Adrenal cortex. Medical search

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.

The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces the enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE, a 21-carbon steroid, to 19-carbon steroids (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPREGNENOLONE.

Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.

Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

The wide middle zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

The narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to ALDOSTERONE. The final steps involve three successive oxidations by CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP11B2.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.

Examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex.

A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.

A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, NADP, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.

Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.

An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.

A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.

Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.

A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.

A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of FERREDOXIN or ADRENODOXIN in the presence of NADP. EC 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as EC 1.6.7.1 and EC 1.6.99.4.

A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.

The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.

Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in the ADRENAL CORTEX. It shows specificity for ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.

The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.

A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A stage of development at which the ADRENAL GLANDS undergo maturation leading to the capability of producing increasing amounts of adrenal androgens, DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of PUBERTY and continues throughout puberty.

An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS primarily associated with water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ION TRANSPORT in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by PLASMA VOLUME, serum potassium, and ANGIOTENSIN II.

The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. Splinting and casting are FRACTURE FIXATION.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Neoplasm derived from displaced cells (rest cells) of the primordial ADRENAL GLANDS, generally in patients with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA. Adrenal rest tumors have been identified in TESTES; LIVER; and other tissues. They are dependent on ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN for growth and adrenal steroid secretion.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A replica technique in which cells are frozen to a very low temperature and cracked with a knife blade to expose the interior surfaces of the cells or cell membranes. The cracked cell surfaces are then freeze-dried to expose their constituents. The surfaces are now ready for shadowing to be viewed using an electron microscope. This method differs from freeze-fracturing in that no cryoprotectant is used and, thus, allows for the sublimation of water during the freeze-drying process to etch the surfaces.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Nuclear bodies are usual constituents in tissues of hibernating dormice. (1/1201)

In previous studies we demonstrated in several tissues of the hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius that during hibernation cell nuclei contain particular structural constituents absent in euthermia. In the present study we examine the same tissues in euthermic and hibernating individuals of the edible dormouse Glis glis in order to investigate possible modifications of nuclear structural constituents occurring during hibernation in this species. Edible dormice were captured in the wild and maintained in an external animal house. Samples of liver, pancreas, brown adipose tissue and adrenal cortex were taken from three hibernating and three euthermic animals and processed for resin embedding. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies were carried out on cell nuclei of these tissues. The most evident feature of cell nuclei of hibernating dormice was the presence of several nuclear bodies, namely fibro-granular material, amorphous bodies, coiled bodies, perichromatin granule-like granules and nucleoplasmic fibrils, the distribution of which was peculiar to each tissue. No one of these constituents was detectable during euthermia. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that they contain some splicing factors. Apart from some differences, maybe due to the different characteristics of lethargy, the nuclear bodies found in edible dormice were morphologically and immunocytochemically similar to those previously described in the same tissues of hazel dormice. They therefore seem to be strictly correlated to the hibernating state. If they represent storage and/or assembly sites of splicing factors to be rapidly used upon arousal, they could represent a usual structural feature in cells of hibernating species. (+info)

Natural killer cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with Cushing's syndrome. (2/1201)

BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells are CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(+) bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes mediating first-line defence by direct cytotoxicity against various types of target cells without prior immunization. NK cell activity is positively regulated by immune interferon (IFN-gamma); among hormones, glucocorticoids are potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors, whereas ACTH and beta-endorphin in many experimental circumstances enhance NK cytotoxicity. DESIGN: We measured NK cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained at 0800h and 2000h from 26 patients with Cushing's syndrome (12 pituitary-dependent, 12 adrenal-dependent and two dependent on ectopic ACTH secretion). In vitro responsiveness to IFN-gamma or cortisol was also tested. METHODS: NK activity was measured in a 4-h direct cytotoxicity assay using K562 cells as targets. Plasma ACTH, serum and urinary free cortisol were concomitantly measured with commercially available kits. RESULTS: Spontaneous activity and responsiveness to IFN-gamma or cortisol were significantly greater in 15 age- and sex-matched controls than in Cushing's patients at 0800h. In pituitary-dependent Cushing's patients, plasma ACTH correlated positively with mean levels of spontaneous NK activity (r=0.64, P<0.05) and negatively with cortisol-dependent percentage inhibition (r=-0.69, P<0.02). In adrenal-dependent Cushing's patients, a negative correlation was observed between levels of spontaneous NK activity and urinary free cortisol (r=-0.67, P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that excess endogenous glucocorticoids affect spontaneous NK cell activity and responsiveness to exogenous IFN-gamma or cortisol. The differential patterns observed between pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent groups are compatible with a positive immunomodulatory role of pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides that effectively counterbalance, at least partially, glucocorticoid immunosuppression. (+info)

Lipid requirement of membrane-bound 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase. Studies on beef adrenocortical microsomes. (3/1201)

The role of phospholipid in the beef adrenal microsomal 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) has been investigated with the use of phospholipase A to alter the microsomal phospholipids. The byproducts of phospholipase A digestion have been removed with a wash solution containing bovine serum albumin. Removal of 80-85% of the phospholipid leads to loss of 80-90% of the 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity. Reconstitution experiments have been performed by introduction of lipid aqueous dispersions in the enzymatic assay. Asolectin, a commercially available preparation of soy phosphatides, is able to stimulate the enzymatic activity but does not restore the 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity in phospholipase-A-treated membranes. In contrast, the introduction of aqueous dispersions of microsomal total lipid mixtures in the enzymatic assay brings about a complete restoration of the 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity in the lipid-depleted membranes. It is concluded that the bovine adrenal microsomal 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase requires phospholipid(s) to exhibit its full catalytic activity. (+info)

Local renin-angiotensin system is involved in K+-induced aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical NCI-H295 cells. (4/1201)

NCI-H295, a human adrenocarcinoma cell line, has been proposed as a model system to define the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of aldosterone production in humans. Because the precise cellular localization of the components of the renin-angiotensin system in human adrenal cortical cells remains unclear, we investigated their localization in this defined cell system. NCI-H295 cells expressed both angiotensinogen and renin as shown by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was not detectable by immunocytochemistry, ACE binding, or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. However, 3.5 mmol/L K+ stimulated the formation of both angiotensin I and angiotensin II 1. 9- and 2.5-fold, respectively, and increased aldosterone release 3. 0-fold. The K+-induced stimulation of aldosterone release was decreased by captopril and enalaprilat (24% and 26%, respectively) and by the angiotensin type 1 (AT1)-receptor antagonist losartan (28%). Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of aldosterone release was abolished by losartan treatment. Specific [125I]Sar1-angiotensin II binding was detected by receptor autoradiography. The binding of [125I]Sar1-angiotensin II was completely displaced by the AT1 antagonist losartan but not by the AT2 receptor ligand PD 123319, confirming the expression of angiotensin II AT1 receptors in NCI-H295 cells. Our results demonstrate that NCI-H295 cells express most of the components of the renin-angiotensin system. Our failure to detect ACE, however, suggests that the production of angiotensin II in NCI-H295 cells may be ACE independent. NCI-H295 cells are able to produce angiotensin II, and K+ increases aldosterone secretion in part through an angiotensin-mediated pathway. The production of angiotensin II in NCI-H295 cells demonstrates that this human cell line can be useful to characterize the role of locally produced angiotensin II in the regulation of aldosterone release. (+info)

Comparison of expression and regulation of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI and the low-density lipoprotein receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells. (5/1201)

In rodents, cholesterol for adrenal steroidogenesis is derived mainly from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) via the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI). In humans cholesterol for steroidogenesis is considered to be derived from the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor pathway, and the contribution of SR-BI to that is unknown. In the present study SR-BI expression and regulation by steroidogenic stimuli was analysed in human adrenocortical cells and compared with LDL receptor expression. In addition, the functional contribution of both receptors for cholesteryl ester delivery to human adrenocortical cells was compared. Northern blot and reverse transcription-PCR amplification and sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of SR-BI mRNA in foetal and adult human adrenal cortex. Furthermore, SR-BI mRNA was expressed to similar levels in human primary adrenocortical and adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells, indicating its presence in the steroid-producing cells. Treatment of NCI-H295 cells with 8Br-cAMP, a stimulator of glucocorticoid synthesis via the protein kinase A second messenger signal transduction pathway, resulted in an increase of both SR-BI and LDL receptor mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induction of SR-BI and LDL receptor by cAMP was independent of ongoing protein synthesis and occurred at the transcriptional level. Ligand blot experiments indicated that a protein of similar size to SR-BI is the major HDL-binding protein in NCI-H295 cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that cAMP treatment increased the levels of LDL receptor and, to a lesser extent, SR-BI protein in NCI-H295 cells. Binding and uptake of cholesterol was quantitatively smaller from HDL than from LDL, both in basal as well as in cAMP-stimulated cells. Scatchard analysis under basal conditions indicated that NCI-H295 cells express twice as many specific binding sites for LDL than for HDL. Dissociation constant values (Kd; in nm) were approximately five times higher for HDL than for LDL, indicating a lower affinity of HDL compared with LDL. The combined effects of these two parameters and the low cholesteryl ester content of HDL subfraction 3 (HDL3) contributes to a lower cholesteryl ester uptake from HDL than from LDL by the NCI-H295 cells. In conclusion, both the SR-BI and LDL receptor genes are expressed in the human adrenal cortex and coordinately regulated by activators of glucocorticoid synthesis. In contrast to rodents, in human adrenocortical cells the HDL pathway of cholesterol delivery appears to be of lesser importance than the LDL pathway. Nevertheless, the SR-BI pathway may become of major importance in conditions of functional defects in the LDL receptor pathway. (+info)

The expression of inhibin/activin subunits in the human adrenal cortex and its tumours. (6/1201)

Inhibins and activins are dimeric proteins of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily which have been shown to be expressed in the adrenal cortex. Recent studies have suggested a role for these peptides in the pathogenesis and/or function of adrenal tumours. To investigate further their physiological and pathological roles, we have documented immunoreactivity for inhibin alpha, betaA and betaB subunits in normal adult and fetal human adrenals, in hyperplastic adrenals and in adrenal tumours. In the normal and hyperplastic adult gland, diffuse immunopositivity was demonstrated for beta subunits, suggesting that activins (beta beta dimers) can be expressed in all zones. Inhibin alpha was limited to the zona reticularis and the innermost zona fasciculata in the normal gland, extending centripetally into the zona fasciculata in hyperplasia, supporting a role for ACTH in the regulation of expression, and suggesting that expression of inhibins (alpha beta dimers) is restricted. Immunopositivity for all three subunits was seen in both fetal and definitive zones of the fetal cortex, indicating that both inhibins and activins could be expressed in both. Immunopositivity for all three subunits was seen in most adrenocortical tumours. Loss of immunopositivity for inhibin alpha in a subgroup of carcinomas might indicate a role in tumour progression. The greater intensity of staining for inhibin alpha in tumours associated with Cushing's syndrome again suggests a link with cortisol production. (+info)

Influences of long-term administration of 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 derivative, in rats. (7/1201)

In order to examine the influences by long-term feeding of 24R, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3[24R, 25(OH)2D3], an active form of vitamin D, Wistar rats (14-week-old, male, 20 rats/group) were fed a powder diet containing 0 or 5 ppm 24R, 25(OH)2D3 for 57 weeks. Final body weights and total food consumption were comparable between the groups. Urinary calcium levels were significantly (p < 0.05 or 0.01) increased by the administration of 24R, 25(OH)2D3 at weeks 3, 22 and 56, although the levels of serum calcium did not differ between the groups at the termination of week 57. In the 24R, 25(OH)2D3 group, weights of the adrenals and femurs were significantly (p < 0.01) increased. Histopathologically, this was found due to thickening of cortical bone in the femurs, and medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma of the adrenals. Immunohistochemically, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-labeling indices for intact adrenal medulla, medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma in the 24R, 25(OH)2D3 group were respectively 1.82 +/- 1.21, 5.88 +/- 4.13 and 16, all higher than that for the adrenal medulla in the control group (0.87 +/- 0.67). These results indicate that 24R, 25(OH)2D3 at a dose with which serum calcium is not chronically increased causes thickening of the cortex of the femur, and development of adrenal proliferative lesions, suggesting that rats may be too sensitive for results to be relevant to human risk assessment. (+info)

Calcium and reactive oxygen species as messengers in endotoxin action on adrenocortical cells. (8/1201)

The effect of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on the intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen metabolite content of both rat isolated fasciculata-reticularis and glomerulosa cells was evaluated by flow cytometry to know the role of these mechanisms in the initiation of cell injury produced by LPS on adrenocortical cells during endotoxic shock. A rapid increase of intracellular calcium was induced by endotoxin in both cell types. In fasciculata-reticularis cells, this [Ca2+]i increase was mainly due to an important mobilization of intracellular stores. Dose-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i were also observed when both cell types were incubated with LPS for 20 min in the presence of extracellular calcium. This treatment abolished the increase in intracellular calcium induced by ACTH and angiotensin II. On the other hand, the endotoxin produced a fast and dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species in both cell types, higher in glomerulosa than in fasciculata-reticularis cells. LPS-pretreated cells showed more susceptibility to the oxidative stress induced by Fe2+. These results can be related to functional alterations previously described showing the involvement of calcium and reactive oxygen species as messengers in the endotoxin action on adrenocortical cells. (+info)

Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of ... The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids[edit]. Main article: ... The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic ... October 1991). "The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex". Mol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_layer

The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. The adrenal outer layer, or cortex, has three layers; each produces a ... This effectively replaces what the adrenal cortex is failing to produce. Routine blood work is necessary in the initial stages ... "Adrenal Cortex". Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2011. "Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs". ... Bilateral destruction of the adrenal cortex by neoplasia (e.g. lymphosarcoma), granulomatous disease, or arterial thrombosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoadrenocorticism_in_dogs

Angiotensin II is a hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex, causing the release into the blood of the steroid hormone, ... Williams GH, Dluhy RG (2008). "Chapter 336: Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex". In Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, ... "Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic electrical oscillators". J Clin Invest. 122 (6): 2046-2053. ... membranes in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex.[55] This causes the release of aldosterone into the blood. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis

... released by the adrenal cortex.. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing ... The cells in the adrenal medulla that release adrenaline and noradrenaline proved to have properties between endocrine cells ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus ... as do corticosteroids secreted from the adrenal gland under the influence of adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The study of these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinology

... is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.[1][2] It is essential for ... Control of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortexEdit. The renin-angiotensin system, showing role of aldosterone between ... Moreover, aldosterone synthase is found within the zona glomerulosa at the outer edge of the adrenal cortex; 11β-hydroxylase is ... The corticosteroids are synthesized from cholesterol within the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex. Most steroidogenic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone

Hanke, W. (2013) [1978]. "Chapter 5. The adrenal cortex of Amphibia". In I. Chester Jones; I.W. Henderson (eds.). General, ... Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex, Volume 2. Academic Press. pp. 419-487. Teixeira, P.C., Dias, D.C ... a part of the brain's cortex considered to be the "thinking area". However, research has provided evidence that monkeys, dogs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians

Haines WJ (1952). "The biosynthesis of adrenal cortex hormones". Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 7: 255-305. Mueller GC, Rumney G ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_6beta-monooxygenase

"Chemistry of the Adrenal Cortex Hormones". Grzybowski A, Pietrzak K (2012). "Tadeusz Reichstein (1897-1996): a cofounder of ... "Glucocorticoid Activity of Adrenal Steroid Precursors in Untreated Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia". The Journal ... "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 11Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency". Barany A, Shaughnessy CA, McCormick SD (March 2021). " ... In 1934, biochemist Tadeus Reichstein, working in Switzerland, began research on extracts from animal adrenal glands in order ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol

Cope, C. L. (1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. I". BMJ. 2 (5518): 847-853. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5518.847. PMC ... The Adrenal Cortex in Internal Medicine 1967 Cyril Astley Clarke, Prevention of Rh-Haemolytic Disease 1968 Anthony Clifford ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumleian_Lectures

In 1966 he gave the Lumleian Lectures on The Adrenal Cortex in Internal Medicine. He retired at age 65 but continued his ... Cope, C. L. (8 October 1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. I". Br Med J. 2 (5518): 847-853. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5518 ... Cope, C. L. (15 October 1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. II". Br Med J. 2 (5519): 914-921. doi:10.1136/bmj. ... In 1959 Cope and Black published their paper The Reliability of Some Adrenal Function Tests. In 1964 Cope was the President of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Leslie_Cope

CYP11B1 (encoding the protein P450c11β) found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adrenal cortex has steroid 11β-hydroxylase ... CYP21A1 (P450c21) in adrenal cortex conducts 21-hydroxylase activity.. *CYP19A (P450arom, aromatase) in endoplasmic reticulum ... CYP17A1, in endoplasmic reticulum of adrenal cortex has steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. ... A subset of cytochrome P450 enzymes play important roles in the synthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenesis) by the adrenals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP450

Adrenal glands[change , change source]. *Adrenal glands *Adrenal cortex produces *Glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol) Zona ... Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. ... Adrenal medulla produces *Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily) Chromaffin cells. *Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Chromaffin ... Adrenal gland - Corpus luteum - Hypothalamus - Ovaries - Pancreas - Parathyroid gland - Pineal gland - Pituitary gland - Testes ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_system

Cairella M (June 1961). "[Non-steroid inhibitors of the adrenal cortex]". La Clinica Terapeutica. 20: 667-79. PMID 13689840. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-alcohol_oxidase

Angiotensin II is a hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex, causing the release into the blood of the steroid hormone, ... Hu C, Rusin CG, Tan Z, Guagliardo NA, Barrett PQ (June 2012). "Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic ... Williams GH, Dluhy RG (2008). "Chapter 336: Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex". In Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, ... membranes in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex. This causes the release of aldosterone into the blood. Aldosterone acts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

... released by the adrenal cortex. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_pituitary

... released by the adrenal cortex. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone ... An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases ... The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles. ... The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. These cells are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell

ACTH is transported by the blood to the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland, where it rapidly stimulates biosynthesis of ... Important to the function of the HPA axis are some of the feedback loops: Cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex will ... ACTH in turn acts on: the adrenal cortex, which produces glucocorticoid hormones (mainly cortisol in humans) in response to ... released by the adrenal cortex. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal_axis

In addition, mitotane has direct and selective cytotoxic effects on the adrenal cortex, via an unknown mechanism, and thereby ... Mitotane is an inhibitor of the adrenal cortex. It acts as an inhibitor of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, ... The medication is used in the controlled destruction of adrenal tissue, leading to a decrease in cortisol production. J. Larry ... 179-. ISBN 978-1-61705-019-0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) C.R. Kannan (6 December 2012). The Adrenal Gland. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotane

Additionally, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex is infrequent. The role of ACTH is, therefore, still poorly understood. PPID ... decreased synthesis of cortisol at the level of the adrenal gland. A horse with PPID, which has an overactive pars intermedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_pars_intermedia_dysfunction

Target organs include adrenal cortex, bones, and eyes. It is also a known teratogen. Class B PPE should be worn when working ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone_acetate

Yanagibashi K, Haniu M, Shively JE, Shen WH, Hall P (1986). "The synthesis of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Two zones ( ... oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are steroid, reduced adrenal ferredoxin, and O2, whereas its ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is steroid,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (11beta-hydroxylating). ... reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } an 11beta-hydroxysteroid + ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_11beta-monooxygenase

... the second of three layers comprising the adrenal cortex. The cortex forms the outer "bark" of each adrenal gland, situated ... It is produced in humans by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex within the adrenal gland.[1] It is released in response ... Synthesis takes place in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. (The name cortisol is derived from cortex.) While the ... through which blood carries it to the adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol and other glucocorticoids, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol

... adrenal cortex secretes various stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) -> stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the blood stream ... after which the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressor

In rare cases, adrenal cortex tumours are also seen. Most germline or somatic mutations in the MEN1 gene predict truncation or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEN1

Azastene Jones IC, Henderson IW (22 October 2013). General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex. ... As such, cyanoketone inhibits the production of both gonadal and adrenal steroids, including progesterone, androgens, estrogens ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoketone

ACTH elevation causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Normally, both cortisol and GH serve as counterregulatory ... If adrenal insufficiency is confirmed, the need for a repeat ITT may need to be reconsidered after 3 months thyroxine therapy. ... Sometimes ITT is performed to assess the peak adrenal capacity, e.g. before surgery. It is assumed that the ability to respond ... In subjects with no adrenal reserve an Addisonian crisis may occur. For cortisol stimulation, the ACTH stimulation test has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_tolerance_test

... in endoplasmic reticulum of adrenal cortex has steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. CYP21A2 (P450c21) in adrenal ... found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adrenal cortex has steroid 11β-hydroxylase, steroid 18-hydroxylase, and steroid 18 ... by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue: CYP11A1 (also known as P450scc or P450c11a1) in adrenal mitochondria affects " ... CYP11B2 (encoding the protein P450c11AS), found only in the mitochondria of the adrenal zona glomerulosa, has steroid 11β- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450

The organ they found responsible was the adrenal cortex. The Barnes, et al., 1936, publication in Science was also reported in ... In 1938, Fleischmann and Kann determined that in addition to estrogen, a specific adrenal hormone, corticosterone, could cause ... Barnes BO, Kanter AE, Klawans AH (2 October 1936). "Bitterling Ovipositor Lengthening Produced By Adrenal Extracts". Science. ... Barnes also began to believe that virtually all his hypothyroid patients had concomitant undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broda_Otto_Barnes

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids. Adrenocorticotropic hormone release is ... The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys in humans and in front of the kidneys in other animals. The adrenal glands ... Addison's disease is an endocrine disease that results from hypocortisolism caused by adrenal gland insufficiency. Adrenal ... Dysfunction in the adrenal gland could be due to primary or secondary factors and can result in hypercortisolism or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland

"Aromatase and nonaromatizing 10-demethylase activity of adrenal cortex mitochondrial P-450(11)beta". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nespecifična_monooksigenaza

2006). "D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with F-18fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia". ... "Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas with PET using (11)C-metomidate and (18)F-FDG". J. Nucl. Med. 45 (6): 972-9. PMID 15181132 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan

Acute overdose may cause fever, hypoglycemia, heart failure, coma, and unrecognized adrenal insufficiency. ... as thyroid hormones may cause an acute adrenal crisis by increasing the metabolic clearance of glucocorticoids.[20] For oral ... Levothyroxine is also contraindicated for people with uncorrected adrenal insufficiency, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levothyroxine

Talk:Adrenal artery. *Talk:Adrenal cortex. *Talk:Adrenal medulla. *Talk:Adventitia. *Talk:Alar ligament ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_Anatomy_articles

... the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal androgens function as weak steroids (though some are precursors), and the ... Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol.[4] It is the primary ... Androstenedione (A4) is an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are ... The main subset of androgens, known as adrenal androgens, is composed of 19-carbon steroids synthesized in the zona reticularis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient production of glucocorticoid and/or mineralocortoid in the adrenal cortex ( ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poodle

ACTH is transported by the blood to the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland, where it rapidly stimulates biosynthesis of ... the adrenal cortex, which produces glucocorticoid hormones (mainly cortisol in humans) in response to stimulation by ACTH. ... Cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex will negatively feedback to inhibit both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. This ... Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis

"for their discoveries relating to the هورمونs of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[۴۹] ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/فهرست_یهودیان_برنده_جایزه_نوبل

... cortex, and basal forebrain-areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking.[12] BDNF is also expressed in the retina, ... It has been shown that BDNF mRNA levels are decreased in cortical layers IV and V of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of ... "BDNF regulates reelin expression and Cajal-Retzius cell development in the cerebral cortex". Neuron. 21 (2): 305-15. doi: ... Activation of Dopamine receptor D5 also promotes expression of BDNF in prefrontal cortex neurons.[36] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

A possible biological basis for the case reports of depression involves decreased metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) ... the hormone regulatory centre of the brain and part of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, a key part of the body's stress ... Other brain regions regulated by retinoic acid and potentially disrupted by isotretinoin include the frontal cortex and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

ঐক্ষিক বহিঃস্তর (গুরুমস্তিষ্ক) (Visual cortex). *কান (Ear) *বহিঃকর্ণ (Outer ear) *কানের লতি (Earlobe) ... অধিবৃক্ক গ্রন্থি (অ্যাড্রিনাল গ্রন্থি) (Adrenal gland). *অগ্ন্যাশয় (Pancreas). *লাঙারহানসের কোষপুঞ্জিকা (Islets of Langerhans) ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/নিতম্বাস্থি

... o the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.[1][2] ... "Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are ...

https://sco.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone

In H&E staining the adrenal medulla (on the pointer) stains lighter than the adrenal cortex. ... is part of the adrenal gland.[1] It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.[1] It is the ... The adrenal medulla may be poorly formed or absent in cases of absent adrenal gland. The deficiency in circulating ... and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla

A neuron whose cell body is situated in the motor cortex, brain stem, or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to ... and adrenal glands.. endocrine system. The collection of glands that produce hormones which regulate metabolism, growth and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Adrenal axis. *Adrenal cortex *Aldosterone. *Cortisol. *Cortisone. *DHEA. *DHEA-S. *Androstenedione. *Adrenal medulla * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

Ang Zona glomerulosa ay ang outer zone o panlabas na zona ng adrenal cortex na tahasang nasa ilalim ng tisyung pandugtong. ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa

പാഴ്സ് ഡിസ്റ്റാലിസ് സ്രവിക്കുന്ന അഡ്രിനോ കോർട്ടിക്കോ ട്രോപ്പിക്ക് ഹോർമോൺ (ACTH)[9] അഡ്രിനൽ കോർട്ടക്സിനെ (adrenal cortex)[10] ... http://www.sulzerlab.org/Adrenal%20ChromaffinCultureSulzer.pdf *↑ http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/ ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/അന്തഃസ്രവവിജ്ഞാനീയം

People with PTSD have decreased brain activity in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices and the ventromedial ... these findings suggest abnormality in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ... Overactivation of norepinephrine receptors in the prefrontal cortex can be connected to the flashbacks and nightmares ... insula cortex, and anterior cingulate.[100] Much of this research stems from PTSD in those exposed to the Vietnam War.[101][102 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones made in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates. The term is also used for the ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex is caused by an immune reaction against the enzyme 21-hydroxylase (a phenomenon ... Main article: Adrenal crisis. An "Addisonian crisis" or "adrenal crisis" is a constellation of symptoms that indicates severe ... Adrenal destruction is also a feature of adrenoleukodystrophy, and when the adrenal glands are involved in metastasis (seeding ... Causes of adrenal insufficiency can be categorized by the mechanism through which they cause the adrenal glands to produce ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison's_disease

Adrenal cortex. *123I. *125I / 131I (Iodocholesterol). Radionuclides. (including tracers). ... A pheochromocytoma tumor is seen as a dark sphere in the center of the body (it is in the left adrenal gland). The image is by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-131

ACTH acts by binding to cell surface ACTH receptors, which are located primarily on adrenocortical cells of the adrenal cortex ... ACTH stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid hormones from adrenal cortex cells, especially in the zona fasciculata of ... Glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal cortex work to inhibit CRH secretion by the hypothalamus, which in turn decreases ... This increases the bioavailability of cholesterol in the cells of the adrenal cortex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone

This is because the male Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis is more active. Whilst they are pumping out more cortisol ... Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including cortex, subcortex, cerebellar, and even the neural pathway regions.[2] ... In addition, reduced activation in the left auditory cortex has been observed.[19][22] ... They show underactivity in the ventral premotor, Rolandic opercular and sensorimotor cortex bilaterally and Heschl's gyrus in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammer

Adrenal gland. Cortex. *Zona glomerulosa. *Zona fasciculata. *Zona reticularis. Medulla. *Chromaffin cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin_cell

The most significant difference may be the presence of an abnormality in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA). The HPA ... TMS involves the administration of a focused electromagnetic field to the cortex to stimulate specific nerve pathways. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic_depression

neerupealiste koores (inglise adrenal cortex) steroidide süntees. neerupealiste säsis (inglise adrenal medulla) adrenaliini ja ...

https://et.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-vitamiin

By blocking the calcium signal on adrenal cortex cells, they directly reduce aldosterone production, which correlates to lower ... Immunohistochemical analysis of L-type calcium channel Cav1.3 (CACNA1D) in human adrenal cortex: Marked immunoreactivity was ... and cardiac muscle and for regulating aldosterone and cortisol secretion in endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex.[5] In the ... N-type, L-type, and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels are present in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal gland, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker

Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands. Cushing's syndrome can be caused by taking glucocorticoid ... Adrenal[edit]. A variety of adrenal cortical abnormalities can cause hypertension, In primary aldosteronism there is a clear ... Another adrenal related cause is Cushing's syndrome which is a disorder caused by high levels of cortisol. ... Pheochromocytoma[35] (most often located in the adrenal medulla) increases secretion of catecholamines such as epinephrine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_layer

Adrenal cortex hormones. Definition. Adrenal complex hormones are lipid hormones, derived from the small molecule cholesterol ... Adrenal function: Cortisol metabolism during acute stress-an (IC)U turn *Joana Osório ... Example adrenal complex hormones are corticosteroids such as immune system hormone glucocorticoid, and androgens such as ... and generated by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family in the adrenal gland that sits atop the kidneys. ...

http://www.nature.com/subjects/adrenal-cortex-hormones?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5b9fe739-c63d-4308-bc02-78826e52ae0e

The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. II. Br Med J 1966; 2 :914 doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5519.914 ... The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. II.. Br Med J 1966; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5519.914 (Published 15 ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/2/5519/914

Adrenal cortex definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it up ... adrenal cortex. adrammelech, adrastea, adrastus, adren-, adrenal, adrenal cortex, adrenal crisis, adrenal gland, adrenal glands ... The outer part of the adrenal gland, consisting of the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis and ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/adrenal-cortex

G. J. Pepe and E. D. Albrecht, "Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal cortex," Endocrine Reviews, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 151-176 ... S. Mesiano and R. B. Jaffe, "Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex," Endocrine Reviews, vol ... H. Ishimoto and R. B. Jaffe, "Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: a key component in the feto-placental ... S. J. Spencer, S. Mesiano, and R. B. Jaffe, "Programmed cell death in remodelling of the human fetal adrenal cortex: possible ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnme/2012/837901/ref/

The cortex is divided into 3 concentric zones ("GFR") (image A): *Zona glomerulosa (ZG) *Thin outermost layer, comprised of ...

https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/education-products-and-resources/pathology-for-urologists/normal-histology-and-important-histo-anatomic-structures/adrenal-gland-cortex

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1950/reichstein/lecture/

The adrenal cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Cortisol is pr... more ... Adrenal medullae normally secrete 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine. Sympathetic stimulation results in secretion. ... What is the normal function of the adrenal medullae and adrenal cortex?) and What is the normal function of the adrenal ... What is the normal function of the adrenal medullae and adrenal cortex?. Updated: Oct 11, 2018 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/765753-95432/what-is-the-normal-function-of-the-adrenal-medullae-and-adrenal-cortex

... is the procedure of choice for small benign adrenal tumors. In the absence of local invasion or metastases, the preoperative ... Long-term Outcome following Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Large Solid Adrenal Cortex Tumors. ... Limitations of size as a criterion in the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Surgery 2000;128:973-982CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar ... 18F-FDG PET in evaluation of adrenal lesions in patients with lung cancer. J Nucl Med 2004;45:2058-2062PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00268-005-0288-2

Adrenal cortical atrophy ( Figure 1. and Figure 2. ) may be focal or diffuse. Compared with the normal adrenal cortex ( Figure ... Adrenal gland, Cortex - Atrophy in a female Sprague-Dawley rat from a chronic study. The width of the cortex (C) and the ... Adrenal gland, Cortex - Normal in a female Sprague-Dawley rat from a chronic study. A normal adrenal gland at the same ... Adrenal gland, Cortex - Normal in a female Sprague-Dawley rat from a chronic study. A normal adrenal gland at the same ...

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/nnl/endocrine/adrenal/cxatrophy/index.htm

The adrenal cortex makes androgen and corticosteroid hormones. ... The outer part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of ... adrenal cortex listen (uh-DREE-nul KOR-tex) The outer part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney). The ... There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The outer part of each gland is the adrenal cortex; the inner part is ... adrenal cortex makes androgen and corticosteroid hormones. More Information. *Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Enlarge Anatomy of the ...

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/adrenal-cortex

Chemical compound and disease context of Adrenal Cortex. *We studied six human adrenal carcinomas and normal adrenal cortex ... The increase in adrenal weight with EGF administration was due to hypertrophy of definitive zone cells of the adrenal cortex, ... in the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex [31].. *Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland ... which results in hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex [2].. *Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a family of inborn errors of ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/4190.html

The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of an adrenal gland. It is divided into three separate zones: ... The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic ... Cholesterol can be synthesized de novo in the adrenal cortex. Yet, the major source of cholesterol appears to be cholesterol ... October 1991). "The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex". Mol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex

Excess adrenal androgens also occur: In females they will overcompensate the gonadotrophic loss, inducing high testosterone; in ... Prolonged in vivo stimulation with ACTH leads to an increase in total adrenal protein and RNA synthesis. Cell proliferation is ... Prolonged in vivo stimulation with ACTH leads to an increase in total adrenal protein and RNA synthesis. Cell proliferation is ... Chronic ACTH excess leads to chronic adrenal mineralocorticoid excess and low aldosterone levels: after an acute rise, ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00043/full

Adrenal Gland, Cortex - Cellular Atypia - Gallery. Adrenal gland, Cortex - Cellular atypia in a female F344/N rat from a ... Adrenal gland, Cortex - Cellular atypia in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. There is a focus of enlarged cells with ... Adrenal gland, Cortex - Cellular atypia in a female F344/N rat from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 1). ... Home » Data & Resources » Atlas Home » Endocrine System » Adrenal Gland » Cortex - Cellular Atypia » gallery ...

https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/nnl/endocrine/adrenal/cxclatyp/gallery/index.htm

Adrenal Cortex Cancer) - Pipeline Review, H1 2020 Summary This latest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare disease pipeline guide ... Adrenal cortex cancer (ACC) is a rare disease. It is caused by a cancerous growth in the adrenal cortex, which is the outer ... Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) - Pipeline Review, H1 2020. Summary. This latest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare ... Adrenal Cortex Cancer) and features dormant and discontinued projects. The guide covers therapeutics under Development by ...

https://www.reportlinker.com/p02166595/Adrenocortical-Carcinoma-Adrenal-Cortex-Cancer-Pipeline-Review-H1.html

Adrenal Cortex by NutriCology really works! I feel much more confident using this one from Australia where there are strict ... Adrenal Cortex by NutriCology really works! I feel much more confident using this one from Australia where there are strict ... Adrenal Cortex Tissue (Bovine‚ Lyophilized) 100 mg / *. *Daily Value not established.. Other ingredients: Hydroxypropyl ... Adrenal Cortex by NutriCology is well tolerated with no stomach upset when taken with food. ...

https://pureformulas.com/adrenal-cortex-100-vegetarian-capsules-by-nutricology.html

Adrenal cortex tissue extracts‚ such as those included in Adrenal Cortex by Thorne Research‚ play a valuable supporting role in ... Adrenal Cortex Vegetarian Capsules by Thorne Research help the body by providing pure adrenal cortex tissue to support healthy ... Adrenal cortex by Thorne Research was specifically designed to provide you with adrenal cortex tissue‚ which can help support ... Adrenal Cortex by Thorne Research helps support your adrenals if you have adrenal fatigue. ...

https://www.pureformulas.com/adrenal-cortex-60-vegetarian-capsules-by-thorne-research.html?N=4294855119

... also known as adrenocortical cancer or adrenal cortex cancer, is a malignant mass of cells that develop in the adrenal glands, ... Adrenal cortical cancer, also known as adrenocortical cancer or adrenal cortex cancer, is a malignant mass of cells that ... Adrenal Cortical Cancer Outlook. Adrenal cortical cancer generally has a poor prognosis, but this largely depends on the ... When functioning properly, the adrenal cortex processes cholesterol and secretes steroid hormones like testosterone and ...

https://www.knowcancer.com/cancer-types/adrenal-cortical-cancer/

Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) Assessment by Molecule Type. Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) ... Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) Assessment by Molecule Type. Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) ... Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) Assessment by Monotherapy Products. Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex ... Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) Assessment by Monotherapy Products. Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex ...

https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4036542/adrenocortical-carcinoma-adrenal-cortex-cancer

"Adrenal Cortex Hormones" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Adrenal Cortex Hormones" was a major or ... "Adrenal Cortex Hormones" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Adrenal Cortex Hormones" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Adrenal Cortex Hormones". ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Adrenal%20Cortex%20Hormones

ADRENAL CORTEX IN LIVER DISEASE(ADRENAL CORTEX IN LIVER DISEASE*) JOHN JOSEPH WEBSTER, M.D., F.A.C.P. ... ADRENAL CORTEX IN LIVER DISEASE(ADRENAL CORTEX IN LIVER DISEASE*). Ann Intern Med. 1950;33:854-864. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-33-4 ... This paper reports our experience in the treatment of liver disease using a new therapy: extract of adrenal cortex. ...

http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/674465/adrenal-cortex-liver-disease

... and propose a role for bioengineered ECM models in further elucidating this biology in the adrenal. ... The adrenal cortex is characterized by three histologically and functionally distinct zones: the outermost zona glomerulosa (zG ... The adrenal cortex is characterized by three histologically and functionally distinct zones: the outermost zona glomerulosa (zG ... Developmental Origins of the Adrenal Cortex. The adrenal cortex originates from cells of the celomic epithelium, which in the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00052/full

ADRENAL TUMORS. The most frequent clinical presentation of a steroid-producing tumor of the adrenal cortex is Cushings ... If an adrenal source is suspected, an abdominal CT scan will identify most adrenal lesions. Adrenal scintigraphy can be helpful ... Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex. Wendy J. Schillings, MD. Associate Clinical Professor, Penn State University School of ... reflects a disorder of the adrenal cortex. This chapter discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia (increased androgen production ...

https://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/disorders-of-the-adrenal-cortex/item/309

362 Studies found for: Recruiting, Not yet recruiting, Available Studies , Adrenal Cortex Hormones ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results/map?recrs=abc&intr=%22Adrenal+Cortex+Hormones%22&map=

McKeerns KW (1968) Mechanisms of ACTH regulation of the adrenal cortex. In: McKeerns KW (ed) Functions of the adrenal cortex, ... Retention and egg production ofMicrophallus pygmaeus in mice: the influence of the adrenal cortex. *Rohani A. Ahmad1. , ... the influence of the adrenal cortex. Z. Parasitenkd. 72, 479-485 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00927891 ... Adenohypophyseal corticotrophin and plasma free corticosteroids during regeneration of the enucleated rat adrenal gland. Am J ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00927891

NS; Right adrenal Group 𝐹. (. 1. ,. 1. 3. ). =. 0. .. 7. 0. , NS, Sex 𝐹. (. 1. ,. 1. 3. ). =. 0. .. 1. 4. , NS, Sex*Group 𝐹. ( ... NS; Total mass of adrenals Group 𝐹. (. 1. ,. 1. 3. ). =. 2. .. 9. 7. , NS, Sex 𝐹. (. 1. ,. 1. 3. ). =. 1. .. 5. 2. , NS, Sex* ... Main effects (GLM for repeated measures): Left adrenal Group 𝐹. (. 1. ,. 1. 3. ). =. 7. .. 7. 0. , 𝑃. =. .. 0. 1. 6. , Sex 𝐹. ( ... The effects of sand or earth floors on the adrenal cortex activity in blue foxes have been assessed in earlier studies by ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijz/2009/563252/

In the adrenal cortex (AC), macrophages are mainly observed in the zona reticularis (ZR), situated deep in the gland. This ... In the adrenal cortex (AC), macrophages are mainly observed in the zona reticularis (ZR), situated deep in the gland. This ... At the fourth day, the animals were sacrificed and the adrenals prepared for light and electron microscopy following usual ...

https://sens.org/outreach/conferences/adrenal-cortex-macrophages-during-ageing-and-after-dexamethasone-administration

Unfortunately, everyday stresses can have your adrenal glands working overtime, which can zap energy levels, leaving you ... ADRENergize Adrenal cortex extract is crucial for energy and stamina. In this busy world, thats important every day. ... adrenal cortex extract, adrenal gland supplement, adrenal glands, ADRENergize Adrenal Cortex Extract, energy, Enzymatic therapy ... ADRENergize®† Adrenal Cortex Extract supports the adrenal glands, which create adrenaline, a natural stimulant in your body.† ...

https://www.utopiasilver.com/product/adrenergize_adrenal-cortex-extract/?add-to-cart=12506

Have you taken Adrenal Cortex by American Biologics? Submit your own Adrenal Cortex review and let the world know what you ... Read the latest Adrenal Cortex by American Biologics reviews and find the latest results, side effects and user experiences ...

https://www.evitamins.com/reviews/adrenal-cortex-american-biologics-312225

If atrophy is seen in both adrenal glands, the modifier "bilateral" should be added to the diagnosis (lesions are assumed to be unilateral unless otherwise indicated). (nih.gov)
There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. (cancer.gov)
It is caused by a cancerous growth in the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal glands. (reportlinker.com)
Predisposing factors include female, hereditary disease that affects the adrenal glands, age and smoking. (reportlinker.com)
17-ketosteroids work in concert with the sex hormones that are produced by your adrenal glands‚ and glucocorticoids are used for metabolizing glucose and for the body's natural immune response. (pureformulas.com)
When this occurs‚ as it often does‚ the adrenal glands are forced to work overtime and they end up becoming fatigued. (pureformulas.com)
Fatigued adrenal glands do not function properly‚ which means that they will not produce adequate levels of cortisol to deal with stress. (pureformulas.com)
Adrenal cortical cancer, also known as adrenocortical cancer or adrenal cortex cancer , is a malignant mass of cells that develop in the adrenal glands, located right above the kidneys. (knowcancer.com)
The mass is any size but has not spread beyond the adrenal gland, or the cancer has spread to the fat around the adrenal glands but not to the nearby lymph nodes. (knowcancer.com)
the mass has spread from the adrenal glands to other nearby organs or tissues, possibly the lymph nodes, but not to other areas of the body, or the mass has moved to other organs or tissues, is any size, and may or may not have spread to the nearby organs or lymph nodes. (knowcancer.com)
See also, Drenamin for long-term maintenance of the adrenal glands and Adrenal Stress End for jump-staring the adrenal glands. (utopiasilver.com)
Your adrenal glands help you stay healthy and energized. (utopiasilver.com)
Unfortunately, everyday stresses can have your adrenal glands working overtime, which can zap energy levels, leaving you feeling drained. (utopiasilver.com)
ADRENergize ® † Adrenal Cortex Extract supports the adrenal glands, which create adrenaline, a natural stimulant in your body. (utopiasilver.com)
The adrenal glands are small, pyramid-shaped glands that rest on the top of each kidney. (blausen.com)
Both anatomical regions are parts of the adrenal glands. (differencebetween.net)
There are two adrenal glands - one on either side. (healthhype.com)
In order for Addison disease to occur, both adrenal glands have to be affected where at least 90% of adrenocortical function is impaired. (healthhype.com)
Adrenal 100 Cortex 75 from Professional Botanicals is a dietary supplement that offers support for the endocrine system, and more specifically, the adrenal glands. (naturalhealthyconcepts.com)
Located near the kidneys, your adrenal glands perform several functions in the body, including the production of hormones. (naturalhealthyconcepts.com)
Adrenal Cortex tissue provides focused support for the adrenal glands. (advancedalternativescenter.com)
DHEA by Douglas Laboratories is a supplement that helps to balance the amount of cortisol that your adrenal glands release. (advancedalternativescenter.com)
DHEA stands for dehydroepiandrosterone, and it is a hormone that is naturally created by the adrenal glands. (advancedalternativescenter.com)
When your adrenal glands are in better condition, you may notice that your stress levels have decreased and that you have more energy. (advancedalternativescenter.com)
The 17-ketosteroids are associated with sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands. (purebodysolutions.com)
Dietary habits fraught with caffeine and refined sugars, and lifestyle habits that deprive us of adequate rest and exercise can, over time, take their toll on the adrenal glands. (purebodysolutions.com)
Adrenal cortex tissue extracts play a valuable role in supporting healthy adrenal glands - which helps maintain immune function and promotes a feeling of energy. (purebodysolutions.com)
The whole adrenal glands are collected by EU approved abattoirs, before careful removal of the adrenal medulla. (the-natural-choice.co.uk)
The adrenal glands from 9 patients with hereditary adreno leukodystrophy were studied. (elsevier.com)
Fifty years later, a Guy's Hospital physician, Thomas Addison, showed that the adrenal glands were necessary for life, by identifying them as the site of damage in a previously mysterious and ultimately fatal illness, which became known as Addison's disease. (encyclopedia.com)
The biggest increase in the amount of cortisol produced by the adrenal glands is seen during surgery, although modern anaesthetics minimize the increase. (encyclopedia.com)
Your two adrenal glands , one on each kidney , make hormones. (webmd.com)
But some of them are functioning tumors -- that means they make the same hormones as your adrenal glands. (webmd.com)
It's a hormone made up by your adrenal glands to help you hold onto sodium and rid off potassium whenever needed (1). (wordpress.com)
Liquid herbal formula for calming, balanced support during adrenal fatigue, stress, sleep and menopause*Staying balanced and steady during times of stress requires optimum function in the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal (HPA) Axis and the glands involved in the stress response. (advancedtherapeuticmedicinals.com)
Dr. Wilson's Herbal Adrenal Support Formula contains extracts of organically grown plants demonstrated by scientific research to help promote and sustain healthy function in the glands and systems most affected by stress, especially the adrenal glands. (advancedtherapeuticmedicinals.com)
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is an acute adrenal insufficiency that occurs because of destructive bleeding into the adrenal glands. (greek.doctor)
To begin, Adrenal Cortex is one the two parts of the Adrenal glands. (jbhnews.com)
The Adrenal glands are present on top of the kidney. (jbhnews.com)
When it comes to Adrenal Cortices, Addison's disease is caused by the abnormal function of the Adrenal glands. (jbhnews.com)
As part of the endocrine system, the adrenal glands produce hormones. (cancer.ca)
The adrenal glands of both men and women make androgens, but in different amounts. (cancer.ca)
The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system, so the tumours are also called endocrine tumours . (macmillan.org.uk)
The endocrine glands include the pituitary gland (which lies immediately underneath the brain), the thyroid gland (in the front of the neck), the parathyroid glands (just behind the thyroid gland), and the adrenal glands (on top of the kidneys in the abdomen). (macmillan.org.uk)
The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. (macmillan.org.uk)
The adrenal glands produce a number of vital hormones essential for survival. (macmillan.org.uk)
There are two parts of the adrenal glands. (macmillan.org.uk)
When a tumour develops in the adrenal glands, it often causes too much of a particular hormone to be produced. (macmillan.org.uk)
Rarely, tumours may occur in both adrenal glands. (macmillan.org.uk)
However, since the adrenal glands normally produce adrenaline as well, I am not sure why that is. (healthunlocked.com)
Also, waiting to get some feedback about a product called Dr Wilson's Future formulation adrenal rebuilder, they say they remove the hormones from the glands. (healthunlocked.com)
Results A 62-year-old man presented with gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss and enlarged Adrenal glands. (idexlab.com)
In the human body, the adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. (seekinghealth.com)
Together, these parts of the adrenal glands work to help the body maintain a healthy balance in many physiological processes. (seekinghealth.com)
The adrenal glands play a vital role in the complex series of physiological events and changes known as the "fight-or-flight" response, which enables us to effectively respond to environmental stressors or perceived dangers. (seekinghealth.com)
While this response can be life-saving in certain situations, prolonged exposure to stress and other lifestyle factors that place a long-term burden on this response system may take a toll on the adrenal glands. (seekinghealth.com)
Extracts from adrenal cortex tissue can play a valuable role in supporting healthy adrenal glands - and help maintain immune function and promote an energetic feeling. (well-mart.com)
Dihydrotestosterone is formed primarily in the prostate gland , testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands. (petmd.com)
This devised research into methods for laboratory preparation of adrenal hormones without using adrenal glands as a starting point. (scihi.org)
When the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, blood pressure rises. (symptoma.com)
Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, or, as it is known in people, Addison's disease, is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones for normal function. (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)

C = cortex, M = medulla. (nih.gov)
the inner part is the adrenal medulla. (cancer.gov)
It is actually very easy to differentiate the adrenal medulla from the adrenal cortex. (differencebetween.net)
The adrenal cortex (being a cortex) is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland while the adrenal medulla (being a medulla) is the middle or inner layer of the adrenal gland. (differencebetween.net)
On the other hand, the adrenal medulla is a clump of neurons that play a major role in the autonomic nerve system. (differencebetween.net)
1. The adrenal cortex is the outermost part that covers the adrenal medulla, while the adrenal medulla is the centermost or middle portion of the adrenal gland. (differencebetween.net)
2. The adrenal cortex releases various hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens) while the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. (differencebetween.net)
3. The hormones of the adrenal cortex are released by virtue of ACTH stimulation from the anterior pituitary gland while the hormones of the adrenal medulla are released because of various nerve signals for stress reaction (response). (differencebetween.net)
Vitamin C is an important cofactor for both adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. (wellnessresources.com)
Interestingly, both the adrenal cortex and the medulla accumulate such high levels of ascorbate. (wellnessresources.com)
Here we provide an overview on the role of vitamin C in the adrenal cortex and medulla derived from in vitro and in vivo studies. (wellnessresources.com)
The data derived from these animal models and various cell culture studies confirm a crucial role for vitamin C for both the adrenal cortex as well as the adrenal medulla further underlining the interdependence of the two endocrine systems united in one gland. (wellnessresources.com)
An adrenal gland has an outerpartcalledtheadrenal cortexandinnerpartcalledtheadrenal medulla. (slideserve.com)
Adrenal medulla is a specializedpart of thesympatheticnervoussystem. (slideserve.com)
The gland has a central portion known as the medulla and an outer layer known as the cortex. (healthhype.com)
All adrenal tissues revealed an absence of immunoreactivity in the in the medulla while staining was present in all three outer zones of the cortex. (elsevier.com)
Their presence was recognized as early as the late sixteenth century, but it was not until 1805 that Cuvier reported that the adrenal was made up of two regions, the cortex on the outside and an inner medulla. (encyclopedia.com)
If you do have symptoms, it's because you have a functioning tumor that could be in either part of the adrenal gland: the outer part (the cortex) or the inner part (the medulla). (webmd.com)
The hormones are made in the outer layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) and in the inner layer of the adrenal gland (adrenal medulla). (cancer.ca)
The hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are called catecholamines. (cancer.ca)
The adrenal medulla also produces the protein chromogranin A, which is stored and secreted with epinephrine and norepinephrine. (cancer.ca)
The outer part is called the cortex and the inner part is called the medulla. (macmillan.org.uk)
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). (macmillan.org.uk)
Tumours of the adrenal gland can develop in either the cortex or the medulla. (macmillan.org.uk)
A small number of phaeochromocytomas start outside the medulla part of the adrenal gland and are known as extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas. (macmillan.org.uk)
Each adrenal gland is made up of two components: the cortex, which produces essential chemicals needed for normal metabolism and healthy stress response , and the medulla, which produces other (non-essential) chemicals. (seekinghealth.com)
What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla? (cram.com)

Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland , the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids , such as aldosterone and cortisol , respectively. (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. (medscape.com)
Subsequent steps to generate aldosterone and cortisol, however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex: Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycorticosterone → (two further hydroxylations at C11 and C18) → Aldosterone Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C17) → 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycortisol → (hydroxylation at C11) → Cortisol The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)
The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland is cortisol in humans and corticosterone in many other animals. (wikipedia.org)
If you think your adrenal system may be malfunctioning‚ talk to your doctor about getting tested for low cortisol levels. (pureformulas.com)
When functioning properly, the adrenal cortex processes cholesterol and secretes steroid hormones like testosterone and cortisol. (knowcancer.com)
Within the adrenal cortex layer, glandular cells produce the steroid hormone, cortisol. (blausen.com)
2. Drugs which possess an imidazole nucleus have previously been shown to inhibit cortisol release from the adrenal cortex, secondary to inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 dependent hydroxylation reactions. (portlandpress.com)
4. In vitro , omeprazole caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of ACTH-stimulated cortisol release from isolated bovine adrenal cells (ED 50 = 20 μg/ml). (portlandpress.com)
The steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P450c11) enzyme is responsible for the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. (nih.gov)
These changes are attributable mainly to the action of cortisol on fat and protein in the body, although the growth of hair is due to an excess of the weak androgenic steroids also produced by the adrenal cortex. (encyclopedia.com)
it can be due either to overstimulation of the adrenal cortex by an excessive secretion of ACTH from a tumour of the anterior pituitary (the context in which Cushing encountered it), or to an abnormal growth of cortisol-secreting tissue in the adrenals themselves. (encyclopedia.com)
An adrenal crisis is an acute deterioration of the patient's condition due to a severe relative deficiency of adrenocortical hormones (especially cortisol). (greek.doctor)
But surely 50mg Cortex has stronger Cortisol affect than 50mg whole glandular ( whose Cortisol. (healthunlocked.com)
Other cases are caused by various disease processes, including failure of the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, the hormone which stimulates the adrenal production of cortisol. (wikipedia.org)

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of LPL mRNA in fetal and adult human adrenal cortex. (epfl.ch)
The most striking age-related change in the human adrenal cortex is the decline in secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate, steroids synthesized by the inner zone of the cortex, the zona reticularis. (sciencemag.org)
Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor (LIF-R) in the human adrenal cortex: implications for steroidogenesis. (semanticscholar.org)
One ebook Disorders of the Human Adrenal Cortex he received received to find the service for a deontic therapy. (higiaz.com.ar)
Message Board: ebook Disorders of the Human Adrenal Cortex (Endocrine goals to the face school every everlasting counseling( or more only, if you 've). (higiaz.com.ar)
You are to be ebook Disorders of the Human Adrenal Cortex (Endocrine Development,) 2008 troupe Audible to exist Sections to Conference magic. (higiaz.com.ar)
together assess that our contributions may distribute some being ia or online ebook Disorders of the Human Adrenal Cortex or Other websites, and may Hence change you if any end-users are reached. (higiaz.com.ar)

Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency - the need for new prevention strategies. (medscape.com)
Smans LC, Van der Valk ES, Hermus AR, Zelissen PM. Incidence of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
Notter A, Jenni S, Christ E. Evaluation of the frequency of adrenal crises and preventive measures in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Switzerland. (medscape.com)
Mortality data from the European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry-Patient characterization and associations. (medscape.com)
A bulking agent may lead to adrenal insufficiency crisis: a case report. (medscape.com)
Acute adrenal insufficiency after a single dose of etomidate. (medscape.com)
SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients. (medscape.com)
Hahner S, Allolio B. Therapeutic management of adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
High risk of adrenal insufficiency after a single articular steroid injection in athletes. (medscape.com)
Altered ACTH secretion induces catastrophic clinical situations: adrenal insufficiency on the one hand, Cushing's syndrome on the other hand. (frontiersin.org)
This chapter discusses congenital adrenal hyperplasia (increased androgen production), Cushing's syndrome (increased glucocorticoid production), adrenal insufficiency, and adrenal tumors. (glowm.com)
Adrenal gland insufficiency is a chronic disorder and develops over a period of time. (healthhype.com)
Adrenal cortex insufficiency can be broadly divided into primary and secondary depending on whether the problem is related to ACTH or not. (healthhype.com)
In primary adrenocortical insufficiency, the cortex of the adrenal gland is damaged, destroyed or dysfunctional for various reasons. (healthhype.com)
Pediatric Adrenal Insufficiency: Diagnosis, Management, and New Therapies. (readbyqxmd.com)
Adrenal insufficiency may result from a wide variety of congenital or acquired disorders of hypothalamus, pituitary, or adrenal cortex. (readbyqxmd.com)
Destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal cortex is the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency, while secondary adrenal insufficiency is a result of pituitary or hypothalamic disease. (readbyqxmd.com)
Timely diagnosis and clinical management of adrenal insufficiency are critical to prevent morbidity and mortality. (readbyqxmd.com)
This review summarizes the etiologies, presentation, and diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency utilizing different dynamic hormone testing and describes current treatment recommendations and new therapies. (readbyqxmd.com)
Adrenal insufficiency refers to decreased production of adrenocortical hormones. (greek.doctor)
Primary adrenal insufficiency is also known as Addison disease. (greek.doctor)
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is more common than primary adrenal insufficiency. (greek.doctor)
The only acute form of primary adrenal insufficiency is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. (greek.doctor)
Many cases of adrenal insufficiency are subclinical and only become apparent as an adrenal crisis, which is discussed later. (greek.doctor)
In secondary adrenal insufficiency only the symptoms of hypocortisolism and hypoandrogenism are present. (greek.doctor)
It is the first reported case of reversible cardiomyopathy as a complication of primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Syria. (idexlab.com)
A physical examination and laboratory evaluation suggested primary Adrenal Insufficiency . (idexlab.com)
Causes of primary Adrenal Insufficiency other than autoimmune were excluded. (idexlab.com)
Conclusions Dilated cardiomyopathy is a rare complication of primary Adrenal Insufficiency . (idexlab.com)
Proper treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency with glucocorticoid replacement therapy resulted in restoration of normal cardiac function . (idexlab.com)
Learning points In non-endemic countries, extrapulmonary tuberculosis still needs to be considered as a possible cause of Addison's disease.Treating tuberculosis and Adrenal Cortex Insufficiency can be challenging because of the interaction between rifampicin and adrenocorticoid drugs. (idexlab.com)
Pediatric Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease) Workup . (symptoma.com)
Adrenal Insufficiency: Review of Clinical Outcomes With Current Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy. (symptoma.com)
Bilateral destruction of the adrenal cortex by neoplasia (e.g. lymphosarcoma), granulomatous disease, or arterial thrombosis can also cause primary adrenocortical insufficiency. (wikipedia.org)

Chronic ACTH excess leads to chronic adrenal mineralocorticoid excess and low aldosterone levels: after an acute rise, aldosterone plasma levels resume low values after a few days when ACTH is prolonged. (frontiersin.org)
The three main classes of adrenal steroid hormones, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens, are produced by the adrenal cortex under the tight regulation of distinct and independent endocrine regulatory loops: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (frontiersin.org)
For this purpose, in 36 12-week old, salt-restricted, nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats, we studied the effects of the Ang II AT 1 -subtype receptor antagonist losartan and of the Ang II AT 2 -subtype receptor antagonist PD123319 on renin mRNA and activity, aldosterone synthase mRNA, and AT 1a -, AT 1b -, and AT 2 -subtype receptor expression in the adrenal cortex. (ahajournals.org)
Transcripts of CYP11B1 were detected at high levels in surgical specimens of normal adrenals and also in an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor. (nih.gov)
Transcripts of CYP11B2 were found at low levels in normal adrenals, but at a much higher level in the aldosterone-secreting tumor. (nih.gov)

This review will examine the effects of chronic ACTH excess on adrenal cortex in man, and concentrate on steroid secretion and adrenal cortex growth. (frontiersin.org)
The adrenal cortex is mainly responsible for the production and secretion of two types of hormones - mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. (healthhype.com)

Causes of adrenal cortical atrophy in rats and mice include any factor that increases levels of glucocorticoids, such as exogenous administration or endogenous hypersecretion by a functional adrenocortical neoplasm in the same or contralateral gland, which secondarily results in decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. (nih.gov)
Increased or decreased production of steroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, or androgens) reflects a disorder of the adrenal cortex. (glowm.com)
The adrenal cortex releases three kinds of hormones namely: the glucocorticoids, the mineralocorticoids and the androgens. (differencebetween.net)
NCI: Hormones synthesized in the cortex of the adrenal gland and consist of two subclasses, glucocorticoids (carbohydrate regulation) and mineralocorticoids (electrolyte regulation). (linkedlifedata.com)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of common inborn errors of metabolism that are transmitted as autosomal-recessive traits. (glowm.com)
Goldman AS (1970a) Production of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia in rats and inhibition of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. (springer.com)
Goldman AS (1970 b) Experimental congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia: prevention of anatomic defects produced by aminoglutethimide. (springer.com)
The production of sex hormones by congenital hyperplasias or malignancies of the adrenal cortex has long been recognized as suggestive of a biochemical relationship between the adrenal cortex and the gonads. (springer.com)
The effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone in the adrenogenital syndrome associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: an attempt to explain and correct its disordered hormonal pattern. (springer.com)
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex]. (semanticscholar.org)
The pathophysiological effects of long-term ACTH treatment were analyzed in a mouse model of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by a null mutation of Cyp11b1. (ed.ac.uk)
Long-term cardio-metabolic outcomes in patients with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia: is the risk real? (lww.com)

The outer part of the adrenal gland, consisting of the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis and yielding various steroid hormones. (dictionary.com)
1982. Atrophy of the zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex of thyroparathyroidectomized rats: A quantitative study. (nih.gov)
The adrenal cortex is characterized by three histologically and functionally distinct zones: the outermost zona glomerulosa (zG), the intermediate zona fasciculata, and the innermost zona reticularis. (frontiersin.org)
Diameters of the circular profiles of spherical mitochondria in parenchymal cells of the zona fasciculata in rat adrenal cortex were measured for intact controls and for the regenerating adrenal cortex on electron micrographs recorded at random. (psu.edu)
The adrenal cortex consists of three morphologically and functionally distinct zones: the outer zona glomerulosa (zG), the zona fasciculata (zF), and the innermost zona reticularis (zR). (ed.ac.uk)
Noise exposure induced time-dependent changes in adrenal cortex, with decrease of zona fasciculata (ZF) and increase of zona reticularis volumes, together with a significant depletion of lipid droplet density in ZF cells of exposed rats, in comparison to control rats. (bvsalud.org)

the atrophic cortex is characterized by reduced thickness of the one or more of the cortical layers due to a decrease in cell size or a loss of cells. (nih.gov)
Cortical atrophy can also be a direct effect of exogenous toxicants that interfere with normal adrenocortical steroidogenesis and/or the physiologic effects of the renin-angiotensin system on the adrenal. (nih.gov)
Adrenal cortical atrophy should be diagnosed and assigned a severity grade and distribution modifier (i.e., focal, diffuse). (nih.gov)
Adrenal cortical cancer rarely shows any symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. (knowcancer.com)
Chemotherapy has shown to be very ineffective in the treatment of adrenal cortical cancer. (knowcancer.com)
Adrenal cortical cancer generally has a poor prognosis, but this largely depends on the patient's age and the stage of the illness. (knowcancer.com)
Despite great efforts devoted to clarifying the localization of proliferative activity in the adrenal cortex, the agents that stimulate proliferation remain controversial, and the nature of the stem cells from which cortical cells differentiate is incompletely understood. (biomedsearch.com)
Hutter AM Jr, Kayhoe DE (1966) Adrenal cortical carcinoma. (springer.com)
Decreased plasma levels of corticosterone and altered morphology of mitochondrial membranes indicate additional effects of the deficiency on adrenal cortical function. (wellnessresources.com)
called also adrenocorticoid, corticoid, adrenal cortical or adrenocortical steroid, and adrenocortical or cortical hormone. (linkedlifedata.com)
Angiotensin II interacts with adrenal cortical cell receptors and voila! (wordpress.com)
Benign tumours of the cortex are called adrenal cortical adenomas. (macmillan.org.uk)
Malignant tumours are called adrenal cortical carcinomas. (macmillan.org.uk)
a rare, usually large (greater than 5cm), malignant epithelial tumor arising from the adrenal cortical cells. (wikimd.org)

In vertebrates, adrenal steroid hormones are effectors of different adaptive responses to oscillations in the organism's internal and external environment, broadly referred as stress . (frontiersin.org)
Adrenal steroid hormones serve to modulate a wide range of processes that are central to physiologic response to stress, including energy metabolism, immune response, electrolyte homeostasis, and fluid balance. (frontiersin.org)
Hart MM, Reagan RL, Adamson RH (1973) The effect of isomers of DDD on the ACTH-induced steroid output, histology and ultrastructurs of the dog adrenal cortex. (springer.com)
NCI: Any steroid hormone made in the adrenal cortex (the outer part of the adrenal gland). (linkedlifedata.com)
4. Cholest-4-en-3-one is only poorly oxidized to isocaproic acid and more polar steroids and thus is probably not a significant precursor of steroid hormones. (biochemj.org)
The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones which regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism and mineralocorticoid hormones which regulate salt and water balance in the body. (drugster.info)
The Adrenal Cortex Using cholesterol as the starting material, the cells of the adrenal cortex secrete a variety of steroid hormones. (drugster.info)
However, over the last years, it has become increasingly clear that paracrine and autocrine mechanisms are also important for steroid synthesis in the adrenal gland. (semanticscholar.org)

Example adrenal complex hormones are corticosteroids such as immune system hormone glucocorticoid, and androgens such as testosterone. (nature.com)
Small amounts of male hormones (androgens) are also produced in the adrenal cortex. (healthhype.com)
Androgens (male sex hormones) are produced in small quantities by the adrenal cortex in both men and women. (healthhype.com)
Loss of adrenal androgen does not have significant consequences in males since most of the androgens are produced by the testes. (healthhype.com)
As far as females go, Adrenal Cortex happens to be the ultimate source of Androgens in the body. (jbhnews.com)
Although male hormones (androgens) and female hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) are mainly produced by the testicles and ovaries, the adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of androgens and oestrogen in both men and women. (macmillan.org.uk)
Androgens are also produced by the adrenal cortex (situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland near the kidneys), and by the ovaries in females. (petmd.com)

Adrenal Cortex Vegetarian Capsules by Thorne Research help the body by providing pure adrenal cortex tissue to support healthy adrenal function. (pureformulas.com)

within the normal adrenal, this neuroendocrine differentiation seems to be restricted to cells of the zona glomerulosa and might be important for an autocrine regulation of adrenocortical function. (wikipedia.org)
The Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Oncology) pipeline guide also reviews of key players involved in therapeutic development for Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) and features dormant and discontinued projects. (reportlinker.com)
Global Markets Direct's latest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare disease pipeline guide Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) - Pipeline Review, H2 2018, provides an overview of the Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology) pipeline landscape. (reportsnreports.com)
Global Markets Direct's Pharmaceutical and Healthcare latest pipeline guide Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) - Pipeline Review, H2 2018, provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology), complete with analysis by stage of development, drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (reportsnreports.com)
Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology) pipeline guide helps in identifying and tracking emerging players in the market and their portfolios, enhances decision making capabilities and helps to create effective counter strategies to gain competitive advantage. (reportsnreports.com)
The pipeline guide provides a snapshot of the global therapeutic landscape of Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology). (reportsnreports.com)
The pipeline guide reviews pipeline therapeutics for Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology) by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources. (reportsnreports.com)
The pipeline guide reviews key companies involved in Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology) therapeutics and enlists all their major and minor projects. (reportsnreports.com)
The pipeline guide evaluates Adrenocortical Carcinoma (Adrenal Cortex Cancer) (Oncology) therapeutics based on mechanism of action (MoA), drug target, route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (reportsnreports.com)
In Addison disease the adrenal cortex is destroyed or dysfunctional where it cannot produce sufficient amounts of the adrenocortical hormones. (healthhype.com)
Deficiency of adrenocortical hormones are due to the problem with the adrenal cortex despite normal and sometimes even elevated ACTH levels. (healthhype.com)
We therefore investigated the genetic background of adrenocortical gene expression by applying an adaptive linear rank test to identify genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for adrenal cortex transcripts in cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
This involves studies to identify the location of adrenal stem/progenitor cells, and the mechanisms by which differentiated adrenocortical cells are replenished in the adult mice. (ed.ac.uk)
The most common cause of inadequate adrenal production is idiopathic adrenocortical atrophy. (wikipedia.org)

Provides tissue from the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. (pureformulas.com)
This means that functions of the outer portion of the adrenal gland known as the cortex is impaired. (healthhype.com)
The outer portion of the adrenal gland located on top of each kidney. (drugster.info)
DescriptionProvides tissue from the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. (advancedtherapeuticmedicinals.com)

The outer part of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney). (cancer.gov)
The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of an adrenal gland. (wikipedia.org)
Adrenal Cortex glandular concentrate contains the outer cortex section of bovine adrenal gland obtained from countries recognized to be BSE-free. (advancedalternativescenter.com)
Key Words: Zona glomerulosa: Outer most layer of adrenal cortex . (drugster.info)
The outer layer of the adrenal gland. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
As for what Adrenal Cortex is, it is the outer region of the Adrenal gland which produces hormones that are essential to life. (jbhnews.com)
The adrenal cortex is made up of inner, middle and outer layers. (cancer.ca)

The precursor of steroids synthesized in the adrenal cortex is cholesterol that is stored in vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
3. Cholesteryl 3beta-acetate is hydrolysed by bovine adrenal-cortex mitochondria in vitro to free cholesterol, which is subsequently oxidized to more polar steroids and isocaproic acid. (biochemj.org)
In addition to these two steroids produced by the Adrenal Vortex, Androgen is also produced by the Adrenal vortex following the production of Testosterone in the body. (jbhnews.com)
The adrenal cortex produces different types of hormones, which are known collectively as steroids. (macmillan.org.uk)
He also isolated several steroids from the adrenal gland cortex, one of which was initially called Compound E. Working with Mayo Clinic physician Philip Showalter Hench , Compound E was used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. (scihi.org)

Adrenal cortex tissue extracts‚ such as those included in Adrenal Cortex by Thorne Research‚ play a valuable supporting role in maintaining your overall adrenal health‚ which in turn can help your immune system function properly and leave you feeling more energized. (pureformulas.com)
Adrenal cortex by Thorne Research was specifically designed to provide you with adrenal cortex tissue‚ which can help support normal adrenal function. (pureformulas.com)
There is a significant decrease of tissue catecholamine levels in the adrenals. (wellnessresources.com)
Abstract The aims of this study were to identify whether tissue renin is regulated by a negative-feedback mechanism produced by locally generated angiotensin (Ang II) in the adrenal cortex and to detect the pathway of Ang II modulation. (ahajournals.org)
In the present study, we used this experimental approach to investigate the feedback mechanisms that regulate the tissue RAS within the adrenal cortex. (ahajournals.org)
17 18 Although in vitro studies suggest that locally generated Ang II may influence the formation of renin in the adrenal tissue, 19 20 there is no evidence that such a mechanism is operating in vivo. (ahajournals.org)
pure bovine adrenal cortex tissue. (purebodysolutions.com)
Adrenal cortex provides adrenal cortex tissue for focused support and normal adrenal function. (purebodysolutions.com)
Northern blot analysis showed the strongest TASK message in adrenal glomerulosa (capsular) tissue among the examined tissues including heart and brain. (nih.gov)
In Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA prepared from adrenal glomerulosa tissue the expressed K+ current at -100 mV was virtually insensitive to tetraethylammonium (3 mM) and 4-aminopyridine (3 mM). (nih.gov)
Adrenal Cortex provides freeze-dried adrenal cortex that may contain nutrients or building blocks to support the body's maintenance of healthy adrenal tissue. (seekinghealth.com)
Adrenal Cortex, made from bovine adrenal cortex tissue, supports healthy adrenal function by improving stamina and promoting an energetic feeling. (well-mart.com)

Excess ACTH is chronically produced by a pituitary or a non-pituitary tumor and acts on a basically normal adrenal cortex. (frontiersin.org)
They can, however, detect any type of adrenal tumor. (knowcancer.com)
The procedure takes about an hour to complete and can be used to detect any type of adrenal tumor. (knowcancer.com)
If you have an adrenal gland adenoma, you have a tumor on your adrenal gland, but it's not cancer . (webmd.com)
Having the tumors doesn't make you any more likely to get adrenal cancer, but it can be hard to tell the difference between an adenoma and a tumor that's cancer. (webmd.com)
You can usually have laparoscopic surgery, where the adrenal gland and tumor are removed through small openings made in your body. (webmd.com)

The adrenal cortex makes androgen and corticosteroid hormones. (cancer.gov)
Androgen content of testis and adrenal of white leghorn cockerels. (springer.com)
It must be emphasized that sexually-matured males will have a very little amount of androgen present in the Adrenal cortex as compared to the tests. (jbhnews.com)
But, bear in mind, that excessive amount of Androgen present in the Adrenal Cortex can lead to premature puberty in young boys. (jbhnews.com)

The ability of the adrenal gland to respond independently to these endocrine signals is dependent upon subpopulations of steroidogenic cells with distinct morphological and functional characteristics that are localized in specific concentric compartments (zones) of the cortex. (frontiersin.org)
For endocrine and adrenal support, Adrenal 100 Cortex 75 from Professional Botanicals offers a formula that may make a difference to your health. (naturalhealthyconcepts.com)
These results demonstrate that LH/CG receptors in the adrenal cortex may be more common in higher primates than previously recognized and help explain some aspects of the endocrine changes observed in mid-aged women during the menopausal transition when circulating LH concentrations are rising. (elsevier.com)
However, the risk of developing an adrenal tumour is increased in people who have Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1 and MEN2). (macmillan.org.uk)
The adrenal gland is an important endocrine organ, protecting the body against acute and chronic stress. (ed.ac.uk)

The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones . (wikipedia.org)
The adrenal cortex produces a special group of hormones known as corticosteroids. (pureformulas.com)
The Adrenal Cortex produces three types of corticosteroids. (advancedtherapeuticmedicinals.com)
Adrenal Cortex produces two kinds of Corticosteroids. (jbhnews.com)
The adrenal cortex produces several hormones. (cancer.ca)

As with any glandular extract or supplement, we recommend that you only use Adrenal Cortex when needed and as directed by a healthcare professional. (seekinghealth.com)

M. McClellan and R. M. Brenner, "Development of the fetal adrenals in nonhuman primates: electron microscopy," in Fetal Endocrinology , M. J. Novy and J. A. Resko, Eds. (hindawi.com)
3 β -Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase in the fetal zone and neocortex of the human fetal adrenal gland," Endocrinology , vol. 126, no. 5, pp. 2487-2492, 1990. (hindawi.com)
The pituitary-adrenal axis is a central actor in Endocrinology. (frontiersin.org)

Adrenal complex hormones are lipid hormones, derived from the small molecule cholesterol and generated by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family in the adrenal gland that sits atop the kidneys. (nature.com)

Because of the complex physiologic interactions of hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and gonads with the adrenal gland, other exogenous toxicants and experimental manipulations that directly damage these tissues or modulate their secretory functions can result in secondary effects in the adrenal cortex, including atrophy. (nih.gov)
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones. (healthhype.com)
It can be primary, where the problem lies in the adrenals, or secondary, where the problem lies in the ACTH-producing pituitary. (greek.doctor)
In secondary hypoadrenocorticism the problem is not in the adrenal gland but in the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)

Fortier C, De Groot J (1959) Adenohypophyseal corticotrophin and plasma free corticosteroids during regeneration of the enucleated rat adrenal gland. (springer.com)
It is essential to know just what Adrenal Cortex is and how Corticosteroids are produced in Adrenal Cortex. (jbhnews.com)

Female laboratory macaques were studied under a variety of treatment protocols to determine if immunoreactive luteinizing hormone/gonadal chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) receptors were present in the adrenal cortex. (elsevier.com)

Camacho AM, Cash R, Brough AJ, Wilroy RS (1967) Inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by amino-glutethimide and the mechanism of action. (springer.com)
Cash R, Brough AJ, Cohen MNP, Satoh PS (1967) Aminoglutethimide (Elipten-Ciba) as an inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenesis: mechanism of action and therapeutic trial. (springer.com)
Ascorbic acid is a cofactor required both in catecholamine biosynthesis and in adrenal steroidogenesis. (wellnessresources.com)
To asses whether the LPL gene is regulated by agents regulating adrenal steroidogenesis, NCI-H295 cells were treated with activators of second messenger systems. (epfl.ch)
These observations suggest a role for LPL in adrenal energy and/or lipid metabolism and possibly in steroidogenesis. (epfl.ch)
It is well established that steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex is regulated by extraadrenal factors, such as ACTH and angiotensin II. (semanticscholar.org)

However, it contains whole adrenal along with cortex. (healthunlocked.com)
Some recommend avoiding the adrenaline in whole adrenal when treating adrenal fatigue. (healthunlocked.com)
does anyone know the pros and cons of taking whole adrenal, as opposed to adrenal cortex only? (healthunlocked.com)
How much adrenal cortex is there in whole adrenal. (healthunlocked.com)
Does anyone have any idea how much adrenal cortex whole adrenal approximately contains? (healthunlocked.com)

A case of adrenal carcinoma and its hormone diagnosis. (springer.com)
Adrenal 100 Cortex 75 from Professional Botanicals offers support for adrenal gland health and promotes a healthy hormone balance. (naturalhealthyconcepts.com)
The type of hormone that is overproduced depends on the part of the adrenal gland affected by the tumour. (macmillan.org.uk)
By stimulating adrenal corticosteroid synthesis, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a pivotal role in. (merlot.org)
Hyperandrogenism may occur as a result of excessive hormone production by the testes, ovaries, or the adrenal cortex. (petmd.com)

Adrenal medullae normally secrete 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine. (medscape.com)
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex (from outside to in), and what hormones do they each primarily secrete? (cram.com)

In conclusion, in salt-restricted, nephrectomized rats, selective antagonism of AT 1 -subtype receptors stimulates the expression and the activity of renin in the adrenal cortex. (ahajournals.org)
Management and treatment Treatment can be medical if aberrant adrenal receptors are identified and can be blocked (i.e. with propranolol, somatostatin or GnRH analogs). (symptoma.com)

Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal neoplasms. (springer.com)
In this chapter, we shall summarize the evidence regarding the nature and amount of sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, with primary emphasis on physiological rather than malignant states. (springer.com)
MEN1 is associated with adrenal adenomas (benign) and MEN2 is associated with phaeochromocytomas (which can sometimes be malignant). (macmillan.org.uk)

In 1941, wartime intelligence reported (wrongly, as it turns out) that hormones from adrenal extracts were being used by Luftwaffe pilots to increase their ability to withstand higher altitudes. (scihi.org)

McKeerns KW (1968) Mechanisms of ACTH regulation of the adrenal cortex. (springer.com)
All the components of the RAS have been described in the adrenal cortex, 16 and its function has been linked to the regulation of mineralocorticoid biosynthesis. (ahajournals.org)
The goal of this study was to analyze the expression and regulation of the LPL gene in human adrenals. (epfl.ch)

1970. Normal and pathologic anatomy of the adrenal gland of the mouse, including neoplasms. (nih.gov)

Helps adrenal fatigue symptoms. (pureformulas.com)
Very severe symptoms may arise at times of stress when an adrenal crisis occurs. (healthhype.com)

The hormones produced in the adrenal cortex are necessary for glucose metabolism, immune function, normal blood pressure, and more. (well-mart.com)

So , I am looking for a cortex only product, to avoid taking adrenaline. (healthunlocked.com)

Adrenal gland, Cortex - Atrophy in a female Sprague-Dawley rat from a chronic study. (nih.gov)
Adrenal gland, Cortex - Cellular atypia in a female F344/N rat from a chronic study. (nih.gov)

Anatomy of the adrenal gland. (cancer.gov)

This paper reports our experience in the treatment of liver disease using a new therapy: extract of adrenal cortex. (annals.org)

Dexter RN, Fishman LM, Ney RL, Liddle GW (1967) Inhibition of adrenal corticosteroid synthesis by aminoglutethimide: studies of the mechanism of action. (springer.com)

Incidence and Characteristics of Adrenal Crisis in Children Younger than 7 Years with 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: A Nationwide Survey in Japan. (medscape.com)
If Adrenal hormones happen to be in deficiency by any means, it could be a life threatening situation. (jbhnews.com)

DescriptionFor maximum benefit, use Herbal Adrenal Support Formula™ daily in combination with the companion products Dr. Wilson created as part of his Program for Adrenal Fatigue & Stress: Super Adrenal. (advancedtherapeuticmedicinals.com)
physiological dose recommended for adrenal fatigue)? (healthunlocked.com)
Has anyone successfully treated adrenal fatigue with supplements. (healthunlocked.com)

Carcinoma of the adrenal is a relatively unusual neoplasm which may present in various guises, depending on its hormonal activity. (annals.org)
The following case presents several common and some unusual features of a predominantly masculinizing carcinoma of the adrenal. (annals.org)
Adrenal cortex carcinoma is part of WikiMD's free ^articles! (wikimd.org)
Adrenal cortex carcinoma (article) is provided for informational purposes only. (wikimd.org)

Growth and differentiation of mitochondria in the regenerating rat adrenal cortex. (psu.edu)
INPROCEEDINGS{Yago72growthand, author = {Nagasumi Yago and Masatoshi Seki and Shigetaka Sekiyama}, title = {Growth and differentiation of mitochondria in the regenerating rat adrenal cortex. (psu.edu)
This is achieved in part through proliferation and differentiation of adult adrenal progenitors. (readbyqxmd.com)
A visual method of monitoring levels of Cyp11b2 and Cyp11b1would offer a convenient approach to track the stages of adult stem cell differentiation that lead to normal adrenal maintenance in vivo and in vitro. (ed.ac.uk)
It has been reported that steroidogenic factor (Sf1) can promote the differentiation of MSCs into steroidogenic cells, and Shh plays an important role in Sf1 expression and the consequent adrenal development. (ed.ac.uk)

A two- to fourfold increase may occur in the adrenal weight (Malendowicz 1972 a). (springer.com)

Prolonged in vivo stimulation with ACTH leads to an increase in total adrenal protein and RNA synthesis. (frontiersin.org)
We studied proliferative activity in the rat adrenal cortex using an immunohistochemical method to detect the presence of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) (an intranuclear enzyme whose synthesis reaches the maximum intensity during the S-phase of the cell cycle). (biomedsearch.com)

Anatomy36

Organisms6

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Nuclear bodies are usual constituents in tissues of hibernating dormice. (1/1201)

Natural killer cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with Cushing's syndrome. (2/1201)

Lipid requirement of membrane-bound 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase. Studies on beef adrenocortical microsomes. (3/1201)

Local renin-angiotensin system is involved in K+-induced aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical NCI-H295 cells. (4/1201)

Comparison of expression and regulation of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI and the low-density lipoprotein receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells. (5/1201)

The expression of inhibin/activin subunits in the human adrenal cortex and its tumours. (6/1201)

Influences of long-term administration of 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 derivative, in rats. (7/1201)

Calcium and reactive oxygen species as messengers in endotoxin action on adrenocortical cells. (8/1201)

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms

Adrenal Medulla

Zona Reticularis

Adrenal Cortex Diseases

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms

Adrenal Gland Diseases

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Zona Fasciculata

Cerebral Cortex

Adrenal Insufficiency

Prefrontal Cortex

Visual Cortex

Zona Glomerulosa

Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase

Motor Cortex

Adrenocortical Adenoma

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Auditory Cortex

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital

Somatosensory Cortex

Cosyntropin

Aldosterone

Adrenalectomy

Adrenodoxin

Hydrocortisone

Corticosterone

Aldosterone Synthase

Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme

Steroidogenic Factor 1

Cattle

Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Cushing Syndrome

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

Addison Disease

Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase

Entorhinal Cortex

Adosterol

Pregnenolone

Kidney Cortex

Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids

Brain Mapping

Hyperaldosteronism

Pituitary-Adrenal System

Steroids

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Chromaffin Cells

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Catecholamines

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2

Cerebellar Cortex

Pheochromocytoma

Adenoma

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

Hypophysectomy

RNA, Messenger

Mitochondria

Adrenarche

Aminoglutethimide

Progesterone Reductase

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

Brain

Neurons

Glucocorticoids

Metyrapone

Rats, Inbred Strains

Immunohistochemistry

Steroid Hydroxylases

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

Frontal Lobe

Rats, Wistar

Photic Stimulation

Neural Pathways

Angiotensin II