Adrenal Cortex
The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Zona Reticularis
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
Zona Fasciculata
Cerebral Cortex
Adrenal Insufficiency
Prefrontal Cortex
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Visual Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa
Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).
Motor Cortex
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Adrenocortical Adenoma
A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.
Adrenal Cortex Function Tests
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.
Auditory Cortex
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.
Somatosensory Cortex
Cosyntropin
Aldosterone
Adrenodoxin
Hydrocortisone
Corticosterone
Aldosterone Synthase
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.
Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.
Encyclopedias as Topic
MedlinePlus
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma
Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos. (1/59)
Experiments were conducted to survey and detect differences in plasma corticosterone concentrations and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in herring gull (Larus argentatus) embryos environmentally exposed to organochlorine contaminants in ovo. Unincubated fertile herring gull eggs were collected from an Atlantic coast control site and various Great Lakes sites in 1997 and artificially incubated in the laboratory. Liver and/or kidney tissues from approximately half of the late-stage embryos were analyzed for the activities of various intermediary metabolic enzymes known to be regulated, at least in part, by corticosteroids. Basal plasma corticosterone concentrations were determined for the remaining embryos. Yolk sacs were collected from each embryo and a subset was analyzed for organochlorine contaminants. Regression analysis of individual yolk sac organochlorine residue concentrations, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs), with individual basal plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated statistically significant inverse relationships for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), non-ortho PCBs, and TEQs. Similarly, inverse relationships were observed for the activities of two intermediary metabolic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme) when regressed against PCDDs/PCDFs. Overall, these data suggest that current levels of organochlorine contamination may be affecting the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and associated intermediary metabolic pathways in environmentally exposed herring gull embryos in the Great Lakes. (+info)Dual effects of prolonged ACTH stimulation on 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide-induced adrenocortical lesions in rats. (2/59)
The effects of a long-acting synthetic ACTH on 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO)-induced adrenocortical lesions were investigated in female rats. A total of 140 6-week-old rats were divided into 4 equal groups, given a single s.c. injection of 7 mg/kg 4HAQO or vehicle, followed by repeated sc administration of the synthetic ACTH or no further treatment. Subgroups of 10 rats in each group were sequentially sacrificed at weeks 20, 30, and 40. Adenomas and adenomatous nodules developed in the adrenal cortex of animals receiving 4HAQO and the chronic ACTH stimulation. Both lesions were located in the deeper zones of the adrenal cortex adjacent to the medulla and were composed of large-sized, clear-type cells. From week 20, middle zone, cortical cystic degeneration, which mimics the age-associated degenerative change named adrenal peliosis, was frequently observed in the adrenal glands of animals treated with 4HAQO alone. Its development was inhibited by ACTH. In the control animals, peliotic changes occurred at low incidence and only at the termination of experiment. These results indicate that long-term stimulation of ACTH promotes the development of adrenocortical tumors but suppresses the occurrence of adrenal peliosis in rats treated with 4HAQO. (+info)Lower baseline plasma cortisol and prolactin together with increased body temperature and higher mCPP-induced cortisol responses in men with pedophilia. (3/59)
There is some evidence that hormonal and serotonergic alterations may play a role in the pathophysiology of paraphilias. The aims of the present study were to examine: 1) baseline plasma cortisol, plasma prolactin, and body temperature; and 2) cortisol, prolactin, body temperature, as well as behavioral responses to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and placebo in pedophiles and normal men. Pedophiles showed significantly lower baseline plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations and a higher body temperature than normal volunteers. The mCPP-induced cortisol responses were significantly greater in pedophiles than in normal volunteers. In normal volunteers, mCPP-induced a hyperthermic response, whereas in pedophiles no such response was observed. mCPP induced different behavioral responses in pedophiles than in normal men. In pedophiles, but not in normal men, mCPP increased the sensations "feeling dizzy, " "restless," and "strange" and decreased the sensation "feeling hungry". The results suggest that there are several serotonergic disturbances in pedophiles. It is hypothesized that the results are compatible with a decreased activity of the serotonergic presynaptic neuron and a 5-HT2 postsynaptic receptor hyperresponsivity. (+info)Structure-activity relationships for ulcerogenic and adrenocorticolytic effects of alkyl nitriles, amines, and thiols. (4/59)
In rats, a single administration of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) produces a rapidly occurring bilateral adrenal apoplexy. Structure-activity studies have shown that a close derivative, propionitrile (ethyl cyanide), causes duodenal ulcer without markedly affecting the adrenal glands. Prolonging the two-carbon chain of propionitrile by a methyl group (n-butyronitrile) enhances, replacing the methyl by bromide or nitrile decreases, while substitution by an amino group abolistes the ulcerogenic potency and variably affects the adrenocorticolytic action. On assaying a large number of nonnitrile compounds as well for ulcerogenic effect, such as thiols and amines, this effect was found to be related to a two-carbon structure bearing electronegative radicals on one or both ends of the chain. (+info)Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization of human peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and PKA regulatory subunit type 1A (PRKAR1A)-associated protein PAP7, and studies in PRKAR1A mutant cells and tissues. (5/59)
A mouse protein that interacts with the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit RIalpha (PRKAR1A), named PBR and PKA-associated protein 7 (PAP7), was identified and shown to be involved in hormone-induced steroid biosynthesis. We report the identification of the human PAP7 gene, its expression pattern, genomic structure, and chromosomal mapping to 1q32-1q41. Human PAP7 is a 60-kDa protein highly homologous to the rodent protein. PAP7 is widely present in human tissues and highly expressed in seminal vesicles, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, renal cortex, enteric epithelium, muscles, myocardium and in steroidogenic tissues, including the gonads and adrenal cortex. These tissues are also targets of Carney complex (CNC), a multiple neoplasia syndrome caused by germline inactivating PRKAR1A mutations (PRKAR1A-mut) and associated with primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and increased steroid synthesis. PAP7 and PRKAR1A expression were studied in PPNAD and in lymphoblasts from patients bearing PRKAR1A-mut. Like PRKAR1A, PAP7 was decreased in CNC lymphocytes and PPNAD nodules, but not in the surrounding cortex. These studies showed that, like in the mouse, human PAP7 is highly expressed in steroidogenic tissues, where it follows the pattern of PRKAR1A expression, suggesting that it participates in PRKAR1A-mediated tumorigenesis and hypercortisolism. (+info)Allgrove or 4 "A" syndrome: an autosomal recessive syndrome causing multisystem neurological disease. (6/59)
Allgrove's or "4 A" syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition with alacrima, achalasia, autonomic disturbance, and ACTH insensitivity among other features. Recent studies have identified mutations in the AAAS, a candidate gene on chromosome 12q13 in such patients. Manifestations in adult patients are rarely reported. The syndrome usually presents during the first decade of life with dysphagia or severe (occasionally fatal) hypoglycaemic or hypotensive attacks, related to adrenocortical insufficiency. Onset of adrenal insufficiency or other features may be delayed to adulthood. In contrast with paediatric patients, adult patients with Allgrove's syndrome may present with multisystem neurological disease; the childhood history of achalasia or alacrima may be overlooked. The authors describe two families with two affected siblings and a further unrelated patient with typical clinical features of Allgrove's syndrome, who exhibit signs of multisystem neurological disease including hyperreflexia, muscle wasting, dysarthria, ataxia, optic atrophy, and intellectual impairment. None of the cases have developed adrenal insufficiency but all have progressive neurological disability. Autonomic dysfunction was a significant cause of morbidity in two cases. The three index cases represent the longest described follow up of Allgrove's syndrome into adulthood. It is speculated that they represent a subgroup of patients who follow an often undiagnosed chronic neurological course. Recognition of the syndrome presenting in adult life permits treatment of unrecognised autonomic dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency and dysphagia, and appropriate genetic advice. (+info)Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical adenomas with unique histological features. (7/59)
Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral cortisol-secreting adenomas rarely occurs. We present a case of Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adenomas. Both adenomas had distinct cell compositions, and were compared with emphasis on immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical analysis for cytochrome P450(11beta) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD). A 37 year-old female was diagnosed with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome based on physical findings and hormonal evaluation. High-resolution CT scan showed bilateral adrenocortical adenomas and atrophied glands. 131I-methylnorcholesterol incorporation into both glands suggested both adenomas were functional. Clinical diagnosis prior to surgery was ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome due to functioning bilateral adenomas. The left adrenal gland was totally resected, while the right one was partially resected by laparoscopic approach. Both adenomas were black on cut sections, and were comparatively evaluated by immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical analysis for P450(11beta) and 3betaSD. The left adenoma was 1.6 cm in diameter and had a complex cellular composition and enzyme expression similar to that of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), while the right adenoma was 1.8 cm in diameter with compact cells typical of a solitary cortisol-producing adenoma. Adjacent bilateral adrenal cortex showed marked atrophy, but contained several micronodules. Serum cortisol levels, both at basal and after a low dodexamethasone, normalized thirteen months after surgery. In conclusion, the present case of Cushing's syndrome with bilateral adrenal adenomas demonstrated for the first time the simultaneous occurrence of two distinct adenomas, an ordinary cortisol-producing adenoma and a PPNAD-like adenoma. Further case reports of multiple adrenal adenomas should be well-analyzed to clarify whether the results from this case represent a new subgroup of ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome. (+info)Aldosteronism associated with adrenal cortical adenoma. (8/59)
An electrolyte-regulating corticoid has been identified and given the name aldosterone. This hormone may be produced in amounts above normal in adrenal cortical tumors in hyperplastic adrenal glands and in normal appearing adrenal glands. Overproduction of aldosterone is accompanied by certain characteristic clinical manifestations which should suggest the diagnosis. The diagnosis may be supported by examinations available in most well equipped clinical laboratories. Bioassay of aldosterone in the urine and estimation of exchangeable body sodium and potassium, using radioactive salts, are necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis.Since the description of this salt-retaining hormone by Simpson and Tait and the discovery of its chemical structure by Reichstein in 1954, reports of 14 cases have been published. Surgical removal of the offending tissue gives spectacular relief from the very distressing symptoms. (+info)
Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease presenting with a unilateral adrenocortical nodule treated with bilateral...
Defining the Genetic Basis for the Development of Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) and the Carney...
Defining the Genetic Basis for the Development of Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) and the Carney...
Operative management of Cushing Syndrome secondary to micronodular adrenal hyperplasia<...
Carney complex - Wikipedia
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Hypertension and adrenal cortex disease. A review of 100 autopsied cases. - Semantic Scholar
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Lumleian Lectures
The Adrenal Cortex in Internal Medicine 1967 Cyril Astley Clarke, Prevention of Rh-Haemolytic Disease 1968 Anthony Clifford ... Cope, C. L. (1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. I". BMJ. 2 (5518): 847-853. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5518.847. PMC ... 1831-1832 Thomas Watson 1833-1834 Francis Hawkins, On Some Diseases of the Heart 1835 Francis Bisset Hawkins On Some Diseases ... On Some Diseases of the Heart 1829-1830 John Elliotson, Recent Improvements in the Art of Distinguishing the various Diseases ...
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs
"Adrenal Cortex". Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2011. "Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs". ... The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. The adrenal outer layer, or cortex, has three layers; each produces a ... Bilateral destruction of the adrenal cortex by neoplasia (e.g. lymphosarcoma), granulomatous disease, or arterial thrombosis ... "Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease". National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. Archived from the ...
Bearded Collie
It occurs when the adrenal cortex produces insufficient glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid hormones. It affects ... also known as Addison's disease) is an inherited disease in Bearded Collies, although the mechanism of inheritance is not known ... Morbidity in the two studies is not easily compared, however; the UK report grouped diseases, while the USA/Canada report ... Leading causes of death among Beardies in the UK are old age (26%), cancer (19%), cerebrovascular disease (9%), and chronic ...
Cushing's syndrome
Excessive ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce high levels of cortisol, producing the disease state. While all ... In adrenal Cushing's, excess cortisol is produced by adrenal gland tumors, hyperplastic adrenal glands, or adrenal glands with ... that affects the adrenal glands. This etiology is called ectopic or paraneoplastic Cushing's disease and is seen in diseases ... Cortisol is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland from a region called the zona fasciculata in response to ACTH. Elevated ...
LDL receptor
It is most significantly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and adrenal gland and cortex tissue. Michael S. Brown and ... Disruption of LDL-R can lead to higher LDL-cholesterol as well as increasing the risk of related diseases. Individuals with ... July 2014). "Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3, triglycerides, and coronary disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. ... Disruptive mutations were 13 times more common in individuals with early-onset myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease ...
Hyperplasia
Cushing's disease - Physiopathology of hyperplasia of adrenal cortex due to increased circulating level of ACTH ( ... adrenocorticotropic hormone). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Inherited disorder of gland (adrenal). Endometrial hyperplasia ... "Cushing disease". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ... Focal epithelial hyperplasia (also known as Heck's disease) - This is a wart-like growth in the mucous tissues of the mouth or ...
Philip Showalter Hench
The Nobel Committee bestowed the award for the trio's "discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their ... Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923, working in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head ... During this same time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has isolated several steroids from the adrenal gland cortex. After ... "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." As of the 2010 ...
Differential diagnoses of anorexia nervosa
Addison's disease is a disorder of the adrenal cortex which results in decreased hormonal production. Addison's disease, even ... Diagnosis of Crohn's disease was made within 5 to 13 years."(Blanchet C, Luton JP. 2002)"This disease should be diagnostically ... and radiologically and histopathologically as Crohn's disease". The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 13 (2): 136-140. ... Lyme disease is known as the "great imitator", as it may present as a variety of psychiatric or neurologic disorders including ...
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3
In Type 3, autoimmune thyroiditis and another endocrine autoimmune disease are present, but the adrenal cortex is not involved ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Autoimmune diseases, Endocrine diseases, ... Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) occur when more than one autoimmune disease occurs in endocrine glands. These ... Syndromes, All stub articles, Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease stubs). ...
Eating disorder
Addison's disease is a disorder of the adrenal cortex which results in decreased hormonal production. Addison's disease, even ... Gastrointestinal diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, peptic ulcer, eosinophilic esophagitis or non-celiac gluten ... It has been documented that some people with celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease who are not ... neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, neurotoxicity such as lead exposure, bacterial infection such as Lyme ...
Adrenocortical hormone
Addison's disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the adrenal cortex such that it is unable to efficiently secrete ... The immune system specifically targets the cells of the adrenal cortex and destroys them, but Addison's disease can also be ... the adrenocortical hormones are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, the outer region of the adrenal gland. These ... The glucocorticoid family of hormones is synthesized in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex known as the zona fasciculata. ...
PRKACA
Protein kinase A has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, tumors of the adrenal cortex, ... Mutations in the PRKACA gene that promote abnormal enzyme activity have been linked to disease of the adrenal gland. Several ... It has been speculated that abnormally high levels of PKA phosphorylation contributes to heart disease. This affects excitation ... Defective regulation of PKA holoenzyme activity has been linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease, certain endocrine ...
Evelyn M. Anderson
Haymaker that Cushing's disease is caused by hyper function of the adrenal cortex. Anderson also worked with Joseph Abraham ... She then moved to the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (NIAMD) at the National Institute of Health where ... while continuing her research on hormone related diseases. Most notably she discovered with her husband Webb E. ...
George Neil Stewart
With Julius M. Rogoff he studied the functions of the adrenal medulla and cortex, including the epinephrine output and the ... usefulness of cortex extracts to treat Addison's disease. They discovered that the adrenal cortex was indispensable to the life ... Stewart published a series of papers on "The liberation of epinephrin from the adrenals" in the Journal of Pharmacology and ...
Adrenoleukodystrophy
The white matter of the brain, the Leydig cells of the testes and the adrenal cortex are the most severely affected systems. ... Adrenal gland disorders, Rare diseases, Fatty-acid metabolism disorders, Peroxisomal disorders, X-linked recessive disorders). ... The most severely affected tissues are the myelin in the central nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and the Leydig cells in ... Hormone replacement is standard for ALD patients demonstrating adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency does not resolve ...
Edith E. Sproul
... on Nucleic Acids and Subcellular Elements of the Adrenal Cortex. The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology, 2(2), 115 ... Diseases of the Chest, 33(4), 347. Fiala, A., Fiala, S., Sproul, E.E. (1956) The Action of Corticotropin (ACTH) ...
24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase
... of the gene occurs in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer disease patients and overexpression has been observed in adrenal gland ... of the novel adrenocorticotropin-responsive gene selective Alzheimer's disease indicator-1 in the normal adrenal cortex and in ... 2006). "Neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: changes in the expression of the Alzheimer's disease-related ... 2007). "The association study between DHCR24 polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease". Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet ...
Corticotropic cell
Addison's disease is characterized adrenal insufficiency, which is defined as the underproduction of glucocorticoids by the ... adrenal cortex. If the corticotropes underproduce ACTH this can result in secondary adrenal insufficiency, causing the adrenal ... ACTH released from the corticotropes binds to G protein-coupled receptors in the adrenal cortex, where it stimulates the ... Adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and plays an important role in the stress ...
Etiocholanolone
... and is used to evaluate adrenal cortex function, bone marrow performance, and in neoplastic disease to stimulate the immune ... menstrual cycle and disease flares. Etiocholanolone is produced from 5β-dihydrotestosterone, with 3α,5β-androstanediol as an ...
Calcium channel blocker
By blocking the calcium signal on adrenal cortex cells, they directly reduce aldosterone production, which correlates to lower ... This can help ameliorate symptoms of ischaemic heart disease such as angina pectoris. Reducing the force of contraction of the ... and cardiac muscle and for regulating aldosterone and cortisol secretion in endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex. In the heart ... N-type, L-type, and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are present in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal gland, ...
Oral pigmentation
... as a result of deficient amounts of hormones being produced from the adrenal cortex. Due to this, dark pigmentation may be ... Many different diseases can cause melanin pigmented lesions in the mouth through Increase in the number of melanocytes or ... Most diseases are treated with the relevant medications which leads to a gradual decrease in oral melanosis. For example, ... With regards to oral melanosis caused by systemic diseases, the most important thing to do is to refer the patient to their GMP ...
List of dog diseases
It is possible not to see any symptoms of the disease until the adrenal cortex is 90% dysfunctional. Addison's can occur when ... This list of dog diseases is a selection of diseases and other conditions found in the dog. Some of these diseases are unique ... The disease in dogs is usually nodular skin lesions of the head and trunk. Aspergillosis* is a fungal disease that in dogs is ... It is most commonly caused by destruction of adrenal tissue, probably by autoimmune disease. Signs include increased drinking ...
Artificial cell
... parathyroid cells and adrenal cortex cells. Shortage of organ donors make artificial cells key players in alternative therapies ... In treatment of genetic diseases, gene therapy aims to insert, alter or remove genes within an afflicted individual's cells. ... Enzyme therapy is being actively studied for genetic metabolic diseases where an enzyme is over-expressed, under-expressed, ... So far, clinical trials using artificial liver systems and hepatocyte transplantation in end-stage liver diseases have shown ...
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
Additionally, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex is infrequent. The role of ACTH is, therefore, still poorly understood. PPID ... Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary ... Horses with early disease may produce a false-negative result. In these horses, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation ... Unlike the human and canine forms of Cushing's disease, which most commonly affect the pars distalis region of the pituitary ...
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Addison's disease) when adrenal gland production of cortisol is chronically deficient. In Cushing's disease a pituitary tumor ... This increases the bioavailability of cholesterol in the cells of the adrenal cortex. The long term actions of ACTH include ... leading to secondary adrenal insufficiency (a form of hypocorticism) Addison's disease, the primary adrenal insufficiency ( ... hypopituitarism) or tertiary adrenal insufficiency (disease of the hypothalamus, with a decrease in the release of ...
Glucocorticoid
... synthesis in the adrenal cortex, and its steroidal structure (see structure below). Glucocorticoids are part of the feedback ... They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, ... as both are mimics of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex), but is often used as a synonym for "glucocorticoid". ... Glucocorticoids are chiefly produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, whereas mineralocorticoids are synthesized ...
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
... inhibiting angiotensin II formation diminishes angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, leading ... Serum levels are decreased in renal disease, obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypothyroidism. The angiotensin converting ... Elevated levels of ACE are also found in sarcoidosis, and are used in diagnosing and monitoring this disease. Elevated levels ... ACE's effect on Alzheimer's disease is still highly debated. Alzheimer patients usually show higher ACE levels in their brain. ...
Hans Selye
... swelling of the adrenal cortex, atrophy of the thymus, gastric and duodenal ulcers). This, paired with his observation that ... ISBN 978-0-920393-14-7. Healing the Gerson Way, Defeating Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases, New Edition. Charlotte Gerson with ... New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956, ISBN 978-0070562127 Selye, H. (Oct 7, 1955). "Stress and disease". Science. 122 (3171): 625-631. ... the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) system, was also first described by Selye. Selye has acknowledged the ...
List of MeSH codes (C19)
MeSH C19.053.098.265 - adrenal cortex neoplasms MeSH C19.053.098.265.500 - adrenocortical adenoma MeSH C19.053.098.265.750 - ... disease MeSH C19.874.283.605.500 - Graves' ophthalmopathy MeSH C19.874.283.802 - lingual goiter MeSH C19.874.397.370 - Graves' ... adrenal cortex neoplasms MeSH C19.053.347.500.500 - adrenocortical adenoma MeSH C19.053.347.500.750 - adrenocortical carcinoma ... adrenal cortex neoplasms MeSH C19.344.078.265.500 - adrenocortical adenoma MeSH C19.344.078.265.750 - adrenocortical carcinoma ...
Israel Hanukoglu
... in regulating steroid hormone synthesis in the adrenal cortex, regulation of adrenal steroidogenic capacity in disease states, ... of Psychology). His Ph.D. thesis research on the "Mechanism of electron transport to cytochrome P-450 in adrenal cortex ... Rapoport R, Sklan D, Hanukoglu I (10 March 1995). "Electron leakage from the adrenal cortex mitochondrial P450scc and P450c11 ... including the adrenal cortex, and the reproductive organs. The first step of steroidogenesis is dependent on the transfer of ...
Estradiol
Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and, in men, by the testes.[medical citation needed] ... Preedy VR (2 December 2011). Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media ... "Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 1 (42): 42. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-42. PMC 1634840. PMID 17062147.. ... The source of these estrogens is the placenta, which aromatizes prohormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland. ...
Nervi - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center «Roussy Levy syndrome» (en anglès). GARD/NIH. Diseases, 2017, Feb 2, pàgs: 7 [ ... Somatosensory Cortex Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Associative Sensory Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves ... Schober A, Parlato R, Huber K, Kinscherf R, et al «Cell Loss and Autophagy in the Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Organ of Zuckerkandl ... Choi, BO; Kim, SB; Kanwal, S; Hyun, YS; et al «MPZ mutation in an early-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B family by ...
Camel
Gilchrist, W. (1851). A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant, Camel & Horned Cattle: with ... Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio.[37] Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much ... "Morphometric analysis of heart, kidneys and adrenal glands in dromedary camel calves (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. ... "Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (9): 1456-7. doi:10.3201/eid1109.050081. PMC 3310619. PMID 16229781.. ...
Substance dependence
The International Classification of Diseases classifies substance dependence as a mental and behavioural disorder.[6] Within ... Koob and Kreek have hypothesized that during drug use, CRF activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and ... medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a ... Cognitive-behavioral therapy treats addiction as a behavior rather than a disease, and so is subsequently curable, or rather, ...
Stress (biology)
Chronic disease[edit]. A link has been suggested between chronic stress and cardiovascular disease.[42] Stress appears to play ... The ANS receives inputs from the medulla, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, midbrain and monoamine nuclei.[38] ... This secretion is made up of glucocorticoids, including cortisol, which are steroid hormones that the adrenal gland releases, ... linked diseases and diseases involving hyper activation of the immune system. One model proposed to account for this suggests a ...
G protein
ACTH - Stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol (zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands) ... "Malfunction of GPCR [G Protein-Coupled Receptor] signaling pathways are involved in many diseases, such as diabetes, blindness ... ADH (Vasopressin/AVP) - Induces the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex); Induces ... Angiotensin II - Induces Aldosterone synthesis and release (zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex in kidney) ...
Canine parvovirus
... and adrenal cortex. The lining of the blood vessels are also severely affected, which lead the lesions in this region to ... "Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (4): 341-6. doi:10.3201/eid0804.010228. PMC 2730235. PMID 11971764.. ... Myofibers are the site of viral replication within cells.[5] The disease may or may not be accompanied with the signs and ... PCR has become available to diagnose CPV2, and can be used later in the disease when potentially less virus is being shed in ...
Mitochondrial DNA
As demonstrated by the effect of the trophic hormone ACTH on adrenal cortex cells, the expression of the mitochondrial genes ... Increased mtDNA damage is a feature of several neurodegenerative diseases. The brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease ... Bonda DJ, Wang X, Lee HG, Smith MA, Perry G, Zhu X (April 2014). "Neuronal failure in Alzheimer's disease: a view through the ... These diseases do not follow mitochondrial inheritance patterns, but instead follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. Recently a ...
LECT2
... and may be involved in various diseases. However, LECT2's relationships to these diseases requires much further study before ... They may have histological evidence of LECT2 amyloid deposition in the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and adrenal glands of ... Kidney biopsy shows the presence of LECT2-based amyloid predominantly in the renal cortex interstitium, glomeruli, and ... It has been suggested that individuals with the disease have an increase in LECT2 production and/or a decrease in LECT2 ...
Sympathoadrenal system
Adrenocorticotropic hormones bind to ACTH receptors on the cells within the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, causing a ... Schrier, Robert W (1999). Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney. Philadelphia, PA: Blackwell Science. pp. Volume 3. Bray, George A ( ... They are typically found inside the adrenal medulla, but can also be present right outside the adrenal medulla in tissue. ... Under normal conditions, adrenal hormone receptors, type I and type II, mediate the storage of carbohydrates and fats during ...
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
All mGluRs except mGluR6 are thought to exist in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. It is thought that mGluRs play a role ... The same drug has been shown to interfere in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, with chronic oral administration of this ... Also, some researchers have suggested that activation of mGluR4 could be used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. Most ... They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the cerebral cortex, as well as ...
Laboratory rat
The most common are adenomas of the pituitary and adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, mammary gland ... Knockout rat disease models for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and diabetes, using zinc-finger ... There were even significant variations in the incidences of adrenal medulla tumors among rats from the same source raised in ... Knockout rats can mimic human diseases, and are important tools for studying gene function and for drug discovery and ...
Albert Szent-Györgyi
Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1929). Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex. Jisc ... 3649 [December 4, 1964]. 1278-1279.) On Oxidation, Fermentation, Vitamins, Health, and Disease (1940) Bioenergetics (1957) ... His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called "hexuronic acid", from adrenal gland tissue. He accepted ...
AP-1 transcription factor
... with particulate guanylate cyclase from adrenal cortex". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 345 (1): 64-70. doi: ... Stark CJ, Atreya CD (April 2005). "Molecular advances in the cell biology of SARS-CoV and current disease prevention strategies ...
ACTH receptor
Fifteenth Conference on the Adrenal Cortex (Adrenal 2012) League City, Texas June 19 - 22, 2012. 371 (1-2): 114-23. doi:10.1016 ... Cai M, Hruby VJ (2016). "The Melanocortin Receptor System: A Target for Multiple Degenerative Diseases". Current Protein & ... ACTH receptor is primarily found in the zona fasciculata of the human adrenal cortex. Binding of the receptor by ACTH ... Gallo-Payet N (May 2016). "60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. ...
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
DPDR may be associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the area of the brain involved in the " ... There is converging evidence that the prefrontal cortex may inhibit neural circuits that normally form the basis of emotional ... Several studies have shown that patients with peripheral vestibular disease are also more likely to have dissociative symptoms ... A PET scan found functional abnormalities in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex, as well as in areas responsible ...
Norepinephrine transporter
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)) and clinical depression. Certain antidepressant medications act to raise ... Since the noradrenaline transporter is responsible for most of the dopamine clearance in the prefrontal cortex, SNRIs block ... Norepinephrine transporters are confined to the neurons of the sympathetic system, and those innervating the adrenal medulla, ... NET SNPs and possible associations with various diseases are an area of focus for many research projects. There is evidence ...
Camel
... s' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio. Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much area as ... A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ... Microscopic evaluation of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands of one-humped camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) using semi ... Gilchrist, W. (1851). A Practical Treatise on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Elephant, Camel & Horned Cattle: with ...
Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system
"Canavan Disease, DNA Analysis - Tests - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-31. "Canavan Disease Information ... August 2007). "N-acetylaspartic acid promotes oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of rats". International Journal of ... "Neurologic complications of disorders of the adrenal glands". In Biller, José; Ferro, José M. (eds.). Handbook of Clinical ... "Aspartoacylase Deficiency (Canavan Disease) , The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease , OMMBID , McGraw- ...
The Sexual Brain
LeVay compares homosexuality to the disease sickle cell anemia, arguing that it may have persisted through a similar genetic ... and that most of his previous research had been on the visual areas of the cerebral cortex. ... notably that concerning women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Though noting that LeVay acknowledged the limitations of his ...
Isotretinoin
The jury, however, decided that James Marshall had a pre-existing bowel disease. Several trials over inflammatory bowel disease ... A possible biological basis for the case reports of depression involves decreased metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) ... the hormone regulatory centre of the brain and part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key part of the body's stress ... The drug is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-ulcerative colitis, but not Crohn's disease. There are also ...
Relationships and health
... adrenal axis and inflammatory markers that may predict some health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and ... On the other hand, for the reward system linked to the social experience, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) seems to ... A stressful event can be a life-threatening event (e.g., a disease, encountering a dangerous wild-animal) or a social-life ... Concerning the threat response system, it has been observed that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the anterior ...
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
These harmful traits range from increased risk of disease, such as cardiovascular disease, to premature death. However, this ... Beisson J, Sonneborn TM (February 1965). "Cytoplasmic inheritance of the organization of the cell cortex in Paramecium aurelia ... Glucocorticoid receptor expression plays a vital role in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity. Additionally, animal ... Furthermore, the increased rates of metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other increased risk factors to the health ...
Emotional dysregulation
Psychology portal Adrenal insufficiency Attachment theory Blunted affect Borderline personality disorder Complex post-traumatic ... This is manifested biologically by deficits[clarification needed] in the frontal cortices of the brain. Possible manifestations ... Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 14: 1329-1337. doi:10.2147/NDT.S164807. PMC 5973442. PMID 29872300. Reimherr FW, ...
Aldosterone synthase
... is a protein which is only expressed in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and is primarily ... Lenders JW, Williams TA, Reincke M, Gomez-Sanchez CE (January 2018). "DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: 18-Oxocortisol and 18- ... "The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex". Molecular Endocrinology ... Slight SH, Joseph J, Ganjam VK, Weber KT (June 1999). "Extra-adrenal mineralocorticoids and cardiovascular tissue". Journal of ...
Adrenal medulla
It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland ... "Diseases of the adrenal medulla". Acta Physiologica. 192 (2): 325-335. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01809.x. PMC 2576282. PMID ... The adrenal medulla (Latin: medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. ... Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones. The adrenal medulla is the ...
Adrenocortical hyperfunction
... is a condition where there is an overexpression of products of the adrenal cortex. When cortisol ... Adrenal gland disorders, All stub articles, Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease stubs). ... "Growth in disorders of adrenal hyperfunction". Pediatric endocrinology reviews: PER. 1 Suppl 3: 484-489. ISSN 1565-4753. ...
Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA-S itself originates almost exclusively from the adrenal cortex, with 95 to 100% being secreted from the adrenal cortex in ... explain the positive association between decreased circulating DHEA levels with age and age-related neurodegenerative diseases ... It is derived mostly from the adrenal cortex, with only about 10% being secreted from the gonads. Approximately 50 to 70% of ... This occurs naturally in the adrenal cortex and during first-pass metabolism in the liver and intestines when exogenous DHEA is ...