Adrenarche
Zona Reticularis
Puberty, Precocious
Progesterone Reductase
Gigantism
Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
Etiocholanolone
Adrenal Cortex
Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Pan paniscus
Endocrinology
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Adrenal Glands
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase
Cytochromes b5
Androgens
17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone
Puberty
Cytochrome b(5) modulation of 17{alpha} hydroxylase and 17-20 lyase (CYP17) activities in steroidogenesis. (1/28)
CYP17 is a steroidogenic enzyme located in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and gonad tissues and which has dual functions - hydroxylation and as a lyase. The first activity gives hydroxylation of pregnenolone and progesterone at the C(17) position to generate 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, while the second enzymic activity cleaves the C(17)-C(20) bond of 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to form dehydroepiandro-sterone and androstenedione respectively. The modulation of these two activities occurs through cytochrome b(5). Association of cytochrome b(5) and CYP17 is thought to be based primarily on electrostatic interactions in which the negatively charged residues pair up with positively charged residues on the proximal surface of the CYP17 molecule. Non-specific interactions of the hydrophobic membrane regions of cytochrome b(5) and CYP17 are also thought to play a crucial role in the association of these two haemoproteins. Although cytochrome b(5) is known to stimulate CYP activity by contributing the second electron in the catalytic cycle, in the case of CYP17, the mechanism of cleavage stimulation proceeds via an allosteric mode. It is hypothesised that cytochrome b(5) promotes the cleavage by aligning the iron-oxygen complex attack onto the C(20) rather than the C(17) atom of the steroid substrate molecule. Thus, further understanding of the mechanism of modulation by cytochrome b(5) of the hydroxylase and lyase activities should shed new insights on developing therapeutic targets in CYP17-linked biochemical processes such as adrenarche, polycystic ovary syndrome and prostate cancer. (+info)Early puberty-menarche after precocious pubarche: relation to prenatal growth. (2/28)
OBJECTIVE: Girls with precocious pubarche (PP; pubic hair at <8 years of age) as a result of an early or amplified adrenarche (high dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate [DHEAS]) tend to be hyperinsulinemic, in particular when born with low birth weight (LBW). The objective of this study was to assess the interrelationship among prenatal growth, PP, the timing of puberty-menarche, and adult stature. METHODS: We studied 187 PP girls longitudinally: (1) at birth, (2) in prepuberty, (3) at onset of puberty, (4) at menarche, and (5) on reaching adult stature. This PP cohort was divided into subgroups of higher birth weight (>0 SD), intermediate birth weight (0 to -2 SD), and lower birth weight (less than -2 SD). RESULTS: At the time of PP diagnosis, age, bone age, and BMI were similar across birth weight subgroups; circulating sex hormone-binding globulin and body height were reduced in PP girls with lower birth weight, and these remained so throughout pubertal development. Onset of puberty occurred earlier in PP girls with lower birth weight; so did menarche. Adult height differed by an average of 6.5 cm (approximately 1 SD) between the upper and lower birth weight subgroups; this difference was essentially achieved before puberty and even before PP. Menarche before age 12.0 years was twofold more prevalent in PP girls than in control subjects. Among PP girls, age at menarche was advanced by 8 to 10 months in lower versus higher birth weight girls. Menarche before age 12.0 years was threefold more prevalent among LBW-PP girls than in control subjects (approximately 75% vs approximately 25%). CONCLUSIONS: The link between prenatal growth restraint and early menarche is herewith extended to PP girls. In particular LBW-PP girls may become a target group for interventions directed toward normalization of pubertal onset and progression. (+info)Adrenarche in the rat. (3/28)
Normal pubertal development in humans involves two distinct processes: maturation of adrenal androgen secretion (adrenarche) and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (gonadarche). One factor thought to contribute to the adrenarche in man is increased adrenal 17-hydroxylase (CYP17) activity. In the rat, there is evidence for adrenal involvement in the initiation of puberty, but the adrenal glands of this species are generally thought to express CYP17 only very poorly at best. To further examine the nature of postnatal adrenal development in rat, plasma samples and adrenal tissues were taken from animals aged 2-90 days, circulating adrenal steroids assayed, and adrenal zones assessed quantitatively. A relative increase in zona reticularis, and peaks of circulating cortisol, androstenedione, and 17-OH-progesterone were observed around postnatal days 16-20, clearly before the development of the gonads, which begins at 30-35 days. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR confirmed a peak in mRNA coding for CYP17 in adrenal tissue from rats of similar age. The results suggest that the rat adrenal has the capacity to secrete steroids arising from 17-hydroxylation, and that this may contribute to a process similar to human adrenarche. (+info)Differences in endocrine parameters and psychopathology in girls with premature adrenarche versus on-time adrenarche. (4/28)
Girls with premature adrenarche (PA) are at risk for multiple problems related to exaggerated androgen synthesis. Whether PA carries a risk of psychopathology remains unknown. This study examined group differences in: (a) anthropometric and endocrine parameters, and (b) mood and behavior problems, in 6-8 year-old girls with PA (n = 40) compared to on-time adrenarche girls (n = 36). PA girls were taller (p < or =0.05) and heavier (p < or =0.01) than the on-time adrenarche girls but body mass index showed no difference. PA girls had significantly (p <0.05) higher adrenal androgen and testosterone concentrations but not cortisol or leptin. PA girls also had significantly more oppositional defiant disorder, and higher symptom counts reflecting anxiety, mood or disruptive behavior disorders. PA girls may be more vulnerable to psychopathology than on-time adrenarche girls. The challenge of future studies is to determine which PA girls are at risk for psychopathology and which are more resilient. (+info)Morphological adrenarche in rhesus macaques: development of the zona reticularis is concurrent with fetal zone regression in the early neonatal period. (5/28)
(+info)Adrenal changes associated with adrenarche. (6/28)
(+info)Body composition in premature adrenarche by structural MRI, 1H MRS and DXA. (7/28)
BACKGROUND: Premature adrenarche (PA) is recognized to be a possible precursor of polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Visceral adiposity and increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) are associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. AIM: To determine whether prepubertal girls with PA have altered visceral adiposity and/or increased muscle lipid content compared to prepubertal girls without PA using proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (1H MRS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed total body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, MRI of the trunk, and MRS of the tibialis anterior muscle in the right calf on six girls with PA and eight prepubertal controls. RESULTS: Amount of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and VAT to SAT ratio did not differ significantly between the PA and control girls. Those with PA, however, had significantly greater IMCL than controls (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This study adds further evidence that PA is not a benign condition, and future studies investigating early intervention with dietary and exercise counseling may help diminish potential risk for diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease. (+info)Utility of early insulin response and proinsulin to assess insulin resistance. (8/28)
(+info)Precocious puberty is a condition wherein children under the age of 8 or 9 experience early onset of pubertal changes, such as breast development, menstruation, or enlargement of the testes and scrotum. It is also known as central precocious puberty (CPP) when it is caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in early release of sex hormones.
Precocious Puberty: Causes
The exact cause of precocious puberty is not known; however, several factors have been implicated, including:
1. Genetics: In some cases, precocious puberty may be inherited, with a family history of early puberty or other hormonal disorders.
2. Brain tumors: Tumors in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland can cause early activation of the HPG axis and result in precocious puberty.
3. Congenital anomalies: Some children may be born with abnormalities in the HPG axis, leading to early puberty.
4. Trauma: Traumatic brain injury or stroke may trigger premature activation of the HPG axis and result in precocious puberty.
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause inflammation in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, leading to early puberty.
6. Nutritional factors: Malnutrition or rapid weight gain may contribute to early puberty.
7. Hormonal imbalance: Some children may have an imbalance of sex hormones, such as estrogen or testosterone, which can lead to early puberty.
8. Thyroid disorders: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause early puberty.
9. Chronic diseases: Certain chronic diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus or inflammatory bowel disease, may increase the risk of early puberty.
It is important to note that in many cases, the exact cause of precocious puberty cannot be determined. If you suspect that your child is experiencing early puberty, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.
In medicine, gigantism is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, including:
1. Excessive height: Gigantism is defined as a height that is two or more standard deviations above the mean for age and gender.
2. Proportional body size: The excessive height is accompanied by proportionate increases in other body dimensions, such as arm and leg length.
3. Obesity: Gigantism can also be associated with obesity, particularly in adults.
4. Coarsening of facial features: Individuals with gigantism may have a coarse or irregular appearance to their face, including a large jaw, prominent forehead, and heavy eyebrows.
5. Skin thickness: The skin may be thicker than normal, leading to a rough, scaly texture.
6. Skeletal abnormalities: Gigantism can be associated with skeletal abnormalities, such as bowed legs or a large head.
7. Endocrine disorders: Gigantism is often caused by an overproduction of growth hormone, which can be due to a benign tumor on the pituitary gland or another endocrine disorder.
Treatment for gigantism typically involves surgery to remove the tumor or other underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, medications may be used to reduce growth hormone production and slow down growth.
In summary, gigantism is a rare condition characterized by excessive height and proportional body size, often due to an overproduction of growth hormone. It can be associated with various physical features and endocrine disorders, and treatment typically involves surgery or medication to reduce growth hormone production.
Adrenarche
Persistent adrenarche syndrome
Adrenal gland
XX male syndrome
Underarm hair
Gonadarche
Patterson syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone
Pubarche
Hyperandrogenism
Puberty
Thelarche
21-Hydroxylase
Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity
Attachment theory
Walter L. Miller (endocrinologist)
CYP17A1
Spermarche
Xenoestrogen
Aggression
Androstenedione
Adrenal cortex
Preadolescence
Bone age
Pituitary gland
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Infantile acne
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Pediatric and Minority Endocrine Health and Disparities
Amenorrhea: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Associations between multi-method latent factors of puberty and brain structure in adolescent girls - PubMed
2013 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 259.1 : Precocious sexual development and puberty, not elsewhere classified
Publication Detail
Prader-Willi syndrome - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
Biomarkers Search
PAR-17-126: Juvenile Protective Factors and Their Effects on Aging (R01)
Offspring - NCBI Bookshelf
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Premature7
- 9. 11-Ketotestosterone Is the Dominant Circulating Bioactive Androgen During Normal and Premature Adrenarche. (nih.gov)
- This is called premature adrenarche. (aafp.org)
- Premature adrenarche and normal puberty that starts too early often don't need treatment. (aafp.org)
- It also provides an overview of premature adrenarche, which is commonly diagnosed in children who have signs of precocious puberty. (nih.gov)
- Premature adrenarche is the early activation of the adrenal glands, resulting in the production of hormones that cause pubic hair growth. (mumeemagic.com)
- Premature adrenarche is often a benign condition but may be associated with an increased risk of developing PCOS or early puberty later in childhood. (mumeemagic.com)
- A Polymorphism in Children with Premature Adrenarche. (cdc.gov)
Precocious3
- The existence of a relationship between adrenarche and puberty has been suggested, partly because increased concentrations of adrenal androgens in undertreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia have been associated with cases of true precocious puberty in boys. (nih.gov)
- Serum androgens in normal prepubertal and pubertal children and in children with precocious adrenarche. (nih.gov)
- 17. Serum androgens in normal prepubertal and pubertal children and in children with precocious adrenarche. (nih.gov)
Puberty2
- Adrenarche may cause a transient acceleration of growth and serve as a permissive factor in male puberty but does not appear to be necessary for the initiation of puberty. (nih.gov)
- Adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of PUBERTY and continues throughout puberty. (nih.gov)
Pubic hair1
- These hormonal changes, which constitute the adrenarche, are accompanied by the appearance of axillary and pubic hair and a transient acceleration of linear growth and bone maturation. (nih.gov)
DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE1
- Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are not suppressible by glucocorticoids before adrenarche. (understandinginterventions.org)
Early2
- Le tableau 1, presente en annexe, illustre la complexite d un systeme d assurance-maladie a deux etages (part obligatoire / half complementaire) et a plusieurs portes d entree (affliation par le travail ou par la residence en France) diabetes type 2 early warning signs [url=http://efgreatersil.org/buy-meds/Duetact/]17 mg duetact safe[/url]. (ehd.org)
- 35% of the females present AOT, possible ZR cell number changes, and whether early adrenarche timing is different in Brazilian compared to European girls. (bioscientifica.com)
Sexual1
- Bruce J. Ellis, an associate professor in the Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences at the UA, and Marilyn J. Essex at Wisconsin, are reporting their research (Family Environments, Adrenarche, and Sexual Maturation: A Longitudinal Test of a Life History Model) in the November/December issue of "Child Development," the journal of the Society for Research in Child Development. (health.am)
Premature7
- Premature and exaggerated adrenarche can be indicative of future onset of adult diseases, thus increasing the clinical relevance of adrenarche. (medscape.com)
- The aim of the study was to find out whether ACTH receptor (MC2R) promoter polymorphism associates with premature adrenarche (PA) and its characteristics. (nih.gov)
- Polymorphism Pro12Ala of PPARG in prepubertal children with premature adrenarche and its association with growth in healthy children. (nih.gov)
- Premature adrenarche and premature thelarche are two common, benign, normal variant conditions that can resemble true precocious puberty but that progress slowly or not at all. (medscape.com)
- premature adrenarche refers to the appearance of pubic hair without other signs of puberty in girls or boys younger than 7-8 years. (medscape.com)
- It also provides an overview of premature adrenarche, which is commonly diagnosed in children who have signs of precocious puberty. (nih.gov)
- A Polymorphism in Children with Premature Adrenarche. (cdc.gov)
Adrenal7
- Adrenarche refers to the onset of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulphate (DHEA-S) production from the adrenal zona reticularis that can be detected at around 6 years of age. (medscape.com)
- However, the biochemical pathways that define adrenarche have been characterized in detail, and the appearance of key enzymes and cofactors in the adrenal zona reticularis track with the progression of adrenarche. (medscape.com)
- This article reviews the clinical manifestations of adrenarche, the biochemistry of the enzymes involved in DHEA-S production, and the cell biology of the adrenal zona reticularis. (medscape.com)
- The onset of DHEA-S production from the adrenal zona reticularis leads to the phenomenon of adrenarche. (medscape.com)
- 1982). In order for adrenarche to occur, a specific cell type with the capacity to synthesize DHEA-S must arise within the adrenal glands. (medscape.com)
- Our study provides evidence that the MC2R promoter polymorphism modulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in children and may play a role in altered regulation of adrenarche. (nih.gov)
- 19. Adrenal changes associated with adrenarche. (nih.gov)
Pubarche2
- The phenotypic result of adrenarche is pubarche or the development of axillary and pubic hair that occurs in both girls and boys at about age 8. (medscape.com)
- Guran T, Firat I, Yildiz F, Bulut IK, Dogru M, Bereket A. Reference values for serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in healthy children and adolescents with emphasis on the age of adrenarche and pubarche. (medscape.com)
DHEA3
- The physiological triggers of adrenarche and the role(s) of DHEA-S remain speculative. (medscape.com)
- Serum DHEA-S concentrations fall after birth then begins to increase around the age of 7-9 (adrenarche). (medscape.com)
- Serum DHEA concentrations decrease after birth and then begin to increase at around age 7-9 years (adrenarche) and continue increasing until the third decade of life. (medscape.com)