Hydroxytestosterones
Inactivation of catecholamines by superoxide gives new insights on the pathogenesis of septic shock. (1/19)
A major feature of septic shock is the development of a vascular crisis characterized by nonresponsiveness to sympathetic vasoconstrictor agents and the subsequent irreversible fall in blood pressure. In addition, sepsis, like other inflammatory conditions, results in a large increase in the production of free radicals, including superoxide anions (O(2)) within the body. Here we show that O(2) reacts with catecholamines deactivating them in vitro. Moreover, this deactivation would appear to account for the hyporeactivity to exogenous catecholamines observed in sepsis, because administration of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic to a rat model of septic shock to remove excess O(2) restored the vasopressor responses to norepinephrine. This treatment with the SOD mimetic also reversed the hypotension in these animals; suggesting that deactivation of endogenous norepinephrine by O(2) contributes significantly to this aspect of the vascular crisis. Indeed, the plasma concentrations of both norepinephrine and epinephrine in septic rats treated with the SOD mimetic were significantly higher than in untreated rats. Interestingly, the plasma concentrations for norepinephrine and epinephrine were inversely related to the plasma concentrations of adrenochromes, the product of the autoxidation of catecholamines initiated by O(2). We propose, therefore, that the use of a SOD mimetic represents a new paradigm for the treatment of septic shock. By removing O(2), exogenous and endogenous catecholamines are protected from autoxidation. As a result, both hyporeactivity and hypotension are reversed, generation of potentially toxic adrenochromes is reduced, and survival rate is improved. (+info)Spectroscopic detection of adrenaline-quinone formation in micelles. (2/19)
Spectral changes, from 200 nm to 600 nm, of the oxidation of adrenaline to adrenochrome induced by periodate in electrically charged and neutral micelles at pH 3.77 were studied. The observed variations of the peak position, intensity and shape of the fluorescence spectra indicated that depending on the charge of the micelle adrenaline ion is partially embedded into the micellar core. Fluorescence lifetime measurements using Omnilyzer allowed to calculate partition coefficients of 0.36, 0.05 and 0.01 in sodium dodecyl sulphate, tetradodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and Triton X-100, respectively. Kinetics of adrenaline decay during oxidation were followed by its fluorescence what overcame spectral interference in the absorption spectra of adrenaline from the formed intermediates. Scanning absorption spectroscopy, with 100 ms resolution, allowed the recording of spectral changes during the transformation. With this method, the formation of adrenaline-quinone with absorption maxima at 388 nm and 274 nm was detected. The calculated rate constants of the observed kinetics during oxidation were significantly lowered in both charged micelles compared to buffer solution and in Triton X-100 neutral micelles. The observed phenomena are discussed in terms of the electrostatic forces mechanism and in the frame of the Raper-Mason scheme of adrenaline transformation. (+info)The fallacy of using adrenochrome reaction for measurement of reactive oxygen species formed during cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics. (3/19)
The adrenochrome reaction (oxidation of epinephrine to adrenochrome) has been widely employed as a standard assay for reactive oxygen species, produced under a variety of conditions, including those produced during cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated oxidation of substrates such as cyclosporine. However, it has been reported that epinephrine and adrenochrome can be metabolized by hepatic microsomes and that adrenochrome can also be metabolized by NADPH-CYP reductase. Thus, in the present report, we provide evidence that measurement of adrenochrome cannot be used as an index of reactive oxygen species generated during CYP-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics because adrenochrome and its precursor, epinephrine, interact with the CYP enzyme system as substrates and inhibitors. Our results indicated that adrenochrome was moderately stable in phosphate buffer but degraded rapidly (over 50% consumed in less than 2 min) by (cloned and expressed) CYP3A4 and CYP reductase in the presence of NADPH. Furthermore, both epinephrine and adrenochrome were found to be inhibitors of CYP3A4-mediated oxidation of testosterone. Together, these results lead to the conclusion that the use of adrenochrome reaction for measurement of reactive oxygen species formed during CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics is inappropriate. (+info)Quinone reductase 2 is a catechol quinone reductase. (4/19)
(+info)Generation of the superoxide radical during autoxidation of oxymyoglobin. (5/19)
Autoxidation of bovine oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin induces co-oxidation of epinephrine to adrenochrome. This co-oxidation is markedly inhibited by superoxide dismutase [EC 1.15.1.1]. Electron transfer from oxymyoglobin to ferricytochrome c is partially inhibited by superoxide dismutase. These results indicate that autoxidation of oxymyoglobin results in generation of superoxide radicals. Autoxidation of oxymyoglobin is accelerated by superoxide dismutase and partially inhibited by catalase [EC 1.11.1.6]. (+info)Rapid methods for high-throughput detection of sulfoxides. (6/19)
(+info)Effect of furosemide and furosemide-carbazochrome combination on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Standardbred racehorses. (7/19)
The objective was to quantify the effect of furosemide and carbazochrome on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in Standardbred horses using red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Six healthy Standardbred horses with prior evidence of EIPH performed a standardized treadmill test 4 h after administration of placebo, furosemide, or furosemide-carbazochrome combination. Red blood cell (RBC) counts and hemoglobin concentrations were determined on the BAL fluid. The RBC count in BAL ranges were (2903-26,025 cells/microL), (45-24,060 cells/microL), and (905-3045 cells/microL) for placebo, furosemide, and furosemide-carbazochrome, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration ranges were (0.03-0.59 mg/mL), (0.01-0.55 mg/mL), and (0.007-0.16 mg/mL) for placebo, furosemide, and furosemide-carbazochrome groups, respectively. No significant differences were detected among treatments. However, there was great variability among horses, suggesting that a larger sample size or better selection of horses was needed. (+info)Free radical signalling underlies inhibition of CaV3.2 T-type calcium channels by nitrous oxide in the pain pathway. (8/19)
(+info)Adrenochrome is a chemical compound that is formed when adrenaline (epinephrine) is oxidized. It is not a naturally occurring hormone or neurotransmitter, but rather a byproduct of the breakdown of these substances. The existence of adrenochrome in the human body is controversial and its effects on the human brain are not well understood.
In popular culture, adrenochrome has been associated with theories about its psychoactive properties and alleged use as a drug in illegal or illicit activities. However, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims and they should be regarded with skepticism. The misinformation surrounding adrenochrome may have originated from Hunter S. Thompson's book "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas," where it was described as a drug that produces intense hallucinations and feelings of euphoria. However, this portrayal is not based on any scientific evidence and should be considered fiction.
I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. There is no such term as "Hydroxytestosterones" in medical or scientific literature. However, I can provide you with information about a related topic: Hydroxylation of Testosterone.
Testosterone, a natural androgenic steroid hormone, can undergo hydroxylation - the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) - at various positions in its chemical structure. These modified forms of testosterone are involved in different physiological processes and metabolic pathways in the body. Some examples include:
1. 6α-Hydroxytestosterone: A minor metabolite formed through the action of the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD). Its role and significance in human physiology are not well understood.
2. 7α-Hydroxytestosterone: A minor metabolite formed through the action of the enzyme 7α-hydroxylase, which is primarily involved in bile acid synthesis.
3. 16α-Hydroxytestosterone: A metabolite that can be formed through the action of the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). This compound has been studied in relation to its potential role in breast cancer development and progression.
4. 2α,3α-Dihydroxytestosterone (Allotetrahydrocortisol): A metabolite formed through the action of the enzyme 5α-reductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD). This compound is a minor metabolite in humans, but it plays a significant role in the metabolism of cortisol.
It's important to note that these hydroxylated forms of testosterone are typically present in much lower concentrations compared to testosterone itself and have distinct physiological roles.
Xenobiotics are substances that are foreign to a living organism and usually originate outside of the body. This term is often used in the context of pharmacology and toxicology to refer to drugs, chemicals, or other agents that are not naturally produced by or expected to be found within the body.
When xenobiotics enter the body, they undergo a series of biotransformation processes, which involve metabolic reactions that convert them into forms that can be more easily excreted from the body. These processes are primarily carried out by enzymes in the liver and other organs.
It's worth noting that some xenobiotics can have beneficial effects on the body when used as medications or therapeutic agents, while others can be harmful or toxic. Therefore, understanding how the body metabolizes and eliminates xenobiotics is important for developing safe and effective drugs, as well as for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to environmental chemicals and pollutants.
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Pure Adrenochrome2
- instead, the ‑chrome suffix indicates a relationship to color, as pure adrenochrome is deep violet. (wikipedia.org)
- I would bet that the "pure adrenochrome industry" and the disappearance of about 400,000 children a year, are connected. (pajiba.com)
1950s and 1960s2
- Several small-scale studies (involving 15 or fewer test subjects) conducted in the 1950s and 1960s reported that adrenochrome triggered psychotic reactions such as thought disorder and derealization. (wikipedia.org)
- There are reports from the 1950s and 1960s referring to psychomimetic symptoms of adrenochrome, but they were not validated in the literature. (medscape.com)
QAnon7
- Adrenochrome is a subject of several far right conspiracy theories, such as QAnon and Pizzagate, with the chemical helping the theories play a similar role to earlier blood libel and Satanic ritual abuse stories. (wikipedia.org)
- What Is Adrenochrome, and How Is It Related to QAnon and Dwayne Johnson? (pajiba.com)
- QAnon believes that Hollywood elites maintain their youthful appearance not by eating healthy and exercising, but by consuming the Adrenochrome from children. (pajiba.com)
- Supporters of QAnon believe that the more violently a child is murdered, the more Adrenochrome is produced. (pajiba.com)
- ADRENOCHROME - Those Who Know Cannot Sleep I sometimes forget that people are new to topics like QAnon, Adrenochrome and Satanism. (unshackledminds.com)
- For years, he's been a prominent promoter of the false, violent QAnon conspiracy theory, specifically the claim that an international cabal of elites is abusing and killing children to extract a substance called adrenochrome. (wmfe.org)
- Adrenochrome features heavily in QAnon conspiracy theories espousing the baseless idea that a global cabal of pedophiles is harvesting the chemical from children's blood to stay young and healthy. (politifact.com)
Adrenaline4
- Adrenochrome is a chemical compound produced by the oxidation of adrenaline (epinephrine). (wikipedia.org)
- The oxidation reaction that converts adrenaline into adrenochrome occurs both in vivo and in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
- Adrenochrome is a compound made from oxidized adrenaline that can actually be purchased legally (it's not approved by the FDA in the United States, but it is used in some other countries for blood clotting). (pajiba.com)
- Chemically, it is a derivative of adrenochrome, which is a product of adrenaline oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
Substance3
- In 1954, researchers Abram Hoffer and Humphry Osmond claimed that adrenochrome is a neurotoxic, psychotomimetic substance and may play a role in schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
- Adrenochrome as an illicit substance was written about by Hunter Thompson in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , and referenced again in a scene in the Johnny Depp movie. (pajiba.com)
- This red substance is a pigment called adrenochrome. (medscape.com)
Oxidation2
- In solution, adrenochrome is pink and further oxidation of the compound causes it to polymerize into brown or black melanin compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Epinephrine deteriorates rapidly on exposure to air or light, turning pink from oxidation to adrenochrome and brown from the formation of melanin. (nih.gov)
Conspiracy theories1
- BOND: Now, "Sound Of Freedom" itself does not contain any references to adrenochrome or other conspiracy theories. (wmfe.org)
Mescaline2
- In his 1954 book The Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley mentioned the discovery and the alleged effects of adrenochrome which he likened to the symptoms of mescaline intoxication, although he had never consumed it. (wikipedia.org)
- Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 4074 : Effects of mescaline, LSD-25, and adrenochrome on depth electrograms in man. (erowid.org)
Children8
- The theories commonly state that a cabal of Satanists rape and murder children, and "harvest" adrenochrome from their victims' blood as a drug or as an elixir of youth. (wikipedia.org)
- See, the elites steal children for their Adrenochrome. (pajiba.com)
- Russian Special Forces on Tuesday raided and destroyed an "Adrenochrome farm" near the Ukrainian city of Shostka, where sinister forces tortured abducted Russian children to harvest fluid from their adrenal glands, said a Mar-a-Lago source who claims Russian President Vladimir Putin informed President Trump of the operation after Spetznas had rescued 50 young kids from the ghastly laboratory. (dainikbidyaloy.com)
- The way Adrenochrome gets extracted is horrific to say the least and involves torturing children in ways you and I cannot imagine and probably shouldn't imagine for our own mental well being. (unshackledminds.com)
- Webmaster addition: This claim that children are tortured to produce Adrenochrome is totally bogus. (whatreallyhappened.com)
- Photos are evidence actor Courteney Cox uses adrenochrome from kidnapped children. (politifact.com)
- A day later, a screenshot of that post was shared on Instagram with a new caption: "National Parks Service is telling those who are 'read in' via a (banana emoji) that a DUMB filled with children/monkeys has been freed from the alligators (adrenochrome harvesters/human traffickers). (politifact.com)
- It wasn't about draining children of their adrenochrome or some sort of nefarious demonic goal. (thenation.com)
Cabal1
- Pink = Adrenochrome and we all know the cabal is obsessed with gold, the sun God Ra and skin of gold. (beforeitsnews.com)
Murder1
- Hollywood elites, meanwhile, maintain their youth and beauty with the Adrenochrome produced by the violent murder of babies. (pajiba.com)
People1
- The adrenochrome theory of schizophrenia waned, despite some evidence that it may be psychotomimetic, as adrenochrome was not detectable in people with schizophrenia. (wikipedia.org)
Pink1
- Here is my blog on PINK = adrenochrome and the tranny singer. (beforeitsnews.com)
Effects2
- Clinical and Experimental Study of Central Effects of Adrenochrome,' Journal of Neuropsychiatry. (purdue.edu)
- Overall, adrenochrome is not a very stable product, which would minimize any effects of exposure. (medscape.com)
Page1
- In the footnotes in chapter April, page 140, he says: "It was sometime after midnight in a ratty hotel room and my memory of the conversation is hazy, due to massive ingestion of booze, fatback, and forty cc's of adrenochrome. (wikipedia.org)
Real2
- Yes, Adrenochrome is Real, and the NIH Studied It. (americanpartisan.org)
- But recently, Ballard claimed adrenochrome harvesting is real. (wmfe.org)
Drug1
- Adrenochrome can be described as the "Elite Drug" because the super rich and wealthy can only afford this extremely mystical drug. (unshackledminds.com)
Deep1
- Putin inferred a theory: that the Deep State, with Volodymyr Zelensky's blessing, moved some or all its adrenochrome refinement to Ukraine, because they're afraid to do it in the states cause the Constitutionalist faction of the U.S. military, or White Hats, are hunting them down. (dainikbidyaloy.com)
Blood1
- VICTORIA, SEYCHELLES-Insisting that their unimaginable wealth isolated them from the hard day-to-day work of blood harvesting, the world's billionaires released a collective statement Thursday knocking out-of-touch centibillionaires for not knowing how much a gallon of adrenochrome costs. (theonion.com)
Days1
- He was out of commission for a few days because he was busy consuming Adrenochrome from babies. (pajiba.com)
Formation1
- citation needed] In the early 2000s, interest was renewed by the discovery that adrenochrome may be produced normally as an intermediate in the formation of neuromelanin. (wikipedia.org)
High1
- High tide,Wide eyed,Sped on Adrenochrome. (avforums.com)