Adrenergic Fibers: Nerve fibers liberating catecholamines at a synapse after an impulse.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Superior Cervical Ganglion: The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.Helium: Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)Ganglia, Sympathetic: Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system including the paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia. Among these are the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia.Ganglia, Autonomic: Clusters of neurons and their processes in the autonomic nervous system. In the autonomic ganglia, the preganglionic fibers from the central nervous system synapse onto the neurons whose axons are the postganglionic fibers innervating target organs. The ganglia also contain intrinsic neurons and supporting cells and preganglionic fibers passing through to other ganglia.Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Cell Nucleolus: Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)Periodicals as Topic: A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.Anesthesiology: A specialty concerned with the study of anesthetics and anesthesia.Causalgia: A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)Access to Information: Individual's rights to obtain and use information collected or generated by others.Mesenteric Artery, Inferior: The artery supplying nearly all the left half of the transverse colon, the whole of the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the greater part of the rectum. It is smaller than the superior mesenteric artery (MESENTERIC ARTERY, SUPERIOR) and arises from the aorta above its bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.Mesenteric Artery, Superior: A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Mesenteric Arteries: Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Photons: Discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. They are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)Spirogyra: A genus of filamentous algae in the order ZYGNEMATALES, family Zygnemataceae, named for the helical arrangement of its CHLOROPLASTS. It is commonly found in freshwater habitats.Lasers: An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.Fluorescence Polarization: Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.PhotochemistryMolecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles, of micrometer dimensions, frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers.Latex: A milky, product excreted from the latex canals of a variety of plant species that contain cauotchouc. Latex is composed of 25-35% caoutchouc, 60-75% water, 2% protein, 2% resin, 1.5% sugar & 1% ash. RUBBER is made by the removal of water from latex.(From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). Hevein proteins are responsible for LATEX HYPERSENSITIVITY. Latexes are used as inert vehicles to carry antibodies or antigens in LATEX FIXATION TESTS.Gastric Fundus: The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.Esophagus: The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.Esophageal Sphincter, Upper: The structure at the pharyngoesophageal junction consisting chiefly of the CRICOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE. It normally occludes the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS, except during SWALLOWING.Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.Rhodamines: A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty.Common Cold: A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.Communicable DiseasesSchools: Educational institutions.Biological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.Audiovisual Aids: Auditory and visual instructional materials.Computer-Assisted Instruction: A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Hypertension: Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.EncyclopediasBlood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Dictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as Topic: Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.
Activated macrophages and microglia induce dopaminergic sprouting in the injured striatum and express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. (1/373)
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons undergo sprouting around the margins of a striatal wound. The mechanism of this periwound sprouting has been unclear. In this study, we have examined the role played by the macrophage and microglial response that follows striatal injury. Macrophages and activated microglia quickly accumulate after injury and reach their greatest numbers in the first week. Subsequently, the number of both cell types declines rapidly in the first month and thereafter more slowly. Macrophage numbers eventually cease to decline, and a sizable group of these cells remains at the wound site and forms a long-term, highly activated resident population. This population of macrophages expresses increasing amounts of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA with time. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is also expressed in and around the wound site. Production of this factor is by both activated microglia and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. The production of these potent dopaminergic neurotrophic factors occurs in a similar spatial distribution to sprouting dopaminergic fibers. Moreover, dopamine transporter-positive dopaminergic neurites can be seen growing toward and embracing hemosiderin-filled wound macrophages. The dopaminergic sprouting that accompanies striatal injury thus appears to result from neurotrophic factor secretion by activated macrophages and microglia at the wound site. (+info)Facilitatory beta2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic and adrenergic nerve endings of the guinea pig trachea. (2/373)
Using electrical field stimulation of epithelium-denuded intact guinea pig tracheal tube preparations, we studied the presence and role of prejunctional beta2-adrenoceptors by measuring evoked endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) release directly. Analysis of ACh and NE was through two HPLC systems with electrochemical detection. Electrical field stimulation (150 mA, 0.8 ms, 16 Hz, 5 min, biphasic pulses) released 29.1 +/- 2.5 pmol ACh/g tissue and 70.2 +/- 6.2 pmol NE/g tissue. Preincubation for 15 min with the selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist fenoterol (1 microM) increased both ACh and NE overflow to 178 +/- 28 (P < 0.01) and 165 +/- 12% (P < 0.01), respectively, of control values, increases that were abolished completely by the selective beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI-118551 (1 microM). Further experiments with increasing fenoterol concentrations (0.1-100 microM) and different preincubation periods (1, 5, and 15 min) showed a strong and concentration-dependent facilitation of NE release, with maximum response levels decreasing (from nearly 5-fold to only 2.5-fold of control value) with increasing agonist contact time. In contrast, sensitivity of facilitatory beta2-adrenoceptors on cholinergic nerves to fenoterol gradually increased when the incubation period was prolonged; in addition, a bell-shaped concentration-response relationship was found at 15 min of preincubation. Fenoterol concentration-response relationships (15-min agonist preincubation) in the presence of atropine and yohimbine (1 microM each) were similar in the case of NE release, but in the case of ACh release, the bell shape was lost. The results indicate a differential capacity and response time profile of facilitatory prejunctional beta2-adrenoceptors on adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in the guinea pig trachea and suggest that the receptors on adrenergic nerves are more susceptible to desensitization. (+info)Impact of development and chronic hypoxia on NE release from adrenergic nerves in sheep arteries. (3/373)
To examine effects of development and chronic high-altitude hypoxia on sympathetic nerve function in sheep, norepinephrine release was measured in vitro from middle cerebral and facial arteries. Capsaicin was used to test the role of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves; norepinephrine release was not altered by capsaicin treatment. Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthase, decreased stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release in middle cerebral arteries from normoxic sheep with no effect in hypoxic arteries or facial arteries. Thus NO-releasing nerves augmented norepinephrine release. Furthermore, the function of NO-releasing nerves declined after chronic hypoxia. Despite loss of the augmenting effects of NO, stimulation-evoked fractional norepinephrine release was unchanged after chronic hypoxia, suggesting that middle cerebral arteries adapt to hypoxia by increasing stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release. In fetal facial arteries, chronic hypoxia resulted in a decline in stimulation-evoked norepinephrine release, but there was an increase in the adult facial artery. In the adult, adaptation to chronic hypoxia is similar in both cerebral and facial arteries. However, differential adaptation in fetal adrenergic nerves may reflect differences in fetal redistribution of blood flow in the face of chronic hypoxia but could also possibly contribute to increased incidence of fetal morbidity. (+info)Estradiol modulates vascular response to melatonin in rat caudal artery. (4/373)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether estrogen modulates the function of vascular melatonin receptors. We used the rat caudal artery and found that the contractile effects of melatonin were influenced by the estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement. In arterial ring segments isolated from female rats, melatonin potentiated, in a concentration-dependent manner, contractions produced either by adrenergic nerve stimulation or by phenylephrine. Constrictor responses to melatonin were smaller in arteries from female rats in proestrus compared with other stages of the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy. Administration of 17beta-estradiol to ovariectomized female rats also resulted in decreased constriction of isolated arteries to melatonin; however, in vitro addition of 17beta-estradiol (10(-7) M) had no effect. In the caudal artery, melatonin appears to act on two receptor subtypes that mediate contraction and relaxation, respectively. The selective melatonin MT2-receptor antagonist 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline (4P-PDOT) enhanced constrictor responses to melatonin in arterial segments from intact female rats, consistent with the inhibition of MT2 receptor-mediated relaxation. In contrast, 4P-PDOT had no significant effect in arteries from ovariectomized female rats. However, when estradiol was replaced in vivo, the effect of 4P-PDOT on melatonin responses was restored. Thus circulating estradiol appears to enhance MT2 melatonin-receptor function in the thermoregulatory caudal artery of the female rat resulting in increased vasodilatation in response to melatonin. (+info)Adrenergic innervation in reactive human lymph nodes. (5/373)
Several experimental models have demonstrated that the central nervous system is functionally linked to the immune system by means of the autonomic nervous system. Samples of 36 lymph nodes of patients whose ages ranged from 16 to 69 y were studied. In order to demonstrate the existence and distribution of sympathetic nerve fibres, a polyclonal antibody antityrosine hydroxylase (TH), with the streptavidin-biotin system of detection, was used. TH-positive nerve fibres appeared in all reactive patterns of the lymph nodes studied. Thin nerve fascicles ramified at the hilar region and also in the connective tissue septae. Adventitial adrenergic nerve fibres were found following afferent, and to a lesser extent, efferent blood vessels. Another source of incoming nerve fibres was found at capsular level, accompanying blood vessels. On the arterial side, the innervation ceased before reaching the follicular arterioles. Our demonstration of innervation in postcapillary venules could support a regulatory role of adrenergic neurotransmitters in lymphocyte traffic. Occasional nerve fibres were also seen in T areas among parenchymatous cells. These findings confirm the existence of sympathetic innervation in human lymph nodes, and provide indirect evidence that the psychoneuroimmune axis could also exist in humans. (+info)Effects of prolonged cold storage on double peaked vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation in isolated canine splenic arteries. (6/373)
1. P2X-Purinoceptors and alpha1-adrenoceptors have previously been shown to involve in the double peaked vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial electrical nerve stimulation in the isolated and perfused canine splenic artery. The present study made an attempt to investigate effects of prolonged cold storage (7 days at 4 degrees C) on vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial electrical nerve stimulation, tyramine, noradrenaline and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the isolated canine splenic artery. 2. The periarterial nerve stimulation (1-10 Hz) readily causes a double peaked vasoconstriction in the non-stored preparations. After cold stored for 7 days, the double peaked vasoconstriction was still recognized, although the response became significantly smaller. The first phase was decreased relatively greater than the second phase by the cold storage. 3. In the cold stored preparations, the dose-response curve for tyramine was shifted to the right in a parallel manner. Prazosin almost completely inhibited tyramine-induced vasoconstriction but alpha,beta-methylene ATP failed to influence the response to tyramine. 4. The vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline and ATP were not significantly modified by the prolonged cold storage. 5. From these results, it is concluded that the functions of sympathetic co-transmission of purinergic components might be influenced more than that of adrenergic components in the cold storage canine splenic artery. (+info)Role of protons in activation of cardiac sympathetic C-fibre afferents during ischaemia in cats. (7/373)
1. Chest pain caused by myocardial ischaemia is mediated by cardiac sympathetic afferents. The mechanisms of activation of cardiac afferents during ischaemia remain poorly understood. Increased lactic acid production is associated closely with myocardial ischaemia. The present study examined the role of protons generated during ischaemia in activation of cardiac sympathetic C-fibre afferents. 2. Single-unit activity of cardiac afferents innervating both ventricles was recorded from the left sympathetic chain in anaesthetized cats. Epicardial tissue pH was measured within 1-1.5 mm of the surface by a pH-sensitive needle electrode. Responses of cardiac afferents to myocardial ischaemia, lactic acid, sodium lactate, acidic phosphate buffer and hypercapnia were determined. 3. Occlusion of the coronary artery for 5 min decreased epicardial tissue pH from 7.35 +/- 0.21 to 6.98 +/- 0.22 (P < 0.05). Epicardial placement of isotonic neutral phosphate buffer, but not saline, prevented the ischaemia-induced decrease in epicardial pH. This manoeuvre significantly attenuated the response of 16 afferents to 5 min of ischaemia (1.56 +/- 0.23 pre-treatment vs. 0.67 +/- 0.18 impulses s-1). Topical application of 10-100 microg ml-1 of lactic acid, but not sodium lactate, concentration-dependently stimulated 18 cardiac afferents. Inhalation with high-CO2 gas failed to activate 12 separate cardiac afferents. Furthermore, lactic acid stimulated cardiac afferents to a greater extent than acidic phosphate buffer solution, applied at a similar pH to the same afferents. 4. Collectively, this study provides important in vivo evidence that protons contribute to activation/sensitization of cardiac sympathetic C-fibre afferents during myocardial ischaemia. (+info)5-Hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor activation enhances norepinephrine release from nerves in the rabbit saphenous vein. (8/373)
Although serotonergic receptor agonists are known to modulate release of central serotonin, less is known about the ability of serotonin to alter neurotransmission in peripheral adrenergic nerves. The present study used field stimulation (40V, 0.7 ms duration, 1-16 Hz) to contract the rabbit saphenous vein, an effect that was abolished in the presence of tetrodotoxin and prazosin (10(-6) M), consistent with stimulation of neuronal norepinephrine release. Furthermore, the field-stimulated contraction was not altered by the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(1B/1D) receptor antagonist GR127935 (10(-6) M), but was markedly inhibited by the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY 100635 (10(-6) M). GR127935 (10(-8) M) inhibited contraction to sumatriptan, documenting that the concentration used was sufficient to block 5-HT(1B/1D-like) vascular receptors in this tissue. Likewise, WAY 100635 (10(-6) M) inhibited contraction to the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists (+/-)-8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) and LY238729, without altering contraction to norepinephrine or sumatriptan. Furthermore, both 8-OH-DPAT and LY228729 enhanced the contractile response to field stimulation (1. 0-8.0 Hz) and activated norepinephrine release in the absence of field stimulation. Contractile responses of the rabbit saphenous vein to both 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists were markedly inhibited by prazosin and dextrally shifted by WAY 100635, supporting the idea that the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists were activating presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors to enhance norepinephrine release even in the absence of field stimulation. Thus, in the rabbit saphenous vein, 5-HT(1A) but not 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors enhanced neurotransmitter release from adrenergic nerves. These observations suggested that serotonergic nerves or other cell types in the saphenous vein are activated by field stimulation to release serotonin, which in turn activates presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors on adrenergic neurons to effect norepinephrine release. To support this hypothesis, serotonin levels were measured in the saphenous vein and were increased after pargyline pretreatment (30 mg/kg s.c.), decreased after dl-p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester pretreatment (300 mg/kg s.c.), and unaltered after pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (100 mg/kg s.c.). Thus, we provide strong evidence for the 1) presence of serotonin and its direct synthesis independent of adrenergic nerves and 2) a novel excitatory effect of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor activation on adrenergic nerves in a peripheral blood vessel. (+info)ISBN 0-7817-4733-3. Eichbaum FW (1975). "'Wavy' myocardial fibers in spontaneous and experimental adrenergic cardiopathies". ... one of the earliest changes under a normal microscope are so-called wavy fibers. Subsequently, the myocyte cytoplasm becomes ...
... yet the celiac ganglion-mesenteric complex also contain α and β adrenergic receptors and is innervated by fibers of adrenergic ... Modifications in the adrenergic activity of the celiac ganglion results in an altered capacity of the ovary of pregnant rats to ... Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. ... and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central ...
... but by adrenergic fibers as well. The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional ... Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered ...
... adrenergic fibers MeSH A08.663.542.075.800 --- sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.100 --- autonomic fibers, ... mossy fibers, hippocampal MeSH A08.663.542.234 --- cholinergic fibers MeSH A08.663.542.234.060 --- autonomic fibers, ... sympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.122 --- autonomic fibers, preganglionic MeSH A08.663.542.145 --- axons MeSH ... autonomic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050.050.700 --- parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic MeSH A08.800.050.050. ...
... cholinergic and adrenergic transmission were known to arise from different groups of nerve fibers. Dale was interested in the ... whether cholinergic or adrenergic, is characteristic for each particular neurone, and unchangeable. And near the end of the ...
... then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, both releasing ... Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers are adrenergic: their neurotransmitter is norepinephrine; postganglionic sympathetic ... Both preganglionic sympathetic fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic. ... Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or ...
... neurons are mostly adrenergic (that is, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as the primary neurotransmitters). Notable ... fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. The neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers ... Preganglionic fibers Nerve fiber Noback C, Ruggiero DA, Demarest RJ, Strominger NL (2005). The Human Nervous System: Structure ... all of these exceptions are still stimulated by cholinergic pre ganglionic fibers. In both divisions of the autonomic nervous ...
Zilpateral enhances the growth of "fast-twitch" fibers, a type of muscle fiber that fatigues more easily. On August 16, 2013 ... Beta-adrenergic agonists, or β-agonists, are non-hormonal growth promotants that help animals put on muscle instead of fat. ...
The α2-adrenergic receptor binds both norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (adrenaline ... "Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists". J. Lipid Res ... Adrenergic receptor Ruuskanen JO, Xhaard H, Marjamäki A, Salaneck E, Salminen T, Yan YL, Postlethwait JH, Johnson MS, Larhammar ... The α2A adrenergic receptor is localised in the following central nervous system (CNS) structures: Brainstem (especially the ...
... on myocardial muscle fibers. β-blockers can be selective for either β1, β2 adrenergic receptor, or to be non-selective. By ... partial adrenergic agonist activity (pindolol), concomitant α-adrenergic blocking activity (for example labetalol and ... β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the ... A few of the non-selective β-blockers A few of the selective β1-blockers The β-adrenergic receptor antagonists all have similar ...
A single motor neuron is able to innervate multiple muscle fibers, thereby causing the fibers to contract at the same time. ... which bind to adrenergic receptors that are also metabotropic. The exact effects on the smooth muscle depend on the specific ... contraction of all fibers is sufficient to damage the body. In multiple fiber summation, if the central nervous system sends a ... A neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is the site ...
It is also an agonist at beta-adrenergic receptors. A cascade of events will then be initiated to increase protein synthesis, ... which results in increased muscle fiber size. Ractopamine is known to increase the rate of weight gain, improve feed efficiency ... Pharmacologically, it is a TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. It is the ... Taiwan banned ractopamine along with other beta-adrenergic agonists in October 2006, but in 2012, its legislature passed ...
... , and other medications in the class called alpha blockers, work by relaxing bladder neck muscles and muscle fibers ... It is an α1a adrenergic receptor antagonist. Tamsulosin was developed by Yamanouchi Pharmaceuticals (now part of Astellas ...
... or Cerebrospinal fibers Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Corticopontine fibers Frontopontine fibers ... Raphe Nuclei Norepinephrine Pathways Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic ... Temporopontine fibers Corticobulbar tract Corticomesencephalic tract Tectospinal tract Interstitiospinal tract Rubrospinal ...
Longitudinal muscle fibers depend on calcium influx into the cell for excitation-contraction coupling, while circular muscle ... These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons.[2] The inner circular layer ... fibers rely on intracellular calcium release. Contraction of the smooth muscle can occur when the BER reaches its plateau (an ...
Activation of α-adrenergic receptors promotes vasoconstriction, while the activation of β-adrenergic receptors mediates the ... Sympathetic nerve fibers travel around the tunica media of the artery, secrete neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine into ... Normally, α-adrenergic receptors predominates in smooth muscle of resistance vessels. Endothelin, and angiotensin are the ... The smooth muscle cell membranes have α and β-adrenergic receptors for these neurotransmitters. ...
Adrenergic receptors. -. Small: Monoamine (Trp). Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). 5-HT. Serotonin receptors (all except 5-HT3) ... Descending NE fibers modulate afferent pain signals. ... The locus ceruleus (LC), which is located on the floor of the fourth ... Adrenergic receptors. -. Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr). Epinephrine (adrenaline). Epi, Ad. ... LC firing may also increase anxiety ...Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in the amygdala results in enhanced memory for ...
Snyders DJ, Van Bogaert P-P: Alinidine modifies the pacemaker current in sheep Purkinje fibers. Pflugers Arch 1987, 410:83-91 ... 1993). "Short-term effects of early intravenous treatment with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent or a specific bradycardiac ...
A sympathectomy would alleviate the cyanosis by disrupting the fibers of the sympathetic nervous system to the area. However, ... However, there is little, if any, empirical evidence that vasoactive drugs (α-adrenergic blocking agents or calcium channel ...
Since both the sympathetic nerve fibers and adrenal medulla are part of the central nervous system (CNS), electrical impulses ... In such cases, curative agents such as adrenergic agonists and antagonists are used to modify epinephrine and norepinephrine ... When the body receives sensory information, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to preganglionic nerve fibers, which ... These stimuli travel through the sympathetic nervous system by means of preganglionic nerve fibers that emerge from the ...
... , and other medications in the class called alpha blockers, work by relaxing bladder neck muscles and muscle fibers ... in the prostate itself and making it easier to urinate.[4] It is an α1a adrenergic receptor antagonist. ...
... composed of circularly arranged muscle fibers, and the iris dilator, composed of radially arranged muscle fibers. The sphincter ... Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenergic receptors causes the contraction of the radial muscle and subsequent dilation of the ... The released norepinephrine then proceeds to bind to adrenergic receptors, and the biological effects of norepinephrine finally ... Parasympathetic fibers travel with cranial nerve III, the oculomotor nerve, to innervate the circular layer of muscle of the ...
Efferent nerve fiber. G. *General somatic efferent fibers. *General visceral afferent fibers ...
GVA fibers on the superior surface follow the course of the sympathetic efferent nerves back to the CNS, while GVA fibers on ... The main relaxant pathway is via the adenylyl cyclase cAMP pathway, activated by β2 adrenergic receptors. The detrusor muscle ... The detrusor muscle is a layer of the urinary bladder wall made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in spiral, longitudinal, and ... The bladder receives motor innervation from both sympathetic fibers, most of which arise from the superior and inferior ...
Descending NE fibers modulate afferent pain signals. ... The locus ceruleus (LC), which is located on the floor of the fourth ... LC firing may also increase anxiety ...Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in the amygdala results in enhanced memory for ...
... and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, ... administered through the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous system (branch of the vagal system). ... Substance P and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, ...
Skeletal muscle specimens were abnormal in all cases, but myelinated nerve fibers were normal, and in half the patients there ... A sympathetic blocker (alpha adrenergic antagonist), phentolamine, given I.V. has been advocated as a diagnostic test for SMP. ... Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) uses low intensity, electrical impulses to trigger selected nerve fibers along the spinal cord ( ... was a loss of unmyelinated fibers. These findings suggest a microangiopathy in the affected limbs. Thus, patients with RSD/CRPS ...
... adrenergic fibres explanation free. What is adrenergic fibres? Meaning of adrenergic fibres medical term. What does adrenergic ... Looking for online definition of adrenergic fibres in the Medical Dictionary? ... adrenergic fibers. (redirected from adrenergic fibres) ad·re·ner·gic fi·bers. nerve fibers that transmit nervous impulses to ... Synonym(s): adrenergic fibres. ad·re·ner·gic fi·bers. (adrĕ-nĕrjik fībĕrz) Nerve fibers that transmit nervous impulses to ...
Zochodne, Douglas W. ; Low, Phillip A. ; Dyck, Peter J. / Adrenergic sympathectomy ablates unmyelinated fibers in the rat ... Zochodne, D. W., Low, P. A., & Dyck, P. J. (1989). Adrenergic sympathectomy ablates unmyelinated fibers in the rat ... Adrenergic sympathectomy ablates unmyelinated fibers in the rat preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk. Brain Research. ... Adrenergic sympathectomy ablates unmyelinated fibers in the rat preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk. / Zochodne, Douglas ...
Adrenergic Fibers / pathology * Adult * Aged * Axons / pathology * Biomarkers * Connective Tissue / pathology * Female ...
ACh-releasing fibers. Cholinergic fibers. sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE. Adrenergic fibers. ...
Adrenergic Fibers / analysis*. Age Factors. Animals. Animals, Newborn. Catecholamines / analysis*. Cholinergic Fibers. Cornea ...
Adrenergic Fibers / physiology*, ultrastructure. Animals. Atmospheric Pressure*. Ganglia, Sympathetic / physiology*, ...
The cholinergic fibers generally cause contraction, whereas the adrenergic fibers mainly cause inhibition. ... Extrinsic neural afferents to the ENS contain cholinergic and adrenergic fibers. ... The activity of both the cholinergic system and the adrenergic system is 2-3 times that of normal intestine. The cholinergic ( ... excitatory) system is thought to predominate over the adrenergic (inhibitory) system, leading to an increase in smooth muscle ...
... blockade of adrenergic receptors that populate afferent sensory fibers; Site 3) blockade of -adrenergic receptors on the ... adrenergic receptors [6]. It forms covalent bonds with these receptors, which results in a duration of blockade of 8 days or ... T. C. Westfall and D. P. Westfall, "Adrenergic agonists and antagonists," in Goodman and Gilmans, the Pharmacological Basis of ... R. N. Spengler, R. M. Allen, D. G. Remick, R. M. Strieter, and S. L. Kunkel, "Stimulation of α-adrenergic receptor augments the ...
Adrenergic fiber (NE is also called noradrenaline). secretes NE (norepinephrine). Cholinergic fiber. secretes ACH (acetlchorine ... short preganglionic fibers.long postganglionic fibers (thoracolumbar division. NEUROTRANSMITTERS=. Ach secreted by sympathetic ... preganglionic fibers NE secreted by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. ...
β-Adrenergic receptor stimulation with norepinephrine (1 μmol/L) attenuated alternans by 60 [52-65]% [interquartile range] and ... β-adrenergic receptor stimulation with norepinephrine (1 µmol/L) attenuated alternans by 60 [52-65] % [interquartile range] and ... We hypothesize that the border zone is most vulnerable to alternans, that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation can suppresses this ... Simulations also demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in this specific region reduced the formation of ...
ISBN 0-7817-4733-3. Eichbaum FW (1975). "Wavy myocardial fibers in spontaneous and experimental adrenergic cardiopathies". ... one of the earliest changes under a normal microscope are so-called wavy fibers. Subsequently, the myocyte cytoplasm becomes ...
Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers are adrenergic except for sweat glands, thermoregulatory center, arrector pili ...
Adrenergic (C1 and C2) neurons, nerve fibers and presumptive terminal processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 233, 333-349. ... II., Dopaminergic, noradrenergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic neurons, nerve fibers, and presumptive terminal processes. J. Comp ... Qian, Y., Fritzsch, B., Shirasawa, S., Chen, C. L., Choi, Y., and Ma, Q. (2001). Formation of brainstem (nor)adrenergic centers ... 2007). Origin of climbing fiber neurons and their developmental dependence on Ptf1a. J. Neurosci. 27, 10924-10934. ...
adrenergic fiber. adrenergic receptor. antagonistic effects. cholinergic fiber. cholinergic receptor. collateral ganglia. COMT ... They are called adrenergic fibers because of their release of NE.. b. Parasympathetic pre and postganglionic fibers release Ach ... 2. General Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers.. a. Cholinergic fibers have a generally rapid effect on the body ... 9. Explain the terms: adrenergic fibers, and cholinergic fibers.. 10. Explain why norepinephrines effects on the body are ...
Fibers that release norepinephrine. *Most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are adrenergic, but some are ...
Adrenergic activation modulates the signal from the Reissner fiber to cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons during development ... Finally, we study how local adrenergic activation can substitute for the Reissner fiber-signaling pathway to CSF-cNs and rescue ... Our results show that the Reissner fiber acts on CSF-cNs and thereby contributes to establish body axis morphogenesis, and ... Yet, the signaling cascade originating from this fiber to ensure body axis straightening is not understood. Here, we explore ...
Adrenergic activation modulates the signal from the Reissner fiber to cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons during development ... Finally, we study how local adrenergic activation can substitute for the Reissner fiber-signaling pathway to CSF-cNs and rescue ... Our results show that the Reissner fiber acts on CSF-cNs and thereby contributes to establish body axis morphogenesis, and ... Yet, the signaling cascade originating from this fiber to ensure body axis straightening is not understood. Here, we explore ...
a-adrenergic tone Adrenergic nerve fibers accompany coronary vessels of any size. The stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves ... The role of alpha-adrenergic activity in large and small coronary arteries in man.- 8. Adrenergic control of human coronary ... Alpha-adrenergic receptors and coronary vasospasm.- 11. Enhanced transcardiac 1-norepinephrine response during cold pressor ... Thus, the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on the coronary arteries is the alpha-adrenergic mediated vasoconstriction ...
cutaneous vessels are innervated by sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstrictor fibers; vasodilation is an important mechanism for ...
In both mice and humans, adrenergic nerve fibers were denser in p53-deficient oral tumor tissue. ... and surrounded by fewer adrenergic-like neurons. On the other hand, human patients with higher densities of adrenergic neurons ... Adrenergic nerves can trigger the bodys "fight-or-flight" response by releasing stimulating chemical messengers. Previous work ... Consistent with this idea, when the researchers blocked adrenergic signaling in mice, either by disabling sensory nerves or ...
15th Dec 2001 Medline: Adrenergic Nerve Fibers In Thymus During Immune Response 15th Dec 2001 Medline: HLA Gene In MS In ...
Nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers. Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic ... The role of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers continues to be studied in dysautonomia research and particularly the role they ... fibers. Generally, acetylcholine has parasympathetic (inhibiting) effects and norepinephrine has sympathetic (stimulating) ...
The results obtained support the hypothesis that both NE and 5-HT coexist in the nerve vesicles of pineal adrenergic fibers. ... Both drugs deplete the pool of pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) localized in the adrenergic fibers which innervate the gland. ... ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN ADRENERGIC NERVE ENDINGS. III. SELECTIVE INCREASE OF ... ULTRASTRUCTURAL CYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN ADRENERGIC NERVE ENDINGS. III. SELECTIVE INCREASE OF ...
Dopaminergic, noradrenergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic neurons, nerve fibers, and presumptive terminal processes. J Comp Neurol ... 1999) The origin of catecholaminergic nerve fibers in the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve of the rat. J Auton Nerv Syst 76:108-117 ... In fact, adrenergic blockade with α- or β-adrenoceptor antagonists did not seem to affect the relaxatory or contractile ... Our data thus suggest that the origin of the adrenergic modulation of ACh release from vagal terminals must be found in areas ...
NeuronsPreganglionic fibersAcetylcholineStimulationNorepinephrine are calledInnervationEfferent fibersAgonistsAxonsConnective TissueAntagonistBeta2-adrenerBeta adrenergic mechanismsCardiacNervesNerve fiberAbnormalitiesPeripheralInnervateInhibitionNoradrenalineAlpha 1 -adrenReceptor agonistSensory fibersSkeletal muscle fibersPostganglionic sympatheticAfferent fibersCatecholaminergic fibersBlockadeSynapseCoronary vesselsTissueTumorOutflowTyrosineSpinalEpinephrineModulationSudomotorUpregulation
- We studied the cervical sympathetic trunk of the rat following daily injection for 5 weeks of guanethidine monosulphate, a regimen known to selectively destroy adrenergic neurons outside of the blood-brain barrier leaving cholinergic systems and preganglionic structures intact. (elsevier.com)
- The researchers found evidence that the microRNAs could nudge sensory neurons to reduce their normal gene activity and adopt genetic characteristics of a different class of nerves known as adrenergic neurons, which are usually rare in the oral cavity. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, electrophysiological studies show that neurons within cardiac ganglia respond to application of cholinergic 6 as well as adrenergic, 1 9 13 14 15 histaminergic, 16 purinergic, 1 11 12 and peptidergic 1 15 17 agonists and antagonists. (ahajournals.org)
- He (14-19) along with Alcántara (20), suggested that Chagas' disease is a neuropathy resulting from denervation caused by widespread destruction of parasympathetic neurons and nervous fibers in different areas - a theory that explained the occurrence of cardiopathy and megaviscera. (fac.org.ar)
- There was also depletion of TH fibers and sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the 2 MSA cases examined. (elsevier.com)
- Most of the fibers of the superior ovarian nerve come from the postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the celiac ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
- Since TH is the key and rate-limiting enzyme for catecholaminergic synthesis, these IR neurons may represent dopaminergic, noradrenergic or adrenergic neural elements. (luriechildrens.org)
- In our study, we conclude that all of the catecholaminergic perikarya and the majority of the catecholaminergic fibers represent dopaminergic neurons in the human hypothalamus. (luriechildrens.org)
- releasing epinephrine: adrenergic neurons[/ex] 3) biochem. (academic.ru)
- This occurs as sprouting of sympa- thetic fibers, creating aberrant communication pathways from the new sympathetic terminals to sensory neurons (35). (blogspot.com)
- Adrenergic neurons secrete norepinephrine and are found in both the central and autonomic nervous system . (pathwaymedicine.org)
- Within autonomic fibers, adrenergic neurons are exclusively found in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. (pathwaymedicine.org)
- Adrenergic neurons within the CNS appear to be responsible for arousal, wakefulness, and elevation mood. (pathwaymedicine.org)
- The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) supplies parasympathetic motor preganglionic fibers to the viscera and is involved in the central nervous system (CNS) control of gastric motility ( 10 ). (physiology.org)
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, and efferent somatic fibers ending in skeletal muscle are cholinergic. (unboundmedicine.com)
- In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to ganglia are known as preganglionic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
- All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic -meaning they have acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter, and are myelinated for faster transmission. (lumenlearning.com)
- Differences between sympathetic and parasympatheic preganglionic fibers include that sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic fibers and sympathetic fibers tend to form more synapses than parasympathetic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
- In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the CNS to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers. (lumenlearning.com)
- All preganglionic fibers, whether they are in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), are cholinergic-that is, these fibers use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter-and are myelinated. (lumenlearning.com)
- Sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic fibers because sympathetic ganglia are often closer to the spinal cord while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to project to and synapse with the postganglionic fiber close to the target organ. (lumenlearning.com)
- Nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers. (dinet.org)
- They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system . (wikipedia.org)
- The adrenal medulla is considered a sympathetic ganglion and, like other sympathetic ganglia, is supplied by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers: acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter utilized at this synapse. (wikipedia.org)
- all are cholinergic fibers, and use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
- the abbreviated name of acetylcholinergic fibers), nerve fibers whose endings release the mediator acetylcholine during the transmission of an impulse. (thefreedictionary.com)
- We hypothesize that the border zone is most vulnerable to alternans, that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation can suppresses this, and investigate the consequences in terms of arrhythmogenic mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
- β-Adrenergic receptor stimulation with norepinephrine (1 μmol/L) attenuated alternans by 60 [52- [interquartile range] and this was reversed with metoprolol (10 μmol/L, p = 0.008). (frontiersin.org)
- Simulations also demonstrated that β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in this specific region reduced the formation of conduction block and the probability of premature ventricular activation propagation. (frontiersin.org)
- While high levels of overall cardiac sympathetic drive are a negative prognostic indicator of mortality following MI and during heart failure, β-adrenergic receptor stimulation in the infarct border zone reduced spatially heterogeneous alternans, and prevented conduction block and propagation of extrasystoles. (frontiersin.org)
- If, however, chronotropic and inotropic effects of adrenergic stimulation are sup- pressed pharmacologically by beta-adrenoceptor blockade, a reduction in flow is observed. (booktopia.com.au)
- Thus, the primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on the coronary arteries is the alpha-adrenergic mediated vasoconstriction. (booktopia.com.au)
- It is therefore likely that this negative modulatory action of estrogen against β-adrenergic stimulation on Ca 2+ influx may lead to reductions in the heart rate and contraction. (aspetjournals.org)
- Modulation of the actions of β-adrenergic stimulation may result from inhibitions of cAMP production. (aspetjournals.org)
- The most important finding of this study was that 17β-estradiol at physiological concentrations, which itself had no effect, modulates negatively the effects of β-adrenergic stimulation on the systolic pressure and heart rate of the isolated heart. (aspetjournals.org)
- Our results indicate that the low-frequency stimulation induced synaptic plasticity is region specific and that the activity-dependent β-adrenergic modulation may be involved in the up-regulation of synaptic strength in these two synaptic pathways. (pnas.org)
- Abstract α-Adrenergic stimulation is known to play a role in cardiac arrhythmogenesis and to modulate a variety of cardiac K + currents. (ahajournals.org)
- The effects of α-adrenergic stimulation on Cl − currents are largely unknown. (ahajournals.org)
- 1 2 A variety of arrhythmia mechanisms may be enhanced by α-adrenergic stimulation, 3 and α-adrenoceptor blockade can reduce the severity of arrhythmias induced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. (ahajournals.org)
- The occurrence of transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease during stress is a common problem and has been thought to reflect adrenergic stimulation, with resultant increases in cardiac oxygen consumption. (onlinejacc.org)
- E a ) responses to β-adrenergic (β-AR) stimulation with dobutamine in conscious dogs administered allopurinol (100 mg po daily) or placebo during a 4-wk induction of pacing HF. (physiology.org)
- Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers. (dinet.org)
- Nerve fibers secreting norepinephrine are called? (cueflash.com)
- A subset of neuropathic POTS patients may harbor mild small fiber neuropathy with abnormalities of unmyelinated nerve fibers in the skin associated with reduced myocardial postganglionic sympathetic innervation. (wiley.com)
- Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the pharyngeal tonsil was studied in 50 children aged 4 to 14 years with chronic adenoiditis. (bvsalud.org)
- The adrenergic innervation of human laryngeal muscles--m. thyroarytenoideus internus (m. vocalis), m. cricoarytenoideus posterior (m. posticus)--was studied in comparison with the innervation of m. pectoralis major (material obtained at 18 early autopsies) and m. gastrocnemius of the frog Rana temporaria (17 animals). (bvsalud.org)
- Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation from the body cavity. (jfshea.com)
- The efferent fibers are regarded as unmyelinated preganglionic sympathetics, the fibers of dorsal root ganglion origin are regarded as sensory. (utmb.edu)
- Although the acute actions of short-acting β(2)-adrenoceptor agonists on force production in isolated mammalian skeletal muscle fibers have been the subject of a number of previous studies, those of long-acting β(2)-adrenoceptor agonists have never been investigated. (nih.gov)
- In summary, long- and short-acting β(2)-adrenoceptor agonists have opposite effects on force production in isolated intact mouse skeletal muscle fiber bundles. (nih.gov)
- We conclude that α-adrenergic agonists inhibit volume-sensitive Cl − currents in rabbit atrial cells by interacting with an α 1A -adrenoceptor mechanism that is coupled to PKC via a PTX-sensitive G protein. (ahajournals.org)
- β2-adrenergic agonists are also known to promote lipolysis and increase muscle mass in many species [ 2 - 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- This repartitioning effect and improvement in muscle growth efficiency has led to the addition of β2-adrenergic agonists such as ractopamine and zilpaterol to feed products for production animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- These findings suggest that a large component of the cervical sympathetic chain in the rat consists of postganglionic adrenergic fibers which appear to intermingle with preganglionic cholinergic axons coursing through the chain. (elsevier.com)
- Both dendrites and axons are sometimes referred to as nerve fibers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The present study is to find the fascicular pattern of radial nerve (at antecubital fossa), microanatomic morphometric characteristics of its connective tissue components and changes with age and study of intraneural sympathetic fiber content. (elsevier.com)
- There is a relatively long history of the use of the α -adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). (hindawi.com)
- The use of an α -adrenergic antagonist such as phenoxybenzamine followed from this perspective. (hindawi.com)
- Importance of Alpha - adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Regulating of Airways Tonus at Patients with Bronchial Asthma In this work, effect of Tamsulosin hydrochloride as antagonist of alpha1A and alpha1B- adrenergic receptor and effect of Salbutamol as agonist of beta2- adrenergic receptor in patients with bronchial asthma and increased bronchial reactibility was studied.Parameters of the lung function are determined by Body plethysmography. (tripdatabase.com)
- Interestingly, β2- adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) antagonist ICI 118551 attenuated ischemia-induced BBB damage by regulating HIF-1α expression. (tripdatabase.com)
- On the other hand, systemic administration of guanethidine, a sympatholytic drug that inhibits catecholamine release, and nadolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, reversed the effect of saclofen. (physiciansweekly.com)
- ProAir Digihaler ProAir Digihaler (albuterol sulfate) is a beta2-adrenergic agonist indicated. (drugs.com)
- 6. Regulation of large coronary arteries by beta adrenergic mechanisms in conscious dogs. (booktopia.com.au)
- Central beta-adrenergic mechanisms may modulate ischemic ventricular fibrillation in pigs. (ahajournals.org)
- According to the myogenic theory, the primary damage to the cardiac muscle fibers is triggered by humoral or cell-mediated immune factors (8). (fac.org.ar)
- In 1924, Monckeberg (12) observed pronounced lesions in the autonomic ganglia and cardiac nerve fibers of experimentally infected dogs. (fac.org.ar)
- The idea of a neurotoxin was inspired by the work of Vianna (10) and Monckeberg (12), who had described the destruction in canine models of nonparasitized cells subsequent to the rupture of nearby nests, as well as promounced lesions in the autonomic ganglia and cardiac nervous fibers. (fac.org.ar)
- Our objective in this study was to evaluate the correlation between C-fiber involvement as shown by skin biopsy and adrenergic cardiac metaiodobenzylguanadine (MIBG) uptake in POTS patients. (wiley.com)
- Background: We previously found a severe impairment of cardiac uptake of I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), an analogue of norepinephrine, on myocardial scintigraphy in a small group of patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX), suggesting a dysfunction of cardiac adrenergic nerve fibres. (elsevier.com)
- Conclusion: Our data show a relevant impairment of cardiac MIBG uptake in patients with CSX, suggesting that functional abnormalities in cardiac adrenergic nerve function may play a significant role in the mechanisms responsible for the syndrome. (elsevier.com)
- Cardiac adrenergic nerve function in patients with cardiac syndrome X . Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine , 11 (3), 151-156. (elsevier.com)
- A nerve fiber of the autonomic nervous system that terminates in smooth or cardiac muscle or in a gland. (unboundmedicine.com)
- These results suggest a potentially novel mechanism of α-adrenergic control of cardiac electrical activity, the inhibition of volume-sensitive Cl − currents, and indicate that PKC, well known to elicit phosphorylation-dependent Cl − currents in cat and guinea pig ventricular myocytes, is also capable of potently inhibiting other forms of cardiac Cl − current. (ahajournals.org)
- The intracardiac pathways carrying the cardiovascular reflex responses mediated by cardiac sympathetic and vagal afferent fibers were examined in this study. (elsevier.com)
- Preventing maladaptive alterations of Ca 2+ cycling proteins represents a novel mechanism for XO inhibition-mediated preservation of cardiac function in HF, raising the possibility that anti-oxidant therapies for HF may ameliorate transcriptional changes associated with adverse cardiac remodeling and β-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness. (physiology.org)
- Adrenergic nerves can trigger the body's "fight-or-flight" response by releasing stimulating chemical messengers. (nih.gov)
- Three sets of peripheral nerves are involved in penile erection and subsequent detumescence: parasympathetic nerves from the second to fourth sacral (S2-S4) segments, sympathetic nerves from the tenth thoracic to the second lumbar (T10-L2) thoracolumbar outflow, and somatic fibers via the pudendal nerves (Figure 14). (amazonaws.com)
- Groups of myelinated fibers fan out in a horizontal plane to form a branching network from which fibers ascend, usually accompanying blood vessels, to form a mesh of interlacing nerves in the superficial dermis. (telemedicine.org)
- releasing epinephrine or a similar substance [the adrenergic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system] 2. (academic.ru)
- Methods: Twenty human (21-87 years) cadaveric radial nerves have been collected from antecubital fossa and the study has been performed at magnifications (10×, 20× and 40× objective) after routine histological (hematoxylin & eosin stain) processing was done for morphometric analysis (total cross-sectional, fascicular and non-fascicular area) and immunohistochemical (tyrosine hydroxylase) processing for sympathetic fibers. (elsevier.com)
- Producing or activated by epinephrine or an epinephrinelike substance: an adrenergic nerve fiber. (anagrammer.com)
- Mean intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density was in the lower normal age-adjusted range, 7.2 ± 2.9/mm (normal ≥7/mm), and was slightly below the normal range in 45% of POTS patients. (wiley.com)
- α-Synuclein deposition was normalized to nerve fiber density (the α-synuclein ratio). (neurology.org)
- Nerve fiber , or simply fiber is more often used in anatomical descriptions, and fiber tract is more commonly used than axon tract . (unboundmedicine.com)
- A nerve fiber that releases norepinephrine at its synapse when an impulse is transmitted. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A myelinated nerve fiber that transmits autonomic impulses. (unboundmedicine.com)
- An unmyelinated nerve fiber that slowly relays sensations of pain from the periphery or viscera to the central nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A nerve fiber with a myelin sheath. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A nerve fiber without a myelin sheath. (unboundmedicine.com)
- A nerve fiber of the autonomic nervous system that terminates and synapses in one of the autonomic ganglia. (unboundmedicine.com)
- nerve fiber is a sample topic from the Taber's Medical Dictionary . (unboundmedicine.com)
- Nursing Central , nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/753758/all/nerve_fiber. (unboundmedicine.com)
- β-Adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and abnormalities in Ca 2+ cycling proteins are mechanistically linked features of the HF phenotype. (physiology.org)
- Most peripheral neuropathies affect all fiber sizes. (medscape.com)
- Few peripheral neuropathies are associated with pure or predominantly small fiber involvement. (medscape.com)
- Electromyography (EMG) plays a key role in the evaluation of most peripheral neuropathies and helps in assessing only large myelinated fibers. (medscape.com)
- The present study sought to determine whether chemical destruction of peripheral catecholaminergic fibers with 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) attenuates vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) secretion stimulated by hemorrhage, hypotension, and hyperosmolality. (elsevier.com)
- Cholinergic nerve fibers are found in the peripheral and central nervous systems of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Both drugs deplete the pool of pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) localized in the adrenergic fibers which innervate the gland. (aspetjournals.org)
- These fibers innervate a large variety of visceral organs and are responsible for subconscious regulation of basic physiological functions (See Sympathetic Nervous System ). (pathwaymedicine.org)
- The cholinergic fibers generally cause contraction, whereas the adrenergic fibers mainly cause inhibition. (medscape.com)
- They also mediate the transmission of inhibition by the endings of the vagus nerve fibers in the heart. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Pharmacological inhibition of these enzymes can lead to enhanced adrenergic activity, especially within the CNS. (pathwaymedicine.org)
- We found that the loss of endothelial Adrb2, the gene encoding the β2-adrenergic receptor, leads to inhibition of angiogenesis through enhancement of endothelial oxidative phosphorylation. (ovid.com)
- Nerve fibers that transmit nervous impulses to other nerve cells (or smooth muscle or gland cells) by the medium of the adrenalinelike transmitter substance norepinephrine (noradrenaline). (thefreedictionary.com)
- postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sweat glands, piloerectile muscles of the body hairs, and the skeletal muscle arterioles do not use adrenaline/noradrenaline. (wikipedia.org)
- Studying mouse models of prostate cancer, we show that endothelial β-adrenergic receptor signaling via adrenergic nerve-derived noradrenaline in the prostate stroma is critical for activation of an angiogenic switch that fuels exponential tumor growth. (ovid.com)
- Patients were randomized into two groups according to whether they did not (group 1, n = 20) or did have (group 2, n = 20) pretreatment with an alpha 1 -adrenergic receptor blocker (oral doxazosin, 2 mg). (onlinejacc.org)
- Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor regulation: basic science and clinical implications. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Localization of mRNA for three distinct alpha 1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in human tissues: implications for human alpha-adrenergic physiology. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Since the anti-inflammatory effect of saclofen depends on the sympathetic nervous system integrity, we observed that isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, mimics the central GABA-B blockade decreasing knee joint neutrophil recruitment. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Clenbuterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, is used therapeutically to treat respiratory conditions in the horse. (biomedcentral.com)
- Clenbuterol is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is labeled for use in the management of horses affected with airway obstruction. (biomedcentral.com)
- Clenbuterol, a moderately selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle by binding to the receptor and activating adenylyl cyclase. (biomedcentral.com)
- We conclude that α-synuclein deposition is increased in cutaneous sympathetic adrenergic and sympathetic cholinergic fibers but not sensory fibers of patients with PD. (neurology.org)
- 8. Compare the lengths of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. (cuny.edu)
- These data suggest that sympathetic afferent fibers travel in the superficial subepicardium in an apex-to-base direction. (elsevier.com)
- Vagal afferent fibers travel deeper in the myocardium until they approach the atrioventricular groove, where they ascend to the superficial subepicardium. (elsevier.com)
- There is sound experimental evidence that cardiovascular sympathetic afferent fibers mediate cardiovascular reflexes largely excitatory in nature with positive-feedback characteristics. (elsevier.com)
- In each experiment, the pressor response to tyramine (250 μg/kg iv) was significantly attenuated in 6OHDA-treated rats, thereby confirming that 6OHDA treatment destroyed sympathetic catecholaminergic fibers. (elsevier.com)
- Collectively, these findings suggest that catecholaminergic fibers located outside the blood-brain barrier contribute to VP and OT secretion during hemorrhage and arterial hypotension. (elsevier.com)
- Observational Study in Patients Suffering From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated With Alpha - adrenergic Blockade Observational Study in Patients Suffering From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated With Alpha - adrenergic Blockade - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov Hide glossary Glossary Study record managers: refer to the if submitting registration or results information. (tripdatabase.com)
- Another major difference between the two ANS systems is divergence, or the number of postsynaptic fibers a single preganglionic fiber creates a synapse with. (lumenlearning.com)
- a-adrenergic tone Adrenergic nerve fibers accompany coronary vessels of any size. (booktopia.com.au)
- The myocardium and coronary vessels are abundantly supplied with adrenergic and cholinergic fibers purchase crestor with paypal cholesterol levels chart in south africa. (bdforum.org)
- In both mice and humans, adrenergic nerve fibers were denser in p53-deficient oral tumor tissue. (nih.gov)
- Similar to adrenergic fibers, cholinergic nerve fibers often passed from perivascular plexuses and innervated the lymphoid tissue. (bvsalud.org)
- A retrospective blinded analysis of prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from 43 patients revealed that the densities of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers in tumor and surrounding normal tissue, respectively, were associated with poor clinical outcomes. (nih.gov)
- Recent work suggests that newly formed nerve fibers may regulate the tumor microenvironment, but their exact functions are unclear. (ovid.com)
- Sympathetic outflow has what type of fibers? (cram.com)
- Previous studies have demonstrated that catecholaminergic, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya and fibers are widely distributed in the human hypothalamus. (luriechildrens.org)
- Lumbar injections with interruption of sympathetic fibers originating in spinal segments T10 and below typically produce minimal hemodynamic alterations. (asahq.org)
- Distribution of alpha 1a-, alpha 1b- and alpha 1d-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat brain and spinal cord. (ebi.ac.uk)
- pha resembling epinephrine in physiological effect: an adrenergic drug[/ex] 2) biochem. (academic.ru)
- adrenergic - adjective a) Having the quality of adrenaline or epinephrine. (academic.ru)
- The up-regulation of synaptic strength is mediated by the activity-dependent modulation by β-adrenergic transmission. (pnas.org)
- Because the CA3-CA1 and the CA1-SB synaptic pathways are in series and the β-adrenergic modulation is region-specific, this modulation seems to be involved in the selective control of signal transmission between the different regions of hippocampus. (pnas.org)
- The present experiments were designed to assess the potential α-adrenergic modulation of I Cl.swell in rabbit atrial myocytes. (ahajournals.org)
- Patients with MSA had laboratory evidence of severe adrenergic sudomotor and cardiovagal failure. (elsevier.com)
- α-Synuclein deposition and the density of intraepidermal, sudomotor, and pilomotor nerve fibers were measured. (neurology.org)
- 0.05 vs controls, all sites) and morphologic changes to sudomotor nerve fibers. (neurology.org)
- However, the current consensus on the etiology of CRPS favors an interpretation of the symptomatology as an evidence of decreased sympathetic activity to the injured limb and a resulting upregulation of adrenergic sensitivity. (hindawi.com)
- β2- Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated HIF-1α Upregulation Mediates Blood Brain Barrier Damage in Acute Cerebral Ischemia Disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) within the thrombolytic time window is an antecedent event to intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke. (tripdatabase.com)