Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins: Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.Drug Partial Agonism: Drug agonism involving selective binding but reduced effect. This can result in some degree of DRUG ANTAGONISM.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2: A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha: One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.Conscious Sedation: A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.Dexmedetomidine: A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the racemic form of this compound.Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.Delirium: A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)Deep Sedation: Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.Hyperkinesis: Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Delayed-Action Preparations: Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Parvalbumins: Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Anxiety Disorders: Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)Preservatives, Pharmaceutical: Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.Patents as Topic: Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.Genista: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The common name of broom may be confused with Scotch Broom (CYTISUS) or Butcher's Broom (RUSCUS) or Desert Broom (BACCHARIS) or Spanish Broom (SPARTIUM) or Brome (BROMUS).Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include SOLVENTS, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, ANTIOXIDANTS; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS; OINTMENT BASES.Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.QuinoxalinesPubMed: A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central.Periodicals as Topic: A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.Bibliography of Medicine: A list of works, documents, and other publications on medical subjects and topics of interest to the field of medicine.BooksPublishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.MEDLINE: The premier bibliographic database of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. MEDLINE® (MEDLARS Online) is the primary subset of PUBMED and can be searched on NLM's Web site in PubMed or the NLM Gateway. MEDLINE references are indexed with MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH).Information Storage and Retrieval: Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.Glaucoma, Open-Angle: Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.Glaucoma: An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)Prostanoic Acids: 2-Octylcyclopentaneheptanoic acids. The family of saturated carbon-20 cyclic fatty acids that represent the parent compounds of the prostaglandins.Nevus, Sebaceous of Jadassohn: A syndrome characterized by lesions occurring on the face, scalp, or neck which consist of congenital hypoplastic malformations of cutaneous structures and which over time undergo verrucous hyperplasia. Additionally it is associated with neurological symptoms and skeletal, ophthalmological, urogenital, and cardiovascular abnormalities.Genes, Dominant: Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.Intraocular Pressure: The pressure of the fluids in the eye.Pedigree: The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Adrenergic alpha-Agonists: Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.
Canine external carotid vasoconstriction to methysergide, ergotamine and dihydroergotamine: role of 5-HT1B/1D receptors and alpha2-adrenoceptors. (1/319)
The antimigraine drugs methysergide, ergotamine and dihydroergotamine (DHE) produce selective vasoconstriction in the external carotid bed of vagosympathectomized dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital and artificially respired, but the receptors involved have not yet been completely characterized. Since the above drugs display affinity for several binding sites, including alpha-adrenoceptors and several 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor subtypes, this study has analysed the mechanisms involved in the above responses. Intracarotid (i.c.) infusions during 1 min of methysergide (31-310 microg min(-1)), ergotamine (0.56-5.6 microg min(-1)) or DHE (5.6-31 microg min(-1)) dose-dependently reduced external carotid blood flow (ECBF) by up to 46+/-4, 37+/-4 and 49+/-5%, respectively. Blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged. The reductions in ECBF by methysergide were abolished and even reversed to increases in animals pre-treated with GR127935 (10 microg kg(-1), i.v.). The reductions in ECBF by ergotamine and DHE remained unchanged in animals pre-treated (i.v.) with prazosin (300 microg kg(-1)), but were partly antagonized in animals pre-treated with either GR127935 (10 or 30 microg kg(-1)) or yohimbine (1000 microg kg(-1)). Pre-treatment with a combination of GR127935 (30 microg kg(-1)) and yohimbine (1000 microg kg(-1)) abolished the responses to both ergotamine and DHE. The above doses of antagonists were shown to produce selective antagonism at their respective receptors. These results suggest that the external carotid vasoconstrictor responses to methysergide primarily involve 5-HT1B/1D receptors, whereas those to ergotamine and DHE are mediated by 5-HT1B/1D receptors as well as alpha2-adrenoceptors. (+info)Role of potassium channels in the antinociception induced by agonists of alpha2-adrenoceptors. (2/319)
1. The effect of the administration of pertussis toxin (PTX) as well as modulators of different subtypes of K+ channels on the antinociception induced by clonidine and guanabenz was evaluated in the mouse hot plate test. 2. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (0.25 microg per mouse i.c.v.) 7 days before the hot-plate test, prevented the antinociception induced by both clonidine (0.08-0.2 mg kg(-1), s.c.) and guanabenz (0.1-0.5 mg kg(-1), s.c.). 3. The administration of the K(ATP) channel openers minoxidil (10 microg per mouse, i.c.v.), pinacidil (25 microg per mouse, i.c.v.) and diazoxide (100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) potentiated the antinociception produced by clonidine and guanabenz whereas the K(ATP) channel blocker gliquidone (6 microg per mouse, i.c.v.) prevented the alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist-induced analgesia. 4. Pretreatment with an antisense oligonucleotide (aODN) to mKv1.1, a voltage-gated K+ channel, at the dose of 2.0 nmol per single i.c.v. injection, prevented the antinociception induced by both clonidine and guanabenz in comparison with degenerate oligonucleotide (dODN)-treated mice. 5. The administration of the Ca2+-gated K+ channel blocker apamin (0.5-2.0 ng per mouse, i.c.v.) never modified clonidine and guanabenz analgesia. 6. At the highest effective doses, none of the drugs used modified animals' gross behaviour nor impaired motor coordination, as revealed by the rota-rod test. 7. The present data demonstrate that both K(ATP) and mKv1.1 K+ channels represent an important step in the transduction mechanism underlying central antinociception induced by activation of alpha2 adrenoceptors. (+info)Clonidine evokes vasodepressor responses via alpha2-adrenergic receptors in gigantocellular reticular formation. (3/319)
The gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA) is a functionally defined subdivision of the medullary gigantocellular reticular formation where vasodepressor responses are evoked by glutamate nanoinjections. The GiDA also contains reticulospinal neurons that contain the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor (alpha2A-AR). In the present study, we sought to determine whether nanoinjections of the alpha2-AR agonist clonidine into the GiDA evoke cardiovascular responses and whether these responses can be attributed to the alpha2-AR. We found that nanoinjections of clonidine into the GiDA evoke dose-dependent decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate. These responses were equivalent in magnitude to responses produced by clonidine nanoinjections into the sympathoexcitatory region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, the vasodepressor and bradycardic responses produced by clonidine injections into the GiDA were blocked in a dose-dependent fashion by the highly selective alpha2-AR antagonist 2-methoxyidazoxan, but not by prazosin, which is an antagonist at both the alpha1-AR and the 2B subtype of the alpha-AR. The antagonism by 2-methoxyidazoxan was site specific because injections of the antagonist into the rostral ventrolateral medulla failed to block the responses evoked by clonidine injections into the GiDA. These findings support the notion that clonidine produces sympathoinhibition through multiple sites within the medullary reticular formation, which is consistent with the wide distribution of the alpha2A-AR in reticulospinal neurons. These data also suggest that clonidine may have multiple mechanisms of action because it evokes a cardiovascular depressive response from regions containing neurons that have been determined to be both sympathoinhibitory and sympathoexcitatory. (+info)Cardiopulmonary effects of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists medetomidine and ST-91 in anesthetized sheep. (4/319)
To test the hypothesis that pulmonary alterations are more important than hemodynamic changes in alpha2-agonist-induced hypoxemia in ruminants, the cardiopulmonary effects of incremental doses of (4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imadazole) hydrochloride (medetomidine; 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4 micrograms/kg) and 2-(2, 6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazol (ST-91; 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 12 micrograms/kg) were compared in five halothane-anesthetized, ventilated sheep using a placebo-controlled randomized crossover design. Pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic compliance, and tidal volume changes in transpulmonary pressure (DeltaPpl) were determined by pneumotachography, whereas cardiac index (CI), mean pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (Ppaw) were determined using thermodilution and a Swan-Ganz catheter. The most important finding was the fall in partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) after administration of medetomidine at a dose (0.5 micrograms/kg) 20 times less than the sedative dose. The PaO2 levels decreased to 214 mm Hg as compared with 510 mm Hg in the placebo-treated group. This decrease in PaO2 was associated with a decrease in dynamic compliance and an increase in RL, DeltaPpl, and the intrapulmonary shunt fraction without changes in heart rate, CI, mean arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, Ppa, or Ppaw. On the other hand, ST-91 only produced significant changes in PaO2 at the highest dose. After this dose of ST-91, the decrease in PaO2 was accompanied by a 50% decrease in CI and an increase in mean arterial pressure, Ppa, Ppaw, and the intrapulmonary shunt fraction without significant alterations of RL and DeltaPpl. The study suggests that the mechanism(s) by which medetomidine and ST-91 produce lower PaO2 are different and that drug-induced alterations in the pulmonary system are mainly responsible for the oxygen-lowering effect of medetomidine. (+info)The alpha2A-adrenergic receptor discriminates between Gi heterotrimers of different betagamma subunit composition in Sf9 insect cell membranes. (5/319)
In view of the expanding roles of the betagamma subunits of the G proteins in signaling, the possibility was raised that the rich diversity of betagamma subunit combinations might contribute to the specificity of signaling at the level of the receptor. To test this possibility, Sf9 cell membranes expressing the recombinant alpha2A-adrenergic receptor were used to assess the contribution of the betagamma subunit composition. Reconstituted coupling between the receptor and heterotrimeric Gi protein was assayed by high affinity, guanine nucleotide-sensitive binding of the alpha2-adrenergic agonist, [3H]UK-14,304. Supporting this hypothesis, the present study showed clear differences in the abilities of the various betagamma dimers, including those containing the beta3 subtype and the newly described gamma4, gamma10, and gamma11 subtypes, to promote interaction of the same alphai subunit with the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor. (+info)Effect of strenuous, acute exercise on alpha2-adrenergic agonist-potentiated platelet activation. (6/319)
Vigorous exercise transiently increases the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Strenuous, acute exercise can also increase the release of plasma epinephrine. Previous investigations have indicated that epinephrine can potentiate platelet activation by activating platelet alpha2-adrenoceptors. This study investigated how strenuous, acute exercise affects alpha2-adrenergic agonist-potentiated platelet activation by closely examining 15 sedentary men who exercised strenuously on a bicycle ergometer. Before and immediately after exercise, platelet adhesiveness on fibrinogen-coated surfaces, [Ca2+]i in platelets, the number and affinity of alpha2-adrenergic sites on the platelet surface, and plasma catecholamine levels were determined. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The affinity of alpha2-adrenergic receptors on platelets decreases while the maximal binding number significantly increases after strenuous exercise, thereby correlating with the rise in plasma catecholamine levels. (2) Basal, clonidine-treated, ADP-treated, and clonidine plus ADP-treated adhesiveness and [Ca2+]i in platelets increased after strenuous exercise. (3) Strenuous exercise is associated with higher percentages of ADP- and clonidine plus ADP-enhanced platelet adhesiveness and [Ca2+]i than at rest. (4) The synergistic effects of clonidine on ADP-enhanced platelet adhesiveness and [Ca2+]i after strenuous exercise are much greater than those at rest. Therefore, we conclude that strenuous, acute exercise enhances platelet activation, possibly by altering the performance of platelet alpha2-adrenergic receptors, facilitating the ability of ADP-activated fibrinogen receptors, and enhancing fibrinogen binding to platelet fibrinogen receptors. (+info)Differential cotransmission in sympathetic nerves: role of frequency of stimulation and prejunctional autoreceptors. (7/319)
Recent reports have suggested that sympathetic nerves may store separately and release independently the cotransmitters ATP and norepinephrine (NE). It is conceivable therefore that the quantity of each neurotransmitter that is released from the nerves is not fixed but rather may vary, possibly with the frequency of stimulation. To test this hypothesis we studied the concomitant release at various frequencies and cooperative postjunctional actions of ATP and NE during the first 10 s of electrical field stimulation of the guinea pig vas deferens. We found that at lower frequencies (8 Hz), prejunctional inhibition of the release of NE, which occurs via alpha2-adrenoceptors, modulates the ultimate composition of the cocktail of cotransmitters by limiting the amount of NE that is coreleased with ATP. As the frequency of stimulation increases (above 8 Hz), the autoinhibition of the release of NE is overridden and the amount of NE relative to ATP increases. The smooth muscle of the guinea pig vas deferens reacts to changes in composition of the sympathetic neurochemical messages by increasing the amplitude of its contractions due to the enhancement by NE of the contractile responses triggered by ATP. This evidence suggests that the prejunctional alpha2-adrenoceptor may function as a sensor that "reads" the frequency of action potentials produced during a burst of neuronal activity and converts that information into discrete neurochemical messages with varying proportions of cotransmitters. The mechanism for decoding the informational content of these messages is based on the cooperative postjunctional interactions of the participating cotransmitters. (+info)Moxonidine, a selective alpha2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonist, produces spinal antinociception in mice. (8/319)
alpha2-Adrenergic receptor (AR)-selective compounds produce antihypertensive and antinociceptive effects. Moxonidine alleviates hypertension in multiple species, including humans. This study demonstrates that intrathecally administered moxonidine produces antinociception in mice. Antinociception was detected via the (52.5 degrees C) tail-flick and Substance P (SP) nociceptive tests. Moxonidine was intrathecally administered to ICR, mixed C57BL/6 x 129/Sv [wild type (WT)], or C57BL/6 x 129/Sv mice with dysfunctional alpha2aARs (D79N-alpha2a). The alpha2AR-selective antagonist SK&F 86466 and the mixed I1/alpha2AR-selective antagonist efaroxan were tested for inhibition of moxonidine-induced antinociception. Moxonidine prolonged tail-flick latencies in ICR (ED50 = 0.5 nmol; 0. 3-0.7), WT (0.17 nmol; 0.09-0.32), and D79N-alpha2a (0.32 nmol; 0. 074-1.6) mice. Moxonidine inhibited SP-elicited behavior in ICR (0. 04 nmol; 0.03-0.07), WT (0.4 nmol; 0.3-0.5), and D79N-alpha2a (1.1 nmol; 0.7-1.7) mice. Clonidine produced antinociception in WT but not D79N-alpha2a mice. SK&F 86466 and efaroxan both antagonized moxonidine-induced inhibition of SP-elicited behavior in all mouse lines. SK&F 86466 antagonism of moxonidine-induced antinociception implicates the participation of alpha2ARs. The comparable moxonidine potency between D79N-alpha2a and WT mice suggests that receptors other than alpha2a mediate moxonidine-induced antinociception. Conversely, absence of clonidine efficacy in D79N-alpha2a mice implies that alpha2aAR activation enables clonidine-induced antinociception. When clinically administered, moxonidine induces fewer side effects relative to clonidine; moxonidine-induced antinociception appears to involve a different alpha2AR subtype than clonidine-induced antinociception. Therefore, moxonidine may prove to be an effective treatment for pain with an improved side effect profile. (+info)Central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha-receptors in the brain which open peripheral arteries easing ... an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, had a higher incidence of heart failure events, and the doxazosin arm of the study was ... Endothelium receptor blockersEdit. Bosentan belongs to a new class of drug and works by blocking the receptors of the hormone ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists work by antagonizing the activation of angiotensin receptors. ...
... α-methylnorepinephrine is an agonist of presynaptic central nervous system α2 adrenergic receptors. Activation of these ... Methyldopa is in the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist family of medication. It works by stimulating the brain to decrease ... with increased use of other safer and more tolerable agents such as alpha blockers, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers ... This inhibition results in reduced dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmission in the peripheral nervous system. This effect ...
The DRD4 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase. The DRD4-7R mutation results in a wide range ... Medications used include stimulants, atomoxetine, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, and sometimes antidepressants. In those ... The 7 repeat variant of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4-7R) causes increased inhibitory effects induced by dopamine and is ... Conversely, methylphenidate, …showed poor efficacy at the TAAR1 receptor. In this respect it is worth noting that the ...
It is a combination of brimonidine (an α2 adrenergic agonist) and timolol (a β adrenergic blocker), in concentrations of 0.2% ... a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor. Elevated IOP is considered the only modifiable risk factor in the ... Combigan is composed of brimonidine, a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, and timolol, ... 21 (2): 14. 2008. PMID 18326089. Lee, AJ; McCluskey, P (2008). "Fixed combination of topical brimonidine 0.2% and timolol 0.5% ...
Drugs that work to suppress NAN include anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, barbiturates and agonists at the alpha-2 adrenergic ... In medical settings, NMDA receptor antagonists are used as anesthetics, so GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators are ... Jansen writes: Neuroscience portal NMDA receptor NMDA receptor antagonist Dissociative Neurotoxic drug Olney J, Labruyere J, ... receptor in the brain, such as clonidine. Conversely, coadministration of NMDA-antagonists with alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists ...
... responses of depressive symptoms to dopamine receptor agonists, decreased dopamine receptor D1 binding in the striatum, and ... Third, decreased size of the locus coeruleus, decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, increased density of alpha-2 ... adrenergic receptor, and evidence from rat models suggest decreased adrenergic neurotransmission in depression. Furthermore, ... Secondly, the correlation between depression risk and polymorphisms in the 5-HTTLPR gene, which codes for serotonin receptors, ...
... α2-adrenergic agonist (used to temporarily sedate animals) yohimbine - used to reverse effects of xylazine, also called an " ... α2-adrenergic antagonist used to reverse the sedative and analgesic effects of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists benazepril ... mu agonist/kappa antagonist, used as a cough suppressant and for a muscle relaxation effect in horses carprofen - COX-2 ... Pure mu agonist/opioid analgesic used as a premedication moxifloxacin - Antibiotic used for the treatment of acute bacterial ...
... has been found to bind with high to moderate affinity to the receptors alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic, 5-HT7- and 5- ... Other drugs included zonampanel, which acts as an AMPA receptor antagonist instead of a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and DP-b99. DP- ... Repinotan HCI (BAYx3702) acts as a highly selective 5-HT1A receptor full agonist. It is blocked by the specific 5-HT1A receptor ... Repinotan acts as a selective high-affinity full receptor agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor subtype. It increases the activity of ...
... (pronounced GWAHN-a-benz, sold under the trade name Wytensin) is an alpha agonist of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor ...
... a GABA-B receptor agonist and antispasmodic medication, has been found to reduce cravings but without a significant benefit ... Combination therapy with dronabinol and the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist lofexidine have shown mixed results, with ... a GABA-A receptor agonist and "Z-hypnotic" medication, has shown some efficacy in treating insomnia due to cannabis withdrawal ... a serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A) agonist, has shown limited efficacy for treating anxiety in people with cannabis use disorder ...
February 2000). "Agonist and antagonist actions of yohimbine as compared to fluparoxan at alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors (AR)s, ... and dopamine D3 receptors.[31][32] It behaves as an antagonist at α1-adrenergic, α2-adrenergic, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B ... and as a partial agonist at 5-HT1A.[31][33][34][35] Yohimbine interacts with serotonin and dopamine receptors in high ... "Regulation of pre-synaptic alpha adrenergic activity in the corpus cavernosum". Review. International Journal of Impotence ...
Such medications include antipsychotics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, alpha agonists and anticholinergics. It should also ... an angiotensin II receptor antagonist Propranolol, a sympatholytic beta blocker Vasopressin receptor antagonists, such as ... a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Lithium was previously used for treatment of PPD as a direct competitive ADH agonist, but is now ... and the effects of an adjunctive angiotensin-II receptor blocking drug (irbesartan)". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of ...
It is thought these effects are mediated via a partial agonist action at Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, and TDIQ has been ... 72 (1-2): 379-87. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00768-7. PMID 11900809. Young R (2007). "TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo [4,5- ... 71 (1-2): 205-13. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00666-9. PMID 11812524. Glennon RA, Young R, Rangisetty JB (May 2002). "Further ... TDIQ (also known as 6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline or MDTHIQ) is a drug used in scientific research, which ...
... σ receptor antagonists ... prevent the development of behavioral sensitization to METH [17, 18]. ... σ Receptor agonists have ... Methamphetamine is also an agonist of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and sigma receptors with a greater affinity for σ1 than ... An extremely large overdose may produce symptoms such as adrenergic storm, methamphetamine psychosis, substantially reduced or ... NMDA receptors are voltage-dependent ligand-gated ion channels that requires simultaneous binding of glutamate and a co-agonist ...
This is because adrenergic stimulation by agonists, results in normal calcium channel regulation. If these adrenergic receptors ... The second group contains the alpha (α) adrenoreceptors. There are only α1 and α2 receptors. Adrenergic receptors are located ... An adrenergic antagonist is a drug that inhibits the function of adrenergic receptors. There are five adrenergic receptors, ... The first group of receptors are the beta (β) adrenergic receptors. There are β1, β2, and β3 receptors. ...
Agonists (−)-Dibromophakellin Antagonists Imiloxan Yohimbine Adrenergic receptor GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000274286 - ... The alpha-2B adrenergic receptor (α2B adrenoceptor), is a G-protein coupled receptor. It is a subtype of the adrenergic ... Klein U, Ramirez MT, Kobilka BK, von Zastrow M (Aug 1997). "A novel interaction between adrenergic receptors and the alpha- ... McClue SJ, Milligan G (Sep 1990). "The alpha 2B adrenergic receptor of undifferentiated neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 ...
It acts as a D2-like receptor agonist and also has some serotonin and adrenergic agonist effects, as well as some ... Rezaki YE, Ilhan M (1991). "Evaluation of alpha-adrenoceptor agonistic activity of RDS-127 (2-di-n-propylamino-4,7- ... "The antimuscarinic activity of a dopamine receptor agonist (RDS-127) differentiates M2-muscarinic receptors of heart, ileum and ... Sahin I, Tuncer M, Ilhan M (March 1990). "Dopamine receptor agonists, N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (TL-68) and 2-di-n- ...
... alpha adrenergic receptor - Alpha helix - alpha-1 adrenergic receptor - alpha-2 adrenergic receptor - alpha-beta T-cell antigen ... adrenergic receptor - adrenodoxin - aequorin - aerobic respiration - agonist - alanine - albumin - alcohol - alcoholic ... receptor - alpha-fetoprotein - alpha-globulin - alpha-macroglobulin - alpha-MSH - Ames test - amide - amine - amino - amino ... beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta-thromboglobulin - ...
Other adrenergic receptors Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Beta-3 adrenergic ... Identification of a conserved aspartate residue involved in agonist binding and receptor activation". The Journal of Biological ... "Insulin stimulates sequestration of beta-adrenergic receptors and enhanced association of beta-adrenergic receptors with Grb2 ... "A C-terminal motif found in the beta2-adrenergic receptor, P2Y1 receptor and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance ...
"Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists". J. Lipid Res ... also acts as a moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist). Clonidine (also I1 agonist ... signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The α2A adrenergic receptor is ... Agonists (activators) of the α2-adrenergic receptor are frequently used in veterinary anaesthesia where they affect sedation, ...
"Quantitative relationships between alpha-adrenergic activity and binding affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and ... The alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G-protein. It ... Note that only active muscle α1-adrenergic receptors will be blocked. Resting muscle will not have its α1-adrenergic receptors ... Adrenergic receptor Graham, Robert (May 1, 1996). "α1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes Molecular Structure, Function, and Signaling ...
... identification of amino acids involved in ligand binding and receptor activation by agonists". Molecular Pharmacology. 40 (2): ... The alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (α2A adrenoceptor), also known as ADRA2A, is an α2 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the ... the sites for beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor ... ADRA2A adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor". "α2A-adrenoceptor". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union ...
... or alpha-adrenergic agonists) are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors. The ... Alpha blocker Adrenergic agonist Beta-adrenergic agonist Declerck I, Himpens B, Droogmans G, Casteels R (September 1990). "The ... α Adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of alpha blockers. Alpha adrenoreceptor ligands mimic the action of ... MeSH list of agents 82000316 Adrenergic alpha-Agonists at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). ...
α2-blockers are a subset of the alpha blocker class of drugs and are antagonists to the α2 adrenergic receptor. They are mainly ... Increases the noradrenaline release due to blockade of alpha-2 receptors. Historically, yohimbine was used as an aphrodisiac, ... Chopin P, Colpaert FC, Marien M (February 1999). "Effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on circling behavior ... Lemke, KA (June 2004). "Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals". The Canadian ...
Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists". J. Lipid Res ... Identification of duplicated fourth alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype by cloning and mapping of five receptor genes in ... adrenergički receptor (ili adrenoceptor) je G protein-spregnuti receptor koji vezuje Gi heterotrimerni G protein. Postoje tri ... Adrenergički receptor. Reference[уреди]. *^ Ruuskanen JO, Xhaard H, Marjamäki A, Salaneck E, Salminen T, Yan YL, Postlethwait ...
"Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists". J. Lipid Res. ... "Identification of duplicated fourth alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype by cloning and mapping of five receptor genes in ... adrenergički receptor (ili adrenoceptor) je G protein-spregnuti receptor koji vezuje Gi heterotrimerni G protein. Postoje tri ... Kalcijum-detektujući receptor • GABA B (1, 2) • Glutamatni receptor (Metabotropni glutamat (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) • GPRC6A ...
0/Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; 0/Iodine Radioisotopes; 0/Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; 108294-53-7/4-iodoclonidine; 146-48-5/ ... Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / pharmacokinetics*. Blood Platelets / metabolism*. Cell Membrane / metabolism. Chromatography, Thin ... 8267204 - Methylprednisolone increases sensitivity to beta-adrenergic agonists within 48 hours in.... 6147954 - Adrenergic ... Thus, PIC behaves as a partial agonist in a human platelet aggregation assay. [125I]PIC binds to the alpha 2B-AR in NG-10815 ...
Combination Of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonist And Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agent For Treating Or Preventing An ...
Central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha-receptors in the brain which open peripheral arteries easing ... an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, had a higher incidence of heart failure events, and the doxazosin arm of the study was ... Endothelium receptor blockers[edit]. Bosentan belongs to a new class of drug and works by blocking endothelin receptors. It is ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists work by antagonizing the activation of angiotensin receptors. ...
TAGS: adrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonistsanxiety disordersclonidineguanfacinehumansposttraumaticstress disorderssympathetic ... Keywords: Adrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists, anxiety disorders, clonidine, guanfacine, humans, stress disorders, ... Alpha-2 receptor agonists for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Drugs in Context 2015; 4:212286. DOI: 10.7573/dic ... This article specifically reviews the literature on alpha-2 receptor agonist use for the treatment of PTSD and concludes that ...
... on human lymphocytes alpha adrenergic receptor density, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 69, no. 1 II. ... on human lymphocytes alpha adrenergic receptor density. In: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1982 ; Vol. 69, No. 1 ... on human lymphocytes alpha adrenergic receptor density. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1982 Jan 1;69(1 II). ... on human lymphocytes alpha adrenergic receptor density. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 69(1 II). ...
Beta Adrenergic Receptor Blockers (Class II Antiarrhythmics). Özkaya, Esen (et al.). Pages 111-121 ... Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists. Özkaya, Esen (et al.). Pages 93-97 ... Apart from the well-known angioedema/urticaria from ACE inhibitors, lichen planus / lichenoid reaction from beta adrenergic ...
... on human lymphocytes alpha adrenergic receptor density. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Sort by ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Effect of fenoterol (beta-2 agonist) ... Effect of fenoterol (beta-2 agonist) on human lymphocytes alpha adrenergic receptor density. ...
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists. Adrenergic Agonists. Adrenergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ... Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists. Hypnotics and Sedatives. Central Nervous System Depressants. Physiological Effects of ... Alpha 2 Agonists for Sedation to Produce Better Outcomes From Critical Illness (A2B Trial) (A2B). The safety and scientific ... Alpha 2 Agonists for Sedation to Produce Better Outcomes From Critical Illness (A2B Trial): A Randomised, Parallel-group, ...
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists.. Kamibayashi T, Harasawa K, Maze M.. Can J Anaesth. 1997 May;44(5 Pt 2):R13-22. Review. English, ... Systemically administered alpha2-agonist-induced peripheral vasoconstriction in humans.. Talke P, Lobo E, Brown R. ...
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists. * Calcium Channel Blockers. * Adenosine. * Cholinergic Agonists. ... Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists. * ... Chapter 2. Acute and Chronic Pain in the Elderly (Pradeep ...
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists. Adrenergic Agonists. Adrenergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ... Subjects will be dosed orally once-daily in the AM at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 mg according to subjects weight and age ... This is an extension study that will allow participants access to Extended-release Guanfacine Hydrochloride (HCl) for up to 2 ... Final Assessment is the last valid assessment obtained after Baseline (Visit 2/Day 0) whilst on investigational product and ...
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists. Adrenergic alpha-Agonists. Adrenergic Agonists. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. ... Adrenergic beta-Antagonists. Adrenergic Antagonists. Adrenergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ... 1 drop of study medication taken approximately 12 hours apart, dosed 2 times a day for a total of two weeks ... 1 drop of study medication taken approximately 12 hours apart, dosed 2 times a day for a total of two weeks ...
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists. Adrenergic Agonists. Adrenergic Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of ...
Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A / metabolism* * Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / metabolism * Receptors, Histamine H3 / metabolism ... receptor antagonists while a selective 5-HT(2B) receptor agonist and a selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist were without effect ... receptors because stress had no significant impact on other serotonin receptors, as well as histamine H(3) receptor and alpha(2 ... receptor agonist, to basolateral amygdala (BLA) slices dramatically enhanced frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory ...
... adrenergic receptor agonist, on human luteinized granulosa cells. In: Human Reproduction. 2005 ; Vol. 20, No. 11. pp. 3018-3025 ... adrenergic receptor agonist, on human luteinized granulosa cells, Human Reproduction, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 3018-3025. ... adrenergic receptor agonist, on human luteinized granulosa cells. / Young, Fiona; Menadue, Margaret; Lavranos, Tina. ... adrenergic receptor agonist, on human luteinized granulosa cells",. author = "Fiona Young and Margaret Menadue and Tina ...
This class of agents has been shown to have potent and selective agonist activity at the alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The most potent ... imidazoles was synthesized and evaluated for activity at alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. ... This class of agents has been shown to have potent and selective agonist activity at the alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The most potent ... imidazoles was synthesized and evaluated for activity at alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. ...
Intracerebroventricular injection of the adrenergic alpha-2-receptor agonist, clonidine, stimulated food intake. ... The present study was designed to investigate the role of brain adrenergic alpha-2-receptors on feeding regulation of layer- ... 0/Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; 0/Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; 0/Neuropeptide Y; 0/Neurotransmitter Agents; 0/Receptors, ... Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / pharmacology. Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / pharmacology. Animals. Chickens / physiology*. ...
... derived receptors. α1, alpha-1 adrenergic receptor; α2C, alpha-2C adrenergic receptor; D2, dopamine receptor 2; DAT, dopamine ... receptor agonists. However, the first-generation 5-HT4 receptor agonists cisapride and tegaserod were withdrawn from the market ... 2004) The 5-HT4 receptor agonist, tegaserod, is a potent 5-HT2B receptor antagonist in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 143: ... Effects of 5-HT, 5-HT4 receptor agonists (prucalopride, tegaserod), 5-HT4 receptor antagonist SDZ 205-557, 5-HT2 receptor ...
Agonists inhibited [3H]rauwolscine binding in a shallow, GTP-sensitive manner. These results suggest that [3H]rauwolscine ... 3H]rauwolscine (alpha-yohimbine): a specific antagonist radioligand for brain alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.. Perry BD, ... 3H]Rauwolscine, a specific and potent alpha 2-antagonist radioligand, was used to characterize alpha 2-receptor binding in ... specifically labels both the high and low affinity states of the alpha 2-receptor in brain membranes. ...
Alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonists (phenylephrine). Case Outcome. The child was showing systemic effects from the mydriatic ... Alpha-2 receptor agonists (brimonidine). * ... and peripherally muscarinic receptor sites results in a ... However, recall that the sweat glands, while sympathetically innervated, utilize muscarinic receptors to signal for increased ... Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience, Volume 2 (4), 287-293. Lexi-Comp OnlineTM , Pediatric & Neonatal Lexi-Drugs ...
The alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists: the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists are available on prescription. Although there ... Alpha 2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists. The alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists have been used extensively in animals to ... The activity is either stimulation (agonist), partial stimulation (partial agonist) or blocking (antagonist) of the receptor. ... All of the commonly used opioid analgesics are µ receptor agonists or partial agonists. ...
Phenylephrine: Alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; it causes dilation of the pupil by contracting the radial muscle of the iris ... Alpha1-Blockers: May diminish the vasoconstricting effect of Alpha1-Agonists. Similarly, Alpha1-Agonists may antagonize Alpha1- ... Ergot Derivatives may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of Alpha1-Agonists. Exceptions: Ergoloid Mesylates; Nicergoline. ... Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Alpha1-Agonists. While linezolid is expected to interact ...
0 (Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists); 67VB76HONO (Dexmedetomidine); MN3L5RMN02 (Clonidine). [Em] M s de entrada:. 1803. ... Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Epid rmico/antagonistas & inibidores. Desequil brio Hidroeletrol tico/induzido quimicamente. ... Alpha 2 agonists are appreciated drugs designed for the peri-operative period, because of their anxiolytic, sedative and ... The use of alpha 2 agonists during idiopathic scoliosis repair : a narrative review of the literature.. ...
Statement objectives are to: 1) Summarize the current clinical evidence regarding ADHD, 2) Establish a standard for ADHD care, ... Specific topics reviewed in Part 2, which focuses on treatment, include: evidence and context for a range… ... Selective alpha 2a-adrenergic receptor agonist. Matrix tablet to be swallowed whole once daily. 1 mg/d , 0.05 mg/kg/d to 0.12 ... Clonidine, a short-acting nonstimulant, is a nonselective alpha adrenergic agonist. Although controlled trials using clonidine ...
B. Prevention of cardiac beta-1 adrenergic receptor activation. C. Blockade of aldosterone receptors. D.ALL OF THE ABOVE ... Combination anti-anginal therapy can include using beta-adrenergic receptor. antagonists with either nitrovasodilators or ... Propranolol (lnderal) is more selective for beta-1 adrenergic receptors than. is metoprolol (LoPressor). ... A. prevent ATI angiotensin receptors from being activated.. B. reduce the synthesis of angiotensin ll.. C. increase levels of ...
NorepinephrineClonidineAntagonistsInhibitorsPhenylephrineBrimonidine TartrateSubtypePeripheralBindsCentral alpha-2 adrenergicOxymetazolinePharmacologyAdenylate CyclaseSubtypesSympathetic outflowNeuronsProtein-coupled receptorsDexmedetomidineSpecificityPlateletHistamineReducesOutflowAntihypertensivesInhibitSelectivityDopamine receptorPartial agonistCannabinoid receptorMediateCardiovascularSelectivelyOpioidMembranesMuscarinic receptorsPotentAdrenalineLucemyraNeurotransmitter release1990VitroDecreaseSelective alphaDerivatives
- Alpha adrenoreceptor ligands mimic the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine signaling in the heart, smooth muscle and central nervous system, with norepinephrine being the highest affinity. (wikipedia.org)
- amidephrine amitraz anisodamine apraclonidine brimonidine cirazoline detomidine dexmedetomidine epinephrine ergotamine etilefrine indanidine lofexidine medetomidine mephentermine metaraminol methoxamine mivazerol naphazoline norepinephrine norfenefrine octopamine oxymetazoline phenylpropanolamine propylhexedrine rilmenidine romifidine synephrine talipexole Alpha-adrenergic agonists, more specifically the auto receptors of alpha 2 neurons, are used in the treatment of glaucoma by decreasing the production of aqueous fluid by the ciliary bodies of the eye and also by increasing uveoscleral outflow. (wikipedia.org)
- Medications such as clonidine target pre-synaptic auto receptors, therefore leading to an overall of decrease in norepinephrine. (wikipedia.org)
- Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (wikipedia.org)
- The α2-adrenergic receptor binds both norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (adrenaline) released by the adrenal medulla, binding norepinephrine (noradrenaline) with slightly higher affinity. (wikipedia.org)
- 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein said alpha adrenergic receptor agonist is selected from the group consisting of epinephrine, norepinephrine, methoxamine, and phenylephrine. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Lucemyra is an oral, selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist that reduces the release of norepinephrine. (fda.gov)
- The norepinephrine provided by the LC acts at the medial septal area (MSA) and the medial preoptic area (MPOA) to activate waking-active neurons ( via alpha-1 adrenergic receptors) and inhibit sleep-active neurons ( via alpha-2 adrenergic receptors). (frontiersin.org)
- Stimulation-evoked release of 3H-norepinephrine was inhibited by the cholinergic agonists methacholine, oxotremorine, muscarine, carbamylcholine and acetylcholine (plus eserine), but was unmodified by pilocarpine or nicotine. (arvojournals.org)
- Atropine alone markedly enhanced norepinephrine release, revealing considerable tonic activation of prejunctional cholinergic receptors in this system. (arvojournals.org)
- Lucemyra binds to specific receptors in the brain and decreases norepinephrine release. (rxwiki.com)
- Clonidine and guanfacine are alpha-2 receptor agonists that decrease sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. (drugsincontext.com)
- Intracerebroventricular injection of the adrenergic alpha-2-receptor agonist, clonidine, stimulated food intake. (biomedsearch.com)
- Selected examples are: Clonidine (mixed alpha2-adrenergic and imidazoline-I1 receptor agonist) Guanfacine, (preference for alpha2A-subtype of adrenoceptor) Guanabenz (most selective agonist for alpha2-adrenergic as opposed to imidazoline-I1) Guanoxabenz (metabolite of guanabenz) Guanethidine (peripheral alpha2-receptor agonist) Xylazine, Tizanidine Medetomidine Methyldopa Methylnorepinephrine Fadolmidine Dexmedetomidine The following agents are also listed as agonists by MeSH. (wikipedia.org)
- Effects of combined use of alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine (150mug/kg), were also examined. (nii.ac.jp)
- It is concluded that clonidine produces (or potentiates) analgesic effects of various drugs and that the analgesic effect of nitrous oxide is attributed to the effect on the central noradrenergic system, possibly by an activation of the descending inhibitory system and/or inhibition of the primary sensory afferent neuron via alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. (nii.ac.jp)
- Modification of anestnetic actions by α_2 receptor agonist, clonidine,in the rat. (nii.ac.jp)
- Many investigators have used dexmedetomidine and clonidine (another alpha-2 agonist) to control agitation and delirium ( 7 - 15 ). (frontiersin.org)
- α-2-ADRENOCEPTORS are known to mediate analgesia, and α-2-adrenoceptor agonists (such as clonidine) have proven effective in the treatment of pain, such as intractable cancer pain, 1,2 postsurgical pain, 3,4 and sympathetically maintained pain. (asahq.org)
- Clonidine and other α-2 agonists used clinically (tizanidine, brimonidine and dexmedetomidine) activate to varying degrees three structurally distinct subtypes of the α-2 receptor: α-2A, α-2B, and α-2C. (asahq.org)
- The α-2A receptor was necessary for the analgesic activity of brimonidine, clonidine, and tizanidine, but a surprising difference identified in the activity of the α-2 agonists in α-2C knockout mice led to investigation of the roles of α-1 and α-2 receptor activation in pain modulation. (asahq.org)
- There are very few studies using an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine in ophthalmic blocks, and these have shown contradictory results. (ispub.com)
- 16 ] used 2 µg/kg clonidine with 2% lidocaine for retrobulbar block and found increased duration of analgesia and akinesia with a decrease in intraocular pressure and recommended its use. (ispub.com)
- 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 In addition to benzodiazepines such as midazolam, which are commonly used for this purpose, the use of alpha 2 agonists such as clonidine and dexmedetomidine is becoming popular. (scielo.br)
- 2 , 3 , 9 , 10 and 11 Previous studies have shown that, similar to midazolam and ketamine, clonidine can be administered rectally for premedication. (scielo.br)
- Among the most important and most widely used medications are thiazide diuretics , calcium channel blockers , ACE inhibitors , angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers . (rug.nl)
- In the United States, the JNC8 (Eighth Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure) recommends thiazide-type diuretics to be one of the first-line drug treatments for hypertension, either as monotherapy or in combination with calcium channel blockers , ACE inhibitors , or angiotensin II receptor antagonists . (rug.nl)
- The 8th Joint National Committee (JNC-8) recommends calcium channel blockers to be a first-line treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with thiazide -type diuretics, ACE inhibitors , or angiotensin II receptor antagonists for all patients regardless of age or race. (rug.nl)
- However, ACE inhibitors (and angiotensin II receptor antagonists) should not be a first-line treatment for black hypertensives without chronic kidney disease . (rug.nl)
- This effect was blocked by selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists while a selective 5-HT(2B) receptor agonist and a selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist were without effect on sIPSCs. (nih.gov)
- Side effects of alpha 1 receptor antagonists? (brainscape.com)
- The H2 antagonists are highly selective, they do not affect the H1 receptors, and they are not anticholinergic agents. (medscape.com)
- Histamine 2 (H2)-receptor antagonists should be administered preoperatively to prevent increase in gastric secretion during the procedure. (medscape.com)
- The present invention is directed to piperidinone carboxamide azaindane derivatives which are antagonists of CGRP receptors and useful in the treatment or prevention of diseases in which the CGRP is involved, such as migraine. (patents.com)
- Carprolactams as Potent CGRP Receptor Antagonists for the Treament of Migraine", Bioorg Med. (patents.com)
- The authors note the limited utility of NMDA receptor antagonists and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. (lww.com)
- Carlos G. Musso and Jose Alfie, "Resistant Hypertension in the Elderly-Second Line Treatments: Aldosterone Antagonists, Central Alpha-Agonist Agents, Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers, Direct Vasodilators, and Exogenous Nitric Oxide Donors", Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (2014) 12: 170. (eurekaselect.com)
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Alpha1-Agonists. (drugs.com)
- The chapter on other drugs used in acute pain highlights the utility of non-opioid adjuncts, emphasizes a practical approach, and introduces the concept of COX-2 inhibitors for acute pain management. (lww.com)
- Peripheral adrenergic inhibitors block neurotransmitters in the brain from sending a message to the heart muscle telling it to constrict (have a heart attack). (nationaljewish.org)
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors," Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 2 (2):280-286 (2001). (patentgenius.com)
- Recent findings Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors consistently reduce postoperative opioid consumption. (ovid.com)
- Following irrigation with diluted phenylephrine/ketorolac solution, plasma concentrations of phenylephrine were 1.2 to 1.4 ng/mL within 2 hours and plasma concentrations of ketorolac were 1 to 4.2 ng/mL within 8 hours. (drugs.com)
- What Brimonidine Tartrate/Timolol Eye Drops, Solution is and what it is used for 2. (drugs.com)
- Brimonidine Tartrate/Timolol should not be used in children less than 2 years old and should not usually be used in children aged 2 to 17. (drugs.com)
- The presence of vasoactivity in rosacea-affected skin led to the development of two topical alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists, brimonidine tartrate 0.5% gel and oxymetazoline hydrochloride 1% cream, both approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of persistent facial erythema of rosacea. (jcadonline.com)
- The first agent, approved in August 2014, is brimonidine 0.33% (brimonidine tartrate 0.5%) gel (Mirvaso, Galderma Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas), which is predominantly an alpha-2 receptor agonist. (jcadonline.com)
- however, the α-2A subtype has also been associated with dose-dependent sedation and decreased blood pressure, thus narrowing the therapeutic window of α-2 agonists when used clinically for analgesic activity. (asahq.org)
- Like the nicotinic receptor, the muscarinic receptor is a subtype of acetylcholine (Ach) receptor which is activated by the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach. (anabolicminds.com)
- Systemically administered alpha2-agonist-induced peripheral vasoconstriction in humans. (nih.gov)
- We investigated the α-adrenergic pharmacology of analgesia using models of tactile hypersensitivity induced with chemical stimuli that sensitize pain pathways at spinal or peripheral sites. (asahq.org)
- Guanabenz (Wytensin) is a clinically licensed antihypertensive drug that is thought to activate alpha-2-selective adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system, thereby reducing the sympathetic outflow to heart, kidney, and peripheral vasculature and decreasing the systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( 9 ). (pnas.org)
- 125I]PIC binds to the alpha 2B-AR in NG-10815 cell membranes with a Kd of 0.5 +/- 0.1 nM. (biomedsearch.com)
- Lucemyra (lofexidine) is a central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. (centerwatch.com)
- Zanaflex belongs to a class of drugs called Central Alpha-2-Adrenergic Agonist . (rxlist.com)
- Zanaflex is a central alpha-2-adrenergic agonist indicated for the management of spasticity . (rxlist.com)
- Lucemyra belongs to a group of drugs called central alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. (rxwiki.com)
- The second agent, approved in January 2017, is oxymetazoline hydrochloride 1% (oxymetazoline 0.88%) cream (Rhofade, Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, California), which is predominantly an alpha-1 receptor agonist. (jcadonline.com)
- Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2:374-381 (2002). (patentgenius.com)
- PIC had minimal agonist activity in inhibiting adenylate cyclase in platelet membranes, but it potentiated platelet aggregation induced by ADP with an EC50 of 1.5 microM. (biomedsearch.com)
- The adenylate cyclase-coupled vasopressin V2-receptor is highly laterally mobile in membranes of LLC-PK, renal epithelial cells at physiological temperature. (springer.com)
- Jans DA, Peters R, Fahrenholz F. Lateral mobility of the phospholipase-C-activating vasopressin V,-type receptor in A7r5 smooth muscle cells: a comparison with the adenylate cyclase-coupled V2-receptor. (springer.com)
- Vasopressin V2-receptor mobile fraction and ligand-dependent adenylate cyclase-activity are directly correlated in LLC-PK, renal epithelial cells. (springer.com)
- Tolkovsky AM, Levitzki A. Mode of coupling between the (3-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase in turkey erythrocytes. (springer.com)
- Tolkovsky AM, Levitzki A. Coupling of a single adenylate cyclase to two receptors: adenosine and catecholamine. (springer.com)
- Tolkovsky A, Braun S, Levitzki A. Kinetics of interaction between 3-receptors, GTP-proteins and the catalytic subunit of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. (springer.com)
- Hanski E, Rimon G, Levitzki A. Adenylate cyclase activation by the 3-adrenergic receptor as a diffusion controlled process. (springer.com)
- Beta receptors are divided into beta1, beta2, beta3, which are linked to Gs, and adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP, which in turn drives cAMP-dependent protein kinase that mediates intracellular events. (thefreedictionary.com)
- There are three families of adrenergic receptors, alpha 1 , alpha 2 and beta, and each family contains three distinct subtypes. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Further research to define the role of various alpha receptor subtypes is needed to identify strategies for separating the analgesic and sedative effects of α-2 agonists. (asahq.org)
- Adrenergic alpha2 receptors are divided into three subtypes in humans: alpha2A, alpha2B and alpha2C. (genecards.org)
- Validation and statistical analysis of a computer modeling method for quantitative analysis of radioligand binding data for mixtures of pharmacological receptor subtypes. (aspetjournals.org)
- The delta receptor associates with G iα1 , G iα3 , G oα , G β1 and G β2 subtypes. (aspetjournals.org)
- PTX ADP-ribosylates G iα /G oα (G iα1 , G iα2 , G iα3 , G oα1 and G oα2 ) subtypes and effectively disrupts their activation by receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
- This result implies that any or all of the G iα /G oα subtypes might be mediating cellular actions of delta opioid receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
- The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. (hmdb.ca)
- This protein is a member of a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that regulate neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
- Dexmedetomidine is thought to alter arousal primarily through its actions on pre-synaptic alpha-2A adrenergic receptors on neurons projecting from the LC. (bioportfolio.com)
- Adrenergic alpha2 receptors (alpha2-adrenoceptors) are members of the adrenergic receptor group of G-protein-coupled receptors that also includes alpha1A, alpha1B, alpha1D, beta1, beta2 and beta3. (genecards.org)
- This invention relates to G.alpha.q protein variants and their use in the analysis and discovery of agonists and antagonsists of chemosensory receptors, such as G protein coupled receptors involved in sensing of tastants, olfactants, andpheromones. (patentgenius.com)
- Heterotrimeric G proteins, consisting of alpha, beta and gamma subunits, couple ligand-bound seven transmembrane domain receptors (GPCRs or G-protein coupled receptors) to the regulation of effector proteins and production of intracellular secondmessengers such as cAMP, cGMP, and Ca.sup.2+. (patentgenius.com)
- In the Group RecDex, the administration of dexmedetomidine induced mild-moderate losses of mucosal architecture in the colon and rectum, 2 h after rectal inoculation. (scielo.br)
- Dexmedetomidine is an alpha adrenergic agonist with high levels of specificity and selectivity to alpha 2 receptors. (scielo.br)
- Specific Aim 2: Investigate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for inducing sleep in a Phase II randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. (bioportfolio.com)
- Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that is typically administered as an anesthetic adjunct. (bioportfolio.com)
- subunits also contribute to the specificity of receptor-G protein coupling (Xuet al. (patentgenius.com)
- Thus, PIC behaves as a partial agonist in a human platelet aggregation assay. (biomedsearch.com)
- Apparent "down-regulation" of human platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors is due to retained agonist. (aspetjournals.org)
- Famotidine competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptors in gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and hydrogen concentrations. (medscape.com)
- This agent competitively inhibits histamine at the H2 receptor of the gastric parietal cells, resulting in reduced gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and reduced hydrogen concentrations. (medscape.com)
- Pharmacological characterization of histamine receptors mediating the elevation of cyclic AMP. (aspetjournals.org)
- Selective alpha 2-receptor that reduces aqueous humor formation and increases uveoscleral outflow. (medscape.com)
- Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that lowers IOP by reducing aqueous humor production and possibly increases outflow of aqueous humor. (medscape.com)
- Selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist believed to reduce IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow. (medscape.com)
- [2] There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. (rug.nl)
- Besides alpha receptors what else does B-Haloalkylamines inhibit? (brainscape.com)
- However, the first-generation 5-HT 4 receptor agonists cisapride and tegaserod were withdrawn from the market owing to rare cardiovascular adverse events that were not 5-HT 4 -receptor-related but due to the lack of selectivity of these drugs. (aspetjournals.org)
- Although complete selectivity between receptor agonism is rarely achieved, some agents have partial selectivity. (wikipedia.org)
- a dopamine receptor agonist sodium oxybate (Jazz), and a neuromuscular blocking agent botulinum toxin A (Allergan). (massagemag.com)
- p-[125I]iodoclonidine is a partial agonist at the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor. (biomedsearch.com)
- Five new neuropathic pain treatments are currently registered or pre-registered with the FDA for NP marketing approval: lacosamide (Schwarz Pharma), milnacipran (Forest Laboratories/Cypress Bioscience), transdermal capsaicin (NeurogesX) and a dual cannabinoid receptor agonist (GW/Bayer), and fentanyl buccal (Cephalon). (massagemag.com)
- The mechanisms that create this tolerance to THC are thought to involve changes in cannabinoid receptor function. (wikipedia.org)
- It is therefore likely that brain adrenergic alpha-2-receptors mediate the orexigenic effects of neuropeptide Y and beta-endorphin in layer-type chicks. (biomedsearch.com)
- Here we report the nonclinical cardiovascular profile of the selective 5-HT 4 receptor agonist prucalopride. (aspetjournals.org)
- To assess its non-5-HT 4 receptor-mediated effects on cardiovascular electrophysiological parameters, in vitro studies were performed in human ether-à-go-go-related gene-transfected cells, guinea pig ventricular myocytes and papillary muscle preparations, rabbit and dog Purkinje fibers, and the Langendorff rabbit heart. (aspetjournals.org)
- Prucalopride may thus provide therapeutic benefit without the cardiovascular risks reported for other 5-HT 4 receptor agonists. (aspetjournals.org)
- Mivazerol, a new alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, blunts cardiovascular effects following surgical stress in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. (curehunter.com)
- The alpha adrenergic receptor system, which responds to the neurotransmitter adrenaline, is an important signaling mechanism in the body and is believed to be involved in such diverse therapeutic indications as cardiovascular disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pain and glaucoma. (thefreedictionary.com)
- 5 However, the systemic use of α-2 agonists for long-term analgesia has been limited by a narrow therapeutic window due to the potential for sedation and cardiovascular depression. (asahq.org)
- Selectively blocks beta 1-adrenergic receptors with little or no effect on beta 2-receptors. (medscape.com)
- Study 1 was a 2-part efficacy, safety, and dose-response study conducted in the United States in patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence who were physically dependent on short-acting opioids (e.g., heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone). (centerwatch.com)
- G proteins couple delta opioid receptors to multiple cellular effector systems and are critical components of the delta opioid signal transduction cascade. (aspetjournals.org)
- To investigate the physical association of delta opioid receptors with G proteins, the cloned mouse delta opioid receptor was solubilized, and the G proteins associated with the receptor were identified through coimmunoprecipitation of the receptor/G protein complexes with antisera directed against different G α and G β subunits. (aspetjournals.org)
- These interactions may be critical in linking delta receptors to phospholipase C. The diversity of G proteins associated with the delta opioid receptor may form the basis for the selective coupling of these receptors to multiple cellular effector systems. (aspetjournals.org)
- The cloned opioid receptors are ∼65% identical in amino acid sequence and are most closely related to somatostatin receptors ( Reisine and Bell, 1993 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- At the cellular level, opioid receptors modulate various effector systems. (aspetjournals.org)
- Opioid receptors are coupled to these effector systems by G proteins. (aspetjournals.org)
- Most of the cellular effects of delta opioid receptors are reported to be blocked by prior treatment with PTX. (aspetjournals.org)
- The coupling of G α subunits with delta opioid receptors has been examined by many methods with varying results. (aspetjournals.org)
- To study delta receptor/G iα interactions, antisera have been used to uncouple the signaling pathway between delta opioid receptors and adenylyl cyclase. (aspetjournals.org)
- The same technique in SH-SY5Y cells reveals that both G iα and G oα directed antisera uncouple delta opioid receptor signaling to adenylyl cyclase ( Carter and Medzhradsky, 1993 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- These results suggest that [3H]rauwolscine specifically labels both the high and low affinity states of the alpha 2-receptor in brain membranes. (nih.gov)
- This product is an aliquot of membranes from Sf9 cells transfected with the human recombinant alpha 2a Adrenergic Receptor. (abcam.com)
- However, recall that the sweat glands, while sympathetically innervated, utilize muscarinic receptors to signal for increased perspiration. (epmonthly.com)
- This class of agents has been shown to have potent and selective agonist activity at the alpha 2-adrenoceptors. (nih.gov)
- The most potent member of this class, 2-[(5-methyl-1,4-benzodioxan-6yl)amino]imidazole, proved efficacious for the reduction of intraocular pressure upon topical administration and for the reduction of blood pressure upon intravenous administration. (nih.gov)
- Alpha-2 receptor agonists decrease adrenaline production in the involuntary nervous system, which lowers blood pressure. (nationaljewish.org)
- Discontinue Lucemyra with a gradual dose reduction over a 2- to 4-day period to mitigate Lucemyra withdrawal symptoms. (centerwatch.com)
- Lucemyra may reduce the effectiveness of oral naltrexone if used within 2 hours of each other. (rxwiki.com)
- Cholinergic and alpha 2-adrenergic effects on neurosecretion were non-additive, suggesting that the underlying receptors coexist at neurotransmitter release sites. (arvojournals.org)
- Alpha blocker Adrenergic agonist Beta-adrenergic agonist Declerck I, Himpens B, Droogmans G, Casteels R (September 1990). (wikipedia.org)
- An in vitro and in vivo comparison of dopamine agonists. (aspetjournals.org)
- Central agonists decrease tensing and contractions in the blood vessels to reduce blood pressure. (nationaljewish.org)
- A relatively selective alpha-adrenergic agonist that does not have significant local anesthetic activity. (medscape.com)