Adrenergic beta agonists. Medical search

A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.

The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

An adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.

A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).

Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

Measurement of the maximum rate of airflow attained during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination. Common abbreviations are PEFR and PFR.

Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.

Drugs that are used to treat asthma.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the ETHANOLAMINE; (-NH2CH2CHOH) group and its derivatives.

Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).

An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.

Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.

Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-A RECEPTORS.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

Compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Integrin beta-1 chains which are expressed as heterodimers that are noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). CD29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for all of the very late activation antigens on cells. (from: Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p164)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A cell surface receptor mediating cell adhesion to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and to other cells via binding to LAMININ. It is involved in cell migration, embryonic development, leukocyte activation and tumor cell invasiveness. Integrin alpha6beta1 is the major laminin receptor on PLATELETS; LEUKOCYTES; and many EPITHELIAL CELLS, and ligand binding may activate a number of signal transduction pathways. Alternative splicing of the cytoplasmic domain of the alpha6 subunit (INTEGRIN ALPHA6) results in the formation of A and B isoforms of the heterodimer, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-B RECEPTORS.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

Integrin alpha1beta1 functions as a receptor for LAMININ and COLLAGEN. It is widely expressed during development, but in the adult is the predominant laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) in mature SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, where it is important for maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of these cells. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also found in LYMPHOCYTES and microvascular endothelial cells, and may play a role in angiogenesis. In SCHWANN CELLS and neural crest cells, it is involved in cell migration. Integrin alpha1beta1 is also known as VLA-1 and CD49a-CD29.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

Compounds that bind to and activate PURINERGIC RECEPTORS.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-1 RECEPTORS.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638)

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.

A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR ALPHA is important in regulation of GLUCOSE metabolism and CELL GROWTH PROCESSES. It is a target of THIAZOLIDINEDIONES for control of DIABETES MELLITUS.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

Compounds having the cannabinoid structure. They were originally extracted from Cannabis sativa L. The most pharmacologically active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; CANNABINOL; and CANNABIDIOL.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

A class of cell surface receptors that prefer ADENOSINE to other endogenous PURINES. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra).

Brain waves with frequency between 15-30 Hz seen on EEG during wakefulness and mental activity.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A DNA repair enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. EC 2.7.7.7.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Compounds based on benzeneacetamide, that are similar in structure to ACETANILIDES.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A class of cell surface receptors for PURINES that prefer ATP or ADP over ADENOSINE. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system.

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for specific P2X receptor subtypes.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by its association with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of C-terminal extension of 400 residues.

A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPASTICITY, especially that due to SPINAL CORD INJURIES. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of CYTOKINES.

One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the brain.

Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

Kinetic analysis of drug-receptor interactions of long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics in isolated receptor membranes: evidence against prolonged effects of salmeterol and formoterol on receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase. (1/3669)

The long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics salmeterol and formoterol have been presumed to exert their prolonged action either by binding to an accessory binding site ("exo-site") near the beta2 adrenoceptor or by their high affinity for beta2 adrenoceptors and correspondingly slow dissociation. Whereas most studies with salmeterol had been done in intact tissues, which have slow diffusion and compartmentation of drugs in lipophilic phases, that restrict drug access to the receptor biophase, we used purified receptor membranes from rat lung and disaggregated calf tracheal myocytes as model systems. Binding experiments were designed to measure the slow dissociation of agonists by means of delayed association of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol. Rat lung membranes were pretreated with high concentrations of agonists (salmeterol, formoterol, isoprenaline) before dissociation was induced by 50-fold dilution. Half-times of association of (-)-[125I]iodopindolol remained unchanged compared with untreated controls, indicating that dissociation of agonists occurred in less than 2 min. Adenylyl cyclase experiments were designed to determine the on and off kinetics of agonists to beta2 adrenoceptors by measuring the rate of receptor-induced cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation. Experiments were performed in tracheal membranes characterized by high Vmax values of cAMP formation. Adenylyl cyclase activation occurred simultaneously with the addition of the agonist, continued linearly with time for 60 min, and ceased immediately after the antagonist was added. Similarly, when receptor membranes were preincubated in a small volume with high salmeterol concentrations, there was a linear increase in cAMP formation, which was immediately interrupted by a 100-fold dilution of the reaction mixture. This militates against the exo-site hypothesis. On the other hand, dissociation by dilution was much less when membranes were preincubated with a large volume of salmeterol at the same concentration, indicating that physicochemical effects, and not exo-site binding, underlie its prolonged mode of action. (+info)

Mechanisms of prostaglandin E2 release by intact cells expressing cyclooxygenase-2: evidence for a 'two-component' model. (2/3669)

Prostaglandin (PG) release in cells expressing constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 is known to be regulated by liberation of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 followed by metabolism by cyclooxygenase. However, the relative contribution of phospholipase A2 to the release of PGs in cells expressing cyclooxygenase-2 is not clear. We addressed this question by using radioimmunoassay to measure PGE2 release by human cells (A549) induced to express cyclooxygenase-2 (measured by Western blot analysis) by interleukin-1beta. Cells were either unstimulated or stimulated with agents known to activate phospholipase A2 (bradykinin, Des-Arg10-kallidin, or the calcium ionophore A23187) or treated with exogenous arachidonic acid. When cells were treated to express cyclooxygenase-2, the levels of PGE2 released over 15 min were undetectable; however, in the same cells stimulated with bradykinin, A23187, or arachidonic acid, large amounts of prostanoid were produced. Using selective inhibitors/antagonists, we found that the effects of bradykinin were mediated by B2 receptor activation and that prostanoid release was due to cyclooxygenase-2, and not cyclooxygenase-1, activity. In addition, we show that the release of PGE2 stimulated by either bradykinin, A23187, or arachidonic acid was inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor arachidonate trifluoromethyl ketone. Hence, we have demonstrated that PGE2 is released by two components: induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and supply of substrate, probably via activation of phospholipase A2. This is illustrated in A549 cells by a clear synergy between the cytokine interleukin-1beta and the kinin bradykinin. (+info)

Evidence for beta3-adrenoceptor subtypes in relaxation of the human urinary bladder detrusor: analysis by molecular biological and pharmacological methods. (3/3669)

The purpose of the present study was to confirm the presence of beta3-adrenoceptor subtype in the relaxation of human urinary bladder detrusor tissue by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR); direct sequencing of the PCR product, in situ hybridization; and isometric contraction. Using reverse transcription-PCR, the mRNAs of three receptor subtypes (beta1, beta2, and beta3) were expressed in the human urinary bladder detrusor tissue. Direct sequencing of the PCR product of the above beta3-adrenoceptor revealed no mutation in the amplified regions. In situ hybridization with digoxygenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe revealed the presence of the mRNA of beta3-adrenoceptor subtype in the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder. The relaxant effects of isoproterenol (a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist); ZD7114, BRL37344, and CGP12177A (putative selective beta3-adrenoceptor agonists); and SR59230A (a putative selective beta3-adrenoceptor antagonist) were tested using an isometric contraction technique. Isoproterenol in either the presence or absence of both atenolol (a beta1-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist) and butoxamine (a beta2-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist) revealed a relaxant effect on the carbachol-induced contraction of the human urinary bladder detrusor. Both BRL37344 and CGP12177A also revealed relaxant effects on the human urinary bladder detrusor, but ZD7114 did not elicit any relaxation. These results suggest that beta3-adrenoceptor may have some role in urine storage in the human urinary bladder. (+info)

Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism and bronchoprotective sensitivity with regular short- and long-acting beta2-agonist therapy. (4/3669)

The aim of the present study was to investigate bronchoprotective sensitivity in patients receiving regular treatment with short- and long-acting beta2-agonists and to evaluate any possible association with genetic polymorphism. Thirty-eight patients with stable mild to moderate asthma and receiving inhaled corticosteroids were randomized in a parallel group, double-blind, double-dummy fashion to receive 2 weeks of treatment with either formoterol (12 microg once daily, 6 microg twice daily or 24 microg twice daily) or terbutaline (500 microg four times daily). Bronchoprotection against methacholine challenge (as a provocative dose to produce a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s: PD20) was measured at baseline (unprotected) after an initial 1 week run-in without beta2-agonist, and at 1 h after the first and last doses of each treatment. The PD20 values were log-transformed and calculated as change from baseline. Percentage desensitization of log PD20 for first- versus last-dose bronchoprotection was calculated and analysed according to effects of treatment and beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism at codon 16 or 27. The mean degree of desensitization for bronchoprotection was comparable with all four treatments and there were no significant differences in absolute PD20 values after 2 weeks of chronic dosing. The PD20 values were (as microg of methacholine, geometric means+/-S. E.M.): formoterol, 12 microg once daily, 99+/-42 microg; formoterol, 6 microg twice daily, 107+/-44 microg; formoterol, 24 microg twice daily, 108+/-45 microg; terbutaline, 500 microg four times daily, 88+/-37 microg. All patients receiving formoterol, 24 microg twice daily, exhibited a loss of protection greater than 30% which was unrelated to polymorphism at codon 16 or 27. For codon 16, the use of lower doses of formoterol (12 microg once daily or 6 microg twice daily) showed wider variability in the propensity for protection loss in patients who were heterozygous, in contrast to a more uniform protection loss seen with homozygous glycine patients. The amount of protection loss was not significantly related to polymorphism at codon 16 or 27, expressed as values (mean+/-S.E.M.) for percentage desensitization according to each genotype (pooled treatments): Gly-16, 66+/-11%; Het-16, 53+/-8%; Arg-16, 69+/-18%; Glu-27, 68+/-12%; Het-27, 58+/-8%; Gln-27, 52+/-12%. The results of this preliminary study showed that bronchoprotective desensitization occurred readily in response to short- or long-acting beta2-agonist exposure irrespective of beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism at codon 16 or 27. Further studies with larger patient numbers are required to further evaluate the effects of polymorphisms with lower doses of regular formoterol. (+info)

The contribution of extraneuronal uptake to the trachea-blood vessel selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor stimulants in vitro in guinea-pigs. (5/3669)

1 The potencies relative to isoprenaline of isoetharine, tertiary butyl noradrenaline, salbutamol, orciprenaline, Me 506, rimiterol, fenoterol, carbuterol and terbutaline on isolated preparations of guinea-pig trachea and blood vessels (perfused hind limb) were determined. All the compounds were selective for trachea and selectivity values, i.e. relative potency on trachea divided by relative potency on hind limb, ranged from 2.3 to 21.4. 2 Responses to isoprenaline (the reference compound), tertiary butyl noradrenaline and isoetharine were potentiated on trachea by 50 muM phenoxybenzamine (PHB) and by other inhibitors of extraneuronal uptake (ENU). Under these conditions the selectivity values of all the compounds was close to unity. 3 Selectivity values were also close to unity if they were calculated from data obtained without ENU inhibition, provided that only those compounds not potentiated by PHB on trachea were used. 4 It is proposed that the trachea-blood vessel selectivity shown by beta-adrenoceptor stimulants can be caused by the influence of ENU upon them, rather than by their ability to distinguish between two beta2-adrenoceptors. 5 The suggestion that differences exist between beta2-adrenoceptors in respiratory and vascular smooth muscle is not supported by the in vitro experiments described. (+info)

The cat lung strip as an in vitro preparation of peripheral airways: a comparison of beta-adrenoceptor agonists, autacoids and anaphylactic challenge on the lung strip and trachea. (6/3669)

1 A new in vitro preparation, the isolated lung strip of the cat, is described for investigating the direct effect of drugs on the smooth muscle of the peripheral airways of the lung. The preparation comprises a thin strip of lung parenchyma which can be mounted in a conventional organ bath for isometric tension recording. Its pharmacological responses have been characterized and compared with the isolated tracheal preparation of the cat. 2 The lung strip exhibited an intrinsic tone which was relaxed by catecholamines, aminophylline and flufenamate. It was contracted strongly by histamine, prostaglandin F2alpha, acetylcholine, compound 48/80, potassium depolarizing solution and alternating current field stimulation. In contrast, the cat trachea was unresponsive to histamine and prostaglandin F2alpha and did not exhibit an intrinsic tone. 3 (-)-Isoprenaline and (-)-adrenaline were much more potent in relaxing the lung strip than the trachea. The potency order of relaxation responses to isoprenaline, adrenaline and (+/-)-noradrenaline in the lung strip was isoprenaline greater than adrenaline greater than noradrenaline but in the trachea was isoprenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than or equal to adrenaline. 4 beta2-Adrenoceptor selective agonists salbutamol and terbutaline were more potent in the lung strip than the trachea, suggesting beta2-adrenoceptors predominated in the lung strip. Propranolol was equipotent in inhibiting isoprenaline relexations of the lung strip and trachea, whereas practolol was much less effective in inhibiting lung strip than trachea, further supporting a predominance of beta2-adrenoceptors in lung strip and beta1-adrenoceptors in trachea. 5 Strong Schultz-Dale type contractions were elicited in both lung strips and trachea by Ascaris lumbricoides antigen in actively sensitized cats. The initial phase of the contractile response of the lung strip following challenge was shown to be due to histamine release and was absent in the trachea. The delayed phase of the contraction which took several minutes to develop in both the mepyramine-treated lung strip and trachea was not due to prostaglandins E1, F2alpha or bradykinin, the probable mediator being slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). 6 It is concluded that the isolated lung strip of the cat is useful as an in vitro model for investigating the effect of drugs on the smooth muscle of the peripheral airways of the lungs. (+info)

Reversal of severe pulmonary hypertension with beta blockade in a patient with end stage left ventricular failure. (7/3669)

A 52 year old man with severe chronic left ventricular failure (New York Heart Association class IV) was considered unsuitable for cardiac transplantation because of high and irreversible pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). In an attempt to produce symptomatic improvement, metoprolol was cautiously introduced, initially at 6.25 mg twice daily. This was slowly increased to 50 mg twice daily over a two month period and continued thereafter. After four months of treatment the patient's symptoms had improved dramatically. His exercise tolerance had increased and diuretic requirements reduced to frusemide 160 mg/day only. Assessment of right heart pressures was repeated and, other than a drop in resting heart rate, there was little change in his pulmonary artery pressure or PVR. His right heart pressures were reassessed showing a pronounced reduction in pulmonary artery pressure and a significant reduction in PVR, which fell further with inhaled oxygen and sublingual nitrates. He was then accepted onto the active waiting list for cardiac transplantation. A possible mechanism of action was investigated by assessing responses to beta agonists during treatment. Not only was there pronounced improvement in PVR but it was also demonstrated that beta receptor subtype cross-regulation may have contributed to the mechanism of benefit. (+info)

As-required versus regular nebulized salbutamol for the treatment of acute severe asthma. (8/3669)

Current British guidelines for the administration of beta2-agonists in acute severe asthma recommend regular nebulized therapy in hospitalized patients, followed by as-required (p.r.n.) use via hand-held devices after discharge. Since beta2-agonists do not possess anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, and are thus unlikely to influence the rate of recovery from an asthma exacerbation, it was hypothesized that patients given the short-acting beta2-agonist salbutamol on an as-required basis after admission to hospital would recover as quickly as those on regular treatment, but with potential reductions in the total dose delivered. Forty-six patients with acute severe asthma were randomly assigned to either regular prescriptions of nebulized salbutamol or to usage on a p.r.n. basis, from 24 h after hospital admission. The primary outcome measures were length of hospital stay, time to recovery, and frequency of salbutamol nebulization from 24 h after admission to discharge. Secondary outcome measures were treatment side-effects (tremor, palpitations), and patient satisfaction. Length of hospital stay was reduced in those patients allocated to p.r.n. salbutamol (geometric mean (GM) 3.7 days) versus regular salbutamol (GM 4.7 days). Time taken for peak expiratory flow to reach 75% of recent best was the same in both groups. There was a highly significant reduction in the number of times nebulized therapy was delivered to the p.r.n. group (GM 7.0, range 1-30) compared with the regular treatment group (GM 14.0, range 4-57; p=0.003; 95% confidence interval for ratio of GMs 1.29-3.09). In addition, patients reported less tremor (p=0.062) and fewer palpitations (p=0.049) in the p.r.n. group. Of the patients in the p.r.n. group who had received regular nebulized therapy on previous admissions (n=12), all preferred the p.r.n. regimen. Prescribing beta2-agonists on a p.r.n. basis from 24 h after hospital admission is associated with reduced amount of drug delivered, incidence of side-effects, and possibly length of hospital stay. This has implications for the efficient use of healthcare resources. (+info)

In general, pure beta-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of beta blockers: beta-adrenoreceptor agonist ligands ... Beta adrenergic agonists or beta agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, causing widening of the airways ... Adrenergic+beta-Agonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Delbruck, Max. "The beta- ... Most agonists of the beta receptors are selective for one or more beta-adrenoreceptors. For example, patients with low heart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist

Beta-adrenergic agonists, or β-agonists, are non-hormonal growth promotants that help animals put on muscle instead of fat. The ... "Beta-agonists: What are they and should I be concerned?". Retrieved 9 January 2017. "Beta agonists in cattle debate beefs up". ... "Temple Grandin Explains Animal Welfare Problems With Beta-Agonists". Retrieved 9 January 2017. "Use of Beta-Agonists in Cattle ... But problems may exist with all β-agonists supplementation, and not just for animals. The family of β-agonists includes β1-, β2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_beta-adrenergic_agonists_in_livestock

The β3 (beta 3) adrenergic receptor agonist or β3-adrenoceptor agonist, also known as β3-AR agonist, are a class of medicine ... Beta-adrenergic agonist Beta2-adrenergic agonist "Betmiga , European Medicines Agency". www.ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-10-02 ... "Three-dimensional models for beta-adrenergic receptor complexes with agonists and antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ... a selective β1-AR agonist with additional β3-AR agonist activity, exerts its cardio-protective effects. β3-AR agonists have the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta3-adrenergic_agonist

... is a beta-adrenergic agonist. "Synthesis of 6,7-dihydrox-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives". Tetrahedron. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretoquinol

... also known as Beta1-adrenergic receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that bind selectively to the beta-1 adrenergic receptor ... this means it also stimulates the beta 2 adrenergic receptor. Therefore, epinephrine is a Beta2-adrenergic agonist. ... β2 agonist xamoterol β1 partial agonist epinephrine Epinephrine is a non-selective beta agonist, ... v t e (Beta-adrenergic agonists, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta1-adrenergic_agonist

... is a beta-adrenergic agonist. Its structure is based on soterenol (antiarrhythmic) and phentermine. Heubach JF, Graf ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinterol

"Assessment of compliance in children using inhaled beta adrenergic agonists". Ann Allergy. 62 (5): 406-9. PMID 2566291. Herpes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriella_Campadelli-Fiume

"Tocolysis with nifedipine or beta-adrenergic agonists: a meta-analysis1". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 97 (5): 840-847. doi:10.1016 ... The efficacy of β-adrenergic agonists, atosiban, and indomethacin is a decreased odds ratio (OR) of delivery within 24 hours of ... Current evidence suggests that first line treatment with β2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, or NSAIDs to prolong pregnancy ... Commonly used tocolytic medications include β2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, and magnesium sulfate. These can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocolytic

... is a partial beta-adrenergic agonist. Metzenauer, P.; Dedecke, R.; Göbel, H.; Martorana, P. A.; Stroman, F.; ... Szelenyi, I. (1989). "Effects of the novel beta-adrenergic partial agonist alifedrine on cardiac performance in dogs with acute ... Beta-adrenergic agonists, Endocrine system, Phenylethanolamines, Substituted amphetamines, All stub articles, Organic chemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifedrine

... is a beta-adrenergic agonist. Dichloroisoprenaline Byrem TM, Beermann DH, Robinson TF (April 1998). "The beta-agonist cimaterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimaterol

Koike K, Takayanagi I (October 1986). "A beta-adrenergic partial agonist (befunolol) discriminates two different affinity sites ... Takayanagi I, Koike K (January 1985). "A beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, befunolol as a partial agonist in isolated organs". ... It also acts as a β adrenoreceptor partial agonist. Befunolol was introduced in Japan in 1983 by Kakenyaku Kako Co. under the ... Befunolol (INN) is a beta blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity used in the management of open-angle glaucoma. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befunolol

... is a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist/antagonist. The antagonist activity of lubabegron at β1 and β2 receptors ... The β1-AR and β2-AR antagonist behavior of lubabegron could decrease lipolysis in adipose tissue, whereas the β3-AR agonist ... "Comparison of beta-ligands used in cattle production: Structures, safety, and biological effects". Journal of Animal Science. ... Beta-adrenergic agonists, Nitriles, Pyridines, Thiophenes). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubabegron

In October 2006, Taiwan banned ractopamine along with other beta-adrenergic agonists. In a 2012 climb-down, its legislature ... Beta1-adrenergic agonists, Beta2-adrenergic agonists, Eli Lilly and Company brands, Pork, Phenols, Phenylethanolamines, Racemic ... Pharmacologically, it is a phenol-based TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic ... It is also an agonist to beta-adrenergic receptors. A cascade of events will then be initiated to increase protein synthesis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ractopamine

Low oxygen pressure (hypoxia), fatty acids, and beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate HILPDA expression. Nearly all cells have the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilpda

The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (beta3AR) was discovered in the late 1980s and initially, beta3AR agonists were investigated as ... Vibegron is a selective agonist for the beta-3 adrenergic receptor. The receptors are located in the kidneys, urinary tract and ... Possibly, a widely adapted treatment will be the combination of beta-3-adrenergic agonist with a nonselective M2/M3 antagonist ... Vibegron (other names: RVT-901; MK4618; KRP114V; URO-901) is a selective beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist. The most common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibegron

Beta2-adrenergic agonists act on beta-2 receptors to drive potassium into the cells. Therefore, beta blockers can raise ... Examples of drugs that can raise the serum potassium are non-selective beta-blockers such as propranolol and labetalol. Beta-1 ... Note that 12-40% of patients do not respond to salbutamol therapy for reasons unknown, especially if on beta-blockers, so it ... adrenaline and noradrenaline have a protective effect on the cardiac electrophysiology because they bind to beta 2 adrenergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemia

In October 2006, ractopamine was banned in Taiwan along with other beta-adrenergic agonists. In August 2007, the Department of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Taiwan

"Role of phosphorylation in agonist-promoted beta 2-adrenergic receptor sequestration. Rescue of a sequestration-defective ... beta-adrenergic-receptor] kinase, beta-adrenergic receptor-specific kinase, beta-AR kinase, beta-ARK, beta-ARK 1, beta-ARK 2, ... a beta-adrenergic-receptor kinase (EC 2.7.11.15) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: ATP + [beta-adrenergic ... beta-adrenergic receptor] Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and beta-adrenergic receptor, whereas its two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic-receptor_kinase

Potential interaction with sympathomimetic drugs (adrenergic agonists) and sympatholytic drugs (alpha-blockers and beta- ... "Nicotine promotes colon tumor growth and angiogenesis through beta-adrenergic activation". Toxicological Sciences. 97 (2): 279- ... Nicotinic agonists, Nicotinic antagonists, Plant toxin insecticides, Pregnane X receptor agonists, Pyridine alkaloids, ... Both drugs are agonists are nicotinic cholinergic receptors ... Kishioka S, Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Saika F (2014). "Nicotine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine

The real purpose of 6-hydroxydopamine is to increase sensitivity to alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists. The supersensitivity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidopamine

"Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists". J. Lipid Res ... Agonists 4-NEMD 7-Me-marsanidine (also I1 agonist) Agmatine (also I agonist, NMDA, 5-HT3, nicotinic antagonist and NOS ... Agonists (activators) of the α2-adrenergic receptor are frequently used in anaesthesia where they affect sedation, muscle ... Other nonselective agonists include dexmedetomidine, lofexidine (another antihypertensive), TDIQ (partial agonist), tizanidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor

"Differential modulation of Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling by trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists". PLOS ONE. 6 (10 ... Beta1-adrenergic agonists, Beta2-adrenergic agonists, Catecholamines, Inotropic agents, TAAR1 agonists, Phenylethanolamines, ... Isoprenaline is a β1 and β2 adrenoreceptor agonist and has almost no activity on alpha adrenergic receptors. Its agonist ... Jalba, MS (2008). "Three generations of ongoing controversies concerning the use of short acting beta-agonist therapy in asthma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenaline

Beta-adrenergic agonists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylalkanolamine

"Beta-3 adrenergic agonist, BRL-26830A, and alpha/beta blocker, arotinolol, markedly increase regional blood flow in the brown ... "Arotinolol is a weak partial agonist on beta 3-adrenergic receptors in brown adipocytes". Canadian Journal of Physiology and ... Beta blockers, Beta3-adrenergic agonists, Carboxamides, Secondary alcohols, Tert-butyl compounds, Thiazoles, Thioethers, ... Arotinolol (INN, marketed under the tradename Almarl) is a medication in the class of mixed alpha/beta blockers. It also acts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotinolol

Chocolate, Coffee, Tea Caffeine, cocaine, beta-adrenergic agonists Encainide, Lorcainide Antiarrhythmic agent Electrophysiology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proarrhythmic_agent

Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, ... Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, ... beta-receptor agonists, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH, gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor ... General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent. Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

... at higher doses may have direct alpha-adrenergic agonist and beta-1 adrenergic agonist effects. However at doses ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Cardiac stimulants, Phenylethanolamines, Phenols, Substituted ... It is an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist with some β effect. It is currently sold in its generic form by Slayback Pharma. ... McDonald M, Santucci R (2004). "Successful management of stuttering priapism using home self-injections of the alpha-agonist ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaraminol

"Interaction between the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of beta adrenergic agonists and the cyclic AMP PDE inhibitor ... Kubera M, Maes M, Kenis G, Kim YK, Lasoń W (April 2005). "Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_antidepressants

ICI-118,551 Butaxamine Propranolol Betablocker Beta-2 adrenergic receptor Beta2-adrenergic agonist Bilski, AJ; Halliday, SE; ... A Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) is an adrenergic antagonist which blocks the beta-2 adrenergic ... Fitzgerald, JD; Wale, JL (1983). "The pharmacology of a beta 2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist (ICI 118,551)". J Cardiovasc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_antagonist

Verhoeckx KC, Doornbos RP, Witkamp RF, van der Greef J, Rodenburg RJ (January 2006). "Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists induce ... Zilpaterol (zilpaterol hydrochloride; codenamed RU 42173) is a β2 adrenergic agonist. Under its trade name, Zilmax, it is used ... Beta2-adrenergic agonists, Merck & Co. brands, Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings, Nitrogen heterocycles, Ureas, Veterinary ... A. Plascencia; N. Torrentera & R.A. Zinn (1999). "Influence of the β-Agonist, Zilpaterol, on Growth Performance and Carcass ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilpaterol

Stimulatory factors: Beta-adrenergic agents, cholinergic agents, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) Inhibitory factor: ... Cholecystokinin agonists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin

Lohse MJ, Benovic JL, Codina J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (June 1990). "beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic ... "Core engagement with β-arrestin is dispensable for agonist-induced vasopressin receptor endocytosis and ERK activation". ... Han M, Gurevich VV, Vishnivetskiy SA, Sigler PB, Schubert C (September 2001). "Crystal structure of beta-arrestin at 1.9 A: ... Lefkowitz RJ, Shenoy SK (April 2005). "Transduction of receptor signals by beta-arrestins". Science. 308 (5721): 512-7. Bibcode ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestin

These medications include short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol which typically last 4-6 hours, and long-acting ... Rau, JL (Jul 2000). "Inhaled adrenergic bronchodilators: historical development and clinical application". Respir Care. 45 (7 ... beta agonists (LABAs) such as salmeterol which lasts 12 hours. For example, during an acute asthma exacerbation where airway ... B-receptor agonists: Medications that stimulate the β2 receptor subtype on pulmonary smooth muscle will result in smooth muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoconstriction

Beta-adrenergic agonists, Catecholamines, Isopropyl compounds). ... All of the early β2 agonist catecholamines used for ... It can be called the "granddaughter of adrenalin" in the line of β2 agonists that gave quick relief for bronchospasm and asthma ... Isoetharine is a selective short-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoetarine

... mesylate (Tornalate) is a short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in ... Walker, Susannah B.; Kradjan, Wayne A.; Bierman, C. Warren (6 May 1985). "Bitolterol Mesylate: A Beta-adrenergic Agent; ... Beta2-adrenergic agonists, Benzoate esters, Prodrugs, Withdrawn drugs, Tert-butyl compounds, Phenylethanolamines, 4-Tolyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitolterol

... a selective alpha2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonist, produces spinal antinociception in mice". The Journal of ... If concomitant treatment with a beta blocker has to be stopped, the beta blocker should be discontinued first, then moxonidine ... Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Antihypertensive agents, Chloroarenes, Chloropyrimidines, Imidazolines, Phenol ethers, ... It may have a role when thiazides, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are not appropriate or have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxonidine

... beta-2 microglobulin - beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta- ... adrenergic receptor - adrenodoxin - aequorin - aerobic respiration - agonist - alanine - albumin - alcohol - alcoholic ... alpha adrenergic receptor - alpha helix - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor - alpha-2 adrenergic receptor - alpha-beta T-cell antigen ... transforming growth factor beta - transforming growth factor beta receptor - transient receptor potential - translation ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Prostaglandin agonists work by opening uveoscleral passageways. Beta-blockers, such as timolol, work by decreasing aqueous ... Alpha2-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine and apraclonidine, work by a dual mechanism, decreasing aqueous humor ... Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, such as timolol, levobunolol, and betaxolol, decrease aqueous humor production by ... Less-selective alpha agonists, such as epinephrine, decrease aqueous humor production through vasoconstriction of ciliary body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, adrenergic agents such as alpha-1 blockers and beta-blockers and alpha-2 agonists, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_claudication

α-MSH and ACTH are both peptides derived from processed POMC, and both activate the other MCR's, but ACTH is the only agonist ... rabbits respond to alpha and beta MSH's (therefore not using the ACTH receptor), and guinea pigs responding to both ACTH and ... while the ACTH receptor and the β2 adrenergic receptor are relatively distantly-related with a sequence identity of ... by human MC2R accessory protein isoforms alpha and beta in isogenic human embryonic kidney 293 cells". Molecular Endocrinology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

... or by cross-coupling with beta-amino organozinc reagents, or reacting a brominated arene with beta-aminoethyl organolithium ... Phenethylamine has been shown to bind to human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) as an agonist. β-PEA is also an ... "Dissociation Constants of Adrenergic Amines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (6): 2611-3. doi:10.1021/ja01150a055 ... Yang, HY; Neff, NH (1973). "Beta-phenylethylamine: A specific substrate for type B monoamine oxidase of brain". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine

"Human fat cell beta-adrenergic receptors: beta-agonist-dependent lipolytic responses and characterization of beta-adrenergic ... ICI-118,551 is a selective β2 adrenergic receptor (adrenoreceptor) antagonist or beta blocker. ICI binds to the β2 subtype with ... Hillman KL, Doze VA, Porter JE (August 2005). "Functional characterization of the beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes expressed ... "A cell-based assay to assess the persistence of action of agonists acting at recombinant human beta(2) adrenoceptors". Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI-118,551

In contrast to dopamine, fenoldopam is a selective D1 receptor agonist with no effect on beta adrenoceptors, although there is ... Since fenoldopam is an intravenous agent with minimal adrenergic effects that improves renal perfusion, in theory it could be ... Concomitant use of fenoldopam with a beta-blocker should be avoided if possible, as unexpected hypotension can result from beta ... Grenader A, Healy DP (July 1991). "Fenoldopam is a partial agonist at dopamine-1 (DA1) receptors in LLC-PK1 cells". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoldopam

In vertebrates, melatonin secretion is regulated by activation of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor by norepinephrine. ... In humans, melatonin is a full agonist of melatonin receptor 1 (picomolar binding affinity) and melatonin receptor 2 (nanomolar ... Norepinephrine elevates the intracellular cAMP concentration via beta-adrenergic receptors and activates the cAMP-dependent ... Williams WP, McLin DE, Dressman MA, Neubauer DN (September 2016). "Comparative Review of Approved Melatonin Agonists for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

Nicotinic, imidazoline I1 and I2, α2-adrenergic (no intrinsic activity-neither agonist nor antagonist), glutamate NMDAr, and ... Dale HH, Laidlaw PP (October 1911). "Further observations on the action of beta-iminazolylethylamine". The Journal of ... Agmatine binds to α2-adrenergic receptor and imidazoline receptor binding sites, and blocks NMDA receptors and other cation ... However, while agmatine binds to α2-adrenergic receptors, it exerts neither an agonistic nor antagonistic effect on these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine

... also has irreversible antagonist/weak partial agonist properties at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its ... Phenoxybenzamine forms a permanent covalent bond with adrenergic receptors. Based on known information about the structures of ... The block on alpha-2 receptors further potentiates beta-effects, increasing cardiac output. Phenoxybenzamine has a long-lasting ... Kjaergaard N, Kjaergaard B, Lauritsen JG (June 1988). "Prazosin, an adrenergic blocking agent inadequate as male contraceptive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine

Beta-adrenergic agonists, Cardiac stimulants, Catecholamines, D1-receptor agonists, D2-receptor agonists, Norepinephrine ... It is not an α-adrenergic agonist, does not cause vasoconstriction, and is not a pressor agent. As of 2004 there was some ... Dopexamine stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors and peripheral dopamine receptor D1 and dopamine receptor D2. It also ... It works by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors and peripheral dopamine receptor D1 and dopamine receptor D2. It also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine

Beta-2 agonists: include substances that effect the adrenergic receptor in humans, increase insulin levels and stabilise ... Billington, Charlotte K.; Penn, Raymond B.; Hall, Ian P. (2016), "β2 Agonists", Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_tennis

Primary insights from functional genomics and effects on beta-adrenergic responsiveness". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... Mollereau C, Gouardères C, Dumont Y, Kotani M, Detheux M, Doods H, Parmentier M, Quirion R, Zajac JM (May 2001). "Agonist and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF

As of 2018, prazosin is the only alpha-1 blocker known to act as an inverse agonist at all alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes ... and beta- adrenergic receptor blockers constitute the main treatment options. This is supported by studies that show ... By reducing α1-adrenergic activity of the blood vessels, these drugs may cause hypotension (low blood pressure) and interrupt ... It has no beta-blocking activity. The first effective treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was a non-selective ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker

... but there was an increased incidence of hypotension and bradycardia Alpha blocker Adrenergic agonist Beta-adrenergic agonist ... an α2A adrenergic receptor agonist. Medetomidine, an α2 adrenergic agonist. Nonspecific agonists act as agonists at both alpha- ... Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The ... Cirazoline is an α1 adrenergic agonist and an α2 adrenergic antagonist". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist

Discovery and development of β2 agonists β3-adrenergic agonist Eric, Hsu; Tushar, Bajaj. "Beta 2 Agonists". NCBI. Retrieved 5 ... Beta2-adrenergic agonists, also known as adrenergic β2 receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the β2 adrenergic ... Like other β adrenergic agonists, they cause smooth muscle relaxation. β2 adrenergic agonists' effects on smooth muscle cause ... Adrenergic beta-Agonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Medicine (Webarchive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_agonist

Inhalation of an agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, such as salbutamol (albuterol in the US), is the most common ... However, with regular beta-2 agonist use, asthmatic Arg-16 individuals experience a significant decline in bronchodilator ... It has been proposed that the tachyphylactic effect of regular exposure to exogenous beta-2 agonists is more apparent in Arg-16 ... July 2000). "The effect of polymorphisms of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyphylaxis

Bylund DB, Snyder SH (1976). "Beta adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparations from mammalian brain". Mol. Pharmacol. ... It is presumed to act as an inhibitor or antagonist/inverse agonist of all sites. Considering the range of its therapeutic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iprindole

Hartzell HC, Titus L (Feb 1982). "Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists on phosphorylation of a 165,000-dalton ... Gruen M, Gautel M (Feb 1999). "Mutations in beta-myosin S2 that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) abolish the ... Schlossarek S, Schuermann F, Geertz B, Mearini G, Eschenhagen T, Carrier L (May 2012). "Adrenergic stress reveals septal ... "Double heterozygosity for mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain and in the cardiac myosin binding protein C genes in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_binding_protein_C,_cardiac

Dopamine binds to alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptors, dopamine ... Dopamine agonists, Vasoconstrictors, Inotropic agents, World Health Organization essential medicines, Wikipedia medicine ... Dopamine binds to beta-1, beta-2, alpha-1 and dopaminergic receptors. Portal: Medicine (CS1: long volume value, Articles with ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation on vascular smooth muscle, leads to vasoconstriction and results in an increase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_(medication)

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Cardiac stimulants, ... beta- and beta- adrenergic receptors". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 45 (10): 265-7 ... These findings indicate that etilefrine has both β1 and α1 adrenergic effects in man. Nusser E, Donath H, Russ W (August 1965 ... suggesting stimulation of both α and β adrenergic receptors. However, in vitro studies indicate that etilefrine has a much ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilefrine

... an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist Irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist Propranolol, a sympatholytic beta blocker ... Such medications include antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, alpha agonists and anticholinergics. It should also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_polydipsia

... adrenergic alpha-agonists MeSH D27.505.519.625.050.100.200 - adrenergic beta-agonists MeSH D27.505.519.625.050.200 - adrenergic ... adrenergic alpha-agonists MeSH D27.505.696.577.050.100.200 - adrenergic beta-agonists MeSH D27.505.696.577.050.200 - adrenergic ... adrenergic beta-antagonists MeSH D27.505.519.625.050.601 - adrenergic uptake inhibitors MeSH D27.505.519.625.120 - cholinergic ... adrenergic beta-antagonists MeSH D27.505.696.577.050.601 - adrenergic uptake inhibitors MeSH D27.505.696.577.120 - cholinergic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

... is a drug which acts as a selective agonist of the β3 adrenergic receptor, which has been investigated for various ... and beta-subtypes". British Journal of Pharmacology. 95 (3): 723-734. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11698.x. PMC 1854239. PMID ... Afeli SA, Rovner ES, Petkov GV (September 2013). "BRL37344, a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, decreases nerve-evoked ... February 2009). "Effects of the beta3-adrenergic agonist BRL 37344 on endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-37344

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist

Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists. Class Summary. Adrenergic agents stimulate vasodilation of the renal vasculature and enhance ... Drugs used in the management of patients with azotemia include diuretics, adrenergic agents, plasma volume expanders, and ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/238545-101265/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-corticosteroids-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-azotemia

Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists. Class Summary. These agents augment coronary and cerebral blood flow during the low-flow states ... Its beta-agonist effects include bronchodilatation, chronotropic cardiac activity, and positive inotropic effects. ... It has alpha-agonist effects that include increased peripheral vascular resistance, reversed peripheral vasodilatation, ... Phi Beta Kappa. Disclosure: Nothing to disclose. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/814287-medication

Application for Authorization for Therapeutic Use of Beta-Adrenergic Agonists and Inhaled Corticosteroids in Athletes with ... April 2018 Application for Authorization for Therapeutic Use of Beta-Adrenergic Agonists and... ... As shown in Table 1, a total of 465 applications were made in 2015, 131 (28.2%) of which were for beta-agonists, and of these, ... Section S3 of the regulations reads as follows3: "All selective and non-selective beta-2 agonists and all their optical isomers ...

https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-application-for-authorization-for-therapeutic-articulo-S157921291830034X

Adrenergic bronchodilators are breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. ... Isoetharine is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator. Isoetharine is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm ...

https://pharmacycode.com/Isoetarina_%5BInn-Spanish%5D.html

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/814287-98912/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antidotes-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-cyanide-toxicity

Medications for asthma (Beta-adrenergic agonists) interacts with COLA NUT Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate ... Eltrombopag, an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist, has no impact on the pharmacokinetic profile of probe drugs for ...

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-937/cola-nut

Pharmacological Actions : Adrenergic Agonists, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists, Adrenergic beta-Agonists, Antispasmodic, Thermogenic ... Thymol, an oil found within thyme, is spasmolytic, an alpha and beta adrenergic agonist, and thermogenic. Jan 01, 2007. ... 2 Abstracts with Adrenergic Agonists Research. Filter by Study Type. In Vitro Study. ... Rosemary is spasmolytic, is an adrenergic receptor agonist and improves local blood circulation and alleviates pain. Dec 22, ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/pharmacological-action/adrenergic-agonists

Adrenergic beta-Agonists / administration & dosage* * Adrenergic beta-Agonists / adverse effects * Adult * Albuterol / ... Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic ... Background: Both inhaled steroids (ICS) and long-acting beta(2)-agonists (LABA) are used in the management of chronic ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972099/?dopt=Abstract

Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists. Adrenergic beta-Agonists. Adrenergic Agonists. Adrenergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents ... Long Acting Beta-Agonist (ICS/LAMA/LABA) combination FF/UMEC/VI (100 mcg/62.5 mcg/25 mcg) in a single device is being developed ... beta2-agonist, lactose/milk protein or magnesium stearate or a medical condition such as narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02345161

Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists. Adrenergic beta-Agonists. Adrenergic Agonists. Adrenergic Agents. Anticonvulsants. Anti- ... Need for daily controller therapy (i.e., ICS, leukotriene modifiers, and/or long-acting beta-agonists) based on one or more of ... Current options for the second medication include a long-acting beta-agonist, a leukotriene modifier, or theophylline. It is ... Beta-agonist reversibility to 4 puffs albuterol of at least 12% OR ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00565266

Medications for asthma (Beta-adrenergic agonists). Guarana contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the heart. Some ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/935.html

Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the rat heart.. *H. Zimmer, H. Ibel, U. Suchner ... The results indicate that cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors and enzyme protein synthesis are involved in the stimulation of the ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/De-novo-synthesis-of-adenine-nucleotides-in-muscle-Tullson-John-Alder/d816890235a26ddbf6d225ba4e8d74b46743e3f0

Selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist with a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor. Each of them decreases ... Beta-blocker / Alpha Agonist Combination. Brimonidine tartrate, timolol maleate ophthalmic solution (Combigan). *View full drug ... Adrenergic agonists. Class Summary. Lower IOP by a combination of decreasing production of aqueous and increasing aqueous ... Selective alpha-adrenergic agonist (alpha2) without significant local anesthetic activity. Has minimal cardiovascular effect. ...

https://emedicine.staging.medscape.com/article/1206838-medication

Effects of nebulized beta 2-adrenergic agonists on pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized patients with chronic obstructive ... Effects of nebulized beta 2-adrenergic agonists on pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized patients with chronic obstructive ... We evaluated the effects of nebulized beta 2-adrenergic agonists on pulmonary mechanics in patients with COPD undergoing ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/38613

... beta-ARK) phosphorylates G protein coupled receptors in an agonist-dependent manner. Since the exact sites of receptor ... phosphorylation by beta-ARK are poorly defined, the identification of substrate amino acids that are critical to ... The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK) phosphorylates G protein coupled receptors in an agonist-dependent manner. Since ... Role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and rhodopsin kinase Biochemistry. 1991 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1645191/?dopt=Abstract

Medications for asthma (beta-adrenergic agonists) interaction score:. Moderate beware with this combination. Talk with your ... Medications for asthma (beta-adrenergic agonists) interaction score:. *Medications for diabetes (antidiabetes drugs) ...

https://spacedoc.net/supplements/cocoa-nibs

Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Administration During Hindlimb Unloading Effectively Mitigates Reductions in Cancellous Bone ... Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Administration During Hindlimb Unloading Effectively Mitigates Reductions in Cancellous Bone ...

https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n199490SE

Beta adrenergic agonists (for example, albuterol). *Corticosteroids. *Epinephrine. *Granulocyte colony stimulating factor ...

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/wbc-count

... and beta-adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetic agent). ... and beta-adrenergic agonist; Sympathomimetic agent. Available ...

https://www.verywellhealth.com/epipen-epinephrine-injection-5248410

You have an African American patient who is intolerant to beta blockers. You know that what combination of medications is very ... What are the two Beta Blockers approved for treatment of heart failure? ...

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=heart-failure-and-acute-mi-drugs

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists; Cromones; Glucocorticoids; Leukotriene receptor antagonists; Methyl xanthines; Omalizumab ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=respiratory&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=192&RecNo=1911&View=f&

Formoterol fumarate is a long-acting, beta2 -adrenergic receptor agonist (beta2 -agonist). Inhaled formoterol fumarate acts ... Excessive Use And Use With Other Long-Acting Beta2 -Agonists. As with other inhaled beta2 -adrenergic drugs, PERFOROMIST ... The major adverse effects of inhaled beta2 -agonists occur as a result of excessive activation of the systemic beta-adrenergic ... Beta-Blockers. Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers) and formoterol may inhibit the effect of each other when ...

https://www.rxlist.com/perforomist-drug.htm

Bronchospasm can be managed with theophylline or beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists such as albuterol.[1] ... and theophylline or beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists for bronchospasm. For more information, see the Somatostatin Analogues ... Fujimori M, Ikeda S, Shimizu Y, et al.: Accumulation of beta-catenin protein and mutations in exon 3 of beta-catenin gene in ... which emits both beta and gamma radiation.[1] In the largest patient series treated to date with lutetium-labeled somatostatin ...

https://www.cancer.gov/types/gi-carcinoid-tumors/hp/gi-carcinoid-treatment-pdq

Formoterol fumarate: Formoterol fumarate is a long-acting selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist (beta2-agonist). Inhaled ... 7.6 Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists. Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers) and formoterol may inhibit the ... Risks Associated With Beta-Agonist Therapy Inform patients that treatment with beta2-agonists may lead to adverse events which ... Do Not Use Additional Long-Acting Beta2-Agonists When patients are prescribed DULERA, other long-acting beta2-agonists should ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8f399784-f257-4f31-b3dc-368bf2a1864d

... beta-adrenergic stimulation, fasting, and dietary fat loading. Intraperitoneal administration of the beta(3)-adrenergic agonist ... In isolated adipocytes, lipolysis in the absence of beta-adrenergic stimulation was 1.9-fold greater in HSL(-/-) than in HSL ... HSL is essential for normal acute beta-adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis and permits normal triglyceride storage capacity in ... Activation of β3-adrenergic receptors by catecholamines, both at the central and peripheral levels, is the primary mechanism ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261325922_Interleukin-6_contributes_to_early_fasting-induced_free_fatty_acid_mobilization_in_mice

Combination beta-blocker/alpha-2 adrenergic agonists: Timolol 0.5%-brimonidine 0.2% (Combigan) must not be prescribed to ... Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic antagonists): Topical beta-blockers play a large role in PCG treatment and include timolol (non- ... Latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding proteins: orchestrators of TGF-beta availability. J Biol Chem. 2005; ... Adrenergic agonists (avoid or use with caution in children younger than age 6 years or weight less than 20 kg): Apraclonidine ...

https://eyewiki.aao.org/Primary_Congenital_Glaucoma

Adenosine A2A and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: novel selective and synergistic multiple myeloma targets discovered ...

https://www.cell.com/trends/pharmacological-sciences/fulltext/S0165-6147

"WARNING: The active ingredient in Topmax, ractopamine hydrochloride, is a beta-adrenergic agonist. Individuals with ... Moving away from beta-agonists would increase corn demand and environmental impacts since the animals would need to eat more to ... Shuanghui is not guilt-free when it comes to beta-agonists-it was forced to recall its Shineway brand meat products because of ... The asthma drug-like growth additive, called a beta-agonist, has enjoyed stealth use in the US food supply for a decade despite ...

https://www.cornucopia.org/2013/10/ractopamine-meat-additive-plate-thats-banned-almost-everywhere-america/

The results indicate that cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors and enzyme protein synthesis are involved in the stimulation of the cardiac oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. (semanticscholar.org)
The beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta-ARK) phosphorylates G protein coupled receptors in an agonist-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
Agonism of the beta-2 adrenergic receptors by bitolterol leads to a relaxation of the smooth muscles surrounding these airway tubes which then increases the diameter and ease of air flow through the tubes. (drugbank.com)
The importance of adrenergic beta 3 receptors on gastro intestinal motility has already been documented. (researchsquare.com)
Propranolol HCl (AY-64043, ICI-45520, NCS-91523) is a competitive non-selective beta-adrenergic receptors inhibitor with IC50 of 12 nM. (selleckchem.com)
An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)
Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. (ebi.ac.uk)
6. JWH-018-: JWH-018, also known as AM-678, is a member of the naphthoylindole family of analgesics that functions as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with a slight preference for CB2. (medicineworks.com)

Timolol decreases the positive chronotropic, positive inotropic, bronchodilator, and vasodilator responses caused by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists. (antiessays.com)

Isoetharine is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator. (pharmacycode.com)
The preferred bronchodilator has changed from methylxanthines, and anticholinergics methylxanthines to beta -adrenergic agonists. (cdc.gov)
Formoterol fumarate dihydrate is a beta 2 -adrenergic bronchodilator. (rxlist.com)
Bitolterol, an adrenergic bronchodilator, is a prodrug that widens constricted airways in the lungs by relaxing the smooth muscles that surround the bronchial passages. (drugbank.com)

All selective and non-selective beta-2 agonists and all their optical isomers are prohibited. (archbronconeumol.org)
Selective alpha-adrenergic agonist (alpha2) without significant local anesthetic activity. (medscape.com)
Adenosine A2A and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: novel selective and synergistic multiple myeloma targets discovered through systematic combination screening. (cell.com)
A crystal structure of the β2-adrenoreceptor in complex with a covalent noradrenaline analog and a conformationally selective antibody (nanobody) verified that these agonists can be used to facilitate crystallogenesis. (rcsb.org)
Mirabegron (YM 178) is a selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist with EC50 of 22.4 nM. (selleckchem.com)
Isoprenaline HCl (NCI-c55630,Isoproterenol hydrochloride) is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, used for the treatment of bradycardia and heart block. (selleckchem.com)
Formoterol Hemifumarate (Eformoterol, CGP 25827A, NSC 299587, YM 08316,Formoterol fumarate) is a potent, selective and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). (selleckchem.com)
Acts as a selective beta-3 adrenergic agonist. (drugguide.com)
Salmeterol is a selective, long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. (pediatriconcall.com)

Drugs used in the management of patients with azotemia include diuretics, adrenergic agents, plasma volume expanders, and corticosteroids. (medscape.com)

This study will also examine whether the addition of tiotropium bromide to low dose ICS is as effective as the addition of a long-acting beta-agonist at maintaining asthma control. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Long-acting beta 2 -adrenergic agonists (LABA) increase the risk of asthma-related death. (rxlist.com)
Data from a large placebo-controlled US study that compared the safety of another longacting beta 2 -adrenergic agonist (salmeterol) or placebo added to usual asthma therapy showed an increase in asthma-related deaths in patients receiving salmeterol. (rxlist.com)
The asthma drug-like growth additive, called a beta-agonist, has enjoyed stealth use in the US food supply for a decade despite being widely banned overseas. (cornucopia.org)
The FDA's Pulmonary-Allergy Drugs Advisory Committee on Tuesday will consider whether a novel two-drug combination inhaler for asthma should be the first FDA-approved product containing an inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) and a short-acting beta 2 -adrenergic agonist (albuterol sulfate). (medpagetoday.com)
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents: Beta-blockers not only block the pulmonary effect of beta-agonists, but may also produce severe bronchospasm in patients with asthma or COPD. (pediatriconcall.com)

The rationale for BDA is that short-acting beta 2 -adrenergic agonists like albuterol are effective in providing rapid symptom relief, while the addition of the corticosteroid can treat inflammation and thus prevent or reduce the severity of exacerbations. (medpagetoday.com)

The pharmacologic effects of beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including salmeterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3,5 -adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (pediatriconcall.com)

Epinephrine is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetic agent). (verywellhealth.com)

Adrenergic agents stimulate vasodilation of the renal vasculature and enhance perfusion. (medscape.com)
Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in the rat heart. (semanticscholar.org)

Beta-2-adrenergic agonists relieve bronchospasm, but they do not relieve upper-airway obstruction or shock. (medscape.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Effects of nebulized beta 2-adrenergic agonists on pulmonary mechanics in anesthetized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (who.int)

Patients with cardiovascular disorders: Use with caution because of beta-adrenergic stimulation. (nih.gov)
Clenbuterol is a beta-2-adrenergic agonist which provides bronchodilating properties as well as other effects, with minimum effect on the cardiovascular system. (medi-vet.com)
Clenbuterol, like other beta adrenergic agonists, can produce significant cardiovascular effects in some people as evidenced by elevated pulse rate, blood pressure changes and/or ECG changes. (medi-vet.com)

WARNING: The active ingredient in Topmax, ractopamine hydrochloride, is a beta-adrenergic agonist. (cornucopia.org)
Ventipulmin Syrup (clenbuterol hydrochloride) is antagonized by beta-adrenergic blocking agents. (medi-vet.com)

Current options for the second medication include a long-acting beta-agonist, a leukotriene modifier, or theophylline. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Relationship between Trp64Arg mutation in the ß3-adrenergic receptor gene and metabolic syndrome: a seven-year follow-up study. (cdc.gov)

We evaluated the effects of nebulized beta 2-adrenergic agonists on pulmonary mechanics in patients with COPD undergoing peripheral surgery with a standardized general anesthetic technique. (who.int)

To determine if β-AR stimulation is sufficient to prime microglia, rats were intra-cerebroventricularly administered isoproterenol (β-AR agonist) or vehicle and 24 h later hippocampal microglia were placed in culture with media or LPS. (nih.gov)

Many agents are available for lowering of IOP, including topical beta-blockers, adrenergic agents, and topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. (medscape.com)

Perforomist belongs to a class of drugs called Beta2 Agonists. (rxlist.com)
Effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs and a partial cholinergic agonist on the development and expression of physical dependence on morphine in rat. (aspetjournals.org)

Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase elicited by beta adrenergic receptor agonists in normal and decentralized sympathetic ganglia: role of cyclic 3',5' - adenosine monophosphate. (aspetjournals.org)
A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. (ebi.ac.uk)

In this study, a peptide whose sequence is present in a portion of the third intracellular loop region of the human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor is shown to serve as a substrate for beta-ARK. (nih.gov)
Phentolamine Mesylate(Phentolamine methanesulfonate) is a reversible and nonselective alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist, used for the prevention or control of hypertensive episodes. (selleckchem.com)
It belongs to the Alpha/Beta Adrenergic Agonists class of medicines. (medicineworks.com)

Beta -adrenergic agonists, 2 inflammatory agents. (cdc.gov)
Effects of beta adrenergic blocking agents on erythropoietin production in rabbits exposed to hypoxia. (aspetjournals.org)

Adrenergic bronchodilators are breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. (pharmacycode.com)
A brand name for bumetanide is Bumex Anastrozole, brand name Arimidex, is a type of anti-estrogen used in treatment of breast cancer but is also used by bodybuilders to combat the estrogenic side effects associated with using anabolic steroids Beta-2 agonist is a drug that opens the bronchial airways and often helps build muscle. (antiessays.com)

Release of norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by nerve stimulation. (aspetjournals.org)

4 ] . It was reported that although, there is no significant change in agonist binding properties for both variants, the impact on downstream signaling effects (adenylyl cyclase activation and cAMP formation ) differed in the various cell lines[ 4 ]. (researchsquare.com)

Vasoconstriction of the isolated rabbit ear artery caused by nicotinic agonists acting on adrenergic neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists. (aspetjournals.org)
Nebivolol shows high affinity and selectivity for beta 1-adrenergic receptor sites in a rabbit lung membrane preparation (K i value = 0.9 nM and beta 2/beta 1 ratio = 50). (selleckchem.com)

Native hormones, neurotransmitters, and synthetic agonists that bind with low affinity are ineffective at stabilizing an active state for crystallogenesis. (rcsb.org)

Since the exact sites of receptor phosphorylation by beta-ARK are poorly defined, the identification of substrate amino acids that are critical to phosphorylation by the kinase are also unknown. (nih.gov)
A family of peptides was synthesized to further study the role of acidic amino acids in peptide substrates of beta-ARK. (nih.gov)
By kinetic analyses of the phosphorylation reactions, beta-ARK exhibited a marked preference for negatively charged amino acids localized to the NH2-terminal side of a serine or threonine residue. (nih.gov)

dose reduced amount of CD40 agonist without losing any efficacy. (cancer-pictures.org)

What are the two Beta Blockers approved for treatment of heart failure? (proprofs.com)

It could be concluded that beta adrenoceptor gene polymorphism has significant role on regulation of gut motility in T2DM. (researchsquare.com)

Use with additional long-acting beta 2 -agonist: Do not use in combination because of risk of overdose. (nih.gov)

Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production. (medscape.com)

The use of highly active beta-agonists as growth promoters is not appropriate because of the potential hazard for human and animal health," wrote the journal Talanta . (cornucopia.org)
Lion's Mane contains active compounds known as beta-glucans, erinacines, erinacea lactones, glycoproteins, and hericerins, which are considered responsible for the benefits of Lion's Mane. (illpumpyouup.com)

Unlike beta-ARK, RK preferred acid residues localized to the carboxyl-terminal side of the serine. (nih.gov)

Question 4 Marks: 1 The physician has ordered the adrenergic drug doxazosin (Cardura), an antihypertensive drug, for a patient. (antiessays.com)

Rosemary is spasmolytic, is an adrenergic receptor agonist and improves local blood circulation and alleviates pain. (greenmedinfo.com)

However, no study has been conducted to observe whether adrenergic beta receptor (ADRB) 2 and 3 gene polymorphism could influence the gut motility in T2DM. (researchsquare.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs178

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes29

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care2

Kinetic analysis of drug-receptor interactions of long-acting beta2 sympathomimetics in isolated receptor membranes: evidence against prolonged effects of salmeterol and formoterol on receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase. (1/3669)

Mechanisms of prostaglandin E2 release by intact cells expressing cyclooxygenase-2: evidence for a 'two-component' model. (2/3669)

Evidence for beta3-adrenoceptor subtypes in relaxation of the human urinary bladder detrusor: analysis by molecular biological and pharmacological methods. (3/3669)

Beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphism and bronchoprotective sensitivity with regular short- and long-acting beta2-agonist therapy. (4/3669)

The contribution of extraneuronal uptake to the trachea-blood vessel selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor stimulants in vitro in guinea-pigs. (5/3669)

The cat lung strip as an in vitro preparation of peripheral airways: a comparison of beta-adrenoceptor agonists, autacoids and anaphylactic challenge on the lung strip and trachea. (6/3669)

Reversal of severe pulmonary hypertension with beta blockade in a patient with end stage left ventricular failure. (7/3669)

As-required versus regular nebulized salbutamol for the treatment of acute severe asthma. (8/3669)

Terbutaline

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

Albuterol

Administration, Inhalation

Fenoterol

Bronchodilator Agents

Asthma

Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists

Estrogen Receptor beta

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

Nebulizers and Vaporizers

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

Ethanolamines

Forced Expiratory Volume

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Isoproterenol

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Interleukin-1beta

Double-Blind Method

Glucocorticoids

Dopamine Agonists

Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

Drug Therapy, Combination

Estrogen Receptor alpha

beta 2-Microglobulin

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Drug Administration Schedule

GABA Agonists

Integrin beta3

Treatment Outcome

Nicotinic Agonists

Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists

Adrenergic Agonists

Muscarinic Agonists

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists

Cells, Cultured

Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists

Histamine Agonists

Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists

Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists

Cell Line

Signal Transduction

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

GABA-A Receptor Agonists

Integrin alpha5beta1

Integrin beta4

Ligands

Cholinergic Agonists

Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1

Integrin alpha6beta4

RNA, Messenger

Integrin beta Chains

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

beta 2-Glycoprotein I

Integrin alpha4beta1

Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3

Radioligand Assay

Integrin alpha2beta1

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists

Kinetics

Receptors, Opioid, mu

CHO Cells

Cyclic AMP

Cricetinae

Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists

Propanolamines

Receptors, Opioid, kappa

Receptors, Nicotinic

Integrins

Rats, Wistar

Binding Sites

Transfection

Calcium