Adrenergic beta 2 receptor agonists. Medical search

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).

Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-A RECEPTORS.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GABA-B RECEPTORS.

Compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTORS.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that bind to and activate histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.

Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Mu opioid receptors bind, in decreasing order of affinity, endorphins, dynorphins, met-enkephalin, and leu-enkephalin. They have also been shown to be molecular receptors for morphine.

Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.

A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of beta- aminoethylbenzene which is structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A class of cell surface receptors that prefer ADENOSINE to other endogenous PURINES. Purinergic P1 receptors are widespread in the body including the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and nervous systems. There are at least two pharmacologically distinguishable types (A1 and A2, or Ri and Ra).

A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Delta opioid receptors bind endorphins and enkephalins with approximately equal affinity and have less affinity for dynorphins.

A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPASTICITY, especially that due to SPINAL CORD INJURIES. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission.

A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C.

A family of hexahydropyridines.

Compounds with BENZENE fused to AZEPINES.

A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.

An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.

A subclass of adenosine A2 receptors found in LEUKOCYTES, the SPLEEN, the THYMUS and a variety of other tissues. It is generally considered to be a receptor for ADENOSINE that couples to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS.

Compounds having the cannabinoid structure. They were originally extracted from Cannabis sativa L. The most pharmacologically active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; CANNABINOL; and CANNABIDIOL.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.

Cell membrane proteins that bind opioids and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors in mammals include three families of peptides, the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The receptor classes include mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Sigma receptors bind several psychoactive substances, including certain opioids, but their endogenous ligands are not known.

A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.

Two-ring crystalline hydrocarbons isolated from coal tar. They are used as intermediates in chemical synthesis, as insect repellents, fungicides, lubricants, preservatives, and, formerly, as topical antiseptics.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cell-surface proteins that bind SEROTONIN and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action.

A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Cell surface receptors that bind glucagon with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activation of glucagon receptors causes a variety of effects; the best understood is the initiation of a complex enzymatic cascade in the liver which ultimately increases the availability of glucose to body organs.

A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.

A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.

Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTORS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of CYTOKINES.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

Partially saturated 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene compounds.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for specific P2X receptor subtypes.

Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.

Compounds that bind to and stimulate PURINERGIC P2Y RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for specific P2Y receptor subtypes.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.

Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.

A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the brain.

A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A serotonin receptor subtype found at high levels in the BASAL GANGLIA and the frontal cortex. It plays a role as a terminal autoreceptor that regulates the rate of SEROTONIN release from nerve endings. This serotonin receptor subtype is closely related to and has similar drug binding properties as the 5-HT1D RECEPTOR. It is particularly sensitive to the agonist SUMATRIPTAN and may be involved in mediating the drug's antimigraine effect.

Histamine substituted in any position with one or more methyl groups. Many of these are agonists for the H1, H2, or both histamine receptors.

Compounds based on benzeneacetamide, that are similar in structure to ACETANILIDES.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

A subtype of G-protein-coupled SEROTONIN receptors that preferentially couple to GS STIMULATORY G-PROTEINS resulting in increased intracellular CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the receptor exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA.

A class of saturated compounds consisting of two rings only, having two or more atoms in common, containing at least one hetero atom, and that take the name of an open chain hydrocarbon containing the same total number of atoms. (From Riguady et al., Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 1979, p31)

A class of cell surface receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Sigma receptors were originally considered to be opioid receptors because they bind certain synthetic opioids. However they also interact with a variety of other psychoactive drugs, and their endogenous ligand is not known (although they can react to certain endogenous steroids). Sigma receptors are found in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and in some peripheral tissues.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

Compounds bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTORS.

Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-1 receptors are equally sensitive to EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE and bind the agonist DOBUTAMINE and the antagonist METOPROLOL with high affinity. They are found in the HEART, juxtaglomerular cells, and in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Cell surface receptors which bind prostaglandins with a high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Prostaglandin E receptors prefer prostaglandin E2 to other endogenous prostaglandins. They are subdivided into EP1, EP2, and EP3 types based on their effects and their pharmacology.

A serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion. The fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS such as BUSPIRONE suggests its role in the modulation of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION.

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the BRAIN and endocrine tissues. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of tissues including the BRAIN and DORSAL HORN NEURONS. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.

A serotonin receptor subtype found widely distributed in peripheral tissues where it mediates the contractile responses of variety of tissues that contain SMOOTH MUSCLE. Selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonists include KETANSERIN. The 5-HT2A subtype is also located in BASAL GANGLIA and CEREBRAL CORTEX of the BRAIN where it mediates the effects of HALLUCINOGENS such as LSD.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A subset of GABA RECEPTORS that signal through their interaction with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

Cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Three types have been recognized and designated H1, H2, and H3. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H3 receptors were first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

Also known as CD104 antigen, this protein is distinguished from other beta integrins by its relatively long cytoplasmic domain (approximately 1000 amino acids vs. approximately 50). Five alternatively spliced isoforms have been described.

Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

Compounds that bind to and activate PURINERGIC RECEPTORS.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.

A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.

This intrgrin is a key component of HEMIDESMOSOMES and is required for their formation and maintenance in epithelial cells. Integrin alpha6beta4 is also found on thymocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells, where it functions as a laminin receptor (RECEPTORS, LAMININ) and is involved in wound healing, cell migration, and tumor invasiveness.

Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

A class of cell surface receptors for PURINES that prefer ATP or ADP over ADENOSINE. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A serotonin receptor subtype found primarily in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the CHOROID PLEXUS. This receptor subtype is believed to mediate the anorectic action of SEROTONIN, while selective antagonists of the 5-HT2C receptor appear to induce ANXIETY. Several isoforms of this receptor subtype exist, due to adenine deaminase editing of the receptor mRNA.

Cell surface proteins that bind PURINES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The best characterized classes of purinergic receptors in mammals are the P1 receptors, which prefer ADENOSINE, and the P2 receptors, which prefer ATP or ADP.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Analogs or derivatives of AMPHETAMINE. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopressin, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A class of histamine receptors discriminated by their pharmacology and mode of action. Histamine H2 receptors act via G-proteins to stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function. (From Biochem Soc Trans 1992 Feb;20(1):122-5)

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.

Integrin alpha4beta1 is a FIBRONECTIN and VCAM-1 receptor present on LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; NK CELLS and thymocytes. It is involved in both cell-cell and cell- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX adhesion and plays a role in INFLAMMATION, hematopoietic cell homing and immune function, and has been implicated in skeletal MYOGENESIS; NEURAL CREST migration and proliferation, lymphocyte maturation and morphogenesis of the PLACENTA and HEART.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has greater affinity for ISOFLAVONES than ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA does. There is great sequence homology with ER alpha in the DNA-binding domain but not in the ligand binding and hinge domains.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.

Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.

An integrin found on fibroblasts, platelets, endothelial and epithelial cells, and lymphocytes where it functions as a receptor for COLLAGEN and LAMININ. Although originally referred to as the collagen receptor, it is one of several receptors for collagen. Ligand binding to integrin alpha2beta1 triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling, including activation of p38 MAP kinase.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A subclass of G-protein coupled SEROTONIN receptors that couple preferentially to GI-GO G-PROTEINS resulting in decreased intracellular CYCLIC AMP levels.

A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology.

An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin A; (NKA, substance K, neurokinin alpha, neuromedin L), neuropeptide K; (NPK); or neuropeptide gamma over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-2 (NK-2) receptors have been cloned and are similar to other G-protein coupled receptors.

Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Compounds that bind to and block the stimulation of ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTORS.

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.

Compounds containing the PhCH= radical.

A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.

A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Morphine derivatives of the methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics.

An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

Regulation of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel by coexpression of G(alpha s) in Xenopus oocytes. (1/484)

Activation of G(alpha s) via beta-adrenergic receptors enhances the activity of cardiac voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels of the L-type, mainly via protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation. Contribution of a PKA-independent effect of G(alpha s) has been proposed but remains controversial. We demonstrate that, in Xenopus oocytes, antisense knockdown of endogenous G(alpha s) reduced, whereas coexpression of G(alpha s) enhanced, currents via expressed cardiac L-type channels, independently of the presence of the auxiliary subunits alpha2/delta or beta2A. Coexpression of G(alpha s) did not increase the amount of alpha1C protein in whole oocytes or in the plasma membrane (measured immunochemically). Activation of coexpressed beta2 adrenergic receptors did not cause a detectable enhancement of channel activity; rather, a small cAMP-dependent decrease was observed. We conclude that coexpression of G(alpha s), but not its acute activation via beta-adrenergic receptors, enhances the activity of the cardiac L-type Ca2+ channel via a PKA-independent effect on the alpha1C subunit. (+info)

Examining the efficiency of receptor/G-protein coupling with a cleavable beta2-adrenoceptor-gsalpha fusion protein. (2/484)

Reconstitution of high-affinity agonist binding at the beta2-adrenoceptor (beta2AR) expressed in Sf9 insect cells requires a large excess of the stimulatory G-protein of adenylyl cyclase, Gsalpha, relative to receptor [R. Seifert, T. W. Lee, V. T. Lam & B. K. Kobilka, (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 255, 369-382]. In a fusion protein of the beta2AR and Gsalpha (beta2AR-Gsalpha), which has only a 1 : 1 stoichiometry of receptor and G-protein, high-affinity agonist binding and agonist-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP[S]) binding and adenylyl cyclase (AC) activation are more efficient than in the nonfused coexpression system. In order to analyze the stability of the receptor/G-protein interaction, we constructed a fusion protein with a thrombin-cleavage site between beta2AR and Gsalpha (beta2AR-TS-Gsalpha). beta2AR-TS-Gsalpha efficiently reconstituted high-affinity agonist binding, agonist-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, GTP[S] binding and AC activation. Thrombin cleaves approximately 70% of beta2AR-TS-Gsalpha molecules in Sf9 membranes. Thrombin cleavage did not impair high-affinity agonist binding and GTP[S] binding but strongly reduced ligand-regulated GTPase activity and AC activity. We conclude that fusion of the beta2AR to Gsalpha promotes tight physical association of the two partners and that this association remains stable for a single activation/deactivation cycle even after cleavage of the link between the receptor and G-protein. Dilution of Gsalpha in the membrane and release of activated Gsalpha into the cytosol can both prevent cleaved beta2AR-TS-Gsalpha from undergoing multiple activation/deactivation cycles. (+info)

Functional and molecular biological evidence for a possible beta3-adrenoceptor in the human detrusor muscle. (3/484)

The possible existence of a beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) in the human detrusor muscle was investigated by in vitro functional studies and analysis of mRNA expression. Isoprenaline, noradrenaline and adrenaline each produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the human detrusor. The rank order for their relaxing potencies was isoprenaline (pD2 6.37+/-0.07) > or = noradrenaline (pD2 6.07+/-0.12) > or = adrenaline (pD2 5.88< or =0.11). Neither dobutamine (beta1- and beta2-AR agonist) nor procaterol (beta2-AR agonist) produced any significant relaxation at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. BRL37344A, CL316243 and CGP-12177A (beta3-AR agonists), relaxed the preparations significantly at concentrations higher than 10(-6) M. The pD2 values for BRL37344A, CL316243 and CGP-12177A were 6.42+/-0.25, 5.53+/-0.09 and 5.74+/-0.14, respectively. CGP-20712A (10(-7) - 10(-5) M), a beta1-AR antagonist, did not affect the isoprenaline-induced relaxation. On the other hand, ICI-118,551, a beta2-AR antagonist, produced a rightward parallel shift of the concentration-relaxation curve for isoprenaline only at the highest concentration used (10(-5) > M) and its pKB value was 5.71+/-0.19. Moreover, SR58894A (10(-7) - 10(-5) M), a beta3-AR antagonist, caused a rightward shift of the concentration-relaxation curve for isoprenaline in a concentration-dependent manner. The pA2 value and slope obtained from Schild plots were 6.24+/-0.20 and 0.68+/-0.31. The beta1-, beta2- and beta3-AR mRNAs were all positively expressed in detrusor smooth muscle preparations in a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. In conclusion, the present results provide the first evidence for the existence of the beta3-AR subtype in the human detrusor. They also suggest that the relaxation induced by adrenergic stimulation of the human detrusor is mediated mainly through beta3-AR activation. (+info)

Inotropic and sympathetic responses to the intracoronary infusion of a beta2-receptor agonist: a human in vivo study. (4/484)

BACKGROUND: On the basis of the presence of beta2-receptors within the sympathetic nervous system, beta2-stimulation may increase cardiac sympathetic outflow. We addressed the hypothesis that sympathoexcitatory beta2-receptors are present in the human left ventricle. METHODS AND RESULTS: The beta2-agonist salbutamol was infused into the left coronary artery in 3 groups of patients: group 1 (n=9, no beta-blocker therapy), group 2 (n=7, beta1-selective blockade with atenolol), and group 3 (n=6, nonselective beta-blockade with nadolol). Left ventricular +dP/dt in response to increasing concentrations of salbutamol was measured in all groups, and cardiac norepinephrine spillover was measured in group 1. There were no systemic hemodynamic changes in any group. Salbutamol resulted in a 44+/-6% increase in +dP/dt in group 1, a 25+/-6% increase in group 2 (P<0.05 versus group 1), and no increase in group 3. Salbutamol also resulted in a 124+/-37% increase in cardiac norepinephrine spillover in group 1 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence that salbutamol increased norepinephrine release from cardiac sympathetic nerves was provided by the observations that atenolol suppressed the salbutamol inotropic response, demonstrating that this response was mediated in part by beta1-receptors and that salbutamol also resulted in an increase in cardiac norepinephrine spillover. This result provides in vivo evidence, in humans, for the role of sympathoexcitatory cardiac beta2-receptors. (+info)

G(i) protein-mediated functional compartmentalization of cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic signaling. (5/484)

In contrast to beta(1)-adrenoreceptor (beta(1)-AR) signaling, beta(2)-AR stimulation in cardiomyocytes augments L-type Ca(2+) current in a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-dependent manner but fails to phosphorylate phospholamban, indicating that the beta(2)-AR-induced cAMP/PKA signaling is highly localized. Here we show that inhibition of G(i) proteins with pertussis toxin (PTX) permits a full phospholamban phosphorylation and a de novo relaxant effect following beta(2)-AR stimulation, converting the localized beta(2)-AR signaling to a global signaling mode similar to that of beta(1)-AR. Thus, beta(2)-AR-mediated G(i) activation constricts the cAMP signaling to the sarcolemma. PTX treatment did not significantly affect the beta(2)-AR-stimulated PKA activation. Similar to G(i) inhibition, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A (3 x 10(-8) M), selectively enhanced the beta(2)-AR but not beta(1)-AR-mediated contractile response. Furthermore, PTX and calyculin A treatment had a non-additive potentiating effect on the beta(2)-AR-mediated positive inotropic response. These results suggest that the interaction of the beta(2)-AR-coupled G(i) and G(s) signaling affects the local balance of protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Thus, the additional coupling of beta(2)-AR to G(i) proteins is a key factor causing the compartmentalization of beta(2)-AR-induced cAMP signaling. (+info)

Constitutively active mutants of the beta1-adrenergic receptor. (6/484)

We provide the first evidence that point mutations can constitutively activate the beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (AR). Leucine 322 of the beta(1)-AR in the C-terminal portion of its third intracellular loop was replaced with seven amino acids (I, T, E, F, C, A and K) differing in their physico-chemical properties. The beta(1)-AR mutants expressed in HEK-293 cells displayed various levels of constitutive activity which could be partially inhibited by some beta-blockers. The results of this study might have interesting implications for future studies aiming at elucidating the activation process of the beta(1)-AR as well as the mechanism of action of beta-blockers. (+info)

Dobutamine as selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor agonist in in vivo studies on human thermogenesis and lipid utilization. (7/484)

The use of dobutamine as selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor agonist in in vivo studies on human thermogenesis and lipid utilization was investigated in 20 men. At 2.5, 5, and 10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), dobutamine induced significant increases in energy expenditure, lipid oxidation, and lipolysis. The beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol (bolus: 42.5 microg/kg, infusion: 1.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) blocked all dobutamine-induced effects on thermogenesis and lipid utilization. All parameters remained at levels comparable to those during saline infusion. The dose of atenolol used did not inhibit beta(2)-adrenoceptor-specific changes in energy expenditure, lipid oxidation, and lipolysis during salbutamol infusion (85 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)). This indicates that atenolol was specific for beta(1)-adrenoceptors and did not camouflage concomitant beta(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation during dobutamine infusion. Therefore, we conclude that dobutamine can be used as a selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor agonist at dosages +info)

Beta(2)-adrenergic receptor down-regulation. Evidence for a pathway that does not require endocytosis. (8/484)

Sustained activation of most G protein-coupled receptors causes a time-dependent reduction of receptor density in intact cells. This phenomenon, known as down-regulation, is believed to depend on a ligand-promoted change of receptor sorting from the default endosome-plasma membrane recycling pathway to the endosome-lysosome degradation pathway. This model is based on previous studies of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor degradation and implies that receptors need to be endocytosed to be down-regulated. In stable clones of L cells expressing beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (beta(2)ARs), sustained agonist treatment caused a time-dependant decrease in both beta(2)AR binding sites and immuno-detectable receptor. Blocking beta(2)AR endocytosis with chemical treatments or by expressing a dominant negative mutant of dynamin could not prevent this phenomenon. Specific blockers of the two main intracellular degradation pathways, lysosomal and proteasome-associated, were ineffective in preventing beta(2)AR down-regulation. Further evidence for an endocytosis-independent pathway of beta(2)AR down-regulation was provided by studies in A431 cells, a cell line expressing both endogenous beta(2)AR and EGF receptors. In these cells, inhibition of endocytosis and inactivation of the lysosomal degradation pathway did not block beta(2)AR down-regulation, whereas EGF degradation was inhibited. These data indicate that, contrary to what is currently postulated, receptor endocytosis is not a necessary prerequisite for beta(2)AR down-regulation and that the inactivation of beta(2)ARs, leading to a reduction in binding sites, may occur at the plasma membrane. (+info)

Beta2-adrenergic agonists act on beta-2 receptors to drive potassium into the cells. Therefore, beta blockers can raise ... Examples of medications that can cause hyperkalemia include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, non-selective beta ... Examples of drugs that can raise the serum potassium are non-selective beta-blockers such as propranolol and labetalol. Beta-1 ... Note that 12-40% of patients do not respond to salbutamol therapy for reasons unknown, especially if on beta-blockers, so it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemia

The main endogenous agonist of these cell receptors is norepinephrine (NE). The adrenergic receptors exert opposite physiologic ... Agonism of beta-2 receptors causes vasodilation and low blood pressure (i.e. the effect is opposite of the one resulting from ... Vascular smooth muscle is innervated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors). ... Agonists of alpha-2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle lead to vasoconstriction. However, in clinical practice drugs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle

... include substances that effect the adrenergic receptor in humans, increase insulin levels and stabilise breathing function. ... Billington, Charlotte K.; Penn, Raymond B.; Hall, Ian P. (2016), "β2 Agonists", Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer ... Beta-2 agonists: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_tennis

... or beta-adrenergic antagonists, may also induce bronchial constriction and block the action of other beta-receptor targeted ... Long-acting beta-agonists such as salmetrol had been used in combination with corticosteroids to control asthma symptoms. They ... Chowdhury, Badrul A.; Dal Pan, Gerald (2010). "The FDA and Safe Use of Long-Acting Beta-Agonists in the Treatment of Asthma". ... Salpeter, Shelley R.; Wall, Andrew J.; Buckley, Nicholas S. (2010). "Long-acting Beta-Agonists with and without Inhaled ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma_trigger

Verhoeckx KC, Doornbos RP, Witkamp RF, van der Greef J, Rodenburg RJ (January 2006). "Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists induce ... Zilpaterol (zilpaterol hydrochloride; codenamed RU 42173) is a β2 adrenergic agonist. Under its trade name, Zilmax, it is used ... Beta2-adrenergic agonists, Merck & Co. brands, Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings, Nitrogen heterocycles, Ureas, Veterinary ... A. Plascencia; N. Torrentera & R.A. Zinn (1999). "Influence of the β-Agonist, Zilpaterol, on Growth Performance and Carcass ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilpaterol

"BET bromodomain inhibitors and agonists of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor identified in screens for compounds that inhibit DUX4 ... which encodes the protein ligand-dependent nuclear receptor-interacting factor 1 (LRIF1). LRIF1 is known to interact with the ... Interestingly, β2 agonists were later shown to reduce DUX4 expression. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, on the bases of ... Oral albuterol, a β2 agonist, on the basis of its anabolic properties. Although it improved muscle mass and certain measures of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facioscapulohumeral_muscular_dystrophy

Beta-adrenergic agonists, Cardiac stimulants, Catecholamines, D1-receptor agonists, D2-receptor agonists, Norepinephrine ... a novel agonist at peripheral dopamine receptors and beta 2-adrenoceptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 85 (3): 599-608. ... It is not an α-adrenergic agonist, does not cause vasoconstriction, and is not a pressor agent. As of 2004 there was some ... Effects of depexamine may be suppressed by concomitant use with ß2-adrenergic and dopamine receptor antagonists requires ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopexamine

Inhalation of an agonist for the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, such as salbutamol (albuterol in the US), is the most common ... adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma" (PDF). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical ... a direct-acting beta agonist used in congestive heart failure, also demonstrates tachyphylaxis.[medical citation needed] ... Polymorphisms of the beta-2 receptor play a role in tachyphylaxis. Expression of the Gly-16 allele (glycine at position 16) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyphylaxis

... is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making ... p 252 Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors. ... Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making ... Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penbutolol

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Catechol ethers, ... It increases outflow of the aqueous humour and also reduces its formation (mediated by its action on α1 and α2 receptors), thus ... It also increases the conductivity of trabecular filtering cells (a β2 receptor mediated action). It is preferred to ... 2: CD010746. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010746.pub2. PMC 5477062. PMID 28231380. (Articles with short description, Short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipivefrine

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Catecholamines, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbadrine

Beta-adrenergic agonists, Catecholamines, D1-receptor agonists, D2-receptor agonists, Dopamine agonists, Norepinephrine- ... and β2-receptors, but was weaker than dopamine as a D1-agonist. The β1-agonist effect of both compounds was weak or non- ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, ... or β2-receptors. Additionally, it was observed that the effects of epinine were largely due to its direct action on receptors, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Bronchodilators, ... It activates both α and β adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine David J. Triggle (1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. ... The Two Kinds of Receptors". Screening Methods in Pharmacology. New York: Academic Press Inc. p. 150. ISBN 1483255913. v t e ( ... 32 (2): 101-9. doi:10.1159/000165806. PMID 13500349. CHRISTENSEN JM, VALASEK FE, TAINTER ML (June 1958). "Ethylnorepinephrine; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine

Beta adrenergic receptor kinase Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 There is no α1C receptor. There was a subtype known as C, but ... agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example. Many cells have these receptors, and the binding ... and β-Adrenergic Receptors Theory of receptor activation Desensitization of β1 receptors (Webarchive template wayback links, ... Nisoli E, Tonello C, Landi M, Carruba MO (1996). "Functional studies of the first selective beta 3-adrenergic receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor

Ferguson SS, Menard L, Barak LS, Koch WJ, Colapietro AM, Caron MG (1995). "Role of phosphorylation in agonist-promoted beta 2- ... beta-adrenergic-receptor] kinase, beta-adrenergic receptor-specific kinase, beta-AR kinase, beta-ARK, beta-ARK 1, beta-ARK 2, ... beta-adrenergic receptor] Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and beta-adrenergic receptor, whereas its two ... beta-adrenergic receptor] phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include ATP:beta-adrenergic-receptor phosphotransferase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic-receptor_kinase

... is an adrenergic antagonist which blocks the beta-2 adrenergic receptors of cells, with either high specificity (an antagonist ... ICI-118,551 Butaxamine Propranolol Betablocker Beta-2 adrenergic receptor Beta2-adrenergic agonist Bilski, AJ; Halliday, SE; ... Fitzgerald, JD; Wale, JL (1983). "The pharmacology of a beta 2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist (ICI 118,551)". J Cardiovasc ... A Beta-2 adrenergic antagonist (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_antagonist

... clenbuterol and other β2 adrenergic agents remain banned not as a beta-agonist, but rather an anabolic agent. These effects are ... "Insulin stimulates sequestration of beta-adrenergic receptors and enhanced association of beta-adrenergic receptors with Grb2 ... Other adrenergic receptors Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Beta-3 adrenergic ... "Cloning and sequence analysis of the human brain beta-adrenergic receptor. Evolutionary relationship to rodent and avian beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor

"Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists". J. Lipid Res ... signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The α2A adrenergic receptor is ... Agonists (activators) of the α2-adrenergic receptor are frequently used in anaesthesia where they affect sedation, muscle ... where it sits alongside the more plentiful α1-adrenergic receptor. The α2-adrenergic receptor binds both norepinephrine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor

Although originally thought to act as a direct agonist of adrenergic receptors, PPA was subsequently found to show only weak or ... Beta-adrenergic agonists, Decongestants, Norepinephrine releasing agents, Veterinary drugs, Withdrawn drugs). ... However, such substitution greatly enhances agonist activity at both α- and β- adrenergic receptors. Although ephedrine is less ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Amphetamine alkaloids, Anorectics, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine

The β3 (beta 3) adrenergic receptor agonist or β3-adrenoceptor agonist, also known as β3-AR agonist, are a class of medicine ... Beta-adrenergic agonist Beta2-adrenergic agonist "Betmiga , European Medicines Agency". www.ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-10-02 ... "Three-dimensional models for beta-adrenergic receptor complexes with agonists and antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ... Coman, Oana Andreia; Păunescu, H.; Ghiţă, Isabel; Coman, L.; Bădărăru, Anca; Fulga, I. (2009). "Beta 3 adrenergic receptors: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta3-adrenergic_agonist

... also known as Beta1-adrenergic receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that bind selectively to the beta-1 adrenergic receptor ... β2 agonist xamoterol β1 partial agonist epinephrine Epinephrine is a non-selective beta agonist, this means it also stimulates ... v t e (Beta-adrenergic agonists, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ... February 2001). "Beta1-adrenergic agonist is a potent stimulator of alveolar fluid clearance in hyperoxic rat lungs". Jpn. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta1-adrenergic_agonist

"The beta-adrenergic receptors". PMID 12439640. Yoo, B.; et al. "Beta1-adrenergic receptors stimulate cardiac contractility and ... In general, pure beta-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of beta blockers: beta-adrenoreceptor agonist ligands ... Beta adrenergic agonists or beta agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, causing widening of the airways ... Most agonists of the beta receptors are selective for one or more beta-adrenoreceptors. For example, patients with low heart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist

Beta2-adrenergic agonist Alpha-adrenergic agonist Asthma Beta blocker Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Beta-2 adrenergic receptor ... β1 receptors make up to 75% of all beta receptors and are predominantly located in the heart. β2 receptors are found in ... It also influences the specificity for the β-receptor subtypes. Direct-acting analog binds the β-adrenergic receptors directly ... β-receptors are membrane-bound receptors coupled to G-proteins. Three types of β-receptors have been identified by molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_beta2_agonists

January 2011). "The structural basis for agonist and partial agonist action on a β(1)-adrenergic receptor". Nature. 469 (7329 ... Lohse MJ, Benovic JL, Codina J, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (June 1990). "beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic ... transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors ( ... G protein-coupled receptors database List of MeSH codes (D12.776) Metabotropic receptor Orphan receptor Pepducins, a class of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor

... an angiotensin II receptor antagonist Propranolol, a sympatholytic beta blocker Vasopressin receptor antagonists, such as ... Such medications include antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, alpha agonists and anticholinergics. It should also ... and the effects of an adjunctive angiotensin-II receptor blocking drug (irbesartan)". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of ... 20 (2): 375-385. doi:10.1093/schbul/20.2.375. PMID 8085139.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_polydipsia

"Human fat cell beta-adrenergic receptors: beta-agonist-dependent lipolytic responses and characterization of beta-adrenergic ... ICI-118,551 is a selective β2 adrenergic receptor (adrenoreceptor) antagonist or beta blocker. ICI binds to the β2 subtype with ... Hillman KL, Doze VA, Porter JE (August 2005). "Functional characterization of the beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes expressed ... "Molecular characterization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor". Science. 245 (4922): 1118-21. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1118E ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICI-118,551

... the sites for beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor ... identification of amino acids involved in ligand binding and receptor activation by agonists". Molecular Pharmacology. 40 (2): ... The alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (α2A adrenoceptor), also known as ADRA2A, is an α2 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the ... α2 adrenergic receptors include 3 highly homologous subtypes: α2A, α2B, and α2C. These receptors have a critical role in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor

... beta- and beta- adrenergic receptors". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 45 (10): 265-7 ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Beta-adrenergic agonists, Cardiac stimulants, ... suggesting stimulation of both α and β adrenergic receptors. However, in vitro studies indicate that etilefrine has a much ... These findings indicate that etilefrine has both β1 and α1 adrenergic effects in man. Nusser E, Donath H, Russ W (August 1965 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etilefrine

Beta-adrenergic agonists, D1-receptor agonists, D2-receptor agonists, Dopamine agonists, Isobutyrate esters, Phenethylamines, ... It acts on D1 and α-adrenergic receptors as an agonist. Ibopamine was first prepared by Casagrande and co-workers. Instilled at ... The epinine, an analogue of dopamine, can stimulate dopamine receptors and to a lesser degree adrenergic receptors. Thus it is ... Giuffre, Italo (2007). "Ibopamine Stimulates α-Adrenergic Receptors and D1 Dopaminergic Receptors in the Eye". Current Drug ...

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... which is an agonist of the presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptor causing inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Maximum decrease ... Beta-adrenergic agonists, Hepatotoxins, World Health Organization essential medicines, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, Antihypertensive agents, ... Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) converts alpha-methyldopamine into alpha-methylnorepinephrine, ...

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BMY-7,378 is a 5-HT1A receptor weak partial agonist/antagonist and α1D-adrenergic receptor antagonist.[1] ... Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, ... Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN- ... Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) ... Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) ...

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GABA receptor agonist. *Dopaminergic. *Serotonin agonist. *Adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetic). *Parasympathomimetic drug ( ... Two conformers of dopamine have been identified as alpha- and beta-conformers in which the catechol ring is coplanar with the ... A dopamine agonist (DA) is a compound that activates dopamine receptors. There are two families of dopamine receptors, D2-like ... They are substantial in agonist-receptor interactions.[31] Ergoline derivatives[edit]. Central dopaminergic agonist properties ...

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Mutated human beta3-adrenergic receptor (Trp64Arg) lowers the response to beta3-adrenergic agonists in transfected 3T3-L1 ... Beta-3 adrenergički receptor (β3 adrenoreceptor), takođe poznat kao ADRB3, je beta-adrenergički receptor. ADRB3 je takođe ... Molecular characterization of the mouse beta 3-adrenergic receptor: relationship with the atypical receptor of adipocytes.". ... Krief S, Lönnqvist F, Raimbault S, et al. (1993). „Tissue distribution of beta 3-adrenergic receptor mRNA in man.". J. Clin. ...

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... receptors, and functions as a full agonist at all sites except the 5-HT2A receptor, where it acts as a weak partial agonist or ... Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, ... Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN- ... Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) ... Adrenergic release blockers: Bethanidine. *Bretylium. * ...

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Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN- ... LY-456220 lacks significant affinity for the 5-HT1B, α1 adrenergic, and dopamine D2 receptors.[1][2] ... LY-456220 is a potent and selective serotonin 5-HT1D receptor antagonist which has been used in research to study the function ... Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, ...

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"Rapid down regulation of beta adrenergic receptors by combining antidepressant drugs with forced swim: a model of ... Other theories for increases in strength relating to neural adaptation include: agonist-antagonist muscle decreased co- ... Antidepressant drugs, such as those that cause down regulation of β-adrenergic receptors, can cause rapid neural adaptations in ... Neural receptor cells that process and receive stimulation go through constant changes for mammals and other living organisms ...

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Adrenergic. *Adrenergic receptor agonist (α. *β (1. *2)). *Adrenergic receptor antagonist (α (1 ... beta β GLRB Ionotropic glutamate receptors[edit]. The ionotropic glutamate receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate. They ... which acts as a selective agonist at these receptors. When the NMDA receptor is activated by the binding of two co-agonists, ... The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, or quisqualate receptor) is a ...

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TAAR1 (full agonist). *CART (mRNA inducer). *5-HT1A receptor (low affinity ligand) ... 4-Hydroxyamphetamine has been shown to be metabolized into 4-hydroxynorephedrine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in vitro ... 2)CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2NH. 2 + 2 CH. 3SO. 3H → [PhCH. 2CH(CH. 3)NHC(O)CH(NH+. 3)CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2NH+. 3][CH. 3SO−. 3]. 2. ... 2 + (S)-HOOCCH(NH. 2)CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2NH. 2 → (S,S)-PhCH. 2CH(CH. 3)NHC(O)CH(NH. 2)CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2CH. 2NH. 2 + H. 2O. Amine ...

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Stimulatory factors: Beta-adrenergic agents, cholinergic agents, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) Inhibitory factor: ... This is done both directly on the parietal cell[failed verification] and indirectly via binding onto CCK2/gastrin receptors on ... Cholecystokinin agonists). ... Gastrin binds to cholecystokinin B receptors to stimulate the ... hypercalcemia (via calcium-sensing receptors) Gastrin release is inhibited by: the presence of acid (primarily the secreted HCl ...

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... a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic receptor function". Science. 248 (4962): 1547-50. Bibcode:1990Sci...248.1547L. doi: ... "Core engagement with β-arrestin is dispensable for agonist-induced vasopressin receptor endocytosis and ERK activation". ... Lefkowitz RJ, Shenoy SK (April 2005). "Transduction of receptor signals by beta-arrestins". Science. 308 (5721): 512-7. Bibcode ... Increased accessibility of these sites in receptor-bound arrestin targets the arrestin-receptor complex to the coated pit. ...

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B-receptor agonists: Medications that stimulate the β2 receptor subtype on pulmonary smooth muscle will result in smooth muscle ... These medications include short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol which typically last 4-6 hours, and long-acting ... Rau, JL (Jul 2000). "Inhaled adrenergic bronchodilators: historical development and clinical application". Respir Care. 45 (7 ... These smooth muscle cells have muscarinic M3 receptors on their membrane. The activation of these receptors by acetylcholine ...

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... mesylate (Tornalate) is a short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in ... Walker, Susannah B.; Kradjan, Wayne A.; Bierman, C. Warren (6 May 1985). "Bitolterol Mesylate: A Beta-adrenergic Agent; ... Beta2-adrenergic agonists, Benzoate esters, Prodrugs, Withdrawn drugs, Tert-butyl compounds, Phenylethanolamines, 4-Tolyl ... It has a rapid onset of action (2-5 minutes) and may last up to 6-8 hours. The drug, alone or in co-administration with ...

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... a selective alpha2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonist, produces spinal antinociception in mice". The Journal of ... If concomitant treatment with a beta blocker has to be stopped, the beta blocker should be discontinued first, then moxonidine ... Moxonidine is a selective agonist at the imidazoline receptor subtype 1 (I1). This receptor subtype is found in both the ... moxonidine binds with much greater affinity to the imidazoline I1-receptor than to the α2-receptor. In contrast, clonidine ...

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... beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta-thromboglobulin - ... adrenergic receptor - adrenodoxin - aequorin - aerobic respiration - agonist - alanine - albumin - alcohol - alcoholic ... alpha adrenergic receptor - alpha helix - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor - alpha-2 adrenergic receptor - alpha-beta T-cell antigen ... transforming growth factor beta - transforming growth factor beta receptor - transient receptor potential - translation ( ...

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Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, such as timolol, levobunolol, and betaxolol, decrease aqueous humor production by ... Prostaglandin agonists work by opening uveoscleral passageways. Beta-blockers, such as timolol, work by decreasing aqueous ... Alpha2-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine and apraclonidine, work by a dual mechanism, decreasing aqueous humor ... Less-selective alpha agonists, such as epinephrine, decrease aqueous humor production through vasoconstriction of ciliary body ...

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... while the ACTH receptor and the β2 adrenergic receptor are relatively distantly-related with a sequence identity of ... the receptor is glycosylated and expressed on the cell plasma membrane. MCR's have both endogenous agonists and antagonists. α- ... rabbits respond to alpha and beta MSH's (therefore not using the ACTH receptor), and guinea pigs responding to both ACTH and ... ACTH receptors are the shortest of the melanocortin receptor family and are the smallest known G-coupled receptors. Both human ...

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... has been shown to bind to human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) as an agonist. β-PEA is also an ... or by cross-coupling with beta-amino organozinc reagents, or reacting a brominated arene with beta-aminoethyl organolithium ... "Dissociation Constants of Adrenergic Amines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (6): 2611-3. doi:10.1021/ja01150a055 ... Yang, HY; Neff, NH (1973). "Beta-phenylethylamine: A specific substrate for type B monoamine oxidase of brain". The Journal of ...

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In contrast to dopamine, fenoldopam is a selective D1 receptor agonist with no effect on beta adrenoceptors, although there is ... Since fenoldopam is an intravenous agent with minimal adrenergic effects that improves renal perfusion, in theory it could be ... Grenader A, Healy DP (July 1991). "Fenoldopam is a partial agonist at dopamine-1 (DA1) receptors in LLC-PK1 cells". J. ... Hughes AD, Sever PS (1989). "Action of fenoldopam, a selective dopamine (DA1) receptor agonist, on isolated human arteries". ...

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In vertebrates, melatonin secretion is regulated by activation of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor by norepinephrine. ... In humans, melatonin is a full agonist of melatonin receptor 1 (picomolar binding affinity) and melatonin receptor 2 (nanomolar ... Norepinephrine elevates the intracellular cAMP concentration via beta-adrenergic receptors and activates the cAMP-dependent ... Besides melatonin, certain synthetic melatonin receptor agonists like ramelteon, tasimelteon, and agomelatine are also used in ...

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... also has irreversible antagonist/weak partial agonist properties at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its ... Phenoxybenzamine forms a permanent covalent bond with adrenergic receptors. Based on known information about the structures of ... "Phenoxybenzamine binding reveals the helical orientation of the third transmembrane domain of adrenergic receptors". J. Biol. ... Typically, phenoxybenzamine is not used in the long term, as new receptors are made to upregulate alpha stimulation. The main ...

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Primary insights from functional genomics and effects on beta-adrenergic responsiveness". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. ... "Receptor for the pain modulatory neuropeptides FF and AF is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor". The Journal of Biological ... Mollereau C, Gouardères C, Dumont Y, Kotani M, Detheux M, Doods H, Parmentier M, Quirion R, Zajac JM (May 2001). "Agonist and ... Two genes encoding two different receptors (NPFF1 and NPFF2) and two precursors (NPFFA and NPFFB) have been cloned in several ...

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Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and calcium channel blockers (CCB), alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blockers ... As of 2018, prazosin is the only alpha-1 blocker known to act as an inverse agonist at all alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes ... Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are present in vascular smooth muscle, the central nervous system, and other tissues. When alpha ... Tamsulosin is most potent alpha 1 blocker and has the most selectivity for alpha 1a receptors. It has no beta-blocking activity ...

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... an α2A adrenergic receptor agonist. Medetomidine, an α2 adrenergic agonist. Nonspecific agonists act as agonists at both alpha- ... but there was an increased incidence of hypotension and bradycardia Alpha blocker Adrenergic agonist Beta-adrenergic agonist ... Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The ... Ruffolo, R. R. Jr.; Waddell, J. E. (1982). "Receptor interactions of imidazolines. IX. Cirazoline is an α1 adrenergic agonist ...

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Beta2-adrenergic agonists, also known as adrenergic β2 receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the β2 adrenergic ... Discovery and development of β2 agonists β3-adrenergic agonist Eric, Hsu; Tushar, Bajaj. "Beta 2 Agonists". NCBI. Retrieved 5 ... receptor. Like other β adrenergic agonists, they cause smooth muscle relaxation. β2 adrenergic agonists' effects on smooth ... Adrenergic beta-Agonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Medicine (Webarchive ...

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Bylund DB, Snyder SH (1976). "Beta adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparations from mammalian brain". Mol. Pharmacol. ... It is presumed to act as an inhibitor or antagonist/inverse agonist of all sites. Considering the range of its therapeutic ... Wander TJ, Nelson A, Okazaki H, Richelson E (1986). "Antagonism by antidepressants of serotonin S1 and S2 receptors of normal ... ISBN 0-89603-121-7. Tran VT, Chang RS, Snyder SH (1978). "Histamine H1 receptors identified in mammalian brain membranes with [ ...

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Clonidine is a central alpha-adrenergic agonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent. It stimulates alpha2- ... Propranolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. It has been found to relieve exaggerated startle ... Beta-blockers. Class Summary. Beta-blockers such as propranolol are useful in controlling some symptoms of PTSD caused by ... Alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists. Class Summary. Novel pilot studies in combat veterans suggest alpha-1 antagonists have efficacy ...

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ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS drug classes, patent expirations, and list of drugs by class ... Drugs in MeSH Category Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists. ⮩ Send this page by email. ✉ Email this page to a colleague ...

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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists; Cromones; Glucocorticoids; Leukotriene receptor antagonists; Methyl xanthines; Omalizumab ...

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Muscarinic Agonists * Nitroprusside * Plethysmography * Radial Artery / physiology * Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / physiology ... adrenergic receptor stimulation. The reduction in the relative height of the inflection point following beta(2)-adrenergic ... adrenergic receptor stimulation was related to both EDV and EIDV measured by the invasive forearm technique, indicating that ... and evaluation of the reduction in the relative height of the inflection point of the radial pulse wave following beta(2)- ...

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... agonists are being more frequently prescribed in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), their role in ... Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / administration & dosage * Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / adverse effects* ... Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids and beta(2) agonists on vertebral fracture risk in COPD patients: the EOLO study Calcif ... This study aimed to evaluate whether the dose of inhaled GCs and beta(2) agonists may independently influence bone status and ...

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Adenosine A2A and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: novel selective and synergistic multiple myeloma targets discovered ... Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists.. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2008; 8: 813-838. View in Article *Scopus (59) ...

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Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy There are five different somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes; more than 70% of NETs of ... Fujimori M, Ikeda S, Shimizu Y, et al.: Accumulation of beta-catenin protein and mutations in exon 3 of beta-catenin gene in ... Histamine 1 receptor blockade with fexofenadine, loratadine, terfenadine, or diphenhydramine may be of benefit in treating skin ... Bruns C, Weckbecker G, Raulf F, et al.: Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin-receptor subtypes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 733: 138-46 ...

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ODonnell JM, Wolfe BB, Frazer A. Agonist interactions with beta adrenergic receptors in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984 ... Behavioral effects of beta adrenergic agonists and antidepressant drugs after down-regulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors by ... Beta adrenergic receptors facilitate norepinephrine release from rat hypothalamic and hippocampal slices. Res Commun Mol Pathol ... ODonnell JM, Frazer A. Effects of clenbuterol and antidepressant drugs on beta adrenergic receptor/N-protein coupling in the ...

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β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists as a Novel Treatment for CKD. Session Information. *Diabetic Kidney Disease: Basic - I. ... We recently showed that formoterol, a long-acting beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist, induced recovery from kidney ... β2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists as a Novel Treatment for CKD. November 03, 2022 , 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM ... Together these data indicate that β2-AR agonists, especially formoterol, may be a novel treatment for diabetic nephropathy and ...

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The beta-2 adrenergic receptor and its agonists. Dolen, W. K., Dec 1 1994, In: Allergy Proceedings. 15, 6, p. 283-290 8 p.. ... The bile acid receptor TGR5 does not interact with β-arrestins or traffic to endosomes but transmits sustained signals from ... Negorev, D., Riethman, H., Wechsler-Reya, R., Sakamuro, D., Prendergast, G. C. & Simon, D., Apr 15 1996, In: Genomics. 33, 2, p ... Still, I. H. & Cowell, J., Jan 1 1996, In: Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 74, 3, p. 225-226 2 p.. Research output: ...

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Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs): LABAs enhance the activity of beta-2 adrenergic receptors which are stimulated by ... Acetylcholine binds to protein molecules known as muscarinic receptors on the surface of muscle cells to make them contract. ... Stimulation of beta-2 receptors results in intracellular action that relaxes bronchial muscles and inhibits hypersensitivity ... Acetylcholine also stimulates muscarinic receptors on exocrine gland cells to secrete fluids such as mucus, saliva, tears, and ...

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Fletcher DS, Candelore MR, Grujic D, Lowell BB, Luell S, Susulic VS, Macintyre DE (1998) Beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists ... Also beta 3 adrenergic receptor agonists slowed transit time in wild type but not in the knock out mice.[30] . However, later ... reported that beta 3 adrenergic receptor agonist did not drastically affect colonic transit in patients even after 7 days of ... Adrenergic receptor beta 3 (ADRB3) gene is located on short arm of chromosome 8 and have two variants [ c.491C.T(p.Trp64Arg) ...

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Effects of three beta adrenergic receptor agonists on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, fatty acids composition ... Effects of three beta adrenergic receptor agonists on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, fatty acids composition ... Effects of three beta adrenergic receptor agonists on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, fatty acids composition ... عنوان فارسی : Effects of three beta adrenergic receptor agonists on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, fatty ...

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, but the mechanisms underlying ... Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Here ... 4a) and the responses to glucagon-like peptide-1 and the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine were unaffected ( ... Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52, 102-110 (2003). ...

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The compound is stimulating beta receptors and thats causing vasodilatation (increased blood flow and relaxed smooth muscles). ... In the fitness industry, Clenbuterol is known as a beta-2 agonist and a powerful stimulant. It is a sympathomimetic drug that ... Salbutamol is actually a short acting Beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles and thats ... stimulator of beta 2 receptors, so is considered a beta-2 agonist. Clenbuterol is working on your Central Nervous System (CNS) ...

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Respiratory anticholinergics are long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), which relax airway smooth muscles and reduce mucus secretion by blocking muscarinic receptors on the bronchial smooth muscles and the exocrine gland cells in the bronchial passage. (rxlist.com)
The general beta receptor antagonists oxprenolol and dl-propranolol and the beta-2 receptor antagonist H35/25 inhibited Iso-stimulated AP accumulation. (aspetjournals.org)
The alpha receptor antagonists phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, the beta-1 receptor antagonists metoprolol and practolol and the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine were without effect. (aspetjournals.org)
The activators are called agonists, while the blockers are antagonists. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Beta blockers are competitive antagonists that block the receptor sites for the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic beta receptors , of the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates the fight-or-flight response. (hyperleap.com)
LK 204-545 ((+/-)-1-(2-(3-(2-cyano-4-(2-cyclopropyl-methoxy-ethoxy)phenoxy)-2-hydro xy-propyl-amino)-ethyl)-3-(4-hydrxy-phenyl) urea), an antagonist that possesses high beta1-/beta2-selectivity in the rat, and a range of cardio-selective and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were examined to compare their radioligand binding affinities for human beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors transfected into CHO cells. (austin.org.au)
These variations can potentially impact response to treatment with adrenergic agonists and antagonists that likely warrant medical intervention. (sccj-sa.org)
Results Blockade of α2-adrenoceptors improved sustained attention and response inhibition whereas α1 and β1/2 adrenergic receptor antagonists disrupted go performance and sustained attention respectively. (globaltechbiz.com)
α1-adrenoceptor antagonists cause vasodilation by blocking the binding of norepinephrine to the smooth muscle receptors. (andymatthewsphotography.com)
The alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called alpha-blockers) are a family of agents that bind to and inhibit type 1 alpha-adrenergic receptors and thus inhibit smooth muscle contraction. (andymatthewsphotography.com)

The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that binds epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone and neurotransmitter whose signaling, via adenylate cyclase stimulation through trimeric Gs proteins, increased cAMP, and downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. (wikipedia.org)
LABAs enhance the activity of beta-2 adrenergic receptors which are stimulated by epinephrine , a natural hormone in the body. (rxlist.com)
4 These are receptors for neurohormone epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. (j-stroke.org)
Beta 2 -Adrenergic receptor interacts with a chemical called epinephrine, which is a neurotransmitter like dopamine. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Epinephrine will come floating along, bind to the Beta 2 -Adrenergic receptor, and activate it. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Thus, Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists are effectively epinephrine. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Adrenergic receptor beta(2) (ADRB2) is a primary target for epinephrine. (duke.edu)
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers , beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2 (α2) agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example. (hyperleap.com)
The ciliary epithelium contains beta adrenergic receptors and ligand binding (epinephrine and norepinephrine) stimulates the formation of aqueous humor. (picmonic.com)
These polymorphisms have resulted in interindividual variability in drug responses for epinephrine, dexmedetomidine, and salbutamol, which concludes that pharmacogenomics of adrenergic receptors have proven immense variability in candidate genes amongst populations that lead to different drug responses. (sccj-sa.org)
Bronchodilators that act on all beta-adrenergic receptors throughout the body (such as epinephrine ) cause side effects such as rapid heartbeat, restlessness, headache, and muscle tremors. (msdmanuals.com)
The β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs, or adrenoceptors) are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine ( Perez, 2006 ). (scialert.net)
The action of this compound is notably similar to that of the body's primary adrenergic hormone epinephrine (adrenaline), which also exhibits action toward both alpha and beta receptors. (roids360.net)
It is actually a beta-2 agonist, which has much in common with other stimulant drugs, such as ethidine and epinephrine. (bodyroids.com)
However, after 20 to 30 min of treatment, agonists with intermediate strengths, such as albuterol and salmeterol, stimulate GRK site phosphorylations that are approximately equal to that produced by epinephrine, and the correlation breaks down. (morulaivf.com)
epinephrine racemic decreases levels of iobenguane I 123 by receptor binding competition. (medscape.com)

Beta-blockers such as propranolol are useful in controlling some symptoms of PTSD caused by hyperarousal. (medscape.com)
Timolol belongs to a group of drugs called beta-adrenergic receptor blockers ( beta-blockers ). (medicalnewstoday.com)
The drug belongs to a class of drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). (carlsonattorneys.com)
They help the kidneys Beta-blockers. (bnw-akademie.de)
The classes of blood pressure medications include: Diuretics Beta-blockers ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers Calcium channel blockers Alpha blockers Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists Combined alpha and beta-blockers Central agonists Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors Vasodilators Diuretics. (bnw-akademie.de)
Celiprolol is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure. (liu.edu)
Beta-blockers make the heart beat more slowly. (verywellhealth.com)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers block the receptors for angiotensin to prevent it from narrowing arteries. (verywellhealth.com)
Topical prostaglandin analogues or beta-adrenergic receptor blockers are first used, followed by alpha-agonists or topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and infrequently, cholinergic agonists and oral therapy. (ajmc.com)
Beta blockers , which counter some of the effects of noradrenaline by blocking their receptors, are frequently used to treat glaucoma, migraine, and a range of cardiovascular problems. (hyperleap.com)
BETACAP 20MG contains Propranolol which belongs to a group of medicines called beta-blockers, which have effects on the heart and circulation of the body. (netmeds.com)
In a placebo controlled comparison of approximately equipotent oral doses of several beta-blockers, TENORMIN produced a significantly smaller decrease of FEV 1 than nonselective beta-blockers such as propranolol and, unlike those agents, did not inhibit bronchodilation in response to isoproterenol. (druginserts.com)
Candesartan belongs to a family of medications known as angiotensin II receptor blockers . (medbroadcast.com)
Medicines are often advised typically beta blockers , use of Doxycycline may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, Nervous system (delayed-release only): Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. (soxanddawgs.com)
Beta blockers have numerous systemic effects. (picmonic.com)
There are metabolic effects of beta blockers as well, such as decreasing insulin secretion by the pancreas. (picmonic.com)
Furthermore, beta blockers decrease glycolysis and lipolysis, reducing blood glucose. (picmonic.com)
Diabetic patients should be aware of their blood sugar, as beta blockers may mask the usual signs of hypoglycemia. (picmonic.com)
In diabetic patients taking insulin, beta blockers block the usual symptoms of hypoglycemia and patients should be aware of their blood glucose. (picmonic.com)
Beta blockers block glycolysis (via decreased glucagon release) and decrease lipolysis. (picmonic.com)
Thus beta blockers decrease aqueous humor formation. (picmonic.com)
Beta blockers such as timolol and betaxolol decrease aqueous humor formation by blocking beta adrenergic receptors on the ciliary bodies. (picmonic.com)
Bisoprolol belongs to the class of medications called beta-blockers . (medbroadcast.com)
Beta-blockers reduce the workload of the heart and help it to beat more regularly by blocking the effects of certain hormones. (medbroadcast.com)
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers. (pharmapdf.com)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers block this same hormone from binding with receptors in the blood vessels. (healthybpclub.com)
The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) is contraindicated in patients with sinus bradyarrhythmia or heart block greater than the first degree (unless a functioning pacemaker is present). (drugs.com)
Due to their negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, the use of beta-blockers is likely to exacerbate these conditions. (drugs.com)
The use of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents (aka beta-blockers) is contraindicated in patients with hypotension or cardiogenic shock. (drugs.com)
Due to their negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, the use of beta-blockers is likely to further depress cardiac output and blood pressure, which can be detrimental in these patients. (drugs.com)
Please consider white-listing Labnodes since 1) ad-blockers like uBlock break Labnodes functionality and 2) Labnodes does not serve ads. (vanderbilt.edu)
Are beta blockers vasodilators? (andymatthewsphotography.com)
beta 1-blockers with beta 2 agonist activity are vasodilatory because they activate postsynaptic beta 2 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, via the formation of cyclic AMP. (andymatthewsphotography.com)
Combination of ACE inhibitors & Angiotensin receptor blockers offer a better control of renin angiotensin aldosterone system, thus cardio protective and renoprotective effects of both these classes of drugs are combined. (foobrdigital.com)
Uses are same as ACE inhibitors except that efficiency and safety of angiotensin receptor blockers has not been established in so many chemical studies. (foobrdigital.com)

Protein kinase A then goes on to phosphorylate (and thus inactivate) myosin light-chain kinase, which causes smooth muscle relaxation, accounting for the vasodilatory effects of beta 2 stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, Beta-1 adrenergic receptors are coupled only to Gs, and stimulation of these results in a more diffuse cellular response. (wikipedia.org)
In the normal eye, beta-2 stimulation by salbutamol increases intraocular pressure via net: Increase in production of aqueous humour by the ciliary process, Subsequent increased pressure-dependent uveoscleral outflow of humour, despite reduced drainage of humour via the Canal of Schlemm. (wikipedia.org)
In such cases, beta-2 stimulation with its consequent increase in humour production is highly contra-indicated, and conversely, a topical beta-2 antagonist such as timolol may be employed. (wikipedia.org)
In conclusion, the reduction in the relative height of the inflection point of the pulse wave following beta(2)-adrenergic receptor stimulation was related to both EDV and EIDV measured by the invasive forearm technique, indicating that the pulse wave technique does not measure EDV specifically. (nih.gov)
Stimulation of beta-2 receptors results in intracellular action that relaxes bronchial muscles and inhibits hypersensitivity reaction from mast cells, a type of immune cells that initiate allergic reactions. (rxlist.com)
It is known that increased stimulation of beta-2 receptors will promote increased metabolic rate and thermogenesis. (wilsonsupplements.com)
Stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptors results in smooth muscle relaxation and this property has been widely used to treat asthma (relax bronchial smooth muscles). (legalsteroidshop.com)
Its sympathetic agonist properties can lead to increased stimulation of the central nervous system, elevate the blood pressure and also has the ability to metabolize body fat and protein. (legalsteroidshop.com)
Rebound erythema constitutes rebound dilation of the capillaries caused by downregulation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, [2] secondary beta-receptor stimulation, and rebound increase in parasympathetic activity. (ijdd.in)
Patients with cardiovascular disorders: Use with caution because of beta-adrenergic stimulation. (nih.gov)
Coadministration with alpha1 agonists may cause increased adrenergic receptor stimulation. (medscape.com)
Characterization of agonist stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor using phosphoserine-specific antibodies. (semanticscholar.org)
The results show a remarkable amplification of PKA site phosphorylation relative to the putative GRK siteosphorylation, heterologous stimulation of the PKASite phosphorylated, no dependence of GRK sites phosphorylations on PKA sites, and a reasonable correlation of initial levels ofGRK site phosphorlation with the strength of a range of agonists. (semanticscholar.org)
Salmeterol stimulation dissociates beta2-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation and internalization. (semanticscholar.org)
Since stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system increases Ang II and is an important regulator of cardiovascular function, we therefore hypothesized that inhibition of EP3 would also antagonize beta adrenergic signaling. (henryford.com)
By blocking the response to beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic stimulation, it helps in decreasing the heart rate, myocardial contractility, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand. (netmeds.com)
Alpha-adrenergic agonists improve the urethral closure pressure by stimulation of the alpha-receptors of the smooth urethral musculature (2-7). (vin.com)
Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation increases angiogenesis by down-regulating production of the antiangiogenic matrix protein thrombospondin 1. (umassmed.edu)
Acetaminophen may also inhibit the synthesis or actions of chemical mediators that sensitize the pain receptors to mechanical or chemical stimulation. (seekhealthz.com)
Clenbuterol exhibits most of its effects on the stimulation of both type 2 and 3 beta-receptors. (pharmaus.net)

Doxofylline does not demonstrate direct inhibition of any histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes or known PDE enzyme isoforms and did not act as an antagonist at A2 or A2 receptors. (drugbank.com)
1. Losartan Losartan potassium, a generic for brand medication Cozaar, is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used to treat high blood pressure. (bnw-akademie.de)
It has a unique pharmacology: it is a selective β1 receptor antagonist, but a β2 receptor partial agonist. (liu.edu)
It is also a weak α2 receptor antagonist. (liu.edu)
The histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine inhibited Iso-stimulated AP accumulation an average of 40% at a concentration which inhibits completely histamine-stimulated AP accumulation. (aspetjournals.org)
A patient is experiencing an acute asthmatic attack Which agent would be most effective A Inhaled steroid B. Leukotriene receptor antagonist C. Mast cell stabilizer D. Beta-2 selective adrenergic agonist 16. (techwhiff.com)
Agonist vs antagonist. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
LK 204-545, a highly selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist at human beta-adrenoceptors. (austin.org.au)
No relevant effects were obtained after targeting DA D1 D2 or D4 receptors while both a D3 receptor agonist and antagonist improved post-error slowing and compulsive nose-poke behaviour though generally impairing other task measures. (globaltechbiz.com)
The relatively similar effects produced by administration of D3-preferring agonist and antagonist are puzzling but not surprising. (globaltechbiz.com)
Dextromethorphan is a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the brain and spinal cord. (seekhealthz.com)
Name some effects of an alpha 2 antagonist? (freezingblue.com)
For patients on a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), a short-acting beta agonist (SABA) is generally used for quick relief of COPD symptoms. (interesting-information.com)

Acetylcholine also stimulates muscarinic receptors on exocrine gland cells to secrete fluids such as mucus, saliva , tears, and sweat . (rxlist.com)
Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, beta 1 adrenergic receptor, beta 2 adrenergic receptor. (assignguru.com)
Stimulates beta1 adrenergic receptors, alpha adrenergic receptors. (assignguru.com)
May not show much difference, but you stimulates the beta-2 adrenergic receptors frequently used for opioid peptidergic and GABAergic influences on memory consolidation. (seasfoundation.org)
While Clenbuterol is interacting directly with beta-2 receptors on the fat and muscle, on the other hand, Ephedrine does not stimulates beta-2 receptor. (ukroids.com)
C. This medication will decrease the hepatic production of glucose from stored glycogen D. This medication stimulates the beta cells to release more insulin into the blood stream 18. (techwhiff.com)
This medication belongs to the class of a short-acting beta-2 agonist that stimulates beta-2 receptors in the lungs. (lybrate.com)
It also stimulates beta-receptors and therefore has the tendency to have more side effects (2,3). (vin.com)
As beta-2 agonist, it stimulates the central nervous system to increase aerobic capacity, oxygen transportation, and blood. (tacojcorlando.org)
In normal endothelial cells, activation of the thrombin receptor stimulates intracellular Gq-protein mediated phosphoinositide metabolism and Gi-protein mediated adenylate cyclase inhibition. (everypatent.com)
13] I.J. Elenkov, E. Webster, D.A. Papanicolaou, T.A. Fleisher, G.P. Chrousos and R.L. Wilder: "Histamine potently suppresses human IL-12 and stimulates IL-10 production via H2 receptors", J. Immunol. (edu.pl)
The best Yohimbe supplement made from the extract of Yohimbe bark contains yohimbine, an alpha-2-adrenergic blocking agent that stimulates the nervous system to increase blood supply to users' genital areas. (proteinfactory.com)
Like ephedrine and clenbuterol it is a beta-agonist, or beta-adrenergic agonist, which essentially means that it attaches to certain (beta) receptor cells and stimulates the cardio-vascular system and opens up airways - both features of fight-or-flight. (researchedsupplements.com)

Salbutamol-BP is a short acting beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist that is medically being used for offering the relief during the bronchospasm situations in different breathing disorders such as asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). (balkanpharmaceuticals.to)
In terms of tocolysis for successful ECV, some studies have shown that beta 2-adrenergic receptor agonists, including ritodrine and salbutamol for tocolysis improved success rates in nulliparous or multiparous patients [ 7 - 9 ]. (ogscience.org)
Because metaproterenol is not brain penetrant - meaning that it can not pass through the protective blood-brain-barrier membrane surrounding the brain - the investigators added six related drugs, including the two selective Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists, clenbuterol and salbutamol (which are both brain penetrant). (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Why are not be an inhaled salbutamol sulfate or cardiovascular effects are no alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulant. (myjuicecup.com)
Short -acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs), such as salbutamol and terbutaline, have a rapid onset of action (15 minutes) and their effects last for up to 4 hours. (interesting-information.com)

A centrally-acting opioid agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) used for the management of moderate to severe pain in adults. (trucraftroofing.com)
MAOIs cause norepinephrine accumulation within adrenergic neurons. (medscape.com)
TCAs inhibit norepinephrine uptake in adrenergic neurons, thereby increasing synaptic norepinephrine levels. (medscape.com)
What do Norepinephrine, Adrenergic receptor and Beta. (hyperleap.com)
Regardless of how and where it is released, norepinephrine acts on target cells by binding to and activating adrenergic receptors located on the cell surface. (hyperleap.com)
In addition, Ephedrine HCL Injection enhances the release of norepinephrine, a strong endogenous alpha agonist. (roids360.net)
Current studies on catecholamines (adrenergic neurotransmitters), a family of neurotransmitters in the brain including norepinephrine and dopamine, demonstrate that there could be significant improvements in the human working memory by increasing their functionality [2]. (berkeley.edu)
More specifically, while norepinephrine strengthens PFC network connectivity and maintains persistent firing during a working memory task, dopamine targets D1 receptors to narrow spatial tuning, sculpting network inputs to decrease noise [4]. (berkeley.edu)
Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine by dopamine beta-hydroxylase in neurons. (berkeley.edu)
One of the main goals is to replicate network connectivity strengthening effects of norepinephrine at postsynaptic alpha-receptors in the PFC and enhance spatial tuning (selectivity) like dopamine. (berkeley.edu)
The blocking of alpha 2 receptors increases the release of norepinephrine. (andymatthewsphotography.com)

Herein we show that a 4-week treatment period with daily therapeutic inhalation of beta2 -agonist increases insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal in young healthy lean men. (regionh.dk)
V1 effect is by Gq-protein coupled receptors, which also increases intracellular IP3. (derangedphysiology.com)
ozanimod increases toxicity of oxymetazoline intranasal by sympathetic (adrenergic) effects, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. (medscape.com)
Previous data from our lab have shown that PGE2 reduces contractility when signaling via its EP3 receptor subtype and that EP3 expression increases in the Angiotensin II (Ang II) model of hypertension. (henryford.com)
Consistent with its negative chronotropic effect due to beta blockade of the SA node, TENORMIN increases sinus cycle length and sinus node recovery time. (druginserts.com)
Wilcox et al (1994, Circ Res 75:1029-38) disclosed that in rat aorta smooth muscle, thrombin receptor expression increases soon after vascular injury and triggers cell proliferation in the neointima. (everypatent.com)
These beta-3 receptors increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, causing more glucose and amino acids to be transported into skeletal muscle thus causing the anabolic effects that we, humans, just aren't seeing. (pharmaus.net)
Specifically, chronic hypertension affects up to 5% of pregnancies, is more common in the black race, and its prevalence increases with increasing maternal age (0.6%-2% between 18 and 29 years of age and 4.6%-22.6% between 30 and 39 years of age. (pharmaco-vigilance.eu)
Previous studies have shown that treatment of myeloid cells with nuclear receptor agonists increases expression of phagocytosis-related genes. (jneurosci.org)

Different polymorphic forms, point mutations, and/or downregulation of this gene are associated with nocturnal asthma, obesity and type 2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
Long-acting beta 2 -adrenergic agonists (LABA) increase the risk of asthma-related death. (rxlist.com)
Data from a large placebo-controlled US study that compared the safety of another longacting beta 2 -adrenergic agonist (salmeterol) or placebo added to usual asthma therapy showed an increase in asthma-related deaths in patients receiving salmeterol. (rxlist.com)
A beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat asthma, bronchitis, COPD, as well as prevent exercise induced bronchospasms. (trucraftroofing.com)
RATIONALE: Retrospective pharmacogenetic studies have questioned whether patients with asthma who are arginine homozygous at the beta(2-)adrenergic receptor (position 16) should use long-acting beta-agonists. (druglib.com)
Treatment of asthma in patients ≥12 years: 2 inhalations twice daily of DULERA 100 mcg/5 mcg or 200 mcg/5 mcg. (nih.gov)
Treatment of asthma in patients aged 5 to less than 12 years: 2 inhalations twice daily of DULERA 50 mcg/5 mcg. (nih.gov)
METHODS: Patients enrolled in the Asthma Intervention Research Trial were on inhaled corticosteroids ≥200 μg beclomethasone or equivalent + long-acting-beta2-agonists and demonstrated worsening of asthma on long-acting-β2-agonist withdrawal. (ox.ac.uk)
Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents are able to produce severe bronchospasm in patients with asthma and interact block the pulmonary effect of beta-agonists (Ventolin). (us.org)
Ventilate 2 Mg/8 Mg Tablet is prescribed to treat obstruction due to asthma or COPD. (lybrate.com)
Ventilate 2 Mg/8 Mg Tablet should be used with caution in those with severe asthma, heart problems, high blood pressure , diabetes , an overactive thyroid gland, infection of the lungs, arrhythmias, those who have intolerance to some sugars or those with low levels of potassium in their blood. (lybrate.com)
Short-acting beta-adrenergic drugs are usually the best drugs for relieving asthma attacks. (msdmanuals.com)
Quick medical attention should be sought when a person who has asthma feels the need to use more of a beta-adrenergic drug than is recommended. (msdmanuals.com)
Long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs are available, but they are used to prevent rather than to treat asthma attacks. (msdmanuals.com)
Clenbuterol is a beta agonist used to treat asthma in some parts of the world. (brakingcycles.org)
Severent is an inhaler and accuhaler that contains the active ingredient, Salmeterol, which is a beta2-selective agonist that is administered by inhalation and is used in the long-term treatment of asthma and for the prevention of bronchospasm in adult patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. (pharmacyplanet.com)
Step 1 (Intermittent Asthma) Preferred: SABA PRN ( inhaled short- acting beta2- agonist ) Step 3 (Persistent Asthma) Preferred: SA. (interesting-information.com)
Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) are a class of prescription drugs used to quickly relieve shortness of breath and wheezing in people with asthma. (interesting-information.com)
Short-acting β-agonist (SABA) drugs have been mainstays of asthma therapy for many decades and are recommended treatment at all levels of asthma severity, as they provide prompt relief of asthma symptoms through smooth muscle relaxation and, thereby, bronchodilatation. (interesting-information.com)
Background The Global Initiative for Asthma recommends as-needed inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-formoterol as an alternative to maintenance ICS plus short-acting beta 2-agonist (SABA) reliever at Step 2 of their stepwise treatment algorithm. (interesting-information.com)

Dopamine is then converted to noradrenaline by dopamine beta-hydroxylase which utilizes ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and copper. (hyperleap.com)
It has no action on dopamine receptors. (brainkart.com)
Name the dopamine agonists and their action at the D1, D2 receptors? (freezingblue.com)
After determining that there is an empirical link between a dopamine-mediated working memory system and higher cognitive functions in humans [1], researchers administered dopamine receptor agonists such as bromocriptine and pergolide on young volunteers. (berkeley.edu)
Because bromocriptine binds to the same receptors as dopamine and plays the same role as catecholamines, the results were astonishing. (berkeley.edu)
A dopamine agonist (DA) is a compound that activates dopamine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
There are two families of dopamine receptors , D 2 -like and D 1 -like, and they are all G protein-coupled receptors . (wikipedia.org)
[1] Dopamine agonists are primarily used to treat Parkinson's disease . (wikipedia.org)
[2] They are not intended for treatment of clinical depression , and studies have shown severe detrimental side effects resulting from off-label use of dopamine agonists in treating depression, particularly in their tendency to produce impulse control disorders and extreme cases of withdrawal syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine agonists are mainly used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease . (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine agonists act directly on the dopamine receptors and mimic dopamine's effect. (wikipedia.org)
Both subclasses target dopamine D 2 -type receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Instead of conventional antidepressant medication in treating depression, treatment with dopamine agonists has been suggested. (wikipedia.org)
[9] It is mainly thought that dopamine agonists help with treating depressive symptoms and disorders by alleviating motor complications, which is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
results, further research is crucial to establish the anti-depressive effects of dopamine agonists in treating depressive symptoms and disorders in those with Parkinson's. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine is a prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIFs) since it lowers the prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs) synthesis and secretion through D 2 -like receptors. (wikipedia.org)
[10] That is why dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment in hyperprolactinemia . (wikipedia.org)
Numerous clinical trials have been performed to assess the use of dopamine agonists for the treatment of restless leg syndrome (RLS). (wikipedia.org)
RLS symptoms decrease with the use of drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors and increase dopamine levels, such as dopamine agonists. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine agonists are mainly used to treat Parkinson's disease but are also used to treat hyperprolactinemia and restless legs syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
[14] The side effects are mainly recorded in treatment for Parkinson's disease where dopamine agonists are commonly used, especially as first-line treatment with levodopa . (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine agonists are divided into two subgroups or drug classes, first-generation and newer agents. (wikipedia.org)
Ergoline derived agonists are said to be "dirtier" drugs because of their interaction with other receptors than dopamine receptors, therefore they cause more side effects. (wikipedia.org)

TENORMIN is a beta 1 -selective (cardioselective) beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent without membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic (partial agonist) activities. (druginserts.com)
Clenbuterol hydrochloride is a sympathomimetic β2-adrenoceptor agonist that has been used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of pulmonary diseases such as. (devupglobal.com)
Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic β2-adrenoceptor agonist. (devupglobal.com)
Also, unlike ephedrine and clenbuterol - compounds which also belong to the sympathomimetic amine family - Citrus Aurantium is safe when used properly (see Usage and Dosage sections below) as it interacts far more strongly with the beta-3 receptors to initiate thermogenesis, rather than stimulating the central nervous system (CNS) strongly. (researchedsupplements.com)

Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors block chemicals in the brain that play a role in causing blood vessels to become narrow. (verywellhealth.com)
This group of medications includes the biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors, and amylin analogs. (lecturio.com)
The group of medications includes sulfonylureas, meglitinides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors. (lecturio.com)

In conclusion, in COPD patients high doses of inhaled GCs, but not beta(2) agonists, are associated with an increased risk of vertebral fractures and a reduction of QUS at the calcaneus. (nih.gov)
Thus, we investigated the physiological effects of prolonged beta2 -agonist treatment at inhaled doses resembling those used in respiratory diseases on insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal and putative mechanisms in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of healthy men. (regionh.dk)
Beta2 -agonist treatment in close-to-therapeutic doses may augment whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in healthy young men and part of the change is likely to be explained by muscle hypertrophy. (regionh.dk)
KEY POINTS: While studies in rodents have highlighted beta2 -agonists as a means to augment insulin sensitivity, these studies utilized beta2 -agonists at doses inapplicable to humans. (regionh.dk)
Its therapeutic doses interact with β2-adrenergic receptors in muscles of the bronchi. (us.org)
In animals, at doses greater than those required for alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade, a membrane-stabilizing effect has been demonstrated. (linkedlifedata.com)
On the first day of each of the 3 phases of the study, these volunteers received a single dose of metoprolol extended-release (ER) 100 mg, a single dose of metoprolol ER 200 mg, or 2 doses of metoprolol immediate-release (IR) 100 mg administered 12 hours apart. (psychiatrist.com)
This preferential effect is not absolute, however, and at higher doses, TENORMIN inhibits beta 2 -adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in the bronchial and vascular musculature. (druginserts.com)
Following oral doses of 50 mg or 100 mg, both beta-blocking and antihypertensive effects persist for at least 24 hours. (druginserts.com)
The effect on exercise tachycardia of a single 10 mg intravenous dose is largely dissipated by 12 hours, whereas beta-blocking activity of single oral doses of 50 mg and 100 mg is still evident beyond 24 hours following administration. (druginserts.com)
In normal subjects, the beta 1 selectivity of TENORMIN has been shown by its reduced ability to reverse the beta 2 -mediated vasodilating effect of isoproterenol as compared to equivalent beta-blocking doses of propranolol. (druginserts.com)
Long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs are effective for about 12 hours, so people usually need two doses per day. (msdmanuals.com)
Do not use 2 doses at once. (everyday-rx.com)
While various pharmacological materials of yohimbine are already described, at the plasma concentration attained in human when used in recommended doses, the principal activity is antagonism of alpha-2-adrenoceptors. (proteinfactory.com)

This receptor-channel complex is coupled to the Gs G protein, which activates adenylyl cyclase, catalysing the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which then activates protein kinase A, and counterbalancing phosphatase PP2A. (wikipedia.org)
Effects of agonist occupancy on phosphorylation of alpha 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors by protein kinase C and the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. (dbcls.jp)
Identification of a specific site required for rapid heterologous desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (semanticscholar.org)
GPCR kinases (i.e. beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, Beta-ARK). (studystack.com)
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-mediated transcriptional regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 expression in neuronal cells. (ouhsc.edu)
Another version of the human insulin receptor kinase domain: expression, purification, and characterization. (vanderbilt.edu)
Agonist-stimulated desensitization of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is caused by both a potent cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation and a less potent, occupancy-dependent, G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-mediated phosphorylation that leads to beta-arrestin binding and internalization. (morulaivf.com)

Isolated parietal cells: adrenergic response and pharmacology. (aspetjournals.org)

Adenosine A2A and beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: novel selective and synergistic multiple myeloma targets discovered through systematic combination screening. (cell.com)
Ex Vivo Perfusion With Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist Enhances Rehabilitation of Murine Donor Lungs After Circulatory Death. (umassmed.edu)
Ex vivo lung perfusion with adenosine A2A receptor agonist allows prolonged cold preservation of lungs donated after cardiac death. (umassmed.edu)
Adenosine A2A and beta-adrenergic calcium transient and contractile responses in rat ventricular myocytes. (umassmed.edu)

Beta2-receptor polymorphisms in patients receiving salmeterol with or without fluticasone propionate. (druglib.com)
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the response to salmeterol alone or in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid is influenced by beta- receptor polymorphisms. (druglib.com)
CONCLUSIONS: The results showed no evidence of a pharmacogenetic effect of beta-receptor variation on salmeterol response. (druglib.com)
The data indicate that salmeterol binding induces an active receptor state that is unable to recruit beta-arrestin or undergo significant endocytosis or degradation despite stimulating considerable GRK-site phosphorylation. (semanticscholar.org)
Compared to other beta2 agonists, salmeterol has a longer duration of action, allowing twice-daily dosing. (pharmacyplanet.com)

Perforomist belongs to a class of drugs called Beta2 Agonists. (rxlist.com)
These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of beta2 -agonists for improving insulin sensitivity. (regionh.dk)

While it is recognized that beta 2 -adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, data indicate that there are beta-receptors in the human heart, 10% to 50% of which are cardiac beta 2 -adrenergic receptors. (mdtodate.com)
ISO or its vehicle were given via osmotic mini pump and L798,106 or its vehicle were administered via daily injections S.C. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured every 2 days via tail cuff and cardiac function was assessed by echo at the end of the study period. (henryford.com)
In standard animal or human pharmacological tests, beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity of TENORMIN has been demonstrated by: (1) reduction in resting and exercise heart rate and cardiac output, (2) reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and on exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction in reflex orthostatic tachycardia. (druginserts.com)
Stavrakis S, Kem DC, Patterson E, Lozano P, Huang S, Szabo B, Cunningham MW, Lazzara R, Yu X. Opposing cardiac effects of autoantibody activation of ß-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptors in cardiac-related diseases. (ouhsc.edu)
The β-ARs have been subdivided into at least three distinct groups: β 1 , β 2 and β 3 , classically identified in cardiac, airway smooth muscle and adipose tissue, respectively ( Johnson, 1998 ). (scialert.net)
Treatment mainly depends upon agents that increase cardiac output like beta adrenergic receptor agonists, vasoconstrictor etc. (healthcaretip.com)

Amines and acts on the sympathetic nervous system, which over a long duration and is very clenbuterol, as a performance enhancer, is used by bodybuilders in a 2-day on, 2-day off cycle or a 3-week on, 3-week off cycle. (ektopos.com)
Nevertheless, Ephedrine mimics the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerve terminals, and then noradrenaline interacts with the muscle and fat cells as anonspecific agonist. (ukroids.com)
Alpha-2 receptor agonists lower the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. (verywellhealth.com)
Key words: heart failure, sympathetic nervous system, adrenergic receptors. (document.onl)
Alpha-1 receptors are found in many target organs of the sympathetic nervous system. (vin.com)
With a few exceptions, alpha-2 receptors are not present in target organs of the sympathetic nervous system, but in neuronal synapses. (vin.com)
Alpha and beta receptors on tissues (except sweat glands) innervated by the sympathetic postganglionic neurons. (freezingblue.com)
2] K.S. Madden, V.M. Sanders and D.L. Felten: "Catecholamine influences and sympathetic neural modulation of immune responsiveness", Annu. (edu.pl)

This makes the steroid more effective in binding to androgen receptors that help in T3 hormone production in the body.However, the combinations of natural ingredients in many legal steroids endeavour to replicate the potential of the most powerful steroids, https://www.moonamorcandleco.com/profile/dominicclemmey1989/profile . (automotoaccessories.com)
It works by attaching itself to the androgen receptors in the body. (sistemadeorquestas.org.ar)
L-carnitine-L-tartrate to increase androgen receptors for greater testosterone uptake. (helpyougetgains.com)
SARMs work by binding to androgen receptors in your body, which then signals your muscles to grow, leading to rapid strength gains, clenbuterol hydrochloride bp. (devupglobal.com)
Deca Durabolin does not work via androgen receptors, but rather works to increase protein synthesis in the muscles. (devupglobal.com)

Activation of beta 2 -adrenergic receptors leads to the activation of adenylcyclase and to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic-3′,5'‑adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). (mdtodate.com)
Beta adrenergic receptors are members of a family of receptors known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and have a seven membrane spanning domain structure, an extracellular amino terminus, three intracellular and three extracellular loops, and an intracellular carboxyl terminus. (j-stroke.org)
These receptors sit in the wall of cells (the membrane), with part of themselves exposed to the world outside the cells (the extracellular space) and another region of themselves exposed to the interior of the cell (the intracellular space). (scienceofparkinsons.com)
A variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and physical stimuli trigger intracellular responses by binding to seven transmembrane receptors. (aspetjournals.org)

This appears to be mediated by cAMP induced PKA phosphorylation of the receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Several mechanisms contribute to loss of receptor activity including uncoupling of the receptor from adenylyl cyclase activity, internalization of the receptor and phosphorylation of internalized receptors. (j-stroke.org)
Regulation of adrenergic receptor function by phosphorylation. (dbcls.jp)
The data support the hypothesis that increasing agonist-coupling efficiency primarily affects desensitization by increasing the rate of βARK phosphorylation of the βAR and demonstrate an excellent proportionality between the agonist strength and agonists-induced desensItization, internalization, and the rapid initial phase of phosphorylated. (semanticscholar.org)
The results indicate that the kinetics of β2‐adrenoceptor GRK and PKA site phosphorylation are distinct and differently affected by endocytosis, and that receptor dephosphorylation can occur either at the plasma membrane or in internal compartments. (semanticscholar.org)

Although inhaled glucocorticoids (GCs) and beta(2) agonists are being more frequently prescribed in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), their role in the impairment of bone status and in fracture risk remains controversial. (nih.gov)
Doping agents, particularly can preventer every day to keep classes, they are five types according to their receptors: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogen and progestogens. (illicittrade.com)

Propranolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. (medscape.com)
Labetalol HCl is an adrenergic receptor blocking agent that has both selective alpha- and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking actions in a single substance. (linkedlifedata.com)
Propranolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent which specifically competes with beta-adrenergic receptor agonist agents for available receptor sites. (netmeds.com)

The comprehensive anabolic, lipolytic, and ergogenic effects of long-acting β2 agonists such as clenbuterol render them frequent targets as performance-enhancing drugs in athletes. (wikipedia.org)
Brimonidine belongs to a group of drugs called alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonist are drugs that bind to and activate the Beta 2 -Adrenergic receptor. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Behavioral effects of the β 3 adrenoceptor agonist SR58611A: is it the putative prototype of a new class of antidepressant/anxiolytic drugs? (wikipedia.org)
Chen J, Dai L, Barrett L, James J, Plaisance-Bonstaff K, Post SR, Qin Z. SARS-CoV-2 proteins and anti-COVID-19 drugs induce lytic reactivation of an oncogenic virus. (uams.edu)
2-5 Many antidepressants inhibit the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that metabolize certain β-blocker drugs. (psychiatrist.com)
However, when beta blocker drugs are used, bronchoconstriction occurs. (picmonic.com)
Thus, beta blocking drugs work to decrease lipolysis and insulin release. (picmonic.com)
Drugs exist that can be considered individually but cannot be recommended on a routine basis because either (1) they have not been studied specifically or used regularly in the pediatric population, or (2) they are not available in the United States. (medscape.com)
This medicine belongs to the short-acting beta-2 agonists class of drugs. (lybrate.com)
When taking two drugs together, diuretics have been shown to lower blood pressure with a beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor and an ARB. (healthybpclub.com)
Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors. (ouhsc.edu)
Bronchodilators include beta-adrenergic drugs (both those for quick relief of symptoms and those for long-term control), anticholinergics, and methylxanthines. (msdmanuals.com)
These drugs are referred to as bronchodilators because they stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors to widen (dilate) the airways. (msdmanuals.com)
Most short-acting beta-adrenergic drugs, especially the inhaled ones, act within minutes, but the effects last only 2 to 6 hours. (msdmanuals.com)
The long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs are not used alone because people using only long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs may have a slightly higher risk of death. (msdmanuals.com)
Ultra-long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs are effective for up to 24 hours, so people need only one dose per day. (msdmanuals.com)
Ultra-long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs are also not used alone because they may cause the same increase in the risk of death as long-acting drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
Metered-dose inhalers (handheld cartridges containing gas under pressure) are the most commonly used method for giving inhaled beta-adrenergic drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
Perinatal risk factors that have a suggested association include β 2 adrenergic receptor agonists, labor induction and augmentation, maternal infection and disease (i.e., antiphospholipid syndrome), antiepileptic drugs, cocaine use, and oral supplements. (hindawi.com)
Name some nonselective B-agonist or selective B1 drugs and their affinity for B receptors? (freezingblue.com)
Drugs interact with receptors to produce a change in the state of the receptor, which is then translated into a physiological effect. (derangedphysiology.com)

Interestingly, Beta-2 adrenergic receptor was observed to localize exclusively to the T-tubular network of adult cardiomyocytes, as opposed to Beta-1 adrenergic receptor, which is observed also on the outer plasma membrane of the cell Activation of the β2 adrenoreceptor with long-acting agents such as oral clenbuterol and intravenously-infused albuterol results in skeletomuscular hypertrophy and anabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Albuterol sulfate is a beta 2 -adrenergic agonist. (mdtodate.com)
Under standardized in vitro test conditions with fixed flow rates ranging from 58 to 71 L/min, and with a total air volume of 2 L, ProAir Digihaler inhaler delivers 108 mcg of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 90 mcg of albuterol base) with lactose from the mouthpiece. (mdtodate.com)
The pharmacologic effects of albuterol sulfate are attributable to activation of beta 2 -adrenergic receptors on airway smooth muscle. (mdtodate.com)
Albuterol is stimulating beta receptors and this is causing vasodilatation when the blood flow is increased. (balkanpharmaceuticals.to)
15) Answer- D Explanation ( These can include: Short-acting beta agonists, such as albuterol. (techwhiff.com)
Bronchodilators (such as albuterol ) that act mainly on beta-2-adrenergic receptors, which are found primarily on cells in the lungs, have less effect on other organs and thus cause fewer side effects. (msdmanuals.com)
Beta-agonists (eg, albuterol) because their effectiveness may be decreased by Trandate. (everyday-rx.com)

Direct agonist acting on alpha (vasoconstrictor: arterial and venous) and beta-1 (contractility, pro-arrhythmic) adrenergic receptors. (derangedphysiology.com)

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors have also been found to couple with Gi, possibly providing a mechanism by which response to ligand is highly localized within cells. (wikipedia.org)
The high potency of LK 204-545 at transfected human beta1-adrenoceptors and in functional models of rat beta1-adrenoceptors together with its high selectivity, identify it as a useful ligand for studying beta1-adrenoceptors and suggest that it may be the preferred ligand for human beta-adrenoceptor studies. (austin.org.au)
In this study we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological THE NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR EU1794-4 REDUCES SINGLE NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate a slow, Ca2+-permeable component of excitatory synaptic currents. (archivebay.com)
Mutational analysis of ligand binding activity of beta 2 adrenergic receptor expressed in Escherichia coli. (vanderbilt.edu)
The ligand-gated ion channel thought to be most involved in the mechanism of action of the volatile anesthetics is the GABA A receptor which, with greater certainty, is the site of action for the intravenous anesthetics thiopental, propofol, etomidate, and the neurosteroids. (asahq.org)

Acetylcholine binds to protein molecules known as muscarinic receptors on the surface of muscle cells to make them contract. (rxlist.com)
Where are the muscarinic receptors in the PNS? (freezingblue.com)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, but the mechanisms underlying insulin secretion failure are not completely understood. (nature.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) results from a combination of insufficient insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets and insulin resistance of target cells 1 . (nature.com)
The data demonstrate that cells of the rat gastric mucosa have adrenergic beta-2 receptors which when stimulated result in an increase in acid secretion. (aspetjournals.org)
Non-insulinotropic diabetes medications are used to treat type 2 diabetes by methods other than increasing insulin secretion. (lecturio.com)
Insulinotropic diabetes medications treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by increasing insulin secretion, which results in decreased glucose levels. (lecturio.com)
Analysis and summary of the current concept of biological role of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the body, that is a transcription factor, simulating the expression of target genes that regulate different chains of adipogenesis, thermogenesis, energy homeostasis, providing balance of glucose and sensitivity of cells to insulin, secretion of adipokines, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. (kiev.ua)

alpha adrenergic receptors causing vasoconstriction. (assignguru.com)
Direct action on a number of receptors (V1 (vascular: vasoconstriction), V2 (renal: anti-diuresis), V3 (pituitary), OTR (oxytocin receptor subtypes) and P2 (purinergic). (derangedphysiology.com)
Dobutamine exerts its cardiovascular action through its beta 1 -adrenergic agonist activity, and also induces alpha 1 -adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction as well as beta 2 -adre-noceptor-mediated vasodilation. (brainkart.com)
The blocking of alpha 1 receptors causes the widening of the blood vessels by inhibiting the action of catecholamines that cause vasoconstriction. (andymatthewsphotography.com)

Significant hypertension can result if coadministered with alpha1 agonists. (medscape.com)
The alpha-receptors are divided in alpha1- and alpha2-subtypes. (vin.com)

It is the most potent of the opiate agonists and is useful for the acute management of headache due to migraine. (medscape.com)
It is the d-isomer of levorphanol but has none of the analgesic, respiratory depressive, or sedative effects associated with opiate agonists. (seekhealthz.com)

Some examples for strong beta-2 agonists are ephedrine and clenbuterol. (jdsupps.com)

G protein-coupled versus arrestin-coupled receptors: exploiting mechanistic differences for therapeutic benefit. (gpcrworkshop.com)
Iron-dragon.com findings exclude sarcolemmal glucose transport as a potential target for the therapeutic action of PPARdelta agonists in skeletal muscle. (cwtvsource.com)
These receptors are involved in several important brain functions, including learning and memory, and have also been implicated in neuropathological conditions and acute central nervous system injury, which has driven therapeutic interest in their modulation. (archivebay.com)

and selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists with posterior urethral valve and/or prune belly. (ulster.ac.uk)
Phenylephrine is a synthetic alpha-1 adrenoreceptor agonist, similar in structure to adrenaline. (derangedphysiology.com)
Beta2-Adrenoreceptor agonists: Another game changer? (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Amongst these 35 compounds was the selective Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonist metaproterenol . (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Hang on a second, what are Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonist? (scienceofparkinsons.com)
And what medical conditions are treated with Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists? (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists cause smooth muscle fibres to relax. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Ok, so these researchers found Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists reduce the production of Alpha Synuclein in their screening experiment? (scienceofparkinsons.com)
The cells treated with Beta 2 -Adrenoreceptor agonists generated less of the Parkinson's disease associated protein. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
Beta-3 adrenergički receptor (β 3 adrenoreceptor), takođe poznat kao ADRB3 , je beta-adrenergički receptor . (wikipedia.org)
By blocking beta 2 adrenoreceptor activity, beta blocking medications prevent this dilation and thus indirectly lead to bronchoconstriction in patients. (picmonic.com)

Compounds that selectively bind to and activate ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS. (umassmed.edu)

Beta-2 agonists are the most effective mechanism for inducing fat loss in humans. (jdsupps.com)
Another mechanism is by acting as a beta-2 agonist that helps in stimulating the subtypes of adrenergic receptors. (dtmorning.com)
8 It is hypothesized that due to the polymorphism in β2AR, functional alteration in the receptor function occurs which influences a certain intermediate mechanism for the predisposition of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. (j-stroke.org)
Memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker currently approved for dementia, is the neuroprotectant farthest along in the process seeking regulatory approval for glaucoma treatment and has a favorable safety profile because of its selective mechanism of action. (ajmc.com)
Its primary known mechanism of action is on the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, iron-dragon.com, also known as ADRB2. (cwtvsource.com)
Mechanism of action: beta-2 agonist. (rebelem.com)
In this study, we elucidate a novel mechanism by which nuclear receptors act to enhance phagocytosis in the AD brain. (jneurosci.org)
Importantly, in an ex vivo slice assay, nuclear receptor agonist treatment reversed the AD-related suppression of phagocytosis through a MerTK-dependent mechanism. (jneurosci.org)

Characterization of Thrombin Receptor Expression During Vascular Lesion Formulation," Cir. (everypatent.com)
Human fat cell beta-adrenergic receptors: beta-agonist-dependent lipolytic responses and characterization more powerful and long-lasting muscles. (prisontalk.com)
Further characterization of MerTK + /Axl + macrophages revealed that they also expressed the phagocytic receptor TREM2 and high levels of CD45, consistent with a peripheral origin of these cells. (jneurosci.org)

GPCRs as guidance receptors for immune cells. (gpcrworkshop.com)
These receptors link to downstream signaling pathways by activating heterotrimeric G proteins and, as such, are designated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (aspetjournals.org)
Among adenosine receptor subtypes, the A2A receptor is one of the few GPCRs whose crystal structure is available. (fieldofscience.com)

It has a vasoconstrictive action on small distal resistance arteries by way of postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor signaling on the vascular smooth muscle. (ijdd.in)
What about on platelets, adrenergic nerver terminals, vascular smooth muscle and fat cells? (freezingblue.com)

In contrast with other xanthine derivatives, doxofylline does not significantly bind to adenosine alpha-1 or alpha-2 receptors and lacks stimulating effects. (drugbank.com)
Which G protein goes with alpha-2 receptors? (studystack.com)

Preserved ß-adrenergic-mediated vasodilation in skeletal muscle of young adults with obesity despite shifts in cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase. (ouhsc.edu)
ß-Adrenergic-mediated vasodilation in young men and women: cyclooxygenase restrains nitric oxide synthase. (ouhsc.edu)
This reduces the force of the vasodilation caused by the blocking of alpha 1 receptors. (andymatthewsphotography.com)

LABA (BRONCHODILATOR) The second medicine is an inhaled long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA) called formoterol. (interesting-information.com)

These receptor subtypes are distributed differently in each single effector. (vin.com)
It is presented by three subtypes - PPARα (NR 1 C 1 ), PPARβ, synonym - delta (NR 1 C 2 ) and PPARγ (NR 1 C 3 ). (kiev.ua)
About 20 years ago, PPARα was found in the rodents that activates proliferation of peroxisome - subcellular organelles upon the exposure to a range of industrial compounds, in this regards, all three subtypes of PPAR were named somewhat out of date, however, they almost do not induce peroxisome proliferation in human [1, 2]. (kiev.ua)

Receptor stereoselectivity was shown by the approximately 100-fold difference in potency of the I- and d-isomers of propranolol. (aspetjournals.org)

DIM also binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) which causes a downregualtion of estrogen receptor production. (jdsupps.com)
As I mentioned in the previous post , an agonist is a drug that binds to and activates a particular receptor. (scienceofparkinsons.com)
They and PAC1, which specifically binds PACAP and not VIP are a subfamily of Class B, G-protein coupled receptors which also includes secretin receptors. (pancreapedia.org)

Decreased affinity for adenosine receptors may account for the better safety profile of doxofylline compared to theophylline 9 . (drugbank.com)
The affinity for adenosine A1, A2A and A2B receptors are reported to be all higher than 100 µM 6 . (drugbank.com)
This is due to 2-methoxyestradiol's high affinity to SHBG. (jdsupps.com)
Crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin in complex with 2-methoxyestradiol reveals the molecular basis for high affinity interactions with C-2 derivatives of estradiol. (myoblox.com)
The two receptors recognizing VIP with high affinity are termed VPAC1 and VPAC2 because they recognize both VIP and PACAP (Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide) (16, 28). (pancreapedia.org)
It also redefines efficacy as the increased affinity of the agonist for active (vs. inactive) states of the receptor. (derangedphysiology.com)

Adrenergic receptor beta 2 (ADRB2) gene located on chromosome 5 having nine polymorphisms. (researchsquare.com)
Hormonal parameters and sex hormone receptor gene polymorphisms in men with autoimmune diseases. (cdc.gov)
Relationship between leptin G2548A and leptin receptor Q223R gene polymorphisms and obesity and metabolic syndrome risk in Tunisian volunteers. (cdc.gov)
impact of beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms for better understanding the progression of HF. (document.onl)
Distinctions in the DNA sequence of the genes pertaining to α and β adrenergic receptors can result in genetic polymorphisms. (sccj-sa.org)
In this study, the polymorphisms of β 2 -AR gene on cattle were detected by methods of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing in two cattle breeds in China, Xinjiang Brown cattle and Chinese Holstein cows. (scialert.net)
DNA alignment results showed that three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), C11A, G53A and C129T were found in 5-coding region of β 2 -AR gene. (scialert.net)
PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and DNA sequencing methods were used to scan single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the parts of the encoding region of β 2 -AR gene, in order to identify potential genetic markers for lactation performance. (scialert.net)

چکیده انگلیسی: Different beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptor agonists may be various biological and physiological effects on fish species. (iocv.ir)

We propose that the first haplotype codes for lower levels of ADRB2 expression, the second haplotype codes for higher ADRB2 expression, and the third haplotype codes for higher receptor expression and rapid agonist-induced internalization. (duke.edu)

Labetalol's beta-receptor blockade in man was demonstrated by a small decrease in the resting heart rate, attenuation of tachycardia produced by isoproterenol or exercise, and by attenuation of the reflex tachycardia to the hypotension produced by amyl nitrite. (linkedlifedata.com)
Beta-receptor blockade was demonstrated by inhibition of the isoproterenol-induced fall in diastolic blood pressure. (linkedlifedata.com)
old C57Bl/6 mice receiving: (1) vehicle, (2) the beta adrenergic agonist Isoproterenol, ISO 30 mg/kg/d S.C., (3) the EP3i L798,106 40 μg/kg/d, (4) ISO + L798,106 for 10 days. (henryford.com)
reported that isoproterenol (β-AR agonists) enhanced milk flow without affecting milk ejection. (scialert.net)

The beta receptor selective agonists metaproterenol, terbutaline and zinterol stimulated AP accumulation to the same extent as Iso, whereas the beta-1 receptor selective agonist dobutamine was only 20% as effective. (aspetjournals.org)

These effects are largely attractive within agricultural contexts insofar that β2 adrenergic agents have seen notable extra-label usage in food-producing animals and livestock. (wikipedia.org)
4 ] . It was reported that although, there is no significant change in agonist binding properties for both variants, the impact on downstream signaling effects (adenylyl cyclase activation and cAMP formation ) differed in the various cell lines[ 4 ]. (researchsquare.com)
Rodent studies highlight enhancement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as potential clinically relevant effects of chronic beta2 -agonist treatment. (regionh.dk)
Ask your doctor the distribution of adrenal receptors, as a result of which a person uses this process between the two is the list of side effects. (seasfoundation.org)
Cytostatic and antiestrogenic effects of 2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)-3, 3′-diindolylmethane, a major in vivo product of dietary indole-3-carbinol. (myoblox.com)
Franks S, MacLusky NJ, Naish SJ, Naftolin F. Actions of catechol oestrogens on concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone in the adult castrated rat: various effects of 4-hydroxyoestradiol and 2-hydroxyoestradiol. (myoblox.com)
The effects of beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist CL-316,243 on adiponectin, adiponectin receptors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressions in adipose tissues of obese diabetic KKAy mice. (wikipedia.org)
Labetalol HCl produces dose-related falls in blood pressure without reflex tachycardia and without significant reduction in heart rate, presumably through a mixture of its alpha- and beta-blocking effects. (druglib.com)
Comment: Tricyclic antidepressants increase or decrease effects of sympathomimetics, by blocking reuptake of NE, or blocking uptake of indirect sympathomimetics into the adrenergic neuron. (medscape.com)
The side effects of alpha-adrenergic agonists is explained by the fact that alpha-1 receptors are not just found at the bladder neck, but also in other organs, especially in the wall of blood vessels. (vin.com)
Beta receptors and Gs subunit has what effects when they are stimulated? (studystack.com)
Second-line interventions (eg, alpha-agonists, anticholinergics) were associated with adverse effects, such as dry mouth. (medscape.com)
What GI effects do alpha 2 and beta 2 agonists have? (freezingblue.com)
What are the GU effects of alpha 1 agonists? (freezingblue.com)
Way To Recover From it typically takes a few days for the steroid to work also prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis as well as reduce cholesterol, due to its estrogen-agonist effects. (illicittrade.com)
The problem with the variation in anabolic effects between humans and livestock is that livestock have an abundance of the type 3 beta receptors whereas humans have little if any of the type 3 beta receptors. (pharmaus.net)
AEGL-2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting effects or impaired ability to escape. (cdc.gov)
2 , 3 However, recent studies have raised significant concerns regarding their adverse effects related to the metabolic syndrome (MS) (weight gain/obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinism, and hypertension). (dovepress.com)
When angiotensin I receptors are stimulated, they produce effects similar to angiotensin II. (foobrdigital.com)
When angiotensin II receptors are stimulated, they produce effects that of opposite to angiotensin II (hypotensive activity, beneficial in treatment of hypertension). (foobrdigital.com)
Basically they competitive block AT-1 receptors, thus have effects of angiotensin II through angiotensin II receptors. (foobrdigital.com)

Given that adrenoreceptors play a fundamental role in regards to the pharmacogenetic interaction between catecholamines with α and β adrenergic receptors, it is, therefore, pivotal to highlight and further analyze variants amongst adrenergic receptors to improve the management of diseases pertaining to catecholamine dysfunction. (sccj-sa.org)
they sensitize the alpha-receptors for endogenous and exogenous catecholamines (12). (vin.com)

the intrinsic activity of the agonist (i.e. partial agonists cause much less receptor desensitization. (studystack.com)

Rodent and human beta 3-adrenergic receptor genes contain an intron within the protein-coding block. (wikipedia.org)

A chemical substance (such as a drug) that is capable of combining with a receptor on a cell and initiating the same reaction or activity typically produced by the binding of a substance that normally occurs in the body (i.e., is endogenous). (cdc.gov)

We apply SPARK2 to high-throughput screening for GPCR agonists and for the detection of trans-cellular contacts, all with versatile transcriptional readout. (elifesciences.org)
The A2A adenosine receptor is an important GPCR, well-known for binding caffeine. (fieldofscience.com)

PERFOROMIST (formoterol fumarate) Inhalation Solution is supplied as 2 mL of formoterol fumarate inhalation solution packaged in a 2.5 mL single-use low-density polyethylene vial and overwrapped in a foil pouch. (rxlist.com)

Dorzolamide/timolol also contains a beta blocker, but instead of being combined with an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (brimonidine), it is combined with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (dorzolamide), he said. (optometrytimes.com)
A respiratory side effect of beta blocker use is the possibility of causing bronchoconstriction due to inhibition of bronchodilation. (picmonic.com)
For example, after heart attacks, doctors will prescribe a beta-blocker and an ACE inhibitor, but this is not primarily to reduce blood pressure. (healthybpclub.com)
Trandate is an adrenergic receptor blocker. (everyday-rx.com)

Specifically it is both an alpha and beta adrenergic agonist (you may remember clenbuterol is a selective beta-2 agonist). (roids360.net)
Clenbuterol is a selective beta-2 agonist that is used to stimulate the beta-receptors in fat and muscle tissue in the body. (pharmaus.net)
Background: clenbuterol is a selective β2-adrenergic agonist, which was originally used in veterinary medicine. (brakingcycles.org)