperm. (thailabonline.com)
Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism. (thailabonline.com)
Stem cell researchers had known that egg (or oocyte) cytoplasm contains some special unknown factors that can reprogram adult cells into embryonic-like stem cells, either during egg-sperm fertilization or during artificial cloning procedures like those that created Dolly the sheep. (thefreelibrary.com)
We have chemically induced functional oocytes in Caenorhabditis elegans adults that otherwise produced only sperm. (biomedsearch.com)

Therefore, producing beta cells from stem cells for transplantation holds promise as a treatment and potential cure for type 1 diabetes. (medindia.net)
Researchers are gradually learning how to direct these cells to differentiate into specialized cell types and to use them for research, drug discovery, and transplantation therapy (see Figure 8.1). (nih.gov)
Scientists will need to pilot experimental transplantation therapies in animal model systems to assess the safety and long-term stable functioning of transplanted cells. (nih.gov)
In particular, they must be certain that any transplanted cells do not continue to self-renew in an unregulated fashion after transplantation, which may result in a teratoma , or stem cell tumor. (nih.gov)
Upon transplantation in immunodeficient mice, grafted cells form vascularized islet-like structures containing MAFA/C-peptide-positive cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
In order to study the transplantation effect of hematopoetic stem cells from beta-thalassemia induced pluripotent stem cells. (bioportfolio.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells potentially may be useful in the future as an unlimited source of cells for transplantation. (bioportfolio.com)
And, fourth, techniques for repairing any intrinsic disease-causing genetic defects and transplantation of the repaired, differentiated cells into the patient. (stembook.org)
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from a patient's somatic cells could be a useful source for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapies. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
For example, following transplantation of donor bone marrow (BM) or enriched hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into allogeneic recipients, skeletal myoblasts, cardiac myoblasts, endothelium, hepatic and biliary duct epithelium, lung, gut and skin epithelia, and neuroectodermal cells of donor origin have been detected (Verfaillie et al. (webgamesday.com)
Given the success of well-practiced, cell-based therapies (e.g., hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treating hematological diseases and pancreatic islet cell transplantation for type I diabetes), it is conceivable that this approach could be applied to many other serious medical conditions where cells are lost because of disease, injury, or aging. (schoolbag.info)

Research carried out until now has shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors seem to contribute to an increase in levels of gene expression, which would favour the reprogramming of the somatic cell nucleus transferred to the oocyte cytoplasm. (bio-medicine.org)
they can also be used for the reprogramming of cells for therapeutic aims. (bio-medicine.org)
In biology, Reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. (wikipedia.org)
The first person to successfully demonstrate reprogramming was John Gurdon, who in 1962 demonstrated that differentiated somatic cells could be reprogrammed back into an embryonic state when he managed to obtain swimming tadpoles following the transfer of differentiated intestinal epithelial cells into enucleated frog eggs. (wikipedia.org)
The properties of cells obtained after reprogramming can vary significantly, in particular among iPSCs. (wikipedia.org)
Factors leading to variation in the performance of reprogramming and functional features of end products include genetic background, tissue source, reprogramming factor stoichiometry and stressors related to cell culture. (wikipedia.org)
Reprogramming is distinct from development of a somatic epitype, as somatic epitypes can potentially be altered after an organism has left the developmental stage of life. (wikipedia.org)
Reprogramming by NT recapitulates developmental events that occur upon normal fertilization and allows resetting of the epigenome of the somatic nucleus to an early embryonic state. (diabetesjournals.org)
In 2012, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for two discoveries showing that mature (differentiated) cells can be converted into pluripotent, embryonic-like cells, either by forced expression of genetic factors or by transfer of cell nuclei into female eggs, in a process called "reprogramming. (phys.org)
To develop an efficient and xeno-free standard eye-derived induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming protocol for use during induced pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapies in treating retinal de. (bioportfolio.com)
Scientific focus: My early career focused on epigenetic reprogramming to produce livestock including cattle, pigs and sheep and to produce pluripotent stem cells from adult cells. (pbrc.edu)
On the other hand, if the work of scientists like Sheng Ding is any indication, we may soon see better cell reprogramming via small molecules, and not retroviruses. (forbes.com)
In the longer term, such research could lead to the development of methods for reprogramming adult cells to produce human embryonic stem cells. (bioworld.com)
Second, the reprogramming of these cells into a pluripotent state. (stembook.org)
Therefore, we reasoned that, similar to other mammals, human MII oocytes must contain reprogramming activity. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
However, most human iPS cells are made by viral vectors, such as retrovirus and lentivirus, which integrate the reprogramming factors into the host genomes and may increase the risk of tumour formation. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Several non-integration methods have been reported to overcome the safety concern associated with the generation of iPS cells, such as transient expression of the reprogramming factors using adenovirus vectors or plasmids, and direct delivery of reprogramming proteins. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Most of the iPS cells are derived using the Oct3/4 , Sox2 , Klf4 and c-Myc reprogramming factors. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Mouse iPS cells were generated using a plasmid vector in 2008, showing that iPS cells can be induced by the transient expression of reprogramming factors [ 17 ]. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
We find that the reprogramming of 10T1/2 nuclei is accompanied by an increased phosphorylation, an increased methylation and a rapidly reduced acetylation of several amino acids in H3 and other histones. (biomedcentral.com)
The reprogramming of mouse somatic cell nuclei by X . oocyte GVs provides a unique opportunity to analyse the fundamental mechanisms that accompany transcriptional reprogramming without DNA replication and cell division. (biomedcentral.com)
We discuss these findings, the challenges in developing such models and their current limitations, and ways that iPS reprogramming may be enhanced to develop human cell models of cancer progression. (embopress.org)
These results shed light on the gene networks that are concurrently overexpressed by the two human cell types with somatic cell reprogramming properties. (biomedcentral.com)
Remarkably, the reprogramming properties of oocytes are not restricted to the very specialized germinal nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)
Studies are underway to discover faster reprogramming factors in oocytes to increase dramatically not only the speed but also the efficiency of the method. (questioz.com)
The goal of this grant was to pursue human oocyte development from hESC for genetic, pharmacological and reprogramming applications. (ca.gov)
The specific aims of our research grant # RC1-00137 entitled "Human Oocyte Development for Genetic, Pharmacological and Reprogramming Applications" are as follows: Aim 1) Assess and compare the potential of multiple nonfederal hESC lines to contribute to the germ cell lineage. (ca.gov)
An important aim of research in this field, therefore, is a better understanding of the mechanism of reprogramming that may lead to improvements in the efficiency and fidelity with which pluripotent stems cells can be generated. (beds.ac.uk)
To check the requirement for H3.3, they injected into the oocyte polyclonal antibodies against HIRA, the chaperone responsible for the incorporation of histone H3.3 into chromatin, and were able to show that this abrogates transcriptional reprogramming. (beds.ac.uk)
By tuning up a gene called Tcl1, which is highly abundant in eggs, researchers were able to suppress old mitochondria to enhance a process known as somatic reprogramming, which turn adult cells into embryonic-like stem cells. (thefreelibrary.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming replaces the ethically controversial oocyte-based reprogramming technique. (thefreelibrary.com)
But oocyte-based reprogramming is still deemed superior in complete cellular reprogramming efficiency. (thefreelibrary.com)
To address this shortfall, the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) team combined oocyte factors with the iPSC reprogramming system. (thefreelibrary.com)
Thus, an increase in Tcl1 suppresses old mitochondria's growth and metabolism in adult cells, to enhance the somatic reprogramming of adult cells into embryonic-like stem cells. (thefreelibrary.com)
Chemical reprogramming of Caenorhabditis elegans germ cell fate. (biomedsearch.com)
These findings suggest that chemical approaches to therapeutic cell reprogramming may be feasible and provide a powerful platform for analyzing molecular mechanisms of in vivo cell reprogramming. (biomedsearch.com)
By reprogramming endogenous cells into a desired cell type, major difficulties associated with transplant-based approaches (e.g. cell isolation, immune rejection) may be minimized. (biomedsearch.com)
High-efficiency somatic reprogramming induced by intact MII oocytes. (biomedsearch.com)
It was believed that the epigenetic signature and age-related changes such as shortened telomeres and oxidative DNA damage might hinder reprogramming of mature adult nuclei. (blogspot.com)
In fact, this method is applicable for reprogramming of human adult stem cells to a more pluripotent sate and may have a potential in regenerative medicine. (ac.ir)
Reprogramming events of mammalian somatic cells induced by Xenopus laevis egg extracts. (ac.ir)
7. Taranger CK, Noer A, Sorensen AL, Hakelien AM, Boquest AC, Collas P. Induction of dedifferentiation, genomewide transcriptional programming, and epigenetic reprogramming by extracts of carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. (ac.ir)

The February 27, 1997 issue of Nature reported it in a mundanely titled article, "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells. (apologeticspress.org)
The procedure involves fusing a metaphase-arrested fetal fibroblast to an enucleated oocyte. (bioone.org)
Mitapilov and his team took donated egg cells and swapped their nuclei for the nuclei of cells from fetal tissue. (forbes.com)
Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells' (1997), by Ian Wilmut et al. (asu.edu)
They published their results in "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian Cells" (abbreviated Viable Offspring) on 27 February 1997. (asu.edu)
The researchers tested their hypothesis with embryonic, fetal, and adult sheep cell samples. (asu.edu)
FANCM was more strongly expressed in human fetal germ cells than in somatic cells. (elifesciences.org)
These inner cell mass cells are pluripotent they can give rise to many types of cells but not all types of cells necessary for fetal development. (thailabonline.com)

By reprograming cells to a pluripotent state and making beta cells, we are now one step closer to being able to treat diabetic patients with their own insulin-producing cells. (medindia.net)
Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell were the first to demonstrate that an adult mammalian cell could be reprogrammed back into a pluripotent state when they cloned Dolly the sheep in 1997. (wikipedia.org)
Although NT selects for the ability of a cell to advance through embryonic developmental steps, iPSC generation selects for growth in the pluripotent state, not for developmental competence. (diabetesjournals.org)
The accumulated understanding of the mechanisms underlying pluripotency in ES cells led to attempts to revert somatic cells into a pluripotent state using defined factors. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
During the course of animal development, cells transit from a pluripotent state to one of many committed lineages. (stembook.org)

All three mice were or are being suckled with other non-clones and their growth parameters are within normal range, say researchers who were in charge of cloning the mice, Nuno Costa-Borges, Josep Santal and Elena Ibez from the Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology at UAB. (bio-medicine.org)
These results demonstrate the suitability of NT-ES-β-cells for cell replacement for type 1 diabetes and provide proof of principle for therapeutic cloning combined with cell therapy. (diabetesjournals.org)
EDITOR'S NOTE: Two of the most hotly debated and currently controversial topics-in the fields of science, religion, ethics, and politics-are human cloning and stem-cell research. (apologeticspress.org)
Cumulus cells found around oocytes in the ovarian follicle are generally the preferred cell type for cloning efforts. (redorbit.com)
Additionally, the observed fragmentation was fivefold higher than that which occurs as a result of cumulus cell cloning. (redorbit.com)
What the researchers have demonstrated for the first time is that the effective cloning of mice can be achieved using the nuclei of peripheral blood cells. (redorbit.com)
Cloning using G 0 -arrested somatic cells has led to the suggestion that this stage of the cell cycle is necessary for the success of cloning. (bioone.org)
In another big leap forward, over the last year, scientists in Kyoto, Japan seem to have bypassed even therapeutic cloning, have succeeded in making adult human cells 'turn back the clock' and become like ES cells, simply by culturing adult cells with 3 or 4 defined factors. (kidney.org.uk)
hybrid cloning using animal oocytes (immature female germ cells) to reprogram the nuclei of human somatic cells. (reuters.com)
The only way in which a perfect match can be obtained by cloning is by using a somatic cell nucleus from a woman and transferring its nucleus into an oocyte from that same woman. (thefreelibrary.com)
The technique of somatic cell cloning in mammalians has been developed in the last few decades after the production of the first cloned sheep from a mammary gland cell . (freethesaurus.com)
Wilmut et al (1997) reported successful cloning of an adult sheep. (lifeissues.net)
Successful cloning of adult animals has forced us to accept that genome modifications once considered irreversible can be reversed and that the genomes of adult cells can be reprogrammed by factors in the oocyte to make them totipotent once again . (lifeissues.net)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
And the debate is not confined to cloning of cells, but also includes concerns over health care, how resources are used, who has access to the latest developments and how the health care system is going to pay for making new applications broadly available. (natcath.org)
Many eminent stem cell researchers are turning away from human cloning in favor of alternatives that offer greater therapeutic promise. (lifenews.com)
When referring to the biotechnological implementation of cloning, that has to do with copying DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning) or organisms. (questioz.com)
A similar process of combining an egg's cytoplasm with an adult cell nucleus led to the cloning of Dolly the sheep. (thefreelibrary.com)
The cloning method is based on the fact that cytoplasmic factors in mature, metaphase II oocytes are able to reset the identity of a transplanted adult cell nucleus to an embryonic state. (blogspot.com)
Although attempts have not yet been made to create a therapeutic transplant from embryonic stem cells, the methods have been developed to allow the creation of functional, mature cells using human cell cloning technology. (blogspot.com)
Interspecies somatic cloning of European bison. (edu.pl)
The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue . (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of May 2019 [update] . (wikipedia.org)
In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving the oocyte 's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for cloning. (wikipedia.org)

Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells. (phys.org)
This is the first report of the derivation of diploid pluripotent stem cells from a patient. (stemcellsfreak.com)

The chromosomes were extracted from each of the oocytes and substituted with a cell from the cumulus by cytoplasm injection. (bio-medicine.org)
However, those stem cells were triploid, meaning they had three sets of chromosomes, and therefore could not be used for new therapies. (medindia.net)
They demonstrated the ability to make a patient-specific embryonic stem cell line that has two sets of chromosomes (a diploid state), the normal number in human cells. (medindia.net)
Most mammalian cells contain two transcriptionally active copies of autosomal chromosomes but only one active X chromosome (X). This is due to the fact that female cells inactivate one X in a process known as X chromosome inactivation (XCI), to correct for male/female (F/M) gene dosage imbalances caused by the presence of two X chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
A team of scientists from the New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute and Columbia University Medical Center, also in New York, claim to have created the first disease-specific embryonic stem cell line with two sets of chromosomes. (diabetesforum.com)
As a result, the cells had abnormal numbers of chromosomes, limiting their use. (forbes.com)
Eukaryotic cell division is a highly regulated process during which cells duplicate their chromosomes, align them at a metaphase plate, and then segregate them equally to each of their two daughter cells. (rupress.org)
Cells must avoid premature activation of APC/C and precocious exit from metaphase, because once chromosomes separate during anaphase, defects stemming from misaligned or stray chromosomes can no longer be corrected. (rupress.org)
FANCM protein was preferentially expressed along the chromosomes in pachytene cells, which undergo meiotic recombination. (elifesciences.org)
Chromosomes are found in the cell s nucleus and they carry the DNA, which is the genetic blueprint for an individual. (docplayer.net)

Here, we present findings that X chromosome NonDisjunction factor-1 (XND-1), known for its role in regulating meiotic crossover formation, is an early determinant of germ cell fates in Caenorhabditis elegans . (biologists.org)
Larvae and adults display smaller germ lines and reduced brood size consistent with a role for XND-1 in germ cell proliferation. (biologists.org)
During early embryogenesis, the germ lineage inherits germ plasm, the specialized cytoplasm containing maternally encoded mRNAs and proteins, and gives rise to the primordial germ cell (PGC) lineage. (biologists.org)
The finding that METT-10 functions to inhibit germ-cell proliferative fate, despite promoting mitotic cell cycle progression of those germ cells that do proliferate, separates the specification of proliferative fate from its execution. (genetics.org)
Although glp-1 signaling is a central component controlling the specification of germ-cell proliferative fate, regulation of this decision is not fully understood. (genetics.org)
Cysts are surrounded by and receive signals from somatic cells which promote germ cell divisions and shape oocyte morphology. (frontiersin.org)
We also show a dual role for Sox5 during sex determination: first, as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of germ-cell number in medaka, and second, by de novo regulation of dmrt1 transcriptional activity during primary sex determination due to exaptation of the Rex1 transposable element. (biomedcentral.com)

In the post-implantation stage, methylation patterns are stage- and tissue-specific with changes that would define each individual cell type lasting stably over a long time. (wikipedia.org)
These stem cells are sometimes called "adult" stem cells, and they are typically rare in the tissue of origin. (nih.gov)
Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line, KSCBi003-A, from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells using a chromosomal integration-free system. (bioportfolio.com)
We generated a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line, KSCBi003-A, from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) using a Sendai virus-based gene delivery system. (bioportfolio.com)
Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line (VRFi001-A) from orbital adipose tissue of a bilateral retinoblastoma patient with heterozygous RB1 gene deletion. (bioportfolio.com)
Pluripotent stem cells generated from adult skin cells for example behave similarly to an embryonic stem cell with the ability to become any tissue type in an organism. (pbrc.edu)
developing tissue give rise to the multiple specialized cells types that make the human body. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Its bulk comprises exocrine tissue, which is made up of acinar cells that secrete pancreatic enzymes delivered to the intestine to facilitate the digestion of food. (jci.org)
Scattered throughout the exocrine tissue are many thousands of clusters of endocrine cells known as islets of Langerhans. (jci.org)
they represent 1 out of 10,000 cells within a given tissue. (hindawi.com)
Adult stem cells are rare, and their origin in mature tissue is not yet completely understood. (orthodoxwiki.org)
and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nap.edu)
00:01:32.23 or they can make and replenish a tissue, such as in adult stem cells. (ibiology.org)
00:03:19.16 And these cells have the capacity to generate only one type of tissue. (ibiology.org)
2002) Compared with ES cells, tissue-specific stem cells have less self-renewal and proliferative ability, and are not pluripotent. (webgamesday.com)
If true this would suggest that understanding that postnatal stem cells give rise to only cells of the tissue of origin may not be correct. (webgamesday.com)
This ability of a tissue-specific stem cell to acquire the fate of a cell type different from the original tissue has been termed adult stem cell plasticity, although no consensus exists to what the exact definition should be. (webgamesday.com)
He holds this view despite the abundant evidence that adult stem cells have been used successfully for years in curing disease and that embryonic stem cells have the potential of causing tissue rejection and have never cured anyone. (thefreelibrary.com)
Through these methods it becomes possible to derive one kind of specialized cell (such as a brain cell) from another, more accessible, tissue (such as skin) in the same individual. (sciencemag.org)
An adult stem cell is thought to be an undifferentiated cell, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. (stemcellclinic.net)
The primary roles of adult stem cells in a living organism are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found. (stemcellclinic.net)
These non-hematopoietic stem cells make up a small proportion of the stromal cell population in the bone marrow and can generate bone, cartilage, and fat cells that support the formation of blood and fibrous connective tissue. (stemcellclinic.net)
Typically, there is a very small number of stem cells in each tissue and, once removed from the body, their capacity to divide is limited, making generation of large quantities of stem cells difficult. (stemcellclinic.net)
2) remove the cells from a living animal, label them in cell culture, and transplant them back into another animal to determine whether the cells replace (or "repopulate") their tissue of origin. (stemcellclinic.net)
Importantly, scientists must demonstrate that a single adult stem cell can generate a line of genetically identical cells that then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue. (stemcellclinic.net)
Summary Fundamental biological processes including morphogenesis, tissue repair, and tumour metastasis require collective cell motions, and to drive these motions cells exert traction forces on their surroundings. (europa.eu)
This tissue can become cells that make up connective tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue, the lymphatic system, and bone in the adult body. (allthingsstemcell.com)
She is not concerned about tissue incompatibility and rejection, because these cells are her own genetically reprogrammed skin cells. (docplayer.net)
It is these characteristics that not only make stem cells a useful system in which to study tissue and organ development but also give them great potential for regenerative medicine. (schoolbag.info)
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated (unspecialized) cells that are found in differentiated, or specialized, tissue. (schoolbag.info)
These cells function as the "reservoir" for cell/tissue renewal during normal homeostasis or tissue regeneration. (schoolbag.info)
For example, the bone marrow is a mesoderm-derived tissue that consists of a complex hematopoietic cellular system supported by stromal cells embedded in a complex extracellular matrix. (schoolbag.info)
The discovery could boost efficacy of the alternative, non-oocyte-based iPSC techniques for stem cell banking, organ and tissue regeneration, as well as further understanding of how cellular metabolism rejuvenates after eggsperm fertilization. (thefreelibrary.com)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mouse ESCs extract on the expression of some pluripotency markers in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). (ac.ir)
Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. (ac.ir)
Extracellular matrix mineralization and osteoblast gene expression by human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. (ac.ir)
The key difference between embryonic and somatic stem cells is that the embryonic stem cells are pluripotent undifferentiated cells that have embryonic origin while somatic stem cells are multipotent undifferentiated cells that are of tissue and organ origin. (stemcellclinic.net)
In modern therapy, embryonic stem cells are valuable tools in regenerative therapy and tissue replacement following injury or disease. (stemcellclinic.net)
Cloned cells could be used to create replacement tissue for diseased hearts, pancreatic cells for diabetics, treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, nerve cells for victims of spinal cord injuries, and skin cells for burn victims. (encyclopedia.com)

These cells are called totipotent stem cells. (orthodoxwiki.org)
00:02:28.28 Well, embryonic stem cells are what we call totipotent. (ibiology.org)
For the first time, an adult nucleus had been reprogrammed to become totipotent once more, just like the genetic material in the fertilized oocyte from which the donor cell had ultimately developed. (lifeissues.net)
Oocytes have the unique ability to remodel the chromatin of the germinal nuclei into a totipotent state. (biomedcentral.com)
In the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical totipotent cells. (thailabonline.com)
In fact, identical twins develop when two totipotent cells separate and develop into two individual, genetically identical human beings. (thailabonline.com)

First, human granulosa cells were placed in enucleated bovine oocytes, electrostimulated, and shown to develop at least as often as occurs in parthenogenesis. (zavos.org)
From the start, the goal of this work has been to make patient-specific stem cells from an adult human subject with type 1 diabetes that can give rise to the cells lost in the disease," said Dr. Egli, the NYSCF scientist who led the research and conducted many of the experiments. (medindia.net)
For example, human hematopoietic cells from the umbilical cord and bone marrow are currently being used to treat patients with disorders that require replacement of cells made by the bone marrow, including Fanconi's anemia and chemotherapy-induced bone marrow failure after cancer treatment. (nih.gov)
The state of the science currently lies in the development of fundamental knowledge of the properties of human pluripotent cells. (nih.gov)
However, the functionality of reprogrammed human stem cells has not been sufficiently tested. (diabetesjournals.org)
Human pluripotent stem cells generated from adult cells may change the face of medicine," says Prof. Benvenisty, leading to totally new, personalized genetic therapy involving the reprograming of a patient's own cells to achieve cell replacement and healing. (phys.org)
Now, with reports arriving almost daily about proposals to clone humans, and with similar reports surfacing with disturbing frequency about scientists' planned use of human-derived stem cells, I believe that an in-depth analysis of these two subjects is both timely and warranted. (apologeticspress.org)
Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line from urinary cells of a patient with primary congenital glaucoma using integration free Sendai technology. (bioportfolio.com)
We have generated a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line derived from urinary cells of a 10years old patient with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). (bioportfolio.com)
The major goal of the project is to develop human iPS cells fro. (bioportfolio.com)
That "clump of cells" is exactly how a human being shouild be at that age. (racerxband.com)
Embryonic stem (ES) cells, with their ability to generate all, or nearly all, of the cell types in the adult body and a possible source of cells genetically identical to the donor, hold great promise but face ethical and political hurdles for human use. (aspetjournals.org)
Human embryonic stem cells offer the promise of a new regenerative medicine in which damaged adult cells can be replaced with new cells. (jci.org)
Many in the international scientific community believe that the promise of stem cell-based studies or therapies will be realized only if we can derive new human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. (jci.org)
The human body is made of billions and billions of cells, which have specific shapes, particular structures, and different functions. (orthodoxwiki.org)
Stem cells are naturally occurring in the human body (and other living organisms) at all levels of development. (orthodoxwiki.org)
One aspect impeding progress was the ability to procure high-quality human oocytes. (researchsquare.com)
Another group at Seoul National University in South Korea also had access to a significant number of high-quality human oocytes, and was able to derive a parthenogenetic embryonic stem cell line. (researchsquare.com)
Great hopes have been placed on human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells for therapy. (hindawi.com)
Human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells are undifferentiated cells that are capable of indefinite self-renewal and that can be derived into any cell of the human body. (hindawi.com)
Ido Sagi's research focuses on studying genetic and epigenetic phenomena in human pluripotent stem cells, and his work has been published in leading scientific journals, including Nature , Nature Genetics and Cell Stem Cell . (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Together with Prof. Nissim Benvenisty, Director of the Azrieli Center, Sagi showed that this new human stem cell type will play an important role in human genetic and medical research . (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
By amassing a broad library of human pluripotent stem cells with different mutations and genetic makeups, NewStem plans to develop diagnostic kits for personalized medication and future therapeutic and reproductive products. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
2007). Therefore, human oocytes were maintained in 1.25 mM caffeine during spindle removal and somatic cell fusion. (forbes.com)
Using animal oocytes would allow research to progress without being compromised by the shortage of human eggs. (bioworld.com)
there is a real shortage of donated human eggs (oocytes) to carry out this vital research. (kidney.org.uk)
Yuwei uses human pluripotent stem cell models to understand the mechanisms of T1D risk. (eglilab.com)
Lina's most recent paper in Diabetes shows human stem cell derived beta cells of a patient with diabetes can are fully functional. (eglilab.com)
Here, we identified premature exit from meiosis in human oocytes and suboptimal activation as key factors that are responsible for these outcomes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
When applied to premium quality human oocytes, NT-ESC lines were derived from as few as two oocytes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
In addition to oocytes, human [ 4 ] and mouse embryonic stem (ES) [ 5 ] cells also can reprogramme somatic cells into an ES cell-like state after cell fusion. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must be overcome before these potential uses will be realized? (stemcellclinic.net)
2 But public attention has recently increased with a new milestone that has been reached: the production of human embryonic stem cells. (lifeissues.net)
Generation of a NESTIN-EGFP reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell line, KSCBi005-A-1, using CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease. (bioportfolio.com)
Generation of a NKX2.1 knock-in reporter cell line from human induced pluripotent stem cells (MHHi006-A-2). (bioportfolio.com)
A Toolbox to Characterize Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Cell Types and Organoids. (bioportfolio.com)
Generation of the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line PSMi005-A from a patient carrying the KCNQ1-R190W mutation. (bioportfolio.com)
Generation of the human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line PSMi004-A from a carrier of the KCNQ1-R594Q mutation. (bioportfolio.com)
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are reprogrammed from somatic cells that can self-renew indefinitely and produce different types of cells. (bioportfolio.com)
They provide human model cell lines. (bioportfolio.com)
The aim is to generate, via induced human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), "pa. (bioportfolio.com)
From the start, the goal of this work has been to make patient-specific stem cells from an adult human subject with type 1 diabetes that can give rise to the cells lost in the disease. (stemcellsfreak.com)
it is also the first report of diploid embryonic stem cell lines derived from a human after birth. (stemcellsfreak.com)
Once the enucleated human oocyte cell containing the donated human nucleus is activated, then "the matter is appropriately organized" as they say, and a new living single-cell human being then begins to exist a-sexually. (lifeissues.net)
However they are rarer and difficult to identify amongst the crowded somatic cells, and do not survive long enough outside the human body for potential therapeutic use. (edu.au)
2001 US President George W. Bush authorises selected ES cell lines to be used for human research, however other cell lines are not allowed. (edu.au)
Thus, there is a need for human cell models of cancer progression. (embopress.org)
Most human cell models of cancer are based on tumor cell lines and xenografts of primary tumor cells that resemble the advanced tumor state, from which the cells were derived, and thus do not recapitulate disease progression. (embopress.org)
In one case, reprogrammed human pancreatic cancer cells have been shown to recapitulate stages of cancer progression, from early to late stages, thus providing a model for studying pancreatic cancer development in human cells where previously such could only be discerned from mouse models. (embopress.org)
Tumor Rejection Antigen (TRA-1-60) Sialylated Keratan Sulfate Proteoglycan expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES). (edu.au)
Recent published reports on the isolation and successful culturing of the first human pluripotent stem cell lines have generated great excitement and have brought biomedical research to the edge of a new frontier. (thailabonline.com)
The development of these human pluripotent stem cell lines deserves close scientific examination, evaluation of the promise for new therapies, and prevention strategies, and open discussion of the ethical issues. (thailabonline.com)
While stem cells are extraordinarily important in early human development, multipotent stem cells are also found in children and adults. (thailabonline.com)
It shows that they are likely working with cells that are very similar to human embryonic stem cells, at least with regard to gene expression and DNA methylation. (eurekalert.org)
The adult cell nuclei were transferred into metaphase-II stage human oocytes, producing a karyotypically normal diploid embryonic stem cell line from each of the adult male donor cells. (blogspot.com)
The therapeutic potential of cloned human cells has been demonstrated by another study using human oocytes to reprogram adult cells of a type 1 diabetic. (blogspot.com)
It is extremely hopeful that some human cell lines can be grown on a medium of precisely known chemical composition. (wikipedia.org)
The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology . (wikipedia.org)

The NYSCF laboratory is one of the few places in the world that pursues all types of stem cell research. (medindia.net)
The rising concept of cell-based therapeutics has provided a framework around which new approaches are being generated, and its combination with advances in stem cell research stands to bring both fields to clinical fruition. (aspetjournals.org)
This has led to an intense debate that threatens to limit embryonic stem cell research. (jci.org)
A stem cell is defined by two properties (see A stem cell research lexicon ). (jci.org)
Only few groups had access to oocytes for stem cell research. (researchsquare.com)
Some Catholic leaders, activists in the pro-life movement, and legislators oppose embryonic stem cell research, while others believe certain forms of the research present morally acceptable means of achieving long-sought medical gains. (natcath.org)
Rudolf Jaenisch of the Whitehead Institute conducted embryonic stem cell research on mice for years before abandoning it. (lifenews.com)

However, researchers Satoshi Kamimura, Atsuo Ogura and colleagues at the RIKEN BioResource Center in Tsukuba, Japan wanted to explore the efficacy of white blood cells, or leukocytes, as donor cells. (redorbit.com)
They have, however, mentioned that their future studies will focus not on the cause but rather on improving the future performance of granulocyte donor cells. (redorbit.com)
Immunogenic - potential immune rejection if donor cells are derived from another individual. (edu.au)

Key regulatory events lead to the specification of mature oocytes and initiate a switch to the meiotic cell cycle program. (frontiersin.org)

The next major advance in this field came with the production of a normal adult sheep (Dolly) by transplanting the nuclei of cultured mammary gland cells derived from an adult sheep to enucleated sheep eggs ( 5 ). (sciencemag.org)
Born July 1996, she is the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult cell, one taken from a ewe s mammary gland. (docplayer.net)

Eventually a stem cell becomes known as a "progenitor" or "precursor" cell, committed to producing one or a few terminally differentiated cells such as neurons or muscle cells. (jci.org)
One of the major unresolved issues has been whether nuclei of terminally differentiated cells can be reprogrammed by transfer into the oocyte. (embl.it)
These results demonstrate that terminally differentiated cells can revert to a state of pluripotency in response to external stimulation. (royalsocietypublishing.org)

These include lineage-committed multipotent stem or progenitor cells such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), epithelial stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. (stembook.org)
A second population, called bone marrow stromal stem cells (also called mesenchymal stem cells, or skeletal stem cells by some), were discovered a few years later. (stemcellclinic.net)
embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells, primordial germ cells, mesenchymal progenitors in adult murine bone marrow, and embryonic germ cells. (edu.au)
A growing body of evidence suggests that bone marrow contains at least two types of stem cells: hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), both of which are multipotent. (schoolbag.info)
Cells of metazoa display two main phenotypes, the ancestral epithelial state and the recent mesenchymal derivative. (biomedsearch.com)
Third-passaged ADSCs showed a fibroblast-like morphology and expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers. (ac.ir)
There are different types of somatic stem cells such as hematopoietic stem cells, intestinal stem cells, endothelial stem cells, neuronal stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. (stemcellclinic.net)

About 5,000 nuclei accumulate in the unseparated cytoplasm of the oocyte before they migrate to the surface and are encompassed by plasma membranes to form cells surrounding the yolk sac. (bionity.com)

2000) in mice (immature adult Sertoli cells), and Wells et al. (zavos.org)
It involves taking unfertilized donor oocytes - the immature egg cells used in reproduction - and adding to them the nuclei of adult skin cells taken from the patient. (diabetesforum.com)
Recently, I was involved with a scientific group in Yonago, Japan in the development of ROSNI during which immature spermatozoa (spermatids) were harvested from the testes of infertile men and their nuclei were transferred into nucleated oocytes and electrofusion was applied and pregnancies were achieved. (zavos.org)

Fifty years ago, British researcher John Gurdon demonstrated that genetic material from non-reproductive, or somatic, cells could be reprogrammed into an embryonic state when transferred into an egg. (phys.org)
An oocyte is a female gametocyte (an egg cell prior to maturation), and a nucleus is the organelle that holds a cell's genetic material (its DNA). (blogspot.com)
Then, an electric current contributes to the fusion of somatic cell genetic material with the egg in order to end up in a single cell able to grow artificially or in the uterus of a surrogate mother, provided that its division occurs normally. (questioz.com)

In order to clone the animals, researchers collected oocytes and surrounding cumulus cells from several female mice. (bio-medicine.org)
The cumulus cell, which is the most preferred cell type, has a 2.7 percent yield. (redorbit.com)
The original oocyte cumulus cell-based approach is still the most effective method of producing viable cloned offspring. (redorbit.com)

The investigators overcame the final hurdle in making personalized stem cells that can be used to develop personalized cell therapies. (medindia.net)
We then study how cells generated from type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients behave, identifying cellular mechanisms that may drive the disease, testing drugs on the cells, and developing strategies to engineer healthy cells for replacement therapies. (nyscf.org)
In this article, NYSCF researchers discuss the promise of cell replacement therapies for treating diabetes. (nyscf.org)
This budding partnership is presently in its very early stages, but an examination of the cell-based therapies currently under development clearly shows the magnitude of the role that stem cells will ultimately play. (aspetjournals.org)
The first stem cell therapies were with bone marrow stem cells, and bone marrow transplants for patients with the likes of leukaemia are now a standard hospital treatment. (kidney.org.uk)
In many organs, including the kidney, the identity of stem cells has proved elusive, thus our ability to isolate and expand them for therapies has been severely compromised. (kidney.org.uk)
The production of cellular therapies requires the optimization of four steps: first, isolating and culturing cells that can be readily obtained from a patient in a non-invasive fashion. (stembook.org)
In this review, we will discuss the utility of stem cell‐derived beta cells to investigate the mechanisms of beta cell failure in diabetes, and the challenges to develop beta cell replacement therapies. (embopress.org)
This suggests that both methods of producing stem cells need to be further investigated before determining their suitability for the development of new therapies for chronic diseases. (eurekalert.org)
We do not yet know which technique will allow scientists to create the best cells for new cellular therapies," said Susan L. Solomon, NYSCF CEO and co-founder. (eurekalert.org)
These cells have been sought after as potential therapies for diseases ranging from heart disease to Parkinson's to cancer. (blogspot.com)

As the transcriptionally quiescent oocytes enlarge, they presumably incorporate core cytoplasm that they, or other germ cells, synthesized during earlier developmental stages and deposited in the core. (biologists.org)
This cell contains a different set of genetic instructions (resulting in an alternative pattern of gene expression) and is characterized by a reduced proliferative capacity and more restricted developmental potential than its parent. (jci.org)
While most aspects of the protocol can be well controlled, variation in developmental efficiency when using oocytes of different donors should be expected. (researchsquare.com)
In fact, earlier this year researchers at the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan developed a technique for avoiding the diminishing returns often experienced as a result of recloning the same cell. (redorbit.com)
Li Z, Gu R, Lu X, Zhao S, Feng Y, Sun Y. Preincubation with glutathione ethyl ester improves the developmental competence of vitrified mouse oocytes. (hamiltonthorne.com)
Several techniques have been described for restoring developmental potential to a terminally differentiated nucleus (see Figure 2 ). (stembook.org)
More broadly, she is interested in developmental biology and pluripotent stem cells. (eglilab.com)
Here the oocyte provides the necessary factors to reprogram the somatic nucleus, which is in principle then capable of recapitulating the entire developmental program. (beds.ac.uk)
Stem cells hold great promise for the treatment of many devastating diseases and will also provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control developmental and regenerative processes. (schoolbag.info)

At NYSCF, we are genetically engineering beta cells that can camouflage themselves from the immune system, keeping them safe from destruction. (nyscf.org)
The development of such treatments relies on the production of pluripotent stem cells genetically identical to patients. (stembook.org)
This has potential applications for cell replacement without the immunosuppression treatments that are required when cells are transferred between genetically different individuals. (sciencemag.org)
Similarly, Ø Christine is scheduled to have her own genetically reprogrammed skin cells transplanted to replace her severely damaged heart cells. (docplayer.net)
By transferring adult cell DNA into an embryonic stem cell, it is possible to create a line of immortal embryonic cells that are able to develop into any type of adult cell, genetically identical to the donor. (blogspot.com)

Of course, somatic cells typically used for this process are critical, and their use depends largely on their efficiency in producing live clones. (redorbit.com)
The goals of those experiments were to increase transfection efficiency in primary cells and to maintain transgene expression long enough (a few weeks) for iPS cell induction. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
Moreover, because of the inherent difficulty of genetic manipulation for many types of stem cells (e.g., low transfection efficiency or poor clonal expansion), small-molecule tools are especially useful for the stem cell field. (schoolbag.info)

Stem cells can also be derived by induction of pluripotency ( 4 ), resulting in highly similar cell types with regard to gene expression and DNA methylation ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
We have, using expression profiling, compared gene expression in clones derived from ES cell and from somatic donor cell nuclei and find substantial gene dysregulation. (embl.it)
This review examines the role of key transcription factors in various stem cell types, and emphasizes on their control of downstream gene expression, which ultimately contributes to cellular function. (stembook.org)
Despite ubiquitous expression in postembryonic cells, RCQ-5 protein expression was highest in intestinal cells, which was confirmed by tagging the gene expression with green fluorescence protein. (elsevier.com)
The DNA sequence of most cells in an individual is exactly the same, but the gene expression patterns in different cell types vary widely. (biomedcentral.com)
This is consistent with the observation that iPSCs may retain a memory of the somatic cell gene expression pattern. (beds.ac.uk)
The scientists found that the cells derived from these two methods resulted in cells with highly similar gene expression and DNA methylation patterns. (eurekalert.org)
The study, published today in Cell Stem Cell , compared cell lines derived from the same sources using the two differing techniques, specifically contrasting the frequency of genetic coding mutations seen and measuring how closely the stem cells matched the embryonic state through the analysis of DNA methylation and of gene expression patterns. (eurekalert.org)
The scientists showed that both methods resulted in cell types that were similar with regard to gene expression and DNA methylation patterns. (eurekalert.org)

Here we show that an increased synthesis of lamins B1 and B2 in amphibian oocytes induces the formation of intranuclear membrane structures that form extensive arrays of stacked cisternae. (biologists.org)

In females, this process is made further complex by two additional processes: the selection of a single oocyte from a pool of precursor cells and the subsequent loading of maternally-derived transcripts and nutrients necessary post-fertilization for early embryonic development. (frontiersin.org)

Valproic acid is an inhibitor of the enzyme histone deacetylase, located at the cell nucleus where the DNA is found. (bio-medicine.org)
Sterility in xnd-1 mutants is correlated with an increase in transcriptional activation-associated histone modification and aberrant expression of somatic transgenes. (biologists.org)
However, histone modifications at the chromatin level in transplanted nuclei as they are transcriptionally reprogrammed have not before been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)

Of course, for ES cells to have a major impact on regenerative medicine, the transplanted cells, like whole organ transplants, must overcome the obstacles posed by immune system incompatibility (graft rejection). (kidney.org.uk)
00:00:23.10 of the promise of this biology of stem cells for regenerative medicine. (ibiology.org)
Such molecules will not only provide new insights into stem cell biology but will also facilitate the development of therapeutic agents for regenerative medicine. (schoolbag.info)
Small molecules can control cell fate in vivo and may allow directed induction of desired cell types, providing an attractive alternative to transplant-based approaches in regenerative medicine. (biomedsearch.com)

Dolly was the first sheep cloned and developed from the nuclei of fully differentiated adult cells, rather than from the nuclei of early embryonic cells. (asu.edu)

Aim 3) Assay the ability of differentiated germ cells to reprogram a somatic nucleus. (ca.gov)

In sheep and goat pre-activated oocytes have also proved successful as cytoplast recipients. (nih.gov)
The full term development of sheep, cows, goats, pigs and mice has been achieved through the transfer of somatic cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes. (embl.it)
The Federal Circuit noted that Keith Henry Stockman Campbell and Ian Wilmut successfully produced the first mammal ever cloned from an adult somatic cell: Dolly the Sheep. (blogspot.com)
It explained the technology used to create Dolly the Sheep as follows: a clone is an identical genetic copy of a cell, cell part or organism. (blogspot.com)
Campbell, McWhir, Ritchie, and Wilmut conducted experiments in which they cloned sheep from an established embryonic cell line experiments that produced the sheep named Megan and Morag. (asu.edu)
The scientists developed techniques and concepts from the sheep experiments, including how transferring nuclei during the resting state in the cell cycle called quiescence improves success rates. (asu.edu)
However, after the sheep experiments in 1996 showed the success of transplanting cells in quiescence, the scientists at the Roslin Institute hypothesized that they could clone a mammal from adult cells, despite Gurdon's results that indicated otherwise. (asu.edu)
Derivation of embryonic cell lines from laboratory and farm animals (mouse, rabbit, sheep). (edu.pl)

It could have an impact on the research into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (forbes.com)
In addition, generating iPSCs from adult skin cells, for example, can take between four and six months on average. (forbes.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into any somatic cell type, making them a potentially valuable weapon against numerous diseases. (freethesaurus.com)

A central aim of recent work in this field is to analyze the mechanisms by which eggs and ooctyes can rejuvenate a cell from an adult to an embryonic state. (cam.ac.uk)
First, the absence of DNA replication and cell division in oocytes eliminates the possibility that changes seen in nuclei transplanted to eggs could be related to replication and not transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cells donate their nuclei, which scientists transplant into eggs after removing their nucleuses (enucleated eggs). (asu.edu)
To enucleate the eggs, Briggs and King used a small glass needle to puncture the cell membrane, enter the cytoplasm, and suck out the nucleus of the egg cell. (asu.edu)

Anatomy 67

Organisms 13

Diseases 2

Chemicals and Drugs 35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment 32

Phenomena and Processes 63

Disciplines and Occupations 1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture 2

Information Science 3