Adrenergic neurons. Medical search

An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

Organic compounds which contain mercury as an integral part of the molecule.

A fold of the mucous membrane of the CONJUNCTIVA in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the CORNEA.

Dopamines with a hydroxy group substituted in one or more positions.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE.

An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.

An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Compounds possessing both a hydroxyl (-OH) and an amino group (-NH2).

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.

The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.

A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.

A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.

A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.

Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

In tissue culture, hairlike projections of neurons stimulated by growth factors and other molecules. These projections may go on to form a branched tree of dendrites or a single axon or they may be reabsorbed at a later stage of development. "Neurite" may refer to any filamentous or pointed outgrowth of an embryonal or tissue-culture neural cell.

Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.

Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.

The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.

The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.

The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.

The inferior (caudal) ganglion of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. The unipolar nodose ganglion cells are sensory cells with central projections to the medulla and peripheral processes traveling in various branches of the vagus nerve.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. Included is the superior, medial, inferior, and LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.

Electrodes with an extremely small tip, used in a voltage clamp or other apparatus to stimulate or record bioelectric potentials of single cells intracellularly or extracellularly. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

Bluish-colored region in the superior angle of the FOURTH VENTRICLE floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY.

The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.

An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.

The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

A SMN complex protein that is essential for the function of the SMN protein complex. In humans the protein is encoded by a single gene found near the inversion telomere of a large inverted region of CHROMOSOME 5. Mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD.

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility. (From FASEB J 1989;3:127-38)

The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.

Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The directed transport of ORGANELLES and molecules along nerve cell AXONS. Transport can be anterograde (from the cell body) or retrograde (toward the cell body). (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3d ed, pG3)

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.

A member of the nerve growth factor family of trophic factors. In the brain BDNF has a trophic action on retinal, cholinergic, and dopaminergic neurons, and in the peripheral nervous system it acts on both motor and sensory neurons. (From Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.

A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).

A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.

Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.

NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.

Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the OPTIC TRACT.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.

Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

Area in the hypothalamus bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the FORNIX (BRAIN). The medial edge of the INTERNAL CAPSULE and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE.

Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.

Spiny processes on DENDRITES, each of which receives excitatory input from one nerve ending (NERVE ENDINGS). They are commonly found on PURKINJE CELLS and PYRAMIDAL CELLS.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons. Sensory ganglia may also have intrinsic interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells.

Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)

Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.

(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.

The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.

Chronic desipramine treatment alters tyrosine hydroxylase but not norepinephrine transporter immunoreactivity in norepinephrine axons in the rat prefrontal cortex. (1/73)

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The role of the central noradrenergic system in behavioral inhibition. (2/73)

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Control of sympathetic vasomotor tone by catecholaminergic C1 neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata. (3/73)

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alpha-Adrenergic effects on low-frequency oscillations in blood pressure and R-R intervals during sympathetic activation. (4/73)

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Impaired adrenergic- and corticotropic-axis outflow during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (5/73)

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Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus are phase locked to cortical up-down states during sleep. (6/73)

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The noradrenaline precursor L-DOPS reduces pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (7/73)

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Central chemoreceptors and neural mechanisms of cardiorespiratory control. (8/73)

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General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent. Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ... Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, ... Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

"Merkel Cells Activate Sensory Neural Pathways through Adrenergic Synapses". Neuron. 100 (6): 1401-1413.e6. doi:10.1016/j.neuron ... In short, Griffith found that compared to menthol-insensitive Vglut3 neurons, menthol-sensitive Vglut3 neurons have a more ... This phenomenon is intensified for menthol-sensitive neurons when tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels subunits drive action ... Sodium Channels Mediate Action Potential Firing and Excitability in Menthol-Sensitive Vglut3-Lineage Sensory Neurons". Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theanne_Griffith

It acts as a blocking agent for adrenergic neurons. When radiolabeled, it can be used in nuclear medicinal diagnostic and ... as well as in pre-synaptic adrenergic neuron granules. The process in which this occurs is closely related to the mechanism ... It localizes to adrenergic tissue and thus can be used to identify the location of tumors such as pheochromocytomas and ... It also accumulates in norepinephrine transporters in adrenergic nerves in the heart, lungs, adrenal medulla, salivary glands, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iobenguane

... neurons in the locus coeruleus tend to be melanin-pigmented. Noradrenaline is released from the neurons, and acts on adrenergic ... This is diminutive compared to the more than 100 billion neurons in the brain. As with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia ... Neuron. 76 (1): 116-29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.036. PMC 3466476. PMID 23040810. Hasselmo ME, Sarter M (January 2011). " ... primarily the melanin-pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra but secondarily the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation

September 2019). "A Rare Mutation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors". Neuron. 103 (6): 1044-1055.e7. doi: ... ADRB1 neurons in mice are active they are awake and are found in the dorsal pons. Through additional family studies, mutations ... 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.026. PMC 6763376. PMID 31473062. Honma S, Kawamoto T, Takagi Y, Fujimoto K, Sato F, Noshiro M, et al ... identifying a mutation in the gene ADRB1 that increases the activity of ADRB1+ neurons in the dorsal pons. Most of the research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_sleep_traits

"A Rare Mutation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors". Neuron. 103 (6): 1044-1055.e7. doi:10.1016/j.neuron. ... ADRB1 is a gene located in chromosome 10 which encodes for the beta-1 adrenergic receptor protein. It plays a role in certain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_natural_short_sleep

Burnstock, Geoffrey; Costa, Marcello (2013). Adrenergic neurons : their organization, function, and development in the ... He also made what Flinders University describes as "a range of landmark discoveries about the role of neurons in driving the ... Observations in this system have also guided understanding the function of neurons in the central nervous system. The studies ... "The Adrenergic Innervation of the Alimentary Canal" with Dignita di Stampa (worthy of publication). "Our neurological systems ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Costa

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete norepinephrine and are named sympathetic adrenergic neurons; however, the ... Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Diaphoresis may be ... postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete acetylcholine and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. ... where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspiration

Adrenergic neurons - noradrenaline. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is released from most postganglionic neurons in the ... Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are ... Neurons must maintain the specific electrical properties that define their neuron type. Thin neurons and axons require less ... NIF Search - Neuron via the Neuroscience Information Framework Cell Centered Database - Neuron Complete list of neuron types ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

... is a postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent. Uptake of guanadrel and storage in sympathetic neurons occurs via the ... Adrenergic release inhibitors, Antihypertensive agents, Guanidines, Ketals, Spiro compounds). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanadrel

"Surface expression of AMPA receptors in hippocampal neurons is regulated by an NSF-dependent mechanism". Neuron. 23 (2): 365-76 ... Implications for beta2-adrenergic receptor regulation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (16): 10677-80. doi:10.1074/ ... Neuron. 21 (1): 99-110. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80518-8. PMID 9697855. McDonald PH, Cote NL, Lin FT, Premont RT, Pitcher JA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-ethylmaleimide_sensitive_fusion_protein

Noradrenergic neurons are located in two major regions in the brain. These regions are locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental. ... Assays have shown that SNRIs have insignificant penchant for mACh, α1 and α2 adrenergic, or H1 receptors. Agents with dual ... In addition, the TCAs interact with adrenergic receptors. This interaction seems to be critical for increased availability of ... Overall, inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake induced by TCAs leads to decreased rates of neuron firing (mediated through α2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin–norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor

These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The inner circular layer is ... The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the ... while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitatory neurons. These action potentials cause the smooth muscle ... innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm

There are also α2 receptors on the nerve terminal membrane of the post-synaptic adrenergic neuron. Actions of the α2 receptor ... Beta adrenergic receptor kinase Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 There is no α1C receptor. There was a subtype known as C, but ... The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines ... Klabunde R. "Adrenergic and Cholinergic Receptors in Blood Vessels". Cardiovascular Physiology. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Large V, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor

Involvement of histaminergic neurons and beta-adrenergic receptors. University of Copenhagen. pp. 1-100. Kjær, Andreas ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Kjær_(scientist)

Neurons in the central nervous system contain α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. All four ... Adrenergic nerve terminals are found in the secondary neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, one of two divisions of the ... Adrenergic neurons, in particular the α2 autoreceptors found in the brain, are also involved in sexual behavior and in the ... Peripheral adrenergic neurons integrate signals from other nerves of the central nervous system and peripheral sense organs. An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_nerve_fibre

Norepinephrine also stimulates serotonin release by binding α1-adrenergic receptors located on serotonergic neurons in the ... The α1-adrenergic receptor has several general functions in common with the α2-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific ... α1-adrenergic receptors are subdivided into three highly homologous subtypes, i.e., α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-adrenergic receptor ... Adrenergic receptor Graham RM, Perez DM, Hwa J, Piascik MT (May 1996). "alpha 1-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor

NPCs infiltrate the tumor where they differentiate into autonomic neurons (adrenergic neurons mainly) that stimulate tumor ... Neuron. 70 (4): 687-702. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.001. PMC 3106107. PMID 21609825. Lim, Daniel A.; Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo ( ... In forming clonal spheres similar to neurospheres of neuronal stem cells, these BTSCs were able to differentiate into neurons, ... Noctor, SC; Martínez-Cerdeño, V; Ivic, L; Kriegstein, AR (February 2004). "Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subventricular_zone

Neuron. 56 (6): 955-62. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.001. PMC 2199268. PMID 18093519. Dölen G, Carpenter RL, Ocain TD, Bear MF ... Metabotropic glutamate receptors are also thought to affect dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmission. Like other glutamate ... They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the cerebral cortex, as well as ... It has been suggested that mGluRs may act as regulators of neurons' vulnerability to excitotoxicity (a deadly neurochemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

Additionally, l-THP displays significant binding to 5-HT1A and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. In the case of 5-HT1A receptors, l ... Animal experiments have shown that the sedative effect of THP results from blocking dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Dopamine ... alpha adrenergic and serotonin receptors. The Ki values for l-THP at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are approximately 124 nM (D1 ... including alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, at which it functions as an antagonist, and GABA-A receptors, through positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine

In the sympathetic division, neurons are mostly adrenergic (that is, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as the primary ... postganglionic neurons express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to receive signals from preganglionic neurons. Preganglionic ... That is to say acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for the communication between neurons on the ... The neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers differ: In the parasympathetic division, neurons are cholinergic. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postganglionic_nerve_fibers

Bondareff W, Mountjoy CQ, Roth M (February 1982). "Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex ( ... It is composed of mostly medium-size neurons. Melanin granules inside the neurons of the LC contribute to its blue colour. Thus ... The α2 adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine is used to counteract this withdrawal effect by decreasing adrenergic ... since no apoptotic neurons in the pons were detected. Researchers have concluded that, "Because these neurons are a pivotal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus

... is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated ... Nearly half of the nerves present in adipose tissue are sensory neurons connected to the dorsal root ganglia. BAT activation ... UCP1 activity is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to β-adrenergic receptor activation. UCP1 is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue

Guanethidine and other adrenergic neuron blocking drugs can have their antihypertensive effects blocked by dosulepin. ... It is also an antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor, α1-adrenergic receptor, serotonin 5-HT2 receptors, and muscarinic ... reported relatively high Ki values of 12 and 15 nM for dosulepin and northiaden at the rat α2-adrenergic receptor and suggested ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin

... as mGluR1 antagonists block adrenergic receptor activation in neurons. Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were ... Neuron. 21 (4): 707-16. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80588-7. PMID 9808458. S2CID 16431031. Tu JC, Xiao B, Yuan JP, Lanahan AA, ... Neuron. 21 (4): 717-26. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80589-9. PMID 9808459. S2CID 2851554. Ciruela F, Robbins MJ, Willis AC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1

A possible treatment for hypertension is blocking peripheral vascular seretonergic neurons or alpha-adrenergic neurons on ... Other animal studies also point to the drug as a possible mechanism by which to reduce blood pressure through the adrenergic ... One study showed that benzoctamine, a serotonin and alpha-adrenergic antagonist, does not reduce blood pressure through a ... seretonin mechanism but does reduce blood pressure by antagonizing alpha-adrenergic receptors in rats. Rats were given 10 mg of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoctamine

Polysynaptic reflex is a reflex action that transfers an impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron via an interneuron in ... department of the army Edgewood Arsenal biodemical laboratory (1972). "Beta adrenergic and antiarrhythmic effect of apamin, a ... Here it inhibits small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK channels) in neurons. These channels are responsible for the ... Dopamine, which is depleted in this disease, will be released from midbrain dopaminergic neurons when these SK channels are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamin

Norepinephrine can influence the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons by acting on α2 adrenergic (α2A, α2B, ... Glutamate released from an excitatory neuron escapes from the synaptic cleft and preferentially affects mGluR III receptors on ... Acetylcholine can influence the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons by acting on muscarinic-2 and muscarinic-4 ... Heteroreceptors respond to neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones released from adjacent neurons or cells; they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroreceptor

In GABAergic preoptic area neurons, estrogen enhanced the ability of α1 adrenergic receptors to inhibit KCa2.3 activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK3

In order to induce this condition in animals, around 70% of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain must ... The real purpose of 6-hydroxydopamine is to increase sensitivity to alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists. The supersensitivity ... The first step is the accumulation of the oxidopamine in neurons, whereas the second is the oxidation of oxidopamine. ... Both these agents likely destroy neurons by generating reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radical. However, recent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidopamine

It has been suggested that targeting the sigma-1 receptor along with other receptors could increase neuron survival and ... α1A and α2 adrenergic, and NMDA receptors NE-100 Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): Methylphenylpiracetam[better source ... "sigma Receptor activation blocks potassium channels and depresses neuroexcitability in rat intracardiac neurons". The Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor

Also, androgens, but not estrogens, increase beta adrenergic receptors while decreasing alpha adrenergic receptors- which ... Evidence from neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) studies on male rats has shown that the hippocampus is a useful brain ... Hamson DK, Wainwright SR, Taylor JR, Jones BA, Watson NV, Galea LA (2013). "Androgens increase survival of adult-born neurons ... Circulating levels of androgens can influence human behavior because some neurons are sensitive to steroid hormones. Androgen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

Neurons have the highest expression level of both non-visual subtypes. In neuronal precursors both are expressed at comparable ... Lohse MJ, Benovic JL, Codina J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (June 1990). "beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic ... rhodopsin and β2-adrenergic receptor, it showed preference for the latter. Arrestin-3. The second non-visual arrestin cloned ... and Ursula Wilden and in the β-adrenergic system by Martin J. Lohse and co-workers. In response to a stimulus, GPCRs activate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin

... alpha adrenergic receptor - alpha helix - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor - alpha-2 adrenergic receptor - alpha-beta T-cell antigen ... neuron - neuronal cell adhesion molecule - neuropeptide - neuropeptide receptor - neuropeptide Y - neuropeptide Y receptor - ... beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta-thromboglobulin - ... olfactory receptor neuron - oligopeptide - oncogene - oncogene protein - oncogene proteins V-abl - oncogenic retroviridae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Alpha2-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine and apraclonidine, work by a dual mechanism, decreasing aqueous humor ... aging mechanisms of neuron loss, and severing of the nerve fibers at the scleral edge. Screening for glaucoma is usually ... Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, such as timolol, levobunolol, and betaxolol, decrease aqueous humor production by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

Rius J, Martínez-González J, Crespo J, Badimon L (Apr 2004). "Involvement of neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) in LDL- ... is a target of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle". Endocrinology. 147 (11): 5217-27. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0447. PMID ... The nuclear receptor 4A3 (NR4A3) (nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 3) also known as neuron-derived orphan receptor ... "Neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 promotes proliferation of quiescent hepatocytes". Gastroenterology. 144 (7): 1518-1529.e3. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A3

NETs are restricted to noradrenergic neurons and are not present on neurons that release dopamine or epinephrine. The ... This suggests that in schizophrenia, the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, a presynaptic inhibitory receptor, may be less sensitive ... Norepinephrine (NE) is released from noradrenergic neurons that innervate both the CNS and PNS. NE, also known as noradrenaline ... NET functions to transport synaptically released norepinephrine back into the presynaptic neuron. As much as 90% of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter

By oral route, phenethylamine's half-life is 5-10 minutes; endogenously produced PEA in catecholamine neurons has a half-life ... "Dissociation Constants of Adrenergic Amines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (6): 2611-3. doi:10.1021/ja01150a055 ... In a resting state, phenethylamine is synthesized in catecholamine neurons from L-phenylalanine by aromatic amino acid ... in monoamine neurons. To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

"Requirement of a macromolecular signaling complex for beta adrenergic receptor modulation of the KCNQ1-KCNE1 potassium channel ... Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit]] The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1CA

2000). "Targeting of PKA to glutamate receptors through a MAGUK-AKAP complex". Neuron. 27 (1): 107-19. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273( ... 2000). "Assembly of an A kinase-anchoring protein-beta(2)-adrenergic receptor complex facilitates receptor phosphorylation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKAP5

5-HT2A Receptor: When serotonin is released on to postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors, the dopamine neuron is inhibited, thus acting ... May 2013). "Atypical antipsychotics and effects of adrenergic and serotonergic receptor binding on insulin secretion in-vivo: ... This brake is disrupted through action of a 5-HT2A antagonist, which disinhibits the dopamine neuron, stimulating dopamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic

Kv7.1 is a voltage and lipid-gated potassium channel present in the cell membranes of cardiac tissue and in inner ear neurons ... "Requirement of a macromolecular signaling complex for beta adrenergic receptor modulation of the KCNQ1-KCNE1 potassium channel ... a heteromer with KCNE1 in order to slow its activation and enhance the current density at the plasma membrane of the neuron. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KvLQT1

... both adrenergic and cholinergic-muscarinic neurons participate, in the following physiological proportions: adrenergic 2/7 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_skin_conductance

It also blocks a number of other receptors, including α-adrenergic, 5-HT2C, 5-HT5A, and 5-HT6. It is of significance to note ... and NMDA-subtypes glutamate receptors in rat cerebral neurons". Bull Exp Biol Med. 136 (5): 474-477. doi:10.1023/B:BEBM. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrepirdine

For example, a synapse is GABAergic if it uses GABA as its neurotransmitter, and a GABAergic neuron produces GABA. A substance ... GABA reuptake inhibitor Adenosinergic Adrenergic Cannabinoidergic Cholinergic Dopaminergic Glycinergic Histaminergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAergic

In cultured hippocampal neurons, lamotrigine reduced sodium currents in a voltage-dependent manner, and at depolarised ... adrenergic, dopamine D1 and D2, muscarinic, GABA, histaminergic H1, serotonin 5-HT2, and N-methyl-D-aspartate). Inhibitory ... For example, lamotrigine blocked sustained repetitive firing in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons in a concentration-dependent ... release of excitatory neurotransmitters via voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

... yet the celiac ganglion-mesenteric complex also contain α and β adrenergic receptors and is innervated by fibers of adrenergic ... These ganglia contain neurons whose postganglionic axons innervate the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidney, small ... Modifications in the adrenergic activity of the celiac ganglion results in an altered capacity of the ovary of pregnant rats to ... Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_ganglia

A wide variety of G protein-coupled receptors activate GIRKs, including the M2-muscarinic, A1-adenosine, α2-adrenergic, D2- ... "Electrophysiological effects of trace amines on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons". Front Syst Neurosci. 5: 56. doi:10.3389/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly-rectifying_potassium_channel

... more specifically the auto receptors of alpha 2 neurons, are used in the treatment of glaucoma by decreasing the production of ... Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The ... Cirazoline is an α1 adrenergic agonist and an α2 adrenergic antagonist". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ... amitraz Detomidine[citation needed] Lofexidine, an α2A adrenergic receptor agonist. Medetomidine, an α2 adrenergic agonist. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist

Zhu H, Roth BL (May 2014). "Silencing synapses with DREADDs". Neuron. 82 (4): 723-5. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.002. PMC ... are also known as GsD and are chimeric receptors containing intracellular regions of the turkey erythrocyte β-adrenergic ... Roth BL (February 2016). "DREADDs for Neuroscientists". Neuron. 89 (4): 683-94. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.040. PMC 4759656. ... Neuron. 86 (4): 936-946. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.065. ISSN 1097-4199. PMC 4441592. PMID 25937170. Conklin, Bruce R.; Hsiao ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_activated_solely_by_a_synthetic_ligand

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.028. PMID 15312653. Kabachinski G, et al. (2014). "CAPS and Munc13 utilize distinct PIP2-linked ... This stabilizes GRK2 and also orients it in a way that allows for more efficient phosphorylation of the beta adrenergic ... 2004). "CAPS acts at a prefusion step in dense-core vesicle exocytosis as a PIP 2 binding protein". Neuron. 43 (4): 551-562. ... a membrane-bound enzyme activated through protein receptors such as α1 adrenergic receptors. PIP2 regulates the function of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate

... acoustic nerve acromion adenohypophysis adenoids adipose aditus aditus ad antrum adrenal gland adrenergic afferent neuron agger ... prefrontal cortex preganglionic preganglionic neurons preganglionic parasympathetic neurons preganglionic sympathetic neurons ... Terminal sulcus of tongue terminal vein tertiary sensory neuron testicle testis thalamic fasciculus thalamogeniculate artery ... process of ethmoid bone Uncinate process of pancreas Uncinate process of vertebra Uncinate processes of ribs upper motor neuron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles

... α-adrenergic effects on systemic vasculature exceed the effects of β1-adrenergic effects on the heart) Doyle, D. John; Mark, ... Via the vagus nerve, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates neurons that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_bradycardia

Adrenergic transmission in the mouse vas deferens". British Journal of Pharmacology. 120: 393-395. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1997 ... Alan North in Aberdeen and at Loyola University of Chicago studying opioid activation of potassium channels in brain neurons. ... adrenergic transmission in the mouse vans deferens. British Journal of Pharmacology. 46(4): pgs. 764-766 "Professor Graeme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Henderson_(scientist)

"Effects of β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation on the resting holding current of medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons in ... September 2018). "β3-adrenergic receptor activation induces TGFβ1 expression in cardiomyocytes via the PKG/JNK/c-Jun pathway". ... June 2018). "Adrenergic nerve degeneration in bone marrow drives aging of the hematopoietic stem cell niche". Nature Medicine. ... BRL-37344 is a drug which acts as a selective agonist of the β3 adrenergic receptor, which has been investigated for various ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-37344

Here we show that adipocyte-secreted BMP8b contributes to adrenergic-induced remodeling of the neuro-vascular network in ... a condition of low adrenergic output. This reinforces the local trophic effect of BMP8b. Innervation and vascular remodeling ... Primary sympathetic neurons. NGF-dependent sympathetic neurons of the SCG of neonatal mice, at stages from E14 to P5, were ... NRG4 promoted primary sympathetic neuron axonal growth and branching. a Representative images of P0 primary sympathetic neurons ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07453-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c28fe8b9-e260-4197-af33-1eeb2ee0c81c

Innervated Straubs heart--a simple method for adrenergic neurone blocking studies. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1978 ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/21697

Aoki, C., & Pickel, V. M. (1992). Ultrastructural relations between β-adrenergic receptors and catecholaminergic neurons. Brain ... Aoki, C & Pickel, VM 1992, Ultrastructural relations between β-adrenergic receptors and catecholaminergic neurons, Brain ... Aoki, Chiye ; Pickel, Virginia M. / Ultrastructural relations between β-adrenergic receptors and catecholaminergic neurons. In ... Ultrastructural relations between β-adrenergic receptors and catecholaminergic neurons. / Aoki, Chiye; Pickel, Virginia M. ...

https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/ultrastructural-relations-between-%CE%B2-adrenergic-receptors-and-cate

... degenerative disease of upper motor neurons characterized by progressive spasticity (ie, stiffness). It affects the lower ... Alpha2 Adrenergic Agonists. Class Summary. These agents act to decrease excitatory input to alpha motor neurons. ... The impact of fatigue and psychosocial variables on quality of life for patients with motor neuron disease. Amyotroph Lateral ... Therapeutic exercise for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1171782-192673/what-is-the-role-of-medications-in-the-treatment-of-primary-lateral-sclerosis-pls

Therefore, agents affecting sympathetic activity (e.g., ganglionic blocking agents or adrenergic neuron blocking agents) should ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=af396e2c-198a-4082-a0a1-d4e673d32fec

Alpha2-adrenergic agonist that decreases excitatory input to alpha motor neurons [90] ... Alpha2-adrenergic agonist that decreases excitatory input to alpha motor neurons [90] ... "any change in neuron structure or functions that is observed either directly from measures of individual neurons or inferred ... Alpha-adrenergic blockers and anticholinergics. Treatment of uninhibited bladder resultant from stroke may include the use of ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/323120-overview

MAOIs cause norepinephrine accumulation within adrenergic neurons. Significant hypertension can result if coadministered with ... MAOIs cause norepinephrine accumulation within adrenergic neurons. Significant hypertension can result if coadministered with ... MAOIs cause norepinephrine accumulation within adrenergic neurons. Significant hypertension can result if coadministered with ... MAOIs cause norepinephrine accumulation within adrenergic neurons. Significant hypertension can result if coadministered with ...

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/afrin-vicks-sinex-12-hour-oxymetazoline-intranasal-343408

β-Adrenergic receptor antagonist increased neurite outgrowth in cultures of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion neurons. ... β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists ("β-blockers") inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system and are widely used to ... Together, these results suggest that norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons acts on β1 autoreceptors to inhibit neurite ... Cardiac response to β-adrenergic receptor agonist was no different from control responses, however, indicating that receptor ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/node/371891.full.print

... adrenergic neuron blockers; potassium-depleting drugs; cardiac glycosides; ephedra, yohimbe. TCAs may induce hypertension and ... It stimulates α- and β-adrenergic receptors resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, cardiac stimulation ...

https://www.mims.com/vietnam/drug/info/epinephrine?mtype=generic

Insulin increases adrenergic stimulation and noradrenaline secretion after acting on POMC neurons in the central nervous system ... 2015). Leptin and insulin act on POMC neurons to promote the browning of white fat. Cell 160, 88-104. doi: 10.1016/j.cell. ... 2011). Brown adipose tissue responds to cold and adrenergic stimulation by induction of FGF21. Mol. Med. 17, 736-740. doi: ... Noradrenaline induces beta 3-adrenergic receptor stimulation and greater lipolysis that produces FFAs as main substrate for ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.00037/full

Radiolabeled adrenergic neuron-blocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with [131I]iodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med. 1980;21:349 ... MIBG takes advantage of the adrenergic origin of neuroblastoma, using the type 1 catecholamine uptake mechanism for transport ...

https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/50/8/1237?ijkey=d6053824a0d2a7d6e2deeb5083bc14af0096b0a0&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists. O S Steinsland and R F ... Vasoconstriction of the isolated rabbit ear artery caused by nicotinic agonists acting on adrenergic neurons. O S Steinsland ... Effects of beta adrenergic blocking agents on erythropoietin production in rabbits exposed to hypoxia. G D Fink, L G Paulo and ... Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase elicited by beta adrenergic receptor agonists in normal and decentralized sympathetic ganglia ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/193/1

1981) Calcium currents modulated by adrenergic receptors in sympathetic neurons. Federation Proceedings. 40: 2246-9. ... 1980) Alpha-adrenergic receptors in the rat superior cervical ganglion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 358: 342-5 ...

https://neurotree.org/beta/peopleinfo.php?pid=32742

... the membrane pump mechanism responsible for uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in adrenergic and serotonergic neurons. ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9700247a-0a15-41e1-983d-6426cff31d82&audience=consumer

Synaptic vesicle proteins and neuronal plasticity in adrenergic neurons.. Hou XE, Dahlström A., Neurochem Res 25(9-10), 2000 ... Wragg RT, Snead D, Dong Y, Ramlall TF, Menon I, Bai J, Eliezer D, Dittman JS., Neuron 77(2), 2013 PMID: 23352168 ... Burger PM, Mehl E, Cameron PL, Maycox PR, Baumert M, Lottspeich F, De Camilli P, Jahn R., Neuron 3(6), 1989 PMID: 2577130 ... Isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase are present in both axons and dendrites of hippocampal neurons in culture.. Pietrini G, Matteoli M ...

https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/2374386

TH plays a key role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons. The role of TH in the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters ...

https://receptors.org/rabbit-anti-tyrosine-hydroxylase-gentaur/

Meitzen et al (2011) β1-Adrenergic receptors activate two distinct signaling pathways in striatal neurons. J Neurochem 116 984 ... Makhortova et al (2011) A screen for regulators of survival of motor neuron protein levels. Nat Chem Biol 7 544 PMID: 21685895 ... Tuvikene et al (2016) AP-1 Transcription Factors Mediate BDNF-Positive Feedback Loop in Cortical Neurons. J Neurosci 36 1290 ... Guemez-Gamboa et al (2014) Non-cell-autonomous mechanism of activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching. Neuron 82 1004 PMID ...

https://www.tocris.com/products/u0126_1144

mixed or lower motor neuron lesion;. - Acute Phase of Spinal Shock: (see spinal shock). - this variable period, which is ... alpha adrenergic agents (dibenzyline) and skeletal muscle relaxants (ie, diazepam, baclofen, dantrolene) have been used alone ... lower motor neuron bladder results in hypotonic detrussor function and failure to generate enough intravesical pressure for ... may be effective in patients with upper motor neuron lesions;. - Bethanechol. - parasympathomimetic agent that has a direct ...

https://www.wheelessonline.com/muscles-tendons/urologic-management-of-the-spinal-cord-injured-patient/

4. Belai A, Lincoln J, Milner P, Burnstock G. Progressive changes in adrenergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic nerves in ... Nitrergic neuron density was not significantly different among groups (P,0.05; Figure 1). The mean areas of nitrergic neuron ... on the general population of myenteric neurons (myosin-V-immunoreactive) and on the subpopulation of nitrergic neurons ( ... Pereira et al.(22) also found a 14% increase in the area of myosin-V-immunoreactive myenteric neuron cell bodies in the UD ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/pYczTC9wFMLMzgsCtHcXPjh/?lang=en

An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/114639

This choice theoretically relates to the previously described finding of the loss of noradrenergic neurons in the locus cae ... Reasonable second-line agents include nor adrenergic drugs such as venlafaxine, mirtazapine, secondary amine TCAs, or a ... pathologic studies8-10 consistently showed a relationship between depression in dementia and a loss of noradrenergic neurons in ...

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/depression-patients-alzheimer-dementia

Adrenergic Drug Adrenergic Drugs Adrenergic Effect Adrenergic Effects Adrenergic Neurohumor Depleters Adrenergic Neuron Agents ... Adrenergic Neuron Agents Narrower Concept UI. M0027962. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Adrenergic Neuron Agents Preferred Term Term ... ADRENERGIC NEURON AGENTS was heading 1995; ADRENERGIC NEUROHUMOR DEPLETERS, ADRENERGIC RELEASE INHIBITORS, ADRENERGIC SYNTHESIS ... ADRENERGIC NEURON AGENTS was heading 1995; ADRENERGIC NEUROHUMOR DEPLETERS, ADRENERGIC RELEASE INHIBITORS, ADRENERGIC SYNTHESIS ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D018663

Dorsal horn neurons release extracellular ATP in a VNUT-dependent manner that underlies neuropathic pain. Masuda, T., Ozono, Y. ... activated by cAMP and tumor progression locus 2 in IL-1β production in microglial cells following activation of β-adrenergic ... Sensitization of spinal itch transmission neurons in a mouse model of chronic itch requires an astrocytic factor. Koga, K., ... Intrinsic braking role of descending locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in acute and chronic itch in mice. Koga, K., ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/tsuda-makoto/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle

Neurons / drug effects * Norepinephrine / metabolism * Raphe Nuclei / drug effects * Rats * Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / drug ... The firing rates of dopaminergic neurons are reduced by bupropion in the A9 and A10 areas of the brain, but only at very high ... 3) Electrophysiologic data show that with acute dosing, bupropion reduces the firing rates of noradrenergic neurons in the ... doses, and bupropion does not alter the firing rates of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe. (4) Behavioral studies show ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7665537/?dopt=Abstract

Sleep-deprivation regulates α-2 adrenergic responses of rat hypocretin/orexin neurons 2011 570 326 ... The wake-promoting hypocretin/orexin neurons change their response to noradrenaline after sleep deprivation 2005 439 0 ... Opposite effects of noradrenaline and acetylcholine upon hypocretin/orexin versus melanin concentrating hormone neurons in rat ...

https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/authors/statistics/18624

Adrenergic receptor-mediated excitation from the locus coeruleus of the sacral para-sympathetic preganglionic neuron. Life Sci ... In addition, the dopamine D-2 receptor-mediated inhibition from the substantia nigre of the caudate nucleus neuron receiving ... Publications] Hara,M.: Ventral tegmental area-mediated inhibition of neurons of the nucleus accumbens receiving input from the ... Publications] Hirose,A.: Inhibition of hippocampal CA1 neurons by 5-hydroxy-tryptamine derived from the dorsal raphe nucleus ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-01870010/

Gβ2 and Gβ4 participate in the opioid and adrenergic receptor-mediated Ca,sup,2+,/sup, channel modulation in rat sympathetic ... Neurons Protein Isoforms Most Recent Publications. Sphingosine kinase inhibition enhances dimerization of calreticulin at the ... neurons. Saifeldin Mahmoud, Jong K. Yun, Victor Ruiz-Velasco, 2012, Journal of Physiology on p. 4673-4689 ...

https://www.huck.psu.edu/people/jong-yun

C4.588.322.475.249 Adrenergic Neurons A8.663.766 A8.663.100 Advanced Cardiac Life Support E2.760.440.28 N2.421.585.440.28 ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2013.txt

We performed dual electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to determine the precise cellular relations between β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) and Catecholaminergic terminals within adult rat brains. (nyu.edu)
Aoki, C & Pickel, VM 1992, ' Ultrastructural relations between β-adrenergic receptors and catecholaminergic neurons ', Brain Research Bulletin , vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 257-263. (nyu.edu)
It stimulates α- and β-adrenergic receptors resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle of the bronchial tree, cardiac stimulation and dilation of skeletal muscle vasculature. (mims.com)
1981 ) Calcium currents modulated by adrenergic receptors in sympathetic neurons. (neurotree.org)
1980 ) Alpha-adrenergic receptors in the rat superior cervical ganglion. (neurotree.org)
Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. (nih.gov)
In the second study, it was demonstrated that dopamine derived from substantia nigre acts on D-2 receptors located on the nerve terminals from the cerebral cortex, thereby inhibiting the neuronal transmission from cerebral cortex to the caudate nucleus neurons. (nii.ac.jp)
Co-Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 and beta-adrenergic receptors modulates cyclic-AMP, long-term potentiation, and disrupts memory reconsolidation. (sc.edu)
In a first hypothesis paper initially stimulated by the finding in ME/CFS patients of autoantibodies against ß 2 -adrenergic receptors (ß2AdR) we hypothesized that ß2AdR dysfunction could be of critical importance in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS [ 43 ], see Textbox 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Alpha blocker and beta blockers are two types of postsynaptic anti-adrenergic medications that prevent their respective receptors from being stimulated by catecholamines, like norepinephrine and epinephrine . (osmosis.org)
These two catecholamines activate the adrenergic receptors on the many different organs, which allow the sympathetic nervous system to trigger the fight or flight response that increases the heart rate and blood pressure , as well as slowing digestion. (osmosis.org)
alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are mainly located on the walls of blood vessels, and when stimulated, they cause vasoconstriction , thus decreasing blood flow to tissues. (osmosis.org)
In the eyes, alpha-1 adrenergic receptors also trigger mydriasis , or pupil dilation . (osmosis.org)
Now, alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are primarily found on the presynaptic neuron. (osmosis.org)
Non-selective alpha blockers work on both alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and include phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine . (osmosis.org)
In fact, the only way out is to synthesize new adrenergic receptors , which takes about 24 hours. (osmosis.org)
The mechanism of pain production is thought to be either a hypersensitivity to catecholamines by alpha-adrenergic receptors or a functional interaction between sympathetic and sensory neurons. (myamericannurse.com)
Sympathetic nerve activity mediates NE release from nerve terminals, and the released NE binds to and activates adrenergic receptors located on postsynaptic effector tissues and at presynaptic sites. (veteriankey.com)
In a similar fashion, central activation of sympathetic nerve activity directed to the adrenal medulla initiates the release of epinephrine (EPI) and some NE from this gland, which circulates in the blood and binds to and activates adrenergic receptors in target tissues. (veteriankey.com)
Drugs that mimic the pharmacological and physiological actions of the endogenous catecholamines are classified as sympathomimetic drugs, that is their effects are mediated by activation of adrenergic receptors located on effector cells and tissues. (veteriankey.com)
These neurotransmitters and drugs bind directly to and activate adrenergic receptors ( Figure 7.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
A second group is classified as indirect-acting agonists because they mediate physiological responses via a pharmacological mechanism of action that involves increasing the synaptic levels of endogenous catecholamines, thereby enhancing the availability of endogenous catecholamines to bind to adrenergic receptors. (veteriankey.com)
Some drugs (e.g., ephedrine) demonstrate the capability to directly activate adrenergic receptors as well as augment the release of NE from adrenergic nerve terminals, and these drugs are classified as mixed-acting adrenergic agonists ( Figure 7.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
For the most part, the catechol nucleus is required for maximum α- and β-adrenergic receptor potencies, and modifications in phenylethylamine mediate changes in the affinity of drugs for specific adrenergic receptors, and affect the intrinsic ability to activate these receptors. (veteriankey.com)
Cholinergic neuron in skin releases ACh stimulates Muscarinic receptors on sweat glands to produce sweating and in skeletal muscle blood vessels causes vasodilation. (marbrerieboucon.fr)
Activation of α 2 -adrenergic receptors (α 2 AR) in the cerebral cortex has been shown to modulate visually guided delayed response tasks as well as anxiety and depression. (nyu.edu)
Localization of beta adrenergic receptors, and effects of noradrenaline and cyclic nucleotides on action potentials, ionic currents and tension in mammalian cardiac muscle. (wikidata.org)

MAOIs cause norepinephrine accumulation within adrenergic neurons. (medscape.com)
TCAs inhibit norepinephrine uptake in adrenergic neurons, thereby increasing synaptic norepinephrine levels. (medscape.com)
β 1 -Antagonists also increased neurite outgrowth from cultured rat sympathetic neurons, as did blocking norepinephrine synthesis, whereas β 1 -agonist eliminated the latter effect. (jneurosci.org)
Together, these results suggest that norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons acts on β 1 autoreceptors to inhibit neurite growth. (jneurosci.org)
Amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in adrenergic and serotonergic neurons. (nih.gov)
This agent binds and inhibits catecholamine pump on the storage vesicles in central and peripheral adrenergic neurons, thereby inhibiting the uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine serotonin into presynaptic storage vesicles. (fpnotebook.com)
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is NOREPINEPHRINE. (bvsalud.org)
Our observations indicate that (1) both pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons are receptive to norepinephrine via α 2A AR, (2) α 2A AR synthesis is robust prior to synaptogenesis, and (3) α 2A AR operates both pre-and postsynaptically. (nyu.edu)

3) Electrophysiologic data show that with acute dosing, bupropion reduces the firing rates of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus. (nih.gov)
Alpha-receptor mediated inhibition of A2 noradrenergic neurons. (duke.edu)
A series of adrenergic agonists and antagonists was applied by iontophoresis in the vicinity of noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus commissuralis of the rat. (duke.edu)

Development and persistence of catecholaminergic neurons in cultured explants of fetal murine vagus nerves and bowel. (biologists.com)

In addition, the dopamine D-2 receptor-mediated inhibition from the substantia nigre of the caudate nucleus neuron receiving input from the cerebral cortex. (nii.ac.jp)
Publications] Kawabata A: 'Inhibition by enkephalin of medial vestibular nucleus neurons responding to horizontal pendular rotation. (nii.ac.jp)
Publications] Sasa M: 'Dopamine Dー2 receptorーmediated inhibition from substantia nigra of caudate nucleus neurons activated by cortical stimulation. (nii.ac.jp)
Alpha-2 receptor-mediated inhibition of these neurons was observed with single-unit recording techniques. (duke.edu)
Isoflurane Modulates Hippocampal Cornu Ammonis Pyramidal Neuron Excitability by Inhibition of Both Transient and Persistent Sodium Currents in Mice. (cornell.edu)
The adrenergic inhibition of HVA-I Ca was partially prevented by the pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) (5 pg/ml, 4 hr, 37°C). CONCLUSIONS. (uthscsa.edu)

Coadministration with alpha1 agonists may cause increased adrenergic receptor stimulation. (medscape.com)

β-Adrenergic receptor antagonist increased neurite outgrowth in cultures of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion neurons. (jneurosci.org)

These nerves descend through the hypogastric nerves and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus (major pelvic ganglion in the rat) from which the prostate receives direct innervation. (biomedcentral.com)
The parasympathetic innervation arises from preganglionic neurons located in the distal lumbar and proximal sacral spinal cord (segments L6 and S1 in the rat [ 6 , 7 ]) and whose axons are found in the pelvic nerve and synapse on postganglionic neurons in the pelvic plexus. (biomedcentral.com)

Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. (nih.gov)

After incubation, the distribution of dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH) activity along the nerves was examined as an indication of the behaviour of rapid transport in adrenergic axons. (elsevier.com)
4. It was concluded that adrenergic nerves can transport between two and three times as much material per unit time as they normally do. (elsevier.com)
The sympathetic nervous innervation is split into two portions: postganglionic adrenergic nerves that synapse on blood vessels and the smooth muscle that surround the alveoli, and sympathetic cholinergic nerves that innervate the glandular epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
Brain catechol amine content after sectioning the adrenergic nerves to the brain vessels. (wikidata.org)

Chemogenetic activation of intracardiac cholinergic neurons improves cardiac function in pressure overload-induced heart failure. (gwu.edu)

Publications] Yoshimura N: 'α_1ーAdrenergic receptorーmediated excitation from the locus coeruleus of the sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neuron. (nii.ac.jp)
Orexin fibers are dense in brain regions crucial for wakefulness and arousal particularly the locus coeruleus that contains adrenergic, noradrenergic, histaminergic, and serotonergic neurons. (insightssuccess.com)
Sex Differences in the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurons. (gwu.edu)

The firing rates of dopaminergic neurons are reduced by bupropion in the A9 and A10 areas of the brain, but only at very high doses, and bupropion does not alter the firing rates of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe. (nih.gov)

β-Adrenergic receptor antagonists ("β-blockers") inhibit the effects of the sympathetic nervous system and are widely used to treat hypertension, heart arrhythmias, heart failure, and performance anxiety. (jneurosci.org)
Alright, so medications that inhibit peripheral postsynaptic adrenergic neurons are called peripheral postsynaptic anti-adrenergics. (osmosis.org)
GABA and glycine neurons from the ventral medullary region inhibit hypoglossal motoneurons. (gwu.edu)

Differentiation of hereditary spastic paraparesis from primary lateral sclerosis in sporadic adult-onset upper motor neuron syndromes. (medscape.com)

A molecule called orexin is made in the brain and regulates the activity of a group of neurons that control sleep. (elifesciences.org)

Keeping potassium levels in balance is an alternative therapeutic strategy for stroke, and we found that adrenergic receptor blockers promote this normalization," says Monai. (riken.jp)
Bottom) The brain of a mouse after stroke and treated with adrenergic blockers (AdRs). (riken.jp)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain region leading to presence of Lewy bodies in the surviving dopamine neurons (Kesh, Kannan et al. (researchsquare.com)
2016. Resilience to chronic stress is mediated by noradrenergic regulation of dopamine neurons. . (mcgill.ca)

Hypothalamic neurons have really long axons that carry signals all the way down to the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord nuclei, where they synapse with preganglionic neuron cell bodies. (osmosis.org)

2020 ). Research on the pathogenesis of the PD has been mainly based on the development of animal models that reproduce the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (Real, Garcia et al. (researchsquare.com)
2000 ). Exposure to 6-OHDA mimics the PD effects like dopaminergic neurons death and increased ROS production (Gonçalves, Courtes et al. (researchsquare.com)

New research shows that brain fluids can be normalized with adrenergic receptor antagonists, a combination of drugs to block the activity of (nor)adrenaline in the brain. (riken.jp)

Results show predominant labeling for βAR404 within small astrocytic processes (β-A). This is in sharp contrast to earlier results which showed neuronal labeling when using antibodies against the third intracellular loop of the receptor and of neurons-plus-astrocytes labeled using antibodies against the whole βAR molecule. (nyu.edu)
METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into the groups: normoglycemic, normoglycemic treated with 0.1% vitamin E, normoglycemic treated with 2% vitamin E, diabetic, diabetic treated with 0.1% vitamin E, and diabetic treated with 2% vitamin E. The neuronal density and areas of neuron cell bodies were determined. (scielo.br)
4) Enteric expression of the transgene postnatally was restricted to intrinsic neurons that coexpressed other phenotypic markers of neuronal differentiation. (biologists.com)

Sympathetic preganglionic axons originate from neurons in the _______________ of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
The majority of neurons labeled by virus from the urinary bladder were found in the L6-S1 spinal cord segments within the dorsal gray commissure, the intermediolateral area and the superficial dorsal horn. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurons labeled by virus from the prostate were mainly found in the L1-L2 spinal cord segments in the dorsal gray commissure and the intermediolateral areas. (biomedcentral.com)
Spinal neurons innervating the bladder are clearly separate and different from those innervating the prostate. (biomedcentral.com)
From there, the signal goes from the preganglionic neurons down its relatively short axon, exits the spinal cord , and reaches the nearby sympathetic ganglion, which is made up of lots of postganglionic neuron cell bodies. (osmosis.org)

Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase elicited by beta adrenergic receptor agonists in normal and decentralized sympathetic ganglia: role of cyclic 3',5' - adenosine monophosphate. (aspetjournals.org)
The mechanism of the antihypertensive effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents has not been established. (marbrerieboucon.fr)

The Effect of DREADD Activation of Leptin Receptor Positive Neurons in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract on Sleep Disordered Breathing. (gwu.edu)

My research career is centered on the neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system that control cardiorespiratory function with the goal of identifying new targets to reduce and/or prevent highly prevalent and devastating diseases, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), arrhythmias, hypertension, cardiac ischemia and heart failure. (gwu.edu)

An alkaloid, derived from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentine and vomitoria, and an adrenergic uptake inhibitor with antihypertensive effects. (fpnotebook.com)

2016. α2-Adrenergic Receptor and Isoflurane Modulation of Presynaptic Ca2+ Influx and Exocytosis in Hippocampal Neurons. . (cornell.edu)

Using fura-2 fluorescence measurement and patch-clamp techniques, we investigated the effects of adrenergic stimulation on cytosolic concentration of Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] c ) and high voltage-activated Ca 2+ channel currents (HVA-I Ca ) of the putative rat prostate neuroendocrine cells (RPNECs) freshly isolated by an enzymic digestion. (uthscsa.edu)
3. the decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. (ugent.be)

2021 ). 6-OHDA was the first neurotoxin employed to cause damage specifically in neurons (Ungerstedt 1968 ) and the most used toxin in experimental PD models (Blandini, Armentero et al. (researchsquare.com)

These agents act to decrease excitatory input to alpha motor neurons. (medscape.com)

The dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter has been shown to direct expression of the reporter gene product, beta-galactosidase, to enteric neurons and putative embryonic neuroblasts in transgenic mice (Mercer et al. (biologists.com)
Optogenetic Control of Cardiac Autonomic Neurons in Transgenic Mice. (gwu.edu)

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE . (bvsalud.org)

Cardiac response to β-adrenergic receptor agonist was no different from control responses, however, indicating that receptor levels were unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
Activation of Oxytocin Neurons Improves Cardiac Function in a Pressure-Overload Model of Heart Failure. (gwu.edu)

ozanimod increases toxicity of oxymetazoline intranasal by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. (medscape.com)
Effects of beta adrenergic blocking agents on erythropoietin production in rabbits exposed to hypoxia. (aspetjournals.org)
OBJECTIVE: The effects of 0.1% and 2% vitamin E on myosin-V- and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the jejunum of diabetic rats were investigated. (scielo.br)
An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. (umassmed.edu)

Now, the autonomic nervous system - which includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system - is made up of a relay that includes two neurons. (osmosis.org)

Isoflurane Suppresses Hippocampal High-frequency Ripples by Differentially Modulating Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in Mice. (cornell.edu)

The endogenous adrenergic receptor agonists EPI, NE, and dopamine, as well as the synthetic sympathomimetic isoproterenol, contain a hydroxyl group on the 3 and 4 positions of the benzene ring. (veteriankey.com)

One framework for classifying the functionality of adrenergic receptor agonists is centered on their general pharmacological mechanism of action ( Figure 7.1 ). (veteriankey.com)

Publications] Ujihara H: 'Muscarinic regulation of spontaneously active medial vestibular neurons in vitro. (nii.ac.jp)

Compared to the somatic nervous system, which of the following describes the neuron arrangement from the central nervous system (CNS) to the effector in the autonomic nervous system? (easynotecards.com)
This work examines the central nervous system distribution of virus-labeled neurons from the rat urinary bladder and the prostate simultaneously within the same tissue sections. (biomedcentral.com)

Which of the following is true about the nerve fibers of sympathetic motor neurons? (easynotecards.com)

A patent application for adrenergic blocker treatment for stroke has been filed in Japan. (riken.jp)

Anatomy102

Organisms18

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs77

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care2

Chronic desipramine treatment alters tyrosine hydroxylase but not norepinephrine transporter immunoreactivity in norepinephrine axons in the rat prefrontal cortex. (1/73)

The role of the central noradrenergic system in behavioral inhibition. (2/73)

Control of sympathetic vasomotor tone by catecholaminergic C1 neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata. (3/73)

alpha-Adrenergic effects on low-frequency oscillations in blood pressure and R-R intervals during sympathetic activation. (4/73)

Impaired adrenergic- and corticotropic-axis outflow during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (5/73)

Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus are phase locked to cortical up-down states during sleep. (6/73)

The noradrenaline precursor L-DOPS reduces pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. (7/73)

Central chemoreceptors and neural mechanisms of cardiorespiratory control. (8/73)

Guanethidine

Sympatholytics

Bretylium Compounds

Neurons

Adrenergic Fibers

Norepinephrine

Organomercury Compounds

Nictitating Membrane

Hydroxydopamines

Sympathetic Nervous System

Neurons, Afferent

Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase

Iodobenzenes

Adrenergic Neurons

Reserpine

Phenoxybenzamine

Tyramine

Motor Neurons

Amino Alcohols

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

3-Iodobenzylguanidine

Vas Deferens

Desipramine

Guanidines

Electric Stimulation

Amphetamine

Phentolamine

Propranolol

Guinea Pigs

Tetrodotoxin

Cats

Catecholamines

Action Potentials

Heart

Epinephrine

Dopaminergic Neurons

Rabbits

GABAergic Neurons

Muscle Contraction

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Electrophysiology

Hippocampus

Synapses

Ganglia, Spinal

Axons

Cells, Cultured

Blood Pressure

Synaptic Transmission

Dendrites

Sensory Receptor Cells

Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Cholinergic Neurons

Spinal Cord

Cerebral Cortex

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Membrane Potentials

Neural Inhibition

Neurons, Efferent

Motor Neuron Disease

Models, Neurological

Animals, Newborn

Pyramidal Cells

Immunohistochemistry

Medulla Oblongata

Dopamine

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Interneurons

Mesencephalon

Brain

Neuropeptides

Serotonergic Neurons

Rats, Wistar

Glutamic Acid

Time Factors

Brain Stem

Ganglia, Invertebrate

Nerve Net

Afferent Pathways

Mice, Inbred C57BL