Adrenergic neurons. Medical search

An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Organic compounds which contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.

A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.

Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE.

An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.

An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.

The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.

A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. Included is the superior, medial, inferior, and LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Bluish-colored region in the superior angle of the FOURTH VENTRICLE floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY.

The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.

An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A SMN complex protein that is essential for the function of the SMN protein complex. In humans the protein is encoded by a single gene found near the inversion telomere of a large inverted region of CHROMOSOME 5. Mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD.

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)

The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.

A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.

A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).

A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.

NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.

Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the OPTIC TRACT.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

Area in the hypothalamus bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the FORNIX (BRAIN). The medial edge of the INTERNAL CAPSULE and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE.

Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.

Spiny processes on DENDRITES, each of which receives excitatory input from one nerve ending (NERVE ENDINGS). They are commonly found on PURKINJE CELLS and PYRAMIDAL CELLS.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.

Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.

(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.

The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.

Chronic desipramine treatment alters tyrosine hydroxylase but not norepinephrine transporter immunoreactivity in norepinephrine axons in the rat prefrontal cortex. (1/73)

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The role of the central noradrenergic system in behavioral inhibition. (2/73)

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Control of sympathetic vasomotor tone by catecholaminergic C1 neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata. (3/73)

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alpha-Adrenergic effects on low-frequency oscillations in blood pressure and R-R intervals during sympathetic activation. (4/73)

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Impaired adrenergic- and corticotropic-axis outflow during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (5/73)

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Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus are phase locked to cortical up-down states during sleep. (6/73)

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The noradrenaline precursor L-DOPS reduces pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (7/73)

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Central chemoreceptors and neural mechanisms of cardiorespiratory control. (8/73)

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General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent. Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ... Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, ... Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent. *Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ... Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, ... inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, Beta2-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, Mast cell stabilizers. Leukotriene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug

It acts as a blocking agent for adrenergic neurons. When radiolabeled, it can be used in nuclear medicinal diagnostic ... as well as in pre-synaptic adrenergic neuron granules. The process in which this occurs is closely related to the mechanism ... It localizes to adrenergic tissue and thus can be used to identify the location of tumors such as pheochromocytomas and ... It also accumulates in norepinephrine transporters in adrenergic nerves in the heart, lungs, adrenal medulla, salivary glands, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iobenguane

... neurons in the locus coeruleus tend to be melanin-pigmented. Noradrenaline is released from the neurons, and acts on adrenergic ... This is diminutive compared to the more than 100 billion neurons in the brain. As with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia ... Neuron. 76 (1): 116-29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.036. PMC 3466476. PMID 23040810. Hasselmo ME, Sarter M (January 2011). " ... primarily the melanin-pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra but secondarily the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation

Burnstock, Geoffrey; Costa, Marcello (2013). Adrenergic neurons : their organization, function, and development in the ... He also made what Flinders University describes as "a range of landmark discoveries about the role of neurons in driving the ... Observations in this system have also guided understanding the function of neurons in the central nervous system. The studies ... "The Adrenergic Innervation of the Alimentary Canal" with Dignita di Stampa (worthy of publication). "Our neurological systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Costa

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete norepinephrine and are named sympathetic adrenergic neurons; however, the ... Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Diaphoresis may be ... postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete acetylcholine and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. ... where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspiration

Polysynaptic reflex is a reflex action that transfers an impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron via an interneuron in ... department of the army Edgewood Arsenal biodemical laboratory (1972). "Beta adrenergic and antiarrhythmic effect of apamin, a ... Here it inhibits small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) in neurons. These channels are responsible for the ... Dopamine, which is depleted in this disease, will be released from midbrain dopaminergic neurons when these SK channels are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamin

... is a postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent. Uptake of guanadrel and storage in sympathetic neurons occurs via the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanadrel

"Surface expression of AMPA receptors in hippocampal neurons is regulated by an NSF-dependent mechanism". Neuron. 23 (2): 365-76 ... Implications for beta2-adrenergic receptor regulation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (16): 10677-80. doi:10.1074/ ... Neuron. 21 (1): 99-110. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80518-8. PMID 9697855. McDonald PH, Cote NL, Lin FT, Premont RT, Pitcher JA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-ethylmaleimide_sensitive_fusion_protein

Noradrenergic neurons are located in two major regions in the brain. These regions are locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental. ... Assays have shown that SNRIs have insignificant penchant for mACh, α1 and α2 adrenergic, or H1 receptors. Agents with dual ... In addition, the TCAs interact with adrenergic receptors. This interaction seems to be critical for increased availability of ... Overall, inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake induced by TCAs leads to decreased rates of neuron firing (mediated through α2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The inner circular layer is ... The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the ... while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle ... innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm

Involvement of histaminergic neurons and beta-adrenergic receptors. University of Copenhagen. pp. 1-100. Kjær, Andreas ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Kjær_(scientist)

NPCs infiltrate the tumor where they differentiate into autonomic neurons (adrenergic neurons mainly) that stimulate tumor ... Neuron. 70 (4): 687-702. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.001. PMC 3106107. PMID 21609825. Lim, Daniel A.; Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo ( ... In forming clonal spheres similar to neurospheres of neuronal stem cells, these BTSCs were able to differentiate into neurons, ... Noctor, SC; Martínez-Cerdeño, V; Ivic, L; Kriegstein, AR (February 2004). "Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subventricular_zone

Neuron. 56 (6): 955-62. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.001. PMC 2199268. PMID 18093519. Dölen G, Carpenter RL, Ocain TD, Bear MF ... Metabotropic glutamate receptors are also thought to affect dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmission. Like other glutamate ... They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the cerebral cortex, as well as ... It has been suggested that mGluRs may act as regulators of neurons' vulnerability to excitotoxicity (a deadly neurochemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

Additionally, l-THP displays significant binding to 5-HT1A and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. In the case of 5-HT1A receptors, l ... Animal experiments have shown that the sedative effect of THP results from blocking dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Dopamine ... alpha adrenergic and serotonin receptors. The Ki values for l-THP at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are approximately 124 nM (D1 ... including alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, at which it functions as an antagonist, and GABA-A receptors, through positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine

... "β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the resting holding current of medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons in young rats ... September 2018). "β3-adrenergic receptor activation induces TGFβ1 expression in cardiomyocytes via the PKG/JNK/c-Jun pathway". ... June 2018). "Adrenergic nerve degeneration in bone marrow drives aging of the hematopoietic stem cell niche". Nature Medicine. ... BRL-37344 is a drug which acts as a selective agonist of the β3 adrenergic receptor, which has been investigated for various ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-37344

In the sympathetic division, neurons are mostly adrenergic (that is, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as the primary ... postganglionic neurons express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to receive signals from preganglionic neurons. Preganglionic ... That is to say acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for the communication between neurons on the ... The neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers differ: In the parasympathetic division, neurons are cholinergic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers

Bondareff W, Mountjoy CQ, Roth M (February 1982). "Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex ( ... It is composed of mostly medium-size neurons. Melanin granules inside the neurons of the LC contribute to its blue colour. Thus ... since no apoptotic neurons in the pons were detected. Researchers have concluded that, "Because these neurons are a pivotal ... These neurons project largely within the brainstem and spinal cord. NE, along with 5HT, ACh, histamine, and orexin, is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus

Guanethidine and other adrenergic neuron blocking drugs can have their antihypertensive effects blocked by dosulepin. ... It is also an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor, α1-adrenergic receptor, serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, and muscarinic ... reported relatively high Ki values of 12 and 15 nM for dosulepin and northiaden at the rat α2-adrenergic receptor and suggested ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin

... as mGluR1 antagonists block adrenergic receptor activation in neurons. Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were ... Neuron. 21 (4): 707-16. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80588-7. PMID 9808458. S2CID 16431031. Tu JC, Xiao B, Yuan JP, Lanahan AA, ... Neuron. 21 (4): 717-26. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80589-9. PMID 9808459. S2CID 2851554. Ciruela F, Robbins MJ, Willis AC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1

A possible treatment for hypertension is blocking peripheral vascular seretonergic neurons or alpha-adrenergic neurons on ... Other animal studies also point to the drug as a possible mechanism by which to reduce blood pressure through the adrenergic ... One study showed that benzoctamine, a serotonin and alpha-adrenergic antagonist, does not reduce blood pressure through a ... seretonin mechanism but does reduce blood pressure by antagonizing alpha-adrenergic receptors in rats. Rats were given 10 mg of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoctamine

Norepinephrine can influence the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons by acting on α2 adrenergic (α2A, α2B, ... Glutamate released from an excitatory neuron escapes from the synaptic cleft and preferentially affects mGluR III receptors on ... Acetylcholine can influence the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons by acting on muscarinic-2 and muscarinic-4 ... Heteroreceptors respond to neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones released from adjacent neurons or cells; they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroreceptor

In GABAergic preoptic area neurons, estrogen enhanced the ability of α1 adrenergic receptors to inhibit KCa2.3 activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK3

Some authors have shown that neurons can produce hydrogen cyanide upon activation of their opioid receptors by endogenous or ... Endogenous sulfur dioxide also diminishes myocardial damage, caused by isoproterenol adrenergic hyperstimulation, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaseous_signaling_molecules

In the studies made both in vitro and in vivo, it was proven that the adrenergic system can be inhibited by the antidepressants ... This loss of tonus is caused by massive inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord. When this happens during waking, the ... In narcolepsy, there seems to be an increase in these neurons, possibly to compensate for hypocretin loss. A promising therapy ... These lesions or generalized processes disrupt the hypocretin neurons and their pathways. The neurological process behind the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy

Canonically, a presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter across a synaptic cleft to be detected by the receptors on a ... An atypical example is given by the β-adrenergic autoreceptor in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system, which acts to ... It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Similarly, a ... This causes a final depression on the activity of the postsynaptic neuron. Thus the feedback cycle is complete. Siegel GJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoreceptor

Approximately 90% of released NE from the sympathetic nerve fibers is taken up again by postganglionic adrenergic neurons ... Here, scientists had realised that these drugs interact with receptors located on neurons that led to changes in neural ... These drugs therefore increase the availability of NE for binding to postsynaptic receptors that regulate adrenergic ... The NET is located in the plasma membrane of noradrenergic neurons and serves as the fundamental mechanism by terminating the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

While all neurons use glucose for fuel, certain glucose-sensing neurons alter their firing rates in response to rising or ... Among the neuroendocrine reactions of the central nervous system to hypoglycemia is activation of the adrenergic responses of ... These neurons are most sensitive to glucose changes in the 0.5-3.5 mmol/L glucose range. Glucokinase has been found in the ... Glucose-sensitive neurons of the hypothalamus In response to rising or falling levels of glucose, cells in the hypothalamus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucokinase

Effects on the body include reversible monoamine oxidase inhibition, cholinergic, adrenergic, opioid and nitric oxide donating ... a study on identified neurons of the snail]". Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova (in Russian). 44 (4-5): ... Babskaia NE (1992). "[Sidnofen-dependent pre- and postsynaptic activation of peripheral adrenergic transmission]". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feprosidnine

Its receptor - the neurokinin type 1 - is distributed over cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes of many cell types (neurons, glia ... administered through the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous system (branch of the vagal system). ... and neurons containing norepinephrine that are targeted by the currently used antidepressant drugs.[12] The SP receptor ... "Cytokine regulation of substance P expression in sympathetic neurons". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

... increase beta adrenergic receptors while decreasing alpha adrenergic receptors- which results in increased levels of ... Evidence from neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) studies on male rats has shown that the hippocampus is a useful brain ... Hamson DK, Wainwright SR, Taylor JR, Jones BA, Watson NV, Galea LA (2013). "Androgens increase survival of adult-born neurons ... Circulating levels of androgens can influence human behavior because some neurons are sensitive to steroid hormones. Androgen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

neuron differentiation. • Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification. • canonical Wnt signaling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

Typical or "classical" ALS involves neurons in the brain (upper motor neurons) and in the spinal cord (lower motor neurons).[27 ... Beta-adrenergic agonist drugs have been proposed as a treatment for their effects on muscle growth and neuroprotection, but ... Typical or "classical" ALS involves neurons in the brain (upper motor neurons) and in the spinal cord (lower motor neurons).[27 ... Motor neurons are more sensitive to excitotoxicity than other types of neurons because they have a lower calcium-buffering ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

In cultured hippocampal neurons, lamotrigine reduced sodium currents in a voltage-dependent manner, and at depolarised ... adrenergic, dopamine D1 and D2, muscarinic, GABA, histaminergic H1, serotonin 5-HT2, and N-methyl-D-aspartate). Inhibitory ... For example, lamotrigine blocked sustained repetitive firing in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons in a concentration-dependent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent, ocular lubricant. *Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, ... Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, ... inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, Beta2-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, Mast cell stabilizers. Leukotriene ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

By oral route, phenylethylamine's half-life is 5-10 minutes;[10] endogenously produced PEA in catecholamine neurons has a half- ... Leffler, Esther B.; Spencer, Hugh M.; Burger, Alfred (1951). "Dissociation Constants of Adrenergic Amines". Journal of the ... it reduces neuron firing rate and triggers protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, resulting in DAT ... phenethylamine is synthesized in catecholamine neurons from L-phenylalanine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase at ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

Inhibition of central neuron excitation.. *N6-3-methoxyl-4-hydroxybenzyl adenine riboside (B2) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor

At a synapse, the plasma membrane of the signal-passing neuron (the presynaptic neuron) comes into close apposition with the ... and adrenergic (releasing norepinephrine). Because of the complexity of receptor signal transduction, chemical synapses can ... doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.11.007. PMID 16364893.. *^ a b Kimata, Tsubasa; Tanizawa, Yoshinori; Can, Yoko; et al. (June 1, 2012 ... the connection between the two neurons is strengthened when both neurons are active at the same time, as a result of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapses

Assays have shown that selective NRIs have insignificant penchant for mACh, α1 and α2 adrenergic, or H1 receptors.[22] ... Noradrenergic neurons are located in two major regions in the brain. These regions are locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental. ... In addition, the TCAs interact with adrenergic receptors. This interaction seems to be critical for increased availability of ... Overall, inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake induced by TCAs, leads to decreased rates of neuron firing (mediated through α2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

Adrenergic stimulants, such as ephedrine, may act by directly binding and activating the receptors that norepinephrine and ... Miyazaki I, Asanuma M (June 2008). "Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself". Acta Med. Okayama ... Abuse of methamphetamine produces similar effects as well as marked degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, resulting in an ... Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic to midbrain dopamine neurons.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

Epinephrine acts by binding to a variety of adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic ... Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons.[3] It plays an important role in the fight-or- ... Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle ... Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue expression of adrenergic receptors. For example, high levels of epinephrine causes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine_

Beta blockers (β-adrenergic antagonists) were once the most common medication given; however, they have been shown to be ... and the neurons in the body will fire off and generally cause muscles to twitch very slightly but mostly remain very tense. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasovagal_response

Neurons in the auditory cortex are organized according to the frequency of sound to which they respond best. Neurons at one end ... alpha-1 adrenergic receptor activation, by norepinephrine, decreases glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials at AMPA ... The neurons of the auditory cortex of the brain are able to respond to pitch. Studies in the marmoset monkey have shown that ... pitch-selective neurons are located in a cortical region near the anterolateral border of the primary auditory cortex. This ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex

The anatomical core of the reward system are dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum that project to the nucleus ... at functionally important adrenergic receptor sites in the brain. However, elation may be associated with an excess of such ... Dense connections exist between monoaminergic neurons. Dopaminergic neurotransmission regulates the activity of 5-HT and NE in ... represent a significant advance over a narrow focus on monoamine neuron function. ... The several weeks latency in onset of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor

Talk:Adrenergic cell group C1. *Talk:Adrenergic cell group C2. *Talk:Adrenergic cell group C3 ... Talk:Anaxonic neuron. *Talk:Angular bundle. *Talk:Ansa lenticularis. *Talk:Anterior ethmoidal nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Stub-Class_neuroscience_articles

專注力失調或過度活躍症的治療方式包括心理治療、行為治療及藥物，也有可能是用幾種方式一起進行。治療對病症會有長期的改善，但是無法完全根除病症

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/注意力不足過動症

... in oxytocin neurons in various parts of the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus.[31] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPER

These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons.[2] The inner circular layer ... The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the ... while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle ... is innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm

Many amphetamines and adrenergic compounds raise body temperatures; whereas some tend to produce more euphoric activity, or ... Ask AL, Fagervall I, Ross SB (September 1983). "Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase in monoaminergic neurons in the rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine have similar effects: binding to the beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and opening sodium and calcium ... whereas nicotine stimulates the activity of the sympathetic neurons that deliver impulses to the heart.[11] Both stimulants are ... It also impacts the beta adrenergic response similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine.[11] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate

The alpha(2a)-adrenergic receptor plays a protective role in mouse behavioral models of depression and anxiety. J Neurosci 2001 ... volume and rodents exposed to chronic stress or excess glucocorticoids exhibit similar signs of hippocampal loss of neurons and ... α2A adrenergic receptor knockout mice, glucocorticoid receptor heterozygous mice, and cAMP response element-binding protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_models_of_depression

These receptors have a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons ... The alpha-2B adrenergic receptor (α2B adrenoceptor), is a G-protein coupled receptor. It is a subtype of the adrenergic ... "Expansion of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor family: cloning and characterization of a human alpha 2-adrenergic receptor ... A deletion variant of the α2B adrenergic receptor has been shown to be related to emotional memory in Europeans and Africans. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.008. PMID 17270739.. *^ Cussac D, Boutet-Robinet E, Ailhaud MC, Newman-Tancredi A, Martel JC, ... but through its high affinity for alpha1 adrenergic receptors. It also has high affinity for H1 histaminergic receptors equal ... and in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, 5-HT2A mRNA expression has been observed in human monocytes.[31] ... receptor channels through activation of anchored protein kinase C in prefrontal cortical neurons". The Journal of Neuroscience ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor

Olfactory nerve: 1° neuron. *Olfactory receptor neurons (Olfactory receptor) → Olfactory bulb (Glomeruli) ... The dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway project onto the GABAergic medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens and ... 1985). "Neuron production in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb of the adult rat brain: addition or replacement?". Ann N Y Acad ... The large neurons in layer III originate from E13 to E16, while the small and medium originate between E15 and E20. Like the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_tubercle

The adrenergic substances released by the sympathetic nervous system can also bind to and influence various immunological cells ... Neurons in the hypothalamus, particularly the paraventricular nucleus, release vasopressin and corticotropin releasing hormone ... Hypothalamic neurons involved in regulating energy balance also influence HPA axis activity through the release of ... The ANS directly innervates tissue through the postganglionic nerves, which is controlled by preganglionic neurons originating ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_

generation of neurons. • positive regulation of cytokinesis. • multicellular organism development. • cell division. • protein ... Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (EC 2.7.11.15). *Beta adrenergic receptor kinase. *Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 ... neuron apoptotic process. • mitotic cell cycle. • liver development. • peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. • cortical actin ... "Citron binds to PSD-95 at glutamatergic synapses on inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus" (PDF). The Journal of Neuroscience ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIT_

In nucleus accumbens neuronsEdit. PKA helps transfer/translate the dopamine signal into cells in the nucleus accumbens, which ... epinephrine → β-adrenergic receptor. *produce glucose *stimulate glycogenolysis *phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase via ... neurons in nucleus accumbens. nervous system. dopamine → dopamine receptor. Activate reward system ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A

Regulation of beta2-adrenergic receptor dephosphorylation by vesicular acidification". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 ... Margeta-Mitrovic M, Jan YN, Jan LY (July 2000). "A trafficking checkpoint controls GABA(B) receptor heterodimerization". Neuron ... Crystal structure of activated beta-2 adrenergic receptor in complex with Gs(PDB entry 3SN6). The receptor is colored red, Gα ... The human beta-2 adrenergic receptor in complex with the partial inverse agonist carazolol.[1] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptors

adrenergic neuron-blocking agent synonyms, adrenergic neuron-blocking agent pronunciation, adrenergic neuron-blocking agent ... English dictionary definition of adrenergic neuron-blocking agent. n. 1. One that acts or has the power or authority to act. 2 ... Adrenergic neuron-blocking agent - definition of adrenergic neuron-blocking agent by The Free Dictionary https://www. ... redirected from adrenergic neuron-blocking agent). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia. a·gent. ( ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/adrenergic+neuron-blocking+agent

... neurons was changed to an inhibition following sleep deprivation (SD). Here we describe that in control condition (CC), i.e ... Regulation of adrenergic receptors could represent a homeostatic response to the continuous discharge by the hcrt/orx neurons ... Sleep-Deprivation Regulates α-2 Adrenergic Responses of Rat Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Alternate Title:Hcrt/orx Cells and Sleep ... adrenergic receptor (α(2)-AR) agonist, clonidine, had no effect on hcrt/orx neurons, whereas following 2 hours of SD (SDC), it ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Sleep-Deprivation-Regulates-2-Adrenergic/21347440.html

The sympathetic adrenergic neuron. Some characteristics revealed by histochemical studies on the intraneuronal distribution of ... The sympathetic adrenergic neuron. Some characteristics revealed by histochemical studies on the intraneuronal distribution of ... The sympathetic adrenergic neuron. Some characteristics revealed by histochemical studies on the intraneuronal distribution of ... Add tags for "The sympathetic adrenergic neuron. Some characteristics revealed by histochemical studies on the intraneuronal ...

http://www.worldcat.org/title/sympathetic-adrenergic-neuron-some-characteristics-revealed-by-histochemical-studies-on-the-intraneuronal-distribution-of-the-transmitter/oclc/15599627

Combined β-adrenergic and corticosteroid receptor activation regulates AMPA receptor function in hippocampal neurons Final ... Combined beta-adrenergic and corticosteroid receptor activation regulates AMPA receptor function in hippocampal neurons. Zhou, ... Co-application of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (10 mu M) largely increased S845 (but not S831) ... Shortly after stress, limbic neurons are exposed to high levels of noradrenaline and corticosterone. These hormones are ...

https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/publications/combined-betaadrenergic-and-corticosteroid-receptor-activation-regulates-ampa-receptor-function-in-hippocampal-neurons

The agents duties include the... Explanation of adrenergic neuron blocking agent ... Find out information about adrenergic neuron blocking agent. a person representing a business concern, esp a travelling ... Adrenergic neuron blocking agent , Article about adrenergic neuron blocking agent by The Free Dictionary https://encyclopedia2. ... redirected from adrenergic neuron blocking agent). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial. agent. a ...

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Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists.. O S Steinsland and R F ... Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists.. O S Steinsland and R F ... Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists.. O S Steinsland and R F ... Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists. ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/193/1/138

Assessment of the functional role of brain adrenergic neurons: chronic effects of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase ... Assessment of the functional role of brain adrenergic neurons: chronic effects of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase ... Assessment of the functional role of brain adrenergic neurons: chronic effects of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase ... Assessment of the functional role of brain adrenergic neurons: chronic effects of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/230/3/577/tab-article-info

The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons focuses on the processes involved in determining the release of ... The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons PDF (Adobe DRM) can be read on any device that can open PDF (Adobe DRM) ... The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons focuses on the processes involved in determining the release of ... is a dependable reference for readers interested in the study of the release of catecholamines from adrenergic neurons. ...

https://www.ebookmall.com/ebook/the-release-of-catecholamines-from-adrenergic-neurons/david-m-paton/9780080237558

Although most studies have focused on dopaminergic neurons, it is... ... The Melanocytes share specific features with the pigmented adrenergic neurons as both cells are pigmented, contain adrenergic ... NMDA-R inhibition affects cellular process formation in Tilapia Melanocytes; a model for pigmented adrenergic neurons in ... NMDA-R Glutamate Melanocytes Neurons Parkinsons disease and Cell Models This is a preview of subscription content, log in to ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11011-013-9447-6

Within autonomic fibers, adrenergic neurons are exclusively found in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. ... Adrenergic neurons secrete norepinephrine and are found in both the central and autonomic nervous system. ... Adrenergic neurons are exclusively found within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, specifically within ... Adrenergic neurons within the CNS appear to be responsible for arousal, wakefulness, and elevation mood. ...

http://pathwaymedicine.org/Adrenergic-Neuron

Adrenergic neurone blocking agents. 3. Heterocyclic analogs of guanoxan. by Joachim Augstein et al. ... Adrenergic neurone blocking agents. 3. Heterocyclic analogs of guanoxan.. *. Joachim Augstein, Andrew Monro, Glenn Potter, ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Adrenergic-neurone-blocking-agents.-3.-Heterocyclic-Augstein-Monro/a15110cabd050d0e43ea1e7e1f4de7a04a7761bb

The results indicate that CART peptide-immunoreactivity is expressed in C1 adrenergic neurons, some of which project to the ... The presence of this novel peptide in C1 adrenergic neurons underscores the multiplicity of putative transmitters that may be ... Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-immunoreactivity in adrenergic C1 neurons projecting to the ... and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide-immunoreactivity in adrenergic C1 neurons projecting to the intermediolateral cell ...

http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/33470

Köp Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors av D M Aviado, W C Bowman, Geoffrey Burnstock, J Greven, J Hannappel på Bokus.com. ...

https://www.bokus.com/bok/9783642675843/adrenergic-activators-and-inhibitors/

Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs are selectively taken up into adrenergic nerve endings by the active, energy-requiring, ... Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs are selectively taken up into adrenergic nerve endings by the active, energy-requiring, ... Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs. Last Updated on Wed, 08 May 2019 , Adverse Effects ... Reserpine depletes adrenergic nerves of noradrenaline primarily by blocking amine storage within vesicles present in the nerve ...

https://www.clicktocurecancer.info/adverse-effects/adrenergic-neuron-blocking-drugs.html

... whether adrenergic signaling in primary sensory neurons participates in visceral pain of NMD rats at the age of 6 weeks after ... Adrenergic signaling plays many important roles in the nervous system to regulate stress responses [18, 19, 20]. Adrenergic ... AMS Upregulates the Expression of β2 Adrenergic Receptors in DRGs. Then we assessed the protein expression of adrenergic ... Adrenergic signaling mediates mechanical hyperalgesia through activation of P2X3 receptors in primary sensory neurons of rats ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12264-018-0318-3

Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs. ADIPEX-P® may decrease the hypotensive effect of adrenergic neuron blocking drugs. ...

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Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs. Phentermine may decrease the hypotensive effect of adrenergic neuron blocking drugs. ...

https://www.drugs.com/pro/phentermine-capsules.html

Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents. Guanethidine and guanedrel interfere with the action poten- tial that triggers the release ... Home , , Modern Medical Toxicology , Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Agents - Sympatholytic Drug Cardiovascular Poison ...

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Adrenergic-Neuron-Blocking-Agents---Sympatholytic-Drug-Cardiovascular-Poison_31165/

7.4 Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs. Suprenza may decrease the hypotensive effect of adrenergic neuron blocking drugs. ...

https://www.drugs.com/pro/suprenza.html

adrenergic blocking agent synonyms, adrenergic blocking agent pronunciation, adrenergic blocking agent translation, English ... dictionary definition of adrenergic blocking agent. adj. 1. Activated by or capable of releasing epinephrine or a similar ... substance, especially in the sympathetic nervous system: adrenergic receptors. ... 2. releasing epinephrine: adrenergic neurons. 3. activated by epinephrine or a similar substance: adrenergic receptor. ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/adrenergic+blocking+agent

Amphetamine inhibits SMOCs via α1 adrenergic receptors. It has been shown that amphetamine inhibits mGluR-mediated outward ... DA neurons themselves and their connection with target neurons undergo significant changes over the first couple of postnatal ... Augustine GJ, Santamaria F, Tanaka K (2003) Local calcium signaling in neurons. Neuron 40: 331-346. ... and rat Meynert neurons (Arima et al., 2001). One unique property of SMOCs in DA neurons lies in the voltage dependence. The ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/24/49/11079

7.4 Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs Phentermine may decrease the hypotensive effect of adrenergic neuron blocking drugs. ... Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs: Hypotensive effect may be decreased by phentermine. ( 7.4) ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3b44d104-a7d0-4366-9d42-63f784f3cb22

7.4 Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs. Phentermine may decrease the hypotensive effect of adrenergic neuron blocking drugs. ... 7.4 Adrenergic Neuron Blocking Drugs 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy 8.3 Nursing Mothers 8.4 Pediatric Use 8.5 ... Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs: Hypotensive effect may be decreased by phentermine. (7.4) ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0b7ad9c0-9e1e-4a69-802b-28f44267e34d

... we studied the effects of kinase activation and inhibition in hippocampal neurons. Inhibition of c … ... Beta-adrenergic regulation of synaptic NMDA receptors by cAMP-dependent protein kinase Neuron. 1996 Feb;16(2):415-21. doi: ... Conversely, elevation of PKA activity by forskolin, cAMP analogs, or the beta-adrenergic receptor agonists norepinephrine and ... Thus, stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors during excitatory synaptic transmission can increase charge transfer and Ca2+ ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8789956/?dopt=Abstract

Pre- and postsynaptic beta-adrenergic activation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of ... Cells were labelled with fluorescent markers: Newly generated neurons are red (doublecortin), mature neurons are green (NeuN), ... The dentate gyrus is one of the few mammalian brain regions where new neurons are generated throughout life. The image was ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/pre-and-postsynaptic-beta-adrenergic-activation-enhances-excitatory-synaptic-transmission-in-layer-vvi-pyramidal-neurons-of-the-medial-prefrontal-cortex-of-rats/

... adrenergic receptors mediate LH-releasing hormone secretion through phospholipases C and A(2) in immortalized hypothalamic ... adrenergic receptors (alpha(1)-ARs). With the immortalized hypothalamic LHRH neurons, we have found that alpha(1)-adrenergic ... alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors mediate LH-releasing hormone secretion through phospholipases C and A(2) in immortalized ... PLC beta 1 and PLC beta 3 are expressed in GT1 neurons, and these PLCs are probably responsible for the release of ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub744602

... α-catulin binding of α-liprin clusters α1D-ARs in vascular smooth muscle in close proximity to adjacent sympathetic neurons, ... α1D-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are key regulators of cardiovascular system function that increase blood pressure and promote ... 2004) The N terminus of the human alpha1D-adrenergic receptor prevents cell surface expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309:388- ... 1992) Activation of phospholipase C by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors is mediated by the alpha subunits of Gq family. J Biol Chem ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/107/50/21854

CONCLUSIONS CCK activates NTS-PPG cells by a circuit involving adrenergic and glutamatergic neurons. NTS-PPG neurons integrate ... 19)]) and local glutamatergic neurons (green; TTX-sensitive). Input from adrenergic/noradrenergic neurons (pink) is indirect ... CCK enhances the activity of PPG neurons. Its effect is occluded by either α-adrenergic receptor antagonists or non-NMDA ... Catecholaminergic NTS neurons tend to be second order neurons (38), but a follow-up study by Baptista et al. (27) showed that ...

https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/60/11/2701?ijkey=84cd0fa50de3230fc08c483d47a6e4cf3855cec3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

adrenergic receptor;. GPCR,. G-protein coupled receptor;. GRK,. G protein-coupled receptor kinase;. HA,. hemagglutinin;. GST,. ... β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors that contain seven transmembrane domains ... The β1-AR is the predominant β adrenergic receptor in heart whereas the β2-AR predominates in liver, lung, and smooth muscle (2 ... SH3p4 Associates with the β1-Adrenergic Receptors in HEK293 Cells.. To verify that the in vitro interaction between SH3p4 and ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/96/22/12559?ijkey=9ffe88d845b7e53673fae38ab50164b08ff9e19a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Neuron. 1999;22(3):549-558.. View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar ... However, these β-less Ca2+ channels cannot be stimulated by β-adrenergic pathway agonists, and thus adrenergic augmentation of ... The loss of β-adrenergic activation of CaV1.2 correlated with a markedly attenuated β-adrenergic contractile response. ... and β2b are not required for β-adrenergic regulation of CaV1.2 in the heart. Further, we directly show that β-adrenergic ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/123878

Here we describe that in control condition (CC), i.e. following 2 hours of natural sleep in the morning, the α(2)-adrenergic receptor (α(2)-AR) agonist, clonidine, had no effect on hcrt/orx neurons, whereas following 2 hours of SD (SDC), it hyperpolarized the neurons by activating G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. (biomedsearch.com)
To test whether the absence of effect of clonidine in CC could be due to a down-regulation of GIRK channels, we applied baclofen, a GABA(B) agonist known to also activate GIRK channels, and found that it hyperpolarized hcrt/orx neurons in that condition. (biomedsearch.com)
Co-application of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (10 mu M) largely increased S845 (but not S831) phosphorylation. (rug.nl)
Both the rate and degree of desensitization to nicotine decreased as the temperature was decreased from 37 degrees to 27 degrees C. The present results are consistent with the concept that the nicotinic receptor (or receptor mechanism) at the adrenergic nerve terminal, after being activated as a result of combination with the agonist, can undergo a transformation to an inactive or desensitized state. (aspetjournals.org)
RESULTS PPG neurons in the NTS were excited by CCK and epinephrine, but not by the melanocortin receptor agonist melanotan II. (diabetesjournals.org)
Moreover, intrahippocampal injection of a selective β 3 -adrenergic receptor agonist in vivo increases the number of proliferating cells in the SGZ. (jneurosci.org)
Similarly, systemic injection of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol not only results in enhancement of proliferation in the SGZ but also leads to an increase in the percentage of nestin/glial fibrillary acidic protein double-positive neural precursors in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
This suggested that adenylate cyclase was involved in mediating the effect of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist. (exeley.com)
Szulczyk B (2015) Beta-Adrenergic receptor agonist increases voltage- gated Na(+) currents in medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons. (exeley.com)
Embryonic chicken retina and cultures of primary Müller cells were stimulated by α2-adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine. (arvojournals.org)
Cardiac-specific GRK2 knockout mice exhibited enhanced inotropic sensitivity to the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, with impairment of normal inotropic and lusitropic tachyphylaxis, and exhibited accelerated development of catecholamine toxicity with chronic isoproterenol treatment. (ahajournals.org)
In the adult heart, cardiac GRK2 is a major factor regulating inotropic and lusitropic tachyphylaxis to β-adrenergic agonist, which likely contributes to its protective effects in catecholamine cardiomyopathy. (ahajournals.org)
Five days after starting the vehicle or adrenergic blockade, the MC3/4-R agonist, MTII (10 ng/h), was infused ICV for 11 days followed by a 5-day recovery period. (ahajournals.org)
Zanaflex® (tizanidine hydrochloride) is a centrally acting α2-adrenergic agonist. (medhelp.org)
Tizanidine is an agonist at α2-adrenergic receptor sites and presumably reduces spasticity by increasing presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons. (medhelp.org)
Importance of Alpha - adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Regulating of Airways Tonus at Patients with Bronchial Asthma In this work, effect of Tamsulosin hydrochloride as antagonist of alpha1A and alpha1B- adrenergic receptor and effect of Salbutamol as agonist of beta2- adrenergic receptor in patients with bronchial asthma and increased bronchial reactibility was studied.Parameters of the lung function are determined by Body plethysmography. (tripdatabase.com)

After complete fade of the response during continued infusion of either nicotine or ACh (in the presence of atropine), the vasoconstrictor responses to stimulation of periarterial adrenergic neurons or to infused norepinephrine (NE) were not diminished. (aspetjournals.org)
Assessment of the functional role of brain adrenergic neurons: chronic effects of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase inhibitors and alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists on brain norepinephrine metabolism. (aspetjournals.org)
Adrenergic neurons secrete norepinephrine and are found in both the central and autonomic nervous system . (pathwaymedicine.org)
Once in the synaptic cleft norepinephrine is either degraded or recycled back into the presynaptic neuron. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Alternatively, synaptic norepinephrine can be re-uptaken into the presynaptic neuron via a number of Norepinephrine Uptake Receptors. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Conversely, elevation of PKA activity by forskolin, cAMP analogs, or the beta-adrenergic receptor agonists norepinephrine and isoproterenol overcame the ability of calcineurin to depress the amplitude of NMDA EPSCs. (nih.gov)
Mechanistically, we provide evidence that β 3 -adrenergic receptors, which are preferentially expressed on a Hes5-expressing precursor population in the subgranular zone (SGZ), mediate this norepinephrine-dependent activation. (jneurosci.org)
Finally, using a novel ex vivo "slice-sphere" assay that maintains an intact neurogenic niche, we demonstrate that antidepressants that selectively block the reuptake of norepinephrine, but not serotonin, robustly increase hippocampal precursor activity via β-adrenergic receptors. (jneurosci.org)
Application of norepinephrine (NE) at low iontophoretic currents (1-15 nA) produced a delayed activation of most LGN neurons. (elsevier.com)
Rogawski, MA & Aghajanian, GK 1980, ' Activation of lateral geniculate neurons by norepinephrine: Mediation by an α-adrenergic receptor ', Brain Research , vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 345-359. (elsevier.com)
The β2-adrenergic receptor responds to norepinephrine. (alzforum.org)
adrenergic r's receptors for epinephrine or norepinephrine , such as those on effector organs innervated by postganglionic adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. (thefreedictionary.com)
β-Adrenergic receptor stimulation with norepinephrine (1 μmol/L) attenuated alternans by 60 [52-65]% [interquartile range] and this was reversed with metoprolol (10 μmol/L, p = 0.008). (frontiersin.org)
Inhibition of norepinephrine transport into sympathetic neurons. (pharmacology2000.com)
The clinical use of phenylethylamine-type adrenergic agents (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, droxidopa) as a "pressor" is mostly mediated by this receptor system. (pharmacology2000.com)
Sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine which acts on adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells. (harvard.edu)

The aim of this perforated-patch study was to test the effect of isoproterenol on the membrane potential in mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) pyramidal neurons. (exeley.com)
The maximal adrenergic effect on the CR was determined by application of isoproterenol (isoprenaline). (uthscsa.edu)
For example, the adrenergic receptor subtype associated with bronchiolar smooth muscle is principally β 2 and, in accord with the activity of isoproterenol (Isuprel) at β 2 receptors bronchodilation is the likely consequence of isoproterenol administration. (pharmacology2000.com)

During early postnatal development, midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons display anomalous firing patterns and amphetamine response. (jneurosci.org)
Methylphenidate and atomoxetine enhance prefrontal function through α2-adrenergic and dopamine D1 receptors. (nih.gov)
Szulczyk B, Książek A, Ładno W, Szulczyk P (2012) Effect of dopamine receptor stimulation on voltage-dependent fast-inactivating Na(+) currents in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal neurons in adult rats. (exeley.com)
A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. (ebi.ac.uk)
subicular neurons via presynaptic D1-like dopamine receptors. (cogprints.org)

We recently demonstrated, in rat brain slices, that the usual excitation by noradrenaline (NA) of hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) neurons was changed to an inhibition following sleep deprivation (SD). (biomedsearch.com)
Taken together, these results suggest that a pool of α(2)-ARs associated with GIRK channels is normally down-regulated (or desensitized) in hcrt/orx neurons to only become available for their inhibition following sleep deprivation. (biomedsearch.com)
Pharmacological inhibition of these enzymes can lead to enhanced adrenergic activity, especially within the CNS. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Inhibition of β 2 adrenergic receptors with propranolol or butoxamine enhanced the colorectal distention threshold and application of butoxamine also reversed the enhanced hypersensitivity of DRG neurons. (springer.com)
To identify the protein kinases regulating synaptic NMDA receptors, as well as the conditions favoring enhancement of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) by phosphorylation, we studied the effects of kinase activation and inhibition in hippocampal neurons. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of adrenergic signaling abolished the excitatory action of CCK. (diabetesjournals.org)
The cholinergic fibers generally cause contraction, whereas the adrenergic fibers mainly cause inhibition. (medscape.com)

The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons focuses on the processes involved in determining the release of catecholamines from neurons, noting the influence of alcohols, analgesics, and acids in the release. (ebookmall.com)
The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in the study of the release of catecholamines from adrenergic neurons. (ebookmall.com)
The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons PDF (Adobe DRM) can be read on any device that can open PDF (Adobe DRM) files. (ebookmall.com)
Catecholamines released by sympathetic nerves can activate adrenergic receptors present on nearly every cell type, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). (jci.org)
This is revealed by the presence of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and tyramine-released pool of catecholamines in PC12, resembling that in adrenergic neurones, and their absence in adrenal chromaffin cells. (springer.com)
In the final analysis the inter-relationship between MAO-A activity and the presence of tyramine-releasable pool of catecholamines in adrenergic neurons and PC12 cells may have a genetic basis and could be important in illuminating the differentiation of neural crest into adrenergic neurones and adrenal medulla on the one hand and chromaffin cells to PC12 cells on the other. (springer.com)
The Reissner fiber in the cerebrospinal fluid is required for a signal integrated by developing sensory neurons and modulated by catecholamines to control the embryo posterior axis morphogenesis. (elifesciences.org)

M-type (KCNQ) K + channels are known to regulate excitability and firing properties of sympathetic neurons (SNs), but their role in regulating neurotransmitter release is unclear, requiring further study. (uthscsa.edu)
In the brain, this neurotransmitter is made by noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus. (alzforum.org)
Nevertheless, the nervous and immune systems can influence each other's activity because immune cells express neurotransmitter receptors, and neurons express cytokine receptors. (nature.com)

Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. (harvard.edu)
Intrathecally administered α 2 -adrenergic receptor subtype-specific antagonists were used to determine which α 2 -adrenergic receptor subtype mediates the analgesic effect of intrathecally administered tizanidine in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model of neuropathic pain. (thejns.org)
After control measurements, rats were intravenously infused with either saline vehicle (n=7) or α 1 + β-adrenergic antagonists (n=6, terazosin+propranolol, 10 mg/kg per day each) for 21 days. (ahajournals.org)
Another group of rats was infused with the adrenergic antagonists for 21 days but received the saline vehicle ICV for 11 days (n=7). (ahajournals.org)

We developed a robust high-content screening assay to identify tau-lowering compounds in LOPAC and identified adrenergic receptors agonists as a class of compounds that reduce endogenous human tau. (nih.gov)

The aim of this study was to determine whether NMD followed by adult stress at the age of 6 weeks induces visceral pain in rats and to investigate the roles of adrenergic signaling in visceral pain. (springer.com)
Whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that the excitability of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from NMD rats with AMSs was remarkably increased. (springer.com)
The expression of β 2 adrenergic receptors at the protein and mRNA levels was markedly higher in NMD rats with AMSs than in rats with NMD alone. (springer.com)
Overall, our data demonstrate that AMS induces visceral hypersensitivity in NMD rats, in part due to enhanced NE-β 2 adrenergic signaling in DRGs. (springer.com)
To address these issues, using brain slices, we recorded spontaneous miniature outward currents (SMOCs) in DA neurons of neonatal rats. (jneurosci.org)
Blockade of SMOCs with cyclopiazonic acid or ryanodine converted the irregular firing of DA neurons in neonatal rats into an adult-like pacemaker pattern. (jneurosci.org)
Ji XH, Cao XH, Zhang CL, Feng ZJ, Zhang XH, Ma L, Li BM (2008) Pre- and postsynaptic beta-adrenergic activation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. (exeley.com)
Kurowski P, Gawlak M, Szulczyk P (2015) Muscarinic receptor control of pyramidal neuron membrane potential in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in rats. (exeley.com)
Today's study seeks to research the role of cathepsin L in glutamate receptor-induced transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B) activation and excitotoxicity in rats striatal neurons. (healthcarecoremeasures.com)
Blood pressure in women increases after menopause, and sympathetic tone in female rats decreases with estrogen injections in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) region that contains bulbospinal C1 adrenergic neurons and is involved in blood pressure control. (elsevier.com)
Glomerular filtration rate was unchanged in both the vehicle-infused and adrenergic blocked rats during MC3/4-R activation. (ahajournals.org)
Retrogradely labeled bulbospinal RVLM neurons (N=125) were recorded in thin slices from neonatal rats. (ahajournals.org)

Thus, stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors during excitatory synaptic transmission can increase charge transfer and Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors. (nih.gov)
To isolate the actions of B 2 or P2Y receptor stimulation to the neurons, we prepared cardiomyocytes from B 2 receptor or P2Y 2 receptor knock-out mice, respectively. (uthscsa.edu)
This response is consistent with transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors by stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors. (arvojournals.org)
Stimulation of α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ADRs) has in experimental models been shown to be neuroprotective and to reduce the effects of retinal injury. (arvojournals.org)
Acute studies have shown that MC3/4-R stimulation increases sympathetic activity, but the role of adrenergic activation in mediating the cardiovascular and renal responses to chronic melanocortin 3- and 4-receptor (MC3/4-R) activation is unknown. (ahajournals.org)
We hypothesize that the border zone is most vulnerable to alternans, that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation can suppresses this, and investigate the consequences in terms of arrhythmogenic mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Simulations also demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in this specific region reduced the formation of conduction block and the probability of premature ventricular activation propagation. (frontiersin.org)
While high levels of overall cardiac sympathetic drive are a negative prognostic indicator of mortality following MI and during heart failure, β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in the infarct border zone reduced spatially heterogeneous alternans, and prevented conduction block and propagation of extrasystoles. (frontiersin.org)

Within autonomic fibers, adrenergic neurons are exclusively found in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Any drug that inhibits the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and of adrenergic hormones. (tabers.com)

The fade of response was attributed to desensitization of nicotinic receptors at the adrenergic nerve terminals on which nicotine and ACh act to release NE. (aspetjournals.org)
The book then takes a look at the role of calcium in catecholamine release from adrenergic nerve terminals and presynaptic adrenoceptors and regulation of release. (ebookmall.com)
Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs are selectively taken up into adrenergic nerve endings by the active, energy-requiring, saturable amine (noradrenaline) pump mechanism (uptake-1). (clicktocurecancer.info)
Reserpine depletes adrenergic nerves of noradrenaline primarily by blocking amine storage within vesicles present in the nerve ending, so reducing stores of releasable transmitter. (clicktocurecancer.info)
Any agent that inhibits transmission of sympathetic nerve stimuli regardless of whether alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors are involved. (tabers.com)
Sensory neurons (a type of nerve cell) in culture that were exposed to p53-deficient oral cancer cells sprouted projections called neurites. (nih.gov)
These microRNAs nudge sensory neurons to reduce their normal gene activity and adopt genetic characteristics of a different class of nerve cells, known as adrenergic neurons, that are usually rare in the oral cavity. (nih.gov)
For nerve-to-nerve communication, some neurons communicate via electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, but most neurons synthesize and release neurotransmitters. (nature.com)
Studies on PC12 and isolated adrenal chromaffin cells have revealed that PC12 cells have a closer identity to the adrenergic nerve ending than do the chromaffin cells. (springer.com)

It normally ends with a number of synapses connecting to the dendrites of other neurons. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Our data support the role of M-type K + channels in the control of NA release by SNs at functional adrenergic synapses on cardiomyocytes. (uthscsa.edu)
In the March 6 Neuron, researchers led by Dennis Selkoe at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, pinpointed β2-adrenergic signaling as a key factor in defending synapses from oligomeric Aβ. (alzforum.org)

In a parallel physiology study, neurons were recorded from the dorsolateral PFC of a monkey performing a working memory task. (nih.gov)
tyrosine hydroxylase has a key role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. (mirc-undernet.org)
Zaika, O, Zhang, J & Shapiro, MS 2011, ' Functional role of M-type (KCNQ) K + channels in adrenergic control of cardiomyocyte contraction rate by sympathetic neurons ', Journal of Physiology , vol. 589, no. 10, pp. 2559-2568. (uthscsa.edu)
Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. (abcam.com)

Both CCK and epinephrine acted to increase glutamatergic transmission to the PPG neurons, and this involved activation of α 1 -adrenergic receptors. (diabetesjournals.org)
beta r's ( beta-adrenergic r's ) adrenergic receptors that are stimulated by epinephrine and blocked by agents such as propranolol . (thefreedictionary.com)

The signal is terminated by either breakdown of neurotransmitters, or reuptake, the latter is mainly in the presynaptic neuron to avail recycling of the transmitter. (mcgill.ca)
Neurotransmitters are normally released in the synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic neurons or undergo reuptake into the presynaptic neuron. (nature.com)

Abstract In the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors are concentrated in the region that contains neurons innervating sympathetic preganglionic neurons. (ahajournals.org)
11 12 13 14 In several species, the distribution of Ang II receptors in the RVLM is strikingly similar to the location of C1 neurons, a group of phenotypically adrenergic neurons with monosynaptic projection to sympathetic preganglionic neurons and a presumed role in controlling sympathetic tone. (ahajournals.org)
5. In the parasympathetic system, preganglionic neurons are: a. (coursehero.com)

In the present study, we examined the effects of adrenoceptor agonists on firing properties and the intracellular mechanism for alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-dependent modulation of firing in pyramidal neurons of rat cerebral cortex. (nih.gov)

Since both noradrenaline and corticosterone are known to quickly affect properties of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPAR), we here examined - in hippocampal neurons - three parameters which give insight in the functionality of AMPARs: phosphorylation, surface expression and spontaneous synaptic transmission. (rug.nl)
α2-Adrenergic Receptor and Isoflurane Modulation of Presynaptic Ca2+ Influx and Exocytosis in Hippocampal Neurons. (cornell.edu)
METHODS: Quantitative imaging of fluorescent biosensors of action potential-evoked SV exocytosis (synaptophysin-pHluorin) and Ca influx (GCaMP6) were used to characterize presynaptic actions of the clinically used α2-AR agonists dexmedetomidine and clonidine, and their interaction with isoflurane, in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. (cornell.edu)

The cholinergic (excitatory) system is thought to predominate over the adrenergic (inhibitory) system, leading to an increase in smooth muscle tone. (medscape.com)

Ramos BP, Arnsten AF (2007) Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex. (exeley.com)

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. (ebi.ac.uk)
Guanadrel is a postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent. (wikipedia.org)

Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. (ebi.ac.uk)

Both vagal and spinal sensory neurons terminate at various points within the gut wall including the muscularis and the mucosal epithelium and play an important role in the transfer of information from the CNS to the ENS, and vice versa [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mouse sensory neurons sprout projections called neurites (red) after receiving growth signals from nearby oral cancer cells. (nih.gov)
To confirm that the adrenergic neurons were promoting tumors, the scientists blunted adrenergic signaling in mice-either by disabling sensory nerves or giving adrenergic-blocking drugs. (nih.gov)
We have found that peripheral sensory neurons sense microbes to produce pain, and regulate the immune response during inflammation. (harvard.edu)
We recently found that sensory neurons play a key role in regulating bacterial host defense. (harvard.edu)
Sensory neurons release neuropeptides (e.g. (harvard.edu)
We have found that nociceptor sensory neurons are directly activated by bacterial pathogens and their secreted factors produce pain. (harvard.edu)
We have found that different types of gut-commensal microbes are able to directly induce calcium influx in DRG sensory neurons. (harvard.edu)
Nociceptors and pruriceptors are the specific subsets of sensory neurons that produce pain and itch, respectively. (harvard.edu)
Sensory neurons express receptors for specific immune derived factors, including interleukins and lipid mediators. (harvard.edu)

Extrinsic neural afferents to the ENS contain cholinergic and adrenergic fibers. (medscape.com)

One area of intense attention in our lab is the fundamental unit of cell-cell communication between brain neurons: quantal synaptic transmission. (stanford.edu)

Like the observations on adrenergic neurones, non-selective and selective MAO-A inhibitors potentiate the catecholamine-releasing property of tyramine in PC12 cells. (springer.com)

In conclusion, DMPP caused biphasic inotropic/chronotropic actions in the mouse atrium through activation of intrinsic cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. (chemweb.com)

In DA neurons, the influx of Ca 2+ through voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels triggered by action potentials leads to the activation of small-conductance Ca 2+ -sensitive K + (SK) channels, resulting in the generation of large afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) that dominate the interspike interval (ISI) of pacemaker firing ( Wolfart and Roeper, 2002 ). (jneurosci.org)
Neurons carry messages via action potentials. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The "cholinergic inflammatory neuronal reflex" is one example of how action potentials originating in neurons influence immunity. (hindawi.com)

It is concluded that NE activates neurons in the LGN via a postsynaptic or α 1 -adrenergic receptor. (elsevier.com)

A member of the adrenergic family (α 1 , α 2 , β), α 1D -ARs are ubiquitously expressed on blood vessels and are responsible for increasing blood pressure during exercise, injury, stress, or cardiovascular disease ( 6 ). (pnas.org)

Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists. (aspetjournals.org)

α-r's ( α-adrenergic r's ) alpha-adrenergic receptors . (thefreedictionary.com)
There are two types, alpha-adrenergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors . (thefreedictionary.com)

CONCLUSIONS CCK activates NTS-PPG cells by a circuit involving adrenergic and glutamatergic neurons. (diabetesjournals.org)
Environmental novelty activates b2-adrenergic signaling to prevent the impairment of hippocampal LTP by Ab oligomers. (alzforum.org)
An agent that selectively binds to and activates beta -adrenergic receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)

The ability of sympathomimetic amines to activate LGN neurons correlates well with their reported affinities for brain α 1 -adrenoceptors labeled with [ 3 H]WB-4101. (elsevier.com)

The lymphoid organs of the immune system are innervated by cholinergic, catecholaminergic, and peptidergic, and other neurons, and many neurotransmitters and receptors are shared between the immune system and the nervous system, substantiating claims of a strong regulatory component of the nervous system in immune responses. (hindawi.com)
or those of neurons and target organs that recognize neurotransmitters or hormones. (thefreedictionary.com)
This communication is mediated by direct cellular contacts (e.g., synapse formation between neurons or between immune cells) and by soluble mediators (neurotransmitters or cytokines). (nature.com)

PDF] Combined intraportal infusion of acetylcholine and adrenergic blockers augments net hepatic glucose uptake. (semanticscholar.org)
What is the role of alpha-adrenergic blockers and anticholinergics in the treatment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke? (medscape.com)
Treatment of uninhibited bladder resultant from stroke may include the use of alpha-adrenergic blockers or anticholinergics. (medscape.com)
Of the alpha-adrenergic blockers, tamsulosin is associated with less orthostatic hypotension than terazosin, doxazosin, prazosin, and alfuzosin. (medscape.com)
Antagonised adrenergic neurone blockers. (mims.com)

Sleep-deprivation regulates α-2 adrenergic responses of rat hypocretin/orexin neurons. (biomedsearch.com)
The primary goal of the present study is to determine the role of adrenergic activity in mediating the cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic responses to chronic central MC3/4-R activation. (ahajournals.org)
In considering the cellular or organ-level responses to endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agents, both the number of adrenergic receptors present and the particular receptor subtype are important factors. (pharmacology2000.com)

Although most studies have focused on dopaminergic neurons, it is important to consider the role of pigment cells in the etiology of the disease and to create an in vitro live cell model for studies involving pigmented adrenergic cells of the SN in Parkinsonism. (springer.com)
In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that these effects are mediated primarily through alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(1)-ARs). (duke.edu)
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (Venus) under the control of the PPG promoter were used to identify PPG neurons in vitro and to record their electrical and pharmacological profile. (diabetesjournals.org)
The recent development of transgenic mice expressing eYFP (Venus) under the control of the PPG promoter ( 18 ) has enabled identification of this cell population in brain slice preparations and allowed the first characterization of PPG neuron activity in vitro ( 19 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Our results showed that Müller cells express α2A-adrenergic receptors in vivo and in vitro and that brimonidine triggered a robust and transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2. (arvojournals.org)
The purpose of the present in vitro study was to compare ultrastructural and quantitative changes of the nucleolus, which is the site of ribosome biogenesis, in sympathetic neurons of rat superior cervical ganglia (SCG) maintained for 2, 3 and 5 h in NCTC 109 medium and subjected to pressure or not. (biomedsearch.com)
The increase in blood pressure produced by the injection of Ang II into the RVLM is mediated by the sympathetic system and is probably due to direct effects on RVLM neurons rather than to indirect effects via vasoconstriction, since the RVLM contains neurons that are excited "in vitro" by Ang II via AT 1 receptors. (ahajournals.org)

The antagonist profile from the current study is most consistent with the theory that the α 2B -adrenergic receptor subtype mediates the analgesic effect of intrathecally administered tizanidine on CCI-associated neuropathic pain. (thejns.org)
Adding a β2-adrenergic antagonist to these slices abolished the protection, while pharmacologically stimulating the pathway in control slices provided as much benefit as EE. (alzforum.org)
Interestingly, β2- adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) antagonist ICI 118551 attenuated ischemia-induced BBB damage by regulating HIF-1α expression. (tripdatabase.com)

It is well established that CCK acts on receptors in the periphery located on vagal afferent neurons that project to the nucleus of the solitary tract ( 22 - 24 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Afferent neurons - take messages from the rest of the body and deliver them to the central nervous system (CNS). (medicalnewstoday.com)
Depending on the function, this system is divided into the autonomous nervous system, responsible for involuntary function, and the somatic nervous system, which regulates voluntary movements and includes afferent neurons (Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)

Normal motility is primarily under the control of intrinsic neurons. (medscape.com)
The aim of the present study was to examine the functions of intrinsic neurons of the atrium using a ganglionic stimulant, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP). (chemweb.com)

The data indicate that estrogens can modulate the function of RVLM C1 bulbospinal neurons either directly, through extranuclear ERβ, or indirectly through extranuclear ERα in selected afferents. (elsevier.com)
Ang II (0.3 to 1 μmol/L) increased the spontaneous firing rate of most bulbospinal neurons (+250%, 28 of 39). (ahajournals.org)

However, the mechanism of action for this protection and the physiological role of the α2 adrenergic system in the retina is not well understood. (arvojournals.org)

To investigate the possible role of altered autonomic nervous activity in the effect of portal glucose delivery, the effects of adrenergic blockade and acetylcholine (ACh) on hepatic glucose metabolism were examined in 42-h-fasted conscious dogs. (semanticscholar.org)

The present study tested whether chronic MC3/4-R activation raises blood pressure and whether these changes are attenuated by α 1 +β-adrenergic blockade. (ahajournals.org)
Adrenergic blockade did not alter the MC3/4-R-mediated decrease in food intake but abolished the increases in MAP and HR (1±2 mm Hg and −12±5 bpm, respectively, compared with control). (ahajournals.org)
ICV vehicle infusion during adrenergic blockade did not alter food intake or MAP. (ahajournals.org)
2,3 Furthermore, blockade of adrenergic activity reduces blood pressure to a greater extent in obese than in lean hypertensive patients. (ahajournals.org)
Our results indicate that adrenergic blockade completely prevents the chronic pressor effects of MC3/4-R activation, and provides further support for the concept that the hypothalamic melanocortin system may be a potential link among obesity, sympathetic activation, and increased arterial pressure. (ahajournals.org)
Observational Study in Patients Suffering From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated With Alpha - adrenergic Blockade Observational Study in Patients Suffering From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated With Alpha - adrenergic Blockade - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Hide glossary Glossary Study record managers: refer to the if submitting registration or results information. (tripdatabase.com)

This confirms that like pigmented adrenergic cells of the nervous system, this cell contains NMDA-R and this receptor also regulates cell process elongation. (springer.com)

A major goal of this work was to explore the role of the α2 adrenergic system in the modulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ signaling at retinal synaptic layers, particularly the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where communication between RGCs and their presynaptic cells takes place. (arvojournals.org)

Shortly after stress, limbic neurons are exposed to high levels of noradrenaline and corticosterone. (rug.nl)
Behavioural effects critically depend on noradrenaline acting via beta-adrenergic receptors, but these effects are strongly modulated by corticosterone, indicating putative interactions between the two hormones. (rug.nl)

A variety of drugs can inhibit these reuptake receptors including Tricyclic Antidepressants and SNRIs, leading to enhanced adrenergic activity, especially within the CNS. (pathwaymedicine.org)
They do not adequately control supine blood pressure and are prone to interactions with other drugs affecting adrenergic function, e.g. tricyclic antidepressants and topical nasal decongestants. (clicktocurecancer.info)
Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs: Hypotensive effect may be decreased by phentermine. (nih.gov)
These techniques enable the use of human neurons for high-throughput screening of drugs to treat neurodegenerative disease. (nih.gov)
Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. (harvard.edu)
An isolated atrial preparation of the mouse is useful for analyzing the actions of drugs on the myocardium, autonomic neurons and endocardial endothelium. (chemweb.com)

This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium. (abcam.com)

Neurons with α- or β-subtypes of estrogen receptor (ER) immunoreactivity (-ir) overlapped in distribution with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing C1 neurons. (elsevier.com)

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that the anesthetic-sparing effects of α2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists involve α2A-AR heteroreceptors on nonadrenergic neurons. (cornell.edu)
Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists are used in glaucoma treatment and have been shown to have some neuroprotective effects. (arvojournals.org)
Effects of isolation and high helium pressure on the nucleolus of sympathetic neurons in the rat superior cervical ganglion. (biomedsearch.com)
Such observations on a vertebrate neuron might open a new field in the search for cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of pressure on living organisms and especially on the nervous system. (biomedsearch.com)
The effects of Ang II were blocked by losartan (9 of 9 neurons) but persisted in low Ca 2+ /high Mg 2+ (7 of 7 neurons). (ahajournals.org)

Previous studies have suggested that the β 1 and β 2 subtypes are involved in the adrenergic activation [ 24 ] that may play a role in colonic transit. (springer.com)
The results of the paw-pinch test on the affected side were compared with binding data cited in the existing literature for the three different α 2 -adrenergic receptor subtypes (α 2A , α 2B , and α 2C ) with yohimbine, prazosin, and WB4101. (thejns.org)

This is aimed at establishing the regulatory role of NMDA-R in this cell type (melanocytes isolated form Tilapia) in a similar manner to what is observable in the mammalian neurons. (springer.com)
The dentate gyrus is one of the few mammalian brain regions where new neurons are generated throughout life. (pasteur.fr)

We conclude that AMPAR phosphorylation, surface expression and mEPSC inter-event interval respond most strongly to a combination of corticosterone and beta-adrenergic receptors. (rug.nl)

Some agents exhibit much higher affinities for particular receptor subtype, so much so that they are defined as almost exclusively associated with that adrenergic subtype. (pharmacology2000.com)

Present on some presynaptic terminals, CNS neurons. (studystack.com)
Selective activation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic terminals drives anxiety-like behaviors through activation of β-adrenergic receptors in the basolateral amygdala. (elifesciences.org)

NTS-PPG neurons integrate a variety of peripheral signals that indicate both long-term energy balance and short-term nutritional and digestional status to produce an output signal to feeding and autonomic circuits. (diabetesjournals.org)
PPG neurons were shown to be directly regulated by leptin but were not affected by GLP-1 or peptide YY, two hormones that are released from enteroendocrine L -cells after a meal and have been shown to act as peripheral satiety signals. (diabetesjournals.org)
Another peripheral satiety signal that might affect activity of PPG neurons is cholecystokinin (CCK). (diabetesjournals.org)
Expression of a(1)-adrenoceptors on peripheral nociceptive neurons. (abcam.com)
Current β2-adrenergic receptor agonists would not make appropriate AD therapeutics because they also act on the peripheral nervous system to speed up heart rate. (alzforum.org)
The peripheral nervous system consists of all neurons that exist outside of the brain and spinal cord, and connects the central nervous system to various parts of the body. (nature.com)

abstract = "Adrenergic receptors in the vicinity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the rat were pharmacologically characterized using extracellular single-cell recording and microiontophoretic techniques. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy102

Organisms18

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs77

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care2

Chronic desipramine treatment alters tyrosine hydroxylase but not norepinephrine transporter immunoreactivity in norepinephrine axons in the rat prefrontal cortex. (1/73)

The role of the central noradrenergic system in behavioral inhibition. (2/73)

Control of sympathetic vasomotor tone by catecholaminergic C1 neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata. (3/73)

alpha-Adrenergic effects on low-frequency oscillations in blood pressure and R-R intervals during sympathetic activation. (4/73)

Impaired adrenergic- and corticotropic-axis outflow during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (5/73)

Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus are phase locked to cortical up-down states during sleep. (6/73)

The noradrenaline precursor L-DOPS reduces pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (7/73)

Central chemoreceptors and neural mechanisms of cardiorespiratory control. (8/73)

Guanethidine

Sympatholytics

Bretylium Compounds

Neurons

Adrenergic Fibers

Norepinephrine

Organomercury Compounds

Nictitating Membrane

Hydroxydopamines

Sympathetic Nervous System

Neurons, Afferent

Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase

Iodobenzenes

Adrenergic Neurons

Reserpine

Phenoxybenzamine

Tyramine

Motor Neurons

Amino Alcohols

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

3-Iodobenzylguanidine

Vas Deferens

Desipramine

Guanidines

Electric Stimulation

Amphetamine

Phentolamine

Propranolol

Guinea Pigs

Tetrodotoxin

Cats

Catecholamines

Action Potentials

Heart

Epinephrine

Dopaminergic Neurons

Rabbits

GABAergic Neurons

Muscle Contraction

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Electrophysiology

Hippocampus

Synapses

Ganglia, Spinal

Axons

Cells, Cultured

Blood Pressure

Synaptic Transmission

Dendrites

Sensory Receptor Cells

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Cholinergic Neurons

Spinal Cord

Cerebral Cortex

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Membrane Potentials

Neural Inhibition

Neurons, Efferent

Motor Neuron Disease

Models, Neurological

Animals, Newborn

Pyramidal Cells

Immunohistochemistry

Medulla Oblongata

Dopamine

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Interneurons

Mesencephalon

Brain

Neuropeptides

Serotonergic Neurons

Rats, Wistar

Glutamic Acid

Time Factors

Brain Stem

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Nerve Net

Afferent Pathways

Mice, Inbred C57BL