Adrenal cortex. Medical search

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.

The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces the enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE, a 21-carbon steroid, to 19-carbon steroids (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPREGNENOLONE.

Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.

Tumors or cancer of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

The wide middle zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.

The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

The narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to ALDOSTERONE. The final steps involve three successive oxidations by CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP11B2.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 11-beta-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B1 gene, is important in the synthesis of CORTICOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Defects in CYP11B1 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

A benign neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is characterized by a well-defined nodular lesion, usually less than 2.5 cm. Most adrenocortical adenomas are nonfunctional. The functional ones are yellow and contain LIPIDS. Depending on the cell type or cortical zone involved, they may produce ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE.

Examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex.

A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.

A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An iron-sulfur protein which serves as an electron carrier in enzymatic steroid hydroxylation reactions in adrenal cortex mitochondria. The electron transport system which catalyzes this reaction consists of adrenodoxin reductase, NADP, adrenodoxin, and cytochrome P-450.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 18-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-specific flavoprotein. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11B2 gene, is important in the conversion of CORTICOSTERONE to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion to ALDOSTERONE.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.

Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.

An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.

A microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 17-alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone or pregnenolone and subsequent cleavage of the residual two carbons at C17 in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP17 gene, generates precursors for glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen synthesis. Defects in CYP17 gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL) and abnormal sexual differentiation.

Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.

A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.

A 21-carbon steroid, derived from CHOLESTEROL and found in steroid hormone-producing tissues. Pregnenolone is the precursor to GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

The outer zone of the KIDNEY, beneath the capsule, consisting of KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, DISTAL; and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of FERREDOXIN or ADRENODOXIN in the presence of NADP. EC 1.18.1.2 was formerly listed as EC 1.6.7.1 and EC 1.6.99.4.

A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.

The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Catalyze the oxidation of 3-hydroxysteroids to 3-ketosteroids.

Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system.

A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.

A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.

A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in the ADRENAL CORTEX. It shows specificity for ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.

The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.

A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A stage of development at which the ADRENAL GLANDS undergo maturation leading to the capability of producing increasing amounts of adrenal androgens, DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenarche usually begins at about 7 or 8 years of age before the signs of PUBERTY and continues throughout puberty.

An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a 3 beta-hydroxy-delta(5)-steroid to 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid in the presence of NAD. It converts pregnenolone to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione. EC 1.1.1.145.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS primarily associated with water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ION TRANSPORT in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by PLASMA VOLUME, serum potassium, and ANGIOTENSIN II.

The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. Splinting and casting are FRACTURE FIXATION.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. These granules are the site of the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Neoplasm derived from displaced cells (rest cells) of the primordial ADRENAL GLANDS, generally in patients with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA. Adrenal rest tumors have been identified in TESTES; LIVER; and other tissues. They are dependent on ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN for growth and adrenal steroid secretion.

Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A replica technique in which cells are frozen to a very low temperature and cracked with a knife blade to expose the interior surfaces of the cells or cell membranes. The cracked cell surfaces are then freeze-dried to expose their constituents. The surfaces are now ready for shadowing to be viewed using an electron microscope. This method differs from freeze-fracturing in that no cryoprotectant is used and, thus, allows for the sublimation of water during the freeze-drying process to etch the surfaces.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Nuclear bodies are usual constituents in tissues of hibernating dormice. (1/1201)

In previous studies we demonstrated in several tissues of the hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius that during hibernation cell nuclei contain particular structural constituents absent in euthermia. In the present study we examine the same tissues in euthermic and hibernating individuals of the edible dormouse Glis glis in order to investigate possible modifications of nuclear structural constituents occurring during hibernation in this species. Edible dormice were captured in the wild and maintained in an external animal house. Samples of liver, pancreas, brown adipose tissue and adrenal cortex were taken from three hibernating and three euthermic animals and processed for resin embedding. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies were carried out on cell nuclei of these tissues. The most evident feature of cell nuclei of hibernating dormice was the presence of several nuclear bodies, namely fibro-granular material, amorphous bodies, coiled bodies, perichromatin granule-like granules and nucleoplasmic fibrils, the distribution of which was peculiar to each tissue. No one of these constituents was detectable during euthermia. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that they contain some splicing factors. Apart from some differences, maybe due to the different characteristics of lethargy, the nuclear bodies found in edible dormice were morphologically and immunocytochemically similar to those previously described in the same tissues of hazel dormice. They therefore seem to be strictly correlated to the hibernating state. If they represent storage and/or assembly sites of splicing factors to be rapidly used upon arousal, they could represent a usual structural feature in cells of hibernating species. (+info)

Natural killer cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with Cushing's syndrome. (2/1201)

BACKGROUND: Natural killer (NK) cells are CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(+) bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes mediating first-line defence by direct cytotoxicity against various types of target cells without prior immunization. NK cell activity is positively regulated by immune interferon (IFN-gamma); among hormones, glucocorticoids are potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors, whereas ACTH and beta-endorphin in many experimental circumstances enhance NK cytotoxicity. DESIGN: We measured NK cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained at 0800h and 2000h from 26 patients with Cushing's syndrome (12 pituitary-dependent, 12 adrenal-dependent and two dependent on ectopic ACTH secretion). In vitro responsiveness to IFN-gamma or cortisol was also tested. METHODS: NK activity was measured in a 4-h direct cytotoxicity assay using K562 cells as targets. Plasma ACTH, serum and urinary free cortisol were concomitantly measured with commercially available kits. RESULTS: Spontaneous activity and responsiveness to IFN-gamma or cortisol were significantly greater in 15 age- and sex-matched controls than in Cushing's patients at 0800h. In pituitary-dependent Cushing's patients, plasma ACTH correlated positively with mean levels of spontaneous NK activity (r=0.64, P<0.05) and negatively with cortisol-dependent percentage inhibition (r=-0.69, P<0.02). In adrenal-dependent Cushing's patients, a negative correlation was observed between levels of spontaneous NK activity and urinary free cortisol (r=-0.67, P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that excess endogenous glucocorticoids affect spontaneous NK cell activity and responsiveness to exogenous IFN-gamma or cortisol. The differential patterns observed between pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent groups are compatible with a positive immunomodulatory role of pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides that effectively counterbalance, at least partially, glucocorticoid immunosuppression. (+info)

Lipid requirement of membrane-bound 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase. Studies on beef adrenocortical microsomes. (3/1201)

The role of phospholipid in the beef adrenal microsomal 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) has been investigated with the use of phospholipase A to alter the microsomal phospholipids. The byproducts of phospholipase A digestion have been removed with a wash solution containing bovine serum albumin. Removal of 80-85% of the phospholipid leads to loss of 80-90% of the 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity. Reconstitution experiments have been performed by introduction of lipid aqueous dispersions in the enzymatic assay. Asolectin, a commercially available preparation of soy phosphatides, is able to stimulate the enzymatic activity but does not restore the 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity in phospholipase-A-treated membranes. In contrast, the introduction of aqueous dispersions of microsomal total lipid mixtures in the enzymatic assay brings about a complete restoration of the 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase activity in the lipid-depleted membranes. It is concluded that the bovine adrenal microsomal 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase requires phospholipid(s) to exhibit its full catalytic activity. (+info)

Local renin-angiotensin system is involved in K+-induced aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical NCI-H295 cells. (4/1201)

NCI-H295, a human adrenocarcinoma cell line, has been proposed as a model system to define the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of aldosterone production in humans. Because the precise cellular localization of the components of the renin-angiotensin system in human adrenal cortical cells remains unclear, we investigated their localization in this defined cell system. NCI-H295 cells expressed both angiotensinogen and renin as shown by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was not detectable by immunocytochemistry, ACE binding, or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. However, 3.5 mmol/L K+ stimulated the formation of both angiotensin I and angiotensin II 1. 9- and 2.5-fold, respectively, and increased aldosterone release 3. 0-fold. The K+-induced stimulation of aldosterone release was decreased by captopril and enalaprilat (24% and 26%, respectively) and by the angiotensin type 1 (AT1)-receptor antagonist losartan (28%). Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of aldosterone release was abolished by losartan treatment. Specific [125I]Sar1-angiotensin II binding was detected by receptor autoradiography. The binding of [125I]Sar1-angiotensin II was completely displaced by the AT1 antagonist losartan but not by the AT2 receptor ligand PD 123319, confirming the expression of angiotensin II AT1 receptors in NCI-H295 cells. Our results demonstrate that NCI-H295 cells express most of the components of the renin-angiotensin system. Our failure to detect ACE, however, suggests that the production of angiotensin II in NCI-H295 cells may be ACE independent. NCI-H295 cells are able to produce angiotensin II, and K+ increases aldosterone secretion in part through an angiotensin-mediated pathway. The production of angiotensin II in NCI-H295 cells demonstrates that this human cell line can be useful to characterize the role of locally produced angiotensin II in the regulation of aldosterone release. (+info)

Comparison of expression and regulation of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI and the low-density lipoprotein receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells. (5/1201)

In rodents, cholesterol for adrenal steroidogenesis is derived mainly from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) via the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI). In humans cholesterol for steroidogenesis is considered to be derived from the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor pathway, and the contribution of SR-BI to that is unknown. In the present study SR-BI expression and regulation by steroidogenic stimuli was analysed in human adrenocortical cells and compared with LDL receptor expression. In addition, the functional contribution of both receptors for cholesteryl ester delivery to human adrenocortical cells was compared. Northern blot and reverse transcription-PCR amplification and sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of SR-BI mRNA in foetal and adult human adrenal cortex. Furthermore, SR-BI mRNA was expressed to similar levels in human primary adrenocortical and adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells, indicating its presence in the steroid-producing cells. Treatment of NCI-H295 cells with 8Br-cAMP, a stimulator of glucocorticoid synthesis via the protein kinase A second messenger signal transduction pathway, resulted in an increase of both SR-BI and LDL receptor mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induction of SR-BI and LDL receptor by cAMP was independent of ongoing protein synthesis and occurred at the transcriptional level. Ligand blot experiments indicated that a protein of similar size to SR-BI is the major HDL-binding protein in NCI-H295 cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that cAMP treatment increased the levels of LDL receptor and, to a lesser extent, SR-BI protein in NCI-H295 cells. Binding and uptake of cholesterol was quantitatively smaller from HDL than from LDL, both in basal as well as in cAMP-stimulated cells. Scatchard analysis under basal conditions indicated that NCI-H295 cells express twice as many specific binding sites for LDL than for HDL. Dissociation constant values (Kd; in nm) were approximately five times higher for HDL than for LDL, indicating a lower affinity of HDL compared with LDL. The combined effects of these two parameters and the low cholesteryl ester content of HDL subfraction 3 (HDL3) contributes to a lower cholesteryl ester uptake from HDL than from LDL by the NCI-H295 cells. In conclusion, both the SR-BI and LDL receptor genes are expressed in the human adrenal cortex and coordinately regulated by activators of glucocorticoid synthesis. In contrast to rodents, in human adrenocortical cells the HDL pathway of cholesterol delivery appears to be of lesser importance than the LDL pathway. Nevertheless, the SR-BI pathway may become of major importance in conditions of functional defects in the LDL receptor pathway. (+info)

The expression of inhibin/activin subunits in the human adrenal cortex and its tumours. (6/1201)

Inhibins and activins are dimeric proteins of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily which have been shown to be expressed in the adrenal cortex. Recent studies have suggested a role for these peptides in the pathogenesis and/or function of adrenal tumours. To investigate further their physiological and pathological roles, we have documented immunoreactivity for inhibin alpha, betaA and betaB subunits in normal adult and fetal human adrenals, in hyperplastic adrenals and in adrenal tumours. In the normal and hyperplastic adult gland, diffuse immunopositivity was demonstrated for beta subunits, suggesting that activins (beta beta dimers) can be expressed in all zones. Inhibin alpha was limited to the zona reticularis and the innermost zona fasciculata in the normal gland, extending centripetally into the zona fasciculata in hyperplasia, supporting a role for ACTH in the regulation of expression, and suggesting that expression of inhibins (alpha beta dimers) is restricted. Immunopositivity for all three subunits was seen in both fetal and definitive zones of the fetal cortex, indicating that both inhibins and activins could be expressed in both. Immunopositivity for all three subunits was seen in most adrenocortical tumours. Loss of immunopositivity for inhibin alpha in a subgroup of carcinomas might indicate a role in tumour progression. The greater intensity of staining for inhibin alpha in tumours associated with Cushing's syndrome again suggests a link with cortisol production. (+info)

Influences of long-term administration of 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 derivative, in rats. (7/1201)

In order to examine the influences by long-term feeding of 24R, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3[24R, 25(OH)2D3], an active form of vitamin D, Wistar rats (14-week-old, male, 20 rats/group) were fed a powder diet containing 0 or 5 ppm 24R, 25(OH)2D3 for 57 weeks. Final body weights and total food consumption were comparable between the groups. Urinary calcium levels were significantly (p < 0.05 or 0.01) increased by the administration of 24R, 25(OH)2D3 at weeks 3, 22 and 56, although the levels of serum calcium did not differ between the groups at the termination of week 57. In the 24R, 25(OH)2D3 group, weights of the adrenals and femurs were significantly (p < 0.01) increased. Histopathologically, this was found due to thickening of cortical bone in the femurs, and medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma of the adrenals. Immunohistochemically, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-labeling indices for intact adrenal medulla, medullary hyperplasia and pheochromocytoma in the 24R, 25(OH)2D3 group were respectively 1.82 +/- 1.21, 5.88 +/- 4.13 and 16, all higher than that for the adrenal medulla in the control group (0.87 +/- 0.67). These results indicate that 24R, 25(OH)2D3 at a dose with which serum calcium is not chronically increased causes thickening of the cortex of the femur, and development of adrenal proliferative lesions, suggesting that rats may be too sensitive for results to be relevant to human risk assessment. (+info)

Calcium and reactive oxygen species as messengers in endotoxin action on adrenocortical cells. (8/1201)

The effect of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on the intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen metabolite content of both rat isolated fasciculata-reticularis and glomerulosa cells was evaluated by flow cytometry to know the role of these mechanisms in the initiation of cell injury produced by LPS on adrenocortical cells during endotoxic shock. A rapid increase of intracellular calcium was induced by endotoxin in both cell types. In fasciculata-reticularis cells, this [Ca2+]i increase was mainly due to an important mobilization of intracellular stores. Dose-dependent increases in [Ca2+]i were also observed when both cell types were incubated with LPS for 20 min in the presence of extracellular calcium. This treatment abolished the increase in intracellular calcium induced by ACTH and angiotensin II. On the other hand, the endotoxin produced a fast and dose-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species in both cell types, higher in glomerulosa than in fasciculata-reticularis cells. LPS-pretreated cells showed more susceptibility to the oxidative stress induced by Fe2+. These results can be related to functional alterations previously described showing the involvement of calcium and reactive oxygen species as messengers in the endotoxin action on adrenocortical cells. (+info)

The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. The adrenal outer layer, or cortex, has three layers; each produces a ... This effectively replaces what the adrenal cortex is failing to produce. Routine blood work is necessary in the initial stages ... "Adrenal Cortex". Merck Veterinary Manual. 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2011. "Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism) in Dogs". ... Bilateral destruction of the adrenal cortex by neoplasia (e.g. lymphosarcoma), granulomatous disease, or arterial thrombosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoadrenocorticism_in_dogs

Hanke, W. (2013) [1978]. "Chapter 5. The adrenal cortex of Amphibia". In I. Chester Jones; I.W. Henderson (eds.). General, ... Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex, Volume 2. Academic Press. pp. 419-487. Teixeira, P.C., Dias, D.C ... a part of the brain's cortex considered to be the "thinking area". However, research has provided evidence that monkeys, dogs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians

Haines WJ (1952). "The biosynthesis of adrenal cortex hormones". Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 7: 255-305. Mueller GC, Rumney G ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_6beta-monooxygenase

"Chemistry of the Adrenal Cortex Hormones". Grzybowski A, Pietrzak K (2012). "Tadeusz Reichstein (1897-1996): a cofounder of ... "Glucocorticoid Activity of Adrenal Steroid Precursors in Untreated Patients With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia". The Journal ... "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Caused by 11Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency". Barany A, Shaughnessy CA, McCormick SD (March 2021). " ... In 1934, biochemist Tadeus Reichstein, working in Switzerland, began research on extracts from animal adrenal glands in order ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol

Cope, C. L. (1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. I". BMJ. 2 (5518): 847-853. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5518.847. PMC ... The Adrenal Cortex in Internal Medicine 1967 Cyril Astley Clarke, Prevention of Rh-Haemolytic Disease 1968 Anthony Clifford ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumleian_Lectures

In 1966 he gave the Lumleian Lectures on The Adrenal Cortex in Internal Medicine. He retired at age 65 but continued his ... Cope, C. L. (8 October 1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. I". Br Med J. 2 (5518): 847-853. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5518 ... Cope, C. L. (15 October 1966). "The adrenal cortex in internal medicine. II". Br Med J. 2 (5519): 914-921. doi:10.1136/bmj. ... In 1959 Cope and Black published their paper The Reliability of Some Adrenal Function Tests. In 1964 Cope was the President of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Leslie_Cope

Cairella M (June 1961). "[Non-steroid inhibitors of the adrenal cortex]". La Clinica Terapeutica. 20: 667-79. PMID 13689840. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-alcohol_oxidase

Angiotensin II is a hormone which acts on the adrenal cortex, causing the release into the blood of the steroid hormone, ... Hu C, Rusin CG, Tan Z, Guagliardo NA, Barrett PQ (June 2012). "Zona glomerulosa cells of the mouse adrenal cortex are intrinsic ... Williams GH, Dluhy RG (2008). "Chapter 336: Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex". In Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, ... membranes in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex. This causes the release of aldosterone into the blood. Aldosterone acts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis

... released by the adrenal cortex. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone ... The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It comprises corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), released by the hypothalamus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_pituitary

... released by the adrenal cortex. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone ... An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases ... The adrenal medullary hormones are kept in vesicles much in the same way neurotransmitters are kept in neuronal vesicles. ... The adrenal medullary cells are controlled by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. These cells are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell

ACTH is transported by the blood to the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland, where it rapidly stimulates biosynthesis of ... Important to the function of the HPA axis are some of the feedback loops: Cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex will ... ACTH in turn acts on: the adrenal cortex, which produces glucocorticoid hormones (mainly cortisol in humans) in response to ... released by the adrenal cortex. •The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis consists of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal_axis

In addition, mitotane has direct and selective cytotoxic effects on the adrenal cortex, via an unknown mechanism, and thereby ... Mitotane is an inhibitor of the adrenal cortex. It acts as an inhibitor of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, ... The medication is used in the controlled destruction of adrenal tissue, leading to a decrease in cortisol production. J. Larry ... 216-. ISBN 978-1-84184-951-5. Schteinberg DE, Motazedi A, NoonanRA, Thompson NW (1982). "Treatment of Adrenal Carcinomas". Arch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotane

Additionally, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex is infrequent. The role of ACTH is, therefore, still poorly understood. PPID ... decreased synthesis of cortisol at the level of the adrenal gland. A horse with PPID, which has an overactive pars intermedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_pars_intermedia_dysfunction

Target organs include adrenal cortex, bones, and eyes. It is also a known teratogen. Class B PPE should be worn when working ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone_acetate

Yanagibashi K, Haniu M, Shively JE, Shen WH, Hall P (1986). "The synthesis of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Two zones ( ... oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are steroid, reduced adrenal ferredoxin, and O2, whereas its ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is steroid,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (11beta-hydroxylating). ... reduced adrenal ferredoxin + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } an 11beta-hydroxysteroid + ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_11beta-monooxygenase

... adrenal cortex secretes various stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) -> stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the blood stream ... after which the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine. Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressor

Adrenal medulla capillaries are downstream from adrenal cortex capillaries. This portal system delivers high concentrations of ... In particular, glucocorticoids induce the enzymatic conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. By ... adrenal cortical hormones to the adrenal medulla. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_system

In rare cases, adrenal cortex tumours are also seen. Most germline or somatic mutations in the MEN1 gene predict truncation or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEN1

Azastene Jones IC, Henderson IW (22 October 2013). General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex. ... As such, cyanoketone inhibits the production of both gonadal and adrenal steroids, including progesterone, androgens, estrogens ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoketone

ACTH elevation causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Normally, both cortisol and GH serve as counterregulatory ... If adrenal insufficiency is confirmed, the need for a repeat ITT may need to be reconsidered after 3 months thyroxine therapy. ... Sometimes ITT is performed to assess the peak adrenal capacity, e.g. before surgery. It is assumed that the ability to respond ... In subjects with no adrenal reserve an Addisonian crisis may occur. For cortisol stimulation, the ACTH stimulation test has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_tolerance_test

... in endoplasmic reticulum of adrenal cortex has steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities. CYP21A2 (P450c21) in adrenal ... found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adrenal cortex has steroid 11β-hydroxylase, steroid 18-hydroxylase, and steroid 18 ... by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue: CYP11A1 (also known as P450scc or P450c11a1) in adrenal mitochondria affects " ... CYP11B2 (encoding the protein P450c11AS), found only in the mitochondria of the adrenal zona glomerulosa, has steroid 11β- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450

The organ they found responsible was the adrenal cortex. The Barnes, et al., 1936, publication in Science was also reported in ... In 1938, Fleischmann and Kann determined that in addition to estrogen, a specific adrenal hormone, corticosterone, could cause ... Barnes BO, Kanter AE, Klawans AH (2 October 1936). "Bitterling Ovipositor Lengthening Produced By Adrenal Extracts". Science. ... Barnes also began to believe that virtually all his hypothyroid patients had concomitant undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broda_Otto_Barnes

Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids. Adrenocorticotropic hormone release is ... The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys in humans and in front of the kidneys in other animals. The adrenal glands ... Addison's disease is an endocrine disease that results from hypocortisolism caused by adrenal gland insufficiency. Adrenal ... Dysfunction in the adrenal gland could be due to primary or secondary factors and can result in hypercortisolism or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_gland

The fetal adrenal cortex lacks expression of the enzyme early on, thus mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) and ... Neville AM, Orr JC, Engel LL (1968). "Delta5-3beta-Hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activities of bovine adrenal cortex". Biochem ... in the adrenal gland. It is the only enzyme in the adrenal pathway of corticosteroid synthesis that is not a member of the ... Rhéaume E, Simard J, Morel Y, Mebarki F, Zachmann M, Forest MG, New MI, Labrie F (July 1992). "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3β-Hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase

Engeland, W. (2007). "Functional Innervation of the Adrenal Cortex by the Splanchnic Nerve". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 30 ... Areas doing this include the insular cortex, the orbital, and the medial prefrontal cortices. These cerebral areas also control ... The cerebral cortex in rodents shows lateral specialization in its regulation of immunity with immunosuppression being ... The sympathetic nervous system is predominantly controlled by the right side of the brain (focused upon the insular cortex), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_top–down_control_of_physiology

He used adrenal cortex extracts in food to examine effects. He used statistical techniques from Adolphe Quetelet and Francis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Castaldi

... part of the name refers to the adrenal cortex, which makes these steroid hormones. Thus a corticosteroid is a "cortex steroid ... Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the ... Moreover, aldosterone synthase is found within the zona glomerulosa at the outer edge of the adrenal cortex; 11β-hydroxylase is ... The corticosteroids are synthesized from cholesterol within the adrenal cortex. Most steroidogenic reactions are catalysed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid

The fetal adrenal cortex can be identified within four weeks of gestation. The adrenal cortex originates from the thickening of ... The gonadal ridge produces the steroidogenic cells for both the gonads and the adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla is derived ... twice that of the adult adrenal glands) and are 0.5% of the total body weight. At 25 weeks, the adult adrenal cortex zone ... the adrenal cells are joined by sympathetic cells that originate from the neural crest to form the adrenal medulla. At the end ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system

1994). "Distribution of prothymosin alpha in rat and human adrenal cortex". Anat. Rec. 239 (1): 88-94. doi:10.1002/ar. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin_α1

Aldosterone release: This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to activation of the renin- ... Angiotensin II then signals to the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium ... Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands. Aldosterone further increases the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure

ঐক্ষিক বহিঃস্তর (গুরুমস্তিষ্ক) (Visual cortex). *কান (Ear) *বহিঃকর্ণ (Outer ear) *কানের লতি (Earlobe) ... অধিবৃক্ক গ্রন্থি (অ্যাড্রিনাল গ্রন্থি) (Adrenal gland). *অগ্ন্যাশয় (Pancreas). *লাঙারহানসের কোষপুঞ্জিকা (Islets of Langerhans) ...

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/মানব_পরিপাকতন্ত্র

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্বাসনালি

Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and, in men, by the testes.[medical citation needed] ... The source of these estrogens is the placenta, which aromatizes prohormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland. ... the adrenal glands, fat, liver, the breasts, and the brain. Estradiol is produced in the body from cholesterol through a series ... adrenal glands.[70] This can detect baseline estrogen in women with amenorrhea or menstrual dysfunction, and to detect the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol

Somatosensory Cortex Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Associative Sensory Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves ... Schober A, Parlato R, Huber K, Kinscherf R, et al «Cell Loss and Autophagy in the Extra-Adrenal Chromaffin Organ of Zuckerkandl ... Păun, DL; Mirică, A «Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: A Focus on Genetics» (en anglès). A: Clinical Management of Adrenal ... Erem C, Kocak M, Cinel A, Erso HO, Reis A «Dopamine-secreting adrenal ganglioneuroma presenting with paroxysmal hypertension ...

https://ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innervació

... s' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio.[37] Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much ... "Morphometric analysis of heart, kidneys and adrenal glands in dromedary camel calves (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. ... Microscopic evaluation of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands of one-humped camel calves (Camelus dromedarius) using semi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_meat

Koob and Kreek have hypothesized that during drug use, CRF activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and ... medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicomania

The ANS receives inputs from the medulla, hypothalamus, limbic system, prefrontal cortex, midbrain and monoamine nuclei.[38] ... This secretion is made up of glucocorticoids, including cortisol, which are steroid hormones that the adrenal gland releases, ... The SAM and HPA axes are regulated by several brain regions, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, ... Glavas, M.M.; Weinberg, J. (2006). "Stress, Alcohol Consumption, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis". In Yehuda, S.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_

ACTH - Stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol (zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands) ... ADH (Vasopressin/AVP) - Induces the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex); Induces ... Angiotensin II - Induces Aldosterone synthesis and release (zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex in kidney) ... Epinephrine - released by the adrenal medulla during the fasting state, when body is under metabolic duress. It stimulates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

It occurs when the adrenal cortex produces insufficient glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid hormones. It affects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearded_Collie

a major portion of the β-hydroxylation of hydroxyamphetamine occurs in non-adrenal tissue. Unfortunately, at the present time ... be partially mediated through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D1 and adrenoceptor α2 in the prefrontal cortex ... and norepinephrine neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the prefrontal cortex.[29] ... "The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex". Biological Psychiatry. 77 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/মানব_শিশ্ন

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/টেমপ্লেট:মানবদেহের_অঙ্গতন্ত্রসমূহ

... and adrenal cortex. The lining of the blood vessels are also severely affected, which lead the lesions in this region to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_parvovirus

Berecek, K. H. and Brody, M. J. (1982). "Evidence for a neurotransmitter role for epinephrine derived from the adrenal medulla ...

https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrénalin

Stress-induced epigenetic changes, particularly to genes that effect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, persist ... and postnatal maternal abuse also increases DNA methylation at regulatory regions of BDNF genes in the prefrontal cortex and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenerational_stress_inheritance

Cortisol is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland from a region called the zona fasciculata in response to ACTH. Elevated ... In adrenal Cushing's, excess cortisol is produced by adrenal gland tumors, hyperplastic adrenal glands, or adrenal glands with ... Tumors outside the normal pituitary-adrenal system can produce ACTH (occasionally with CRH) that affects the adrenal glands. ... One of the causes of Cushing's syndrome is a cortisol-secreting adenoma in the cortex of the adrenal gland (primary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_syndrome

As demonstrated by the effect of the trophic hormone ACTH on adrenal cortex cells, the expression of the mitochondrial genes ... For example, dietary restriction prevented age-related accumulation of mtDNA damage in the cortex and decreased it in the lung ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

They may have histological evidence of LECT2 amyloid deposition in the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and adrenal glands of ... Kidney biopsy shows the presence of LECT2-based amyloid predominantly in the renal cortex interstitium, glomeruli, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LECT2

It is most significantly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and adrenal gland and cortex tissue. Michael S. Brown and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

Adrenocorticotropic hormones bind to ACTH receptors on the cells within the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex, causing a ... They are typically found inside the adrenal medulla, but can also be present right outside the adrenal medulla in tissue. ... Under normal conditions, adrenal hormone receptors, type I and type II, mediate the storage of carbohydrates and fats during ... The sympathoadrenal system works to return the body to homeostasis through the activation or inactivation of the adrenal gland ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

All mGluRs except mGluR6 are thought to exist in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. It is thought that mGluRs play a role ... The same drug has been shown to interfere in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, with chronic oral administration of this ... They are found in pre- and postsynaptic neurons in synapses of the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the cerebral cortex, as well as ... Receptors in groups II and III reduce the activity of postsynaptic potentials, both excitatory and inhibitory, in the cortex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

... the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal androgens function as weak steroids (though some are precursors), and the ... Ovary and adrenal cortex contribute equally to peripheral T, DHT and A, with the exception that at mid-cycle ovarian ... Peripheral DHEA and DHEA-S are produced mainly in the adrenal cortex which provides 80% of DHEA and over 90% of DHEA-S. During ... Androstenedione (A4) is an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenedione is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

The most common are adenomas of the pituitary and adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, mammary gland ... There were even significant variations in the incidences of adrenal medulla tumors among rats from the same source raised in ... This results in the lowered expression of reelin protein, essential for proper cortex lamination and cerebellum development. ... adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller. Scientists have bred many strains or "lines" of rats specifically for experimentation. ...

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In 1939, she graduated with a Ph.D for thesis work on the role of the adrenal cortex in ion regulation. After receiving her ...

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Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1929). Observations on the functions of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex. Jisc ... His research involved isolating an organic acid, which he then called "hexuronic acid", from adrenal gland tissue. He accepted ...

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... with particulate guanylate cyclase from adrenal cortex". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 345 (1): 64-70. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor

It can be used as a biomarker for guiding primary aldosteronism subtyping in adrenal vein sampling where blood samples are ... Hormones of the suprarenal cortex, Ketones, Secondary alcohols, Sex hormones, Steroid hormones, All stub articles, Steroid ... in the adrenal glands. It is closely related to adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione; 11-KA4), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), ... and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT), which are also produced in the adrenal glands. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione

Fifteenth Conference on the Adrenal Cortex (Adrenal 2012) League City, Texas June 19 - 22, 2012. 371 (1-2): 114-23. doi:10.1016 ... ACTH receptor is primarily found in the zona fasciculata of the human adrenal cortex. Binding of the receptor by ACTH ... Gallo-Payet N (May 2016). "60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. ... "Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system enzymes in adrenal cortex cells" (PDF). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

DPDR may be associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the area of the brain involved in the " ... There is converging evidence that the prefrontal cortex may inhibit neural circuits that normally form the basis of emotional ... A PET scan found functional abnormalities in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex, as well as in areas responsible ... In an fMRI study of DPD patients, emotionally aversive scenes activated the right ventral prefrontal cortex. Participants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder

Since the noradrenaline transporter is responsible for most of the dopamine clearance in the prefrontal cortex, SNRIs block ... Norepinephrine transporters are confined to the neurons of the sympathetic system, and those innervating the adrenal medulla, ... "Site-specific role of catechol-O-methyltransferase in dopamine overflow within prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum". The ...

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... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S ...

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The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of an adrenal gland. It is divided into three separate zones: ... The adrenal cortex comprises three main zones, or layers that are regulated by distinct hormones as noted below. This anatomic ... Cholesterol can be synthesized de novo in the adrenal cortex. Yet, the major source of cholesterol appears to be cholesterol ... October 1991). "The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex". Mol. ...

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Adrenal cortex injections reportedly are used to enhance well-being in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. To ... Cases of abscess following injection of purported adrenal cortex extract should be reported to local and state health ... Infection with Mycobacterium abscessus Associated with Intramuscular Injection of Adrenal Cortex Extract -- Colorado and ... adrenal cortex injection to 69 patients in Colorado as part of a weight-loss regimen. As of August 7, a total of 47 (68%) of ...

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Adrenal cortex in health and disease. Br Med J 1966; 2 :902 doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5519.902 ... Adrenal cortex in health and disease.. Br Med J 1966; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5519.902 (Published 15 October 1966) ...

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"Adrenal Cortex Function Tests" by people in this website by year, and whether "Adrenal Cortex Function Tests" was a major or ... "Adrenal Cortex Function Tests" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Adrenal Cortex Function Tests" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Adrenal Cortex Function Tests". ...

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This is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. ... Acute adrenal crisis is a life-threatening condition that ... The adrenal cortex. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed ... The adrenal gland consists of two parts. The outer portion, called the cortex, produces cortisol. This is an important hormone ... Adrenal crisis can occur from any of the following:. *The adrenal gland is damaged due to, for example, Addison disease or ...

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The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the largest part of an adrenal gland. (wikipedia.org)
The primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland is cortisol in humans and corticosterone in many other animals. (wikipedia.org)
It is anticipated that these discoveries will provide a framework for further understanding the function of the adrenal gland and its contributions to health and disease. (checkorphan.org)
While some reports suggest an increased predilection for the left adrenal gland in AC, most studies indicate no side preference. (medscape.com)
An adrenal gland is made of 2 parts. (barnesjewish.org)
Adrenal glands interact with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain. (barnesjewish.org)
The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland. (barnesjewish.org)
The book explains the metabolism of purines and pyrimidines in cancer, hypercalcemia in neoplastic disease without evidence of bone metastases, and neoplasms of other organs, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid, testis, and adrenal cortex. (elsevier.com)
Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) can be classified as primary, which occurs when the adrenal gland itself is dysfunctional, or secondary, also called central adrenal insufficiency, which occurs when a lack of secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus or of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary leads to hypofunction of the adrenal cortex. (medscape.com)
These hormones stimulate the adrenal gland to generate corticosteroids. (bartleby.com)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance swimming exercise training on structural remodeling (volume and parenchymal cell number) and apoptotic index of adrenal gland in pregnant rats exposed to cadmium poisoning. (ac.ir)
The size of various regions of the adrenal gland and total number of parenchymal cells were estimated using stereological methods. (ac.ir)
Cadmium poisoning caused extensive bleeding and tissue destruction in the adrenal gland of the pregnant mothers, but endurance training reduced the amount of bleeding. (ac.ir)
Performing swimming exercise training in this condition worsened the structural state of the gland and led to a further reduction in the number of parenchymal cells within all three parts of the adrenal gland. (ac.ir)
Exercise training in determined intensity increased the structural and morphological complications of cadmium toxicity in the adrenal gland of pregnant rats. (ac.ir)
Secretory cells of a particular type are often clumped together into a well defined gland (e.g. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, testes, ovaries). (wikibooks.org)
Each adrenal gland has two parts: the outer portion, which is the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion, which is the medulla. (oncolink.org)
The most common tumor of the adrenal gland is a benign tumor called an adrenal adenoma. (oncolink.org)
The most common malignant tumors found in the adrenal gland are tumors that come from cancer cells that have metastasized (or spread) from other parts of the body to the adrenal gland through the bloodstream. (oncolink.org)
The ________ _________ secretes a variety of steroid hormones and forms the outer three quarters of the adrenal gland. (flashcardmachine.com)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited inability to synthesize cortisol in the adrenal gland. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the adrenal cortex producing glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and the adrenal medulla producing neurotransmitters . (citizendium.org)
The adrenal cortex, the outer region of the adrenal gland, which lies atop the kidneys, produces a variety of hormones. (wtvr.com)
The adrenal glands sit right on top of your kidneys and work closely with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to produce and regulate some of the body's hormones. (drclarkstore.com)
in postmenopausal women, the adrenal gland constitutes the major source of this hormone. (medscape.com)
As the name suggests, the HPA axis is composed of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland (both in the brain), and the adrenal glands. (health-matrix.net)
Because the adrenal gland may not yet be hypoplastic, a normal cortisol response to cosyntropin may be seen in patients who recently began suffering from ACTH or CRH deficiency. (medscape.com)
Adrenal carcinoma or adrenal tumor is an aggressive disease which can originate either in the cortex ( steroid hormone - producing tissue ) or medulla of the adrenal gland . (wikidoc.org)
Produced by the ovary, testes, and adrenal cortex (endocrine gland at the top end of the kidneys) for the purpose of regulating the menstrual cycle (estrus), estrogen is vital. (petmd.com)
Hyperestrogenism is also occasionally seen in neutered male ferrets, especially those with ferret adrenal gland disease. (petmd.com)
The adrenal gland is considered an endocrine organ in that it secretes substances into the blood stream that have a major impact on physiologic functions. (michigansurgery.com)
The adrenal gland is composed of two distinct layers: the cortex and the medulla. (michigansurgery.com)
The cortex comprises approximately 80% of the adrenal gland. (michigansurgery.com)
The portion of the gland that is covered by the cortex is the medulla. (michigansurgery.com)
In this portion of the adrenal gland, catecholamines are produced and released into the blood circulation. (michigansurgery.com)
This means that the lesion is secreting any of the number of substances produced by the adrenal gland in higher than normal quantities. (michigansurgery.com)
Although there is some disagreement, lesions larger than 4 cm should be considered for removal of the adrenal gland. (michigansurgery.com)
Cushing's syndrome is specific to the adrenal gland being the site for overproduction of cortisol. (michigansurgery.com)
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rare tumors that arise from the cortex of the adrenal gland with an incidence 1 to 2 per million. (jnccn.org)
In fact, small amounts of sex hormones are produced in the adrenal gland, while the largest proportion is produced in the ovaries of women, and the testicles in men. (healthmeth.com)
Addison's disease: Addison's disease is also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, and it is one of the rare health problems that affect the adrenal gland and lead to a decrease in the ability of the adrenal cortex to produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. (healthmeth.com)
More than the adrenal gland hormones. (healthmeth.com)

A) adrenal cortex B) adrenal medulla C) testes D) gonads B) adrenal medulla 3. (yourvdesk.com)
The inner region is called the adrenal medulla. (barnesjewish.org)
What is the adrenal medulla? (barnesjewish.org)
This chapter examines disorders relating to alterations of the adrenal medulla. (mynursepapers.com)
These situations can result in the hypothalamus to activate the adrenal medulla, which then begins to secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine hormones. (bartleby.com)
VPAC2 receptors are in blood vessels, smooth muscles, the basal part of mucosal epithelium in colon, lung, and vasculature of kidney, adrenal medulla and retina. (powershow.com)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the adrenal medulla and play a role in the fight-or-flight response, whereas dopamine is secreted by the hypothalamus and inhibits the release of certain anterior pituitary hormones. (lumenlearning.com)
Adrenal insufficiency has to do with adrenaline and noradrenaline and the adrenal medulla. (oneradionetwork.com)
They are made up of an outer portion, called the cortex, and an inner portion, called the medulla. (adam.com)
The inner part is the adrenal medulla (muh-DUH-luh). (hopkinsallchildrens.org)
Pheochromocytoma - This is a disease of the adrenal medulla whereby excess "adrenaline" hormones are produced. (michigansurgery.com)
The adrenal-medulla controls the sympathetic nervous system which is involved in the anti-stress or "fight or flight" response, the immune system, protection and stimulation of primary bodily response. (yang-sheng.com)
In contrast, AT2 receptor is expressed at high levels in the various organs of developing fetus, whereas, in the adults, it is mainly present in the brain, adrenal medulla, uterus, and heart. (aspetjournals.org)
The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. (latrobevets.com)
An adrenal medulla tumor is the result of abnormal, uncontrolled growth of the cells that produce these hormones. (latrobevets.com)

Subsequent steps to generate aldosterone and cortisol, however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex: Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycorticosterone → (two further hydroxylations at C11 and C18) → Aldosterone Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C17) → 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycortisol → (hydroxylation at C11) → Cortisol The adrenal cortex produces a number of different corticosteroid hormones. (wikipedia.org)
Explain how the circadian rhythm is related to cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex. (aptitudenursingpapers.com)
A diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is confirmed if the serum cortisol level is less than 18 mcg/dL in the presence of a markedly elevated serum ACTH concentration and plasma renin activity. (medscape.com)
Based on normative data of children of various ages, adrenal insufficiency is likely if the serum cortisol concentration is less than 18 mcg/dL 30-60 minutes after administration of 250 mcg of cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH 1-24). (medscape.com)
When a patient's serum cortisol response to cosyntropin is subnormal but his or her serum ACTH level is not elevated, the possibility of central adrenal insufficiency should be considered. (medscape.com)
The zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone, and the zonae fasciculata and reticularis together produce cortisol and adrenal androgens. (medscape.com)
The adrenal glands make hormones such as adrenaline, aldosterone, and cortisol. (oncolink.org)
acts on the adrenal cortex to promote synthesis and release of cortisol. (flashcardmachine.com)
When a person is stressed, their adrenal glands release the hormone cortisol. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In many cases, the brain and adrenal glands can regulate cortisol on their own. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In particular, they uncovered numerous changes that occur in single cells along this axis as chronic stress continually prompts the adrenals to secrete the stress hormone, cortisol, and they found a new subpopulation of cells that aids and abets the stress response in these glands. (mpg.de)
The message is relayed along this axis from the hypothalamus through the pituitary to the adrenals, which then release cortisol through the blood to the rest of the body, initiating the physical and behavioral symptoms of tension and stress - from tightening of the jaw to upset stomachs and trembling. (mpg.de)
Your adrenal glands produce cortisol, a hormone that helps your body cope with stress and helps regulate your circadian rhythm. (seekinghealth.com)
Because patients cannot synthesize cortisol efficiently, the adrenal cortex is stimulated by corticotropin (ACTH) and overproduces cortisol precursors. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Cortisol is produced mainly by the adrenal cortex (the outer part of the two adrenal glands, located above the kidneys). (kidshealth.org)
Some people, however, can't make enough cortisol because they lack an enzyme in the adrenal glands that's needed to make it. (kidshealth.org)
In kids, the most common cause of cortisol deficiency, and consequently high levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, is one of the forms of the genetic disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). (kidshealth.org)
Cortisol and related hormones, secreted by the adrenal cortex, also has receptor sites within skeletal muscle cells. (blawg.com)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasias (CAH) are a group of heritable disorders associated with an inability or deficiency in the ability to produce cortisol. (colostate.edu)
This not only alleviates glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) deficiency, but more importantly, provides negative feedback to suppress ACTH secretion and prevent continued adrenal stimulation. (colostate.edu)
ACTH in turn stimulates the release of cortisol from endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex. (slu.se)
Your adrenals are also responsible for producing steroid hormones from cholesterol, including DHEA, progesterone, estrogen, testosterone and cortisol. (health-matrix.net)
What is more, chronic stress can suppress the HPA axis, leading to lower production of cortisol by the adrenals. (health-matrix.net)
As it happens, it seems that leptin enhances your flight or fight response and it inhibits the secretion of steroid hormones (cortisol) by the adrenals. (health-matrix.net)
Adrenal fatigue refers to the concept of too much stress depleting your adrenals and causing a decrease in the output of adrenal hormones, particularly cortisol. (health-matrix.net)
The current tools for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency are likely inadequate, because they rely on measurement of total cortisol levels rather than free or unbound cortisol. (medscape.com)
For example, adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) is unlikely in an otherwise healthy individual whose 8:00 am serum cortisol concentration is more than 10 mcg/dL. (medscape.com)
By contrast, a serum cortisol concentration less than 18 mcg/dL in a sick and stressed patient is suggestive of adrenal insufficiency, although some critically ill patients may have such cortisol concentrations due to lack of protein binding to cortisol (see Relative adrenal insufficiency under Etiology). (medscape.com)
Hyperplasia adrenal Congenital is hyperplasia of adrenal congenital a genetic disorders as a result of the loss of one necessary for the production of enzymes occur cortisol or aldosterone, or both, and often suffer affected by the condition of the high level of hormones androgens, which This results in early puberty in males and the appearance of some masculine characteristics in girls. (healthmeth.com)

Using the high-dose corticotropin test to diagnose relative adrenal insufficiency in vasopressor-dependent septic shock. (umassmed.edu)
Although this agent is particularly useful in hemodynamically unstable patients, the potential for precipitation of acute adrenal insufficiency, even following a single dose, must be recognized. (medscape.com)
Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: the need for new prevention strategies. (medscape.com)
A bulking agent may lead to adrenal insufficiency crisis: a case report. (medscape.com)
Smans LC, Van der Valk ES, Hermus AR, Zelissen PM. Incidence of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
Notter A, Jenni S, Christ E. Evaluation of the frequency of adrenal crises and preventive measures in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Switzerland. (medscape.com)
Mortality data from the European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry-Patient characterization and associations. (medscape.com)
Kawahara T, Tsuji M, Tominaga N, Toyama N, Toda M. Frequency of Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients With Hypoglycemia in an Emergency Department: A Cross-sectional Study. (medscape.com)
Acute adrenal insufficiency after a single dose of etomidate. (medscape.com)
SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients. (medscape.com)
Adrenal Cortex Antibody or Anti-Adrenal Antibody (ADR) test is generally used to diagnose autoimmune adrenal insufficiency. (visithealth.london)
Adrenal insufficiency can further be classified as congenital or acquired (see Etiology). (medscape.com)
Increased skin pigmentation and salt craving are common among individuals with chronic primary adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
Clinical suspicion is important because the presentation of patients with adrenal insufficiency may be insidious and subtle. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] Therefore, the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency in premature infants remains problematic. (medscape.com)
10 d) central adrenal insufficiency (eg, a patient who recently underwent surgery of the hypothalamus or pituitary regions). (medscape.com)
Computed tomography (CT) scanning is the imaging study of choice in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency and helps to identify adrenal hemorrhage, calcifications, and infiltrative disease. (medscape.com)
Histologic findings in adrenal insufficiency depend on the underlying cause. (medscape.com)
Patients with adrenal insufficiency are generally hypovolemic and may be hypoglycemic, hyponatremic, or hyperkalemic. (medscape.com)
Potassium is generally not needed in acute situations, especially in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency, who are often hyperkalemic. (medscape.com)
Glucocorticoid replacement is required in all forms of adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
Mineralocorticoid replacement is required only in primary adrenal insufficiency, because aldosterone secretion is reduced in primary adrenal insufficiency but not in central adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
No surgical management is needed in most cases of adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
See also Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency). (medscape.com)
Maternal primary adrenal cortex insufficiency during pregnancy: Spotlight on the Fetus and the Neonate. (eurospe.org)
Maternal primary adrenal insufficiency, has been infrequently described during pregnancy, due to its rarity. (eurospe.org)
Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed/Medline, the Cochrane/CENTRAL and the Google Scholar online databases to identify RCTs, cohort studies, case series and case report studies presenting fetal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with active maternal primary adrenal insufficiency. (eurospe.org)
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency is a topic covered in the Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics . (unboundmedicine.com)
Adrenal insufficiency associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) presents in the newborn period. (unboundmedicine.com)
Signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency in persons with adrenoleukodystrophy may first present at any age. (unboundmedicine.com)
Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency may be isolated or part of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 1 or 2. (unboundmedicine.com)
Re: What about adrenal insufficiency? (oneradionetwork.com)
What is called "adrenal insufficiency" is oxytocin insufficiency. (oneradionetwork.com)
Oxytocin insufficiency has to do with oxytocin and vasopressin and the adrenal cortex. (oneradionetwork.com)
Adrenal insufficiency is the loss of the ability to spectral-shift, shape-shift, and "eat" through our skin. (oneradionetwork.com)
Although uncommon, the adrenal insufficiency can be a life-threatening complication of the cancer treatment. (termedia.pl)
Certain rare genetic defects may also cause adrenal insufficiency. (adam.com)
During an extreme form of adrenal insufficiency, called adrenal crisis , you must inject hydrocortisone right away. (adam.com)
Always carry medical ID (card, bracelet, or necklace) that says you have adrenal insufficiency. (adam.com)
Adrenocortical insufficiency caused by disease, suppression by drugs, destruction, or surgical removal of the adrenal cortices. (citizendium.org)
Hyponatremia with or without hyperkalemia is common in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), and it is due to deficient aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)
Hyponatremia is occasionally found in patients with central or secondary adrenal insufficiency. (medscape.com)
The classical form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency presents in the neonatal period with virilization or adrenal insufficiency, with or without concurrent salt wasting. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Adrenocortical tumors should not be confused with adrenal medullary tumors, also known as pheochromocytomas, which, like neuroblastomas, secrete catecholamines. (medscape.com)
Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) producing tumors can also cause adrenal hyperplasia. (renalandurologynews.com)
Furthermore, PRLR mRNA and protein have both been detected in human adrenal tumors. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Other, less frequently encountered causes of these problems include Cushing's syndrome and virilizing tumors (ovarian, adrenal, or ectopic). (intechopen.com)
Complete en bloc resection of all adrenal tumors suspected to be AC is recommended. (medscape.com)
Adjuvant therapy is not recommended for adrenal tumors with uncertain malignant potential. (medscape.com)
In 2017, WHO presented an update on recent classification of adrenal tumors (in fourth edition of the World Health Organization classification of endocrine tumors ). (wikidoc.org)

Disease expression and molecular genotype in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. (childrens.com)
Children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency tend to have elevated circulating levels of androgens, which can accelerate skeletal maturation and adversely impact adult height. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, most commonly due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, leading to excessive androgen synthesis is not considered here. (renalandurologynews.com)
Dexamethasone can be used in the context of congenital adrenal hyperplasia , to prevent virilisation of a female fetus. (bionity.com)
Among the most common causes of female infertility, anovulation, menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne, and alopecia are congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). (intechopen.com)
The treatment of the congenital adrenal hyperplasias and the acquired/unmasked adrenal hyperplasias by interventions which reduce insulin resistance. (intechopen.com)
Pathogenesis includes many genetic pathways , most prominent being Wnt-Beta catenin pathway and also association with other diseases such as multiple endocrine neoplasia ( MEN1 and MEN2 ), familial adenomatous polyposis , Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome , Li-Fraumeni syndrome , Lynch syndrome , von Hippel-Lindau disease , carney Complex / Syndrome , neurofibromatosis type 1 and congenital adrenal hyperplasia . (wikidoc.org)
Objective: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results from 21-hydroxylase deficiency in more than ninety percent of cases. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Excessive secretion of androgens from the adrenal glands or gonads. (fpnotebook.com)
Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, thereby facilitating renal sodium and fluid reabsorption. (drugs.com)
Additionally, these children require supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone to suppress secretion of adrenal androgen precursors, and this treatment can retard linear growth. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This agent indeed suppresses adrenal androgen secretion in adult women. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor which also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. (justia.com)
It has also been shown that PRL treatment of adrenal cells is capable of stimulating aldosterone secretion. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Continued secretion of ACTH causes unremitting stimulation of the adrenal cortex, leading to hyperplasia (an increase in the number of cells in that tissue). (colostate.edu)
First, it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. (drugbank.com)
There are several syndromes that are attributed to excess secretion of adrenal hormones. (michigansurgery.com)

The search first combined all references under the medical subject headings adrenal cortex hormones, glucocorticoids, and glucocorticoids, synthetic. (nih.gov)
The adrenal cortex produces Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids. (bartleby.com)
Explanations: Glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal cortex. (testpreppractice.net)
Patients require supraphysiologic replacement doses of glucocorticoids to suppress the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-driven adrenal androgen synthesis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Three main types of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex, which are Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, and Sex Hormones. (healthmeth.com)
That exogenous steroids suppress adrenal cortex activity least during maximal your adrenal glands, which are just above the kidneys, normally make glucocorticoids in small amounts. (chimecottagemusic.com)

I was diagnosed as having adrenal weakness and a slower thyroid. (earthclinic.com)
If your adrenal function is lacking, your energy levels, thyroid, and immune system may also need support. (seekinghealth.com)
Dr. Perrin White is the director of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology at Children's Health℠, which diagnoses and treats children with conditions of the major endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, gonads and endocrine pancreas. (childrens.com)

ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to make and release corticosteroid hormones into the blood. (barnesjewish.org)
Adrenal hyperplasia as a cause of Cushing's syndrome can be considered either adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
ACTH-dependent (secondary) adrenal hyperplasia is most commonly due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) and ectopic ACTH from a non-pituitary tumor. (renalandurologynews.com)
ACTH-independent (primary) adrenal hyperplasia in bilateral glands ia usually due to two main types of adrenal nodular hyperplasias: ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) or primary pigmented adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and will be discussed here. (renalandurologynews.com)
An important step in the diagnosis and management of these patients is determining whether the adrenal hyperplasia is ACTH-dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia associated with an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is also called Cushing's disease and will also be discussed in this section. (renalandurologynews.com)
The most common forms of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, which are ACTH-independent, are AIMAH and PPNAD. (renalandurologynews.com)
ACTH-independent bilateral adrenal hyperplasia causing hypercortisolism accounts for approximately 10-15% of all adrenal causes of Cushing's syndrome. (renalandurologynews.com)
Kortisol fungerar sedan som en negativ feedback signal som inhiberar både sekretionen av CRH och ACTH. (slu.se)

Examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex. (umassmed.edu)
It's a hormone made up by your adrenal glands to help you hold onto sodium and rid off potassium whenever needed (1). (blogspot.com)
Compared with imaging findings in pediatric patients with neuroblastoma, adrenocortical carcinoma (AC) can be highly suspected when adrenal lesions have a thin tumoral capsule, a stellate zone of central necrosis, and evidence of the production of adrenocortical hormone. (medscape.com)
Include screening tests that can exclude excess hormone production when evaluating all primary adrenal masses. (medscape.com)
Adrenal Cortex Antibodies destroy adrenal tissue, interfering with hormone production, by damaging various adrenal proteins, particularly the 21-hydroxy enzymes. (visithealth.london)
a steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that is involved in regulation of the water and electrolyte balance of the body. (dictionary.com)
a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. (dictionary.com)
Though the disease is the result of a growth on the pituitary, the result can be identical to chronic stress - weight gain and metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure and depression or irritability - so in some cases it is treated by removing the adrenal glands, that is, the source of the stress hormone. (mpg.de)
Kids with any of these symptoms would likely have a 17-hydroxyprogesterone test done, along with other hormone tests to check adrenal function. (kidshealth.org)
The adrenal glands are small hormone-releasing organs located on top of each kidney. (adam.com)
The damage causes the cortex to produce hormone levels that are too low. (adam.com)
Complications can occur if you take too little or too much adrenal hormone. (adam.com)
Testosterone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid hormone produced mainly in Leydig cells of the testes in men and the ovary and the adrenal cortex in women. (springer.com)
Another common cause of such problems is hyperprolactinemia, which results in increased androgen synthesis by both the ovaries and the adrenal cortex, while suppressing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, gonadotrophin, and estrogen synthesis. (intechopen.com)
oestradiol a hormone (272 D) synthesised mainly in the ovary, but also in the placenta, testis and possibly adrenal cortex. (sci-toys.com)
Key vitamins, minerals, and herbs can promote healthy adrenal function and optimal hormone production. (drclarkstore.com)
Androstenedione production in the adrenal glands is under effect of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), whereas in the gonads it is controlled by the luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH). (medscape.com)
Geranium is thought to work on the adrenal cortex and pituitary to manage hormone levels," says Green who suggests using the sweet flowery scent both on the abdomen (add 1 drop to a teaspoon of carrier oil and massage in a circular motion) and in the bath (add 5-8 drops to a tablespoon of carrier oil and add to the bath). (prevention.com)

17-ketosteroids are substances that form when the body breaks down male steroid sex hormones called androgens and other hormones released by the adrenal glands in males and females, and by the testes in males. (medlineplus.gov)
Virilization syndromes: Screen for virilization syndromes using serum adrenal androgens (androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), serum testosterone, and 24-hour urinary 17-ketosteroids. (medscape.com)
I. Influence of androgens on the pituitary adrenal function. (who.int)
The adrenal cortex also makes several sex steroid hormones, including androgens (critical for male sexual development) and precursors to estrogen (critical for female sexual development). (oncolink.org)
It causes the adrenal glands to make excess androgens (male steroid hormones) and, in some cases, not enough of the hormones that regulate the body's salt balance. (kidshealth.org)
In some individuals, the disorder also involves overproduction of adrenal androgens, which, in affected females, often results prenatal virilization with an ambiguous or male-like external genital tract at birth. (colostate.edu)

Cancers that arise directly from the adrenal cortex are called adrenal cortical carcinoma (also called adrenocortical cancer or adrenal cancer). (oncolink.org)
Treatment for childhood adrenocortical cancer (cancer of the adrenal cortex) is surgery to remove the tumor. (nih.gov)
Adrenocortical carcinoma (also called ACC or adrenal cancer) treatment usually involves surgery and may include radiation therapy and chemotherapy. (nih.gov)

The two adrenal glands are located in the middle of your torso toward the back, just above the kidneys. (amritavitamin.com)
The three main components of the stress response axis are the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary right next to the brain and the adrenal glands near the kidneys. (mpg.de)
Contrast media -- Kidneys (native and transplant) -- Adrenal glands -- Upper tract (pelvicalyceal system and ureter) -- Lower tract (bladder and urethra) -- Male genital (prostate, penis, scrotum) -- Female genital i (uterus and cervix) -- Female genital ii (ovary, fallopian tube, vagina, and vulva) -- Retroperitoneum -- Review and miscellaneous. (stanford.edu)
Situated atop the kidneys are two small glands, the adrenal glands. (nobelprize.org)
The adrenals are located on top of your kidneys and they are responsible for producing noradrenaline and adrenaline which are important for your "fight or flight" acute response. (health-matrix.net)
The adrenal glands are mustard colored, small triangular or crescent shaped organs that are located on the upper pole of both kidneys. (michigansurgery.com)
A layer of fatty tissue separates the adrenal glands from the kidneys. (michigansurgery.com)
Thus, the Ancient Chinese texts say that the root of Yin and Yang in our bodies is in the kidneys, meaning the small adrenal glands, which are attached to the kidneys. (yang-sheng.com)

In the human adrenal cortex this process may be a precursor of adrenal failure. (uthscsa.edu)
The product of the CYP11B2 gene is required for aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex. (childrens.com)
Prolactin receptor (PRLR) is known to be expressed in human adrenal cortex. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

The veins from the maternal circulation effectively eliminates the waste products and for this ther-apy is used, such as inquiring whether the lesion interferes with viral pneumonia should be considered in all three layers of the bony thorax or are receiving adrenal corticosteroids may be helpful. (aaan.org)

Three to 12 evaluable patients with adrenal carcinoma or progressive malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma will be included depending on the safety profile of the administered treatments. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Cohorts 2A (previously treated patients) and 2B (previously untreated patients): evaluation of EO2401 at the recommended dose found in Cohort 1 in combination with nivolumab in 30 evaluable patients (15 each for Cohorts 2A and 2B) with adrenal carcinoma. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The adrenal cortical carcinoma shown above has invasion of the extra-adrenal adipose tissue but does not invade adjacent organs. (pathologyoutlines.com)
Adrenal cortical carcinoma with extra-adrenal adipose invasion is pT3. (pathologyoutlines.com)
Syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are uncommonly the cause of adrenal carcinoma. (logicalimages.com)
Adrenal carcinoma can be treated with both medical therapy and surgery depending upon the stage of the tumor . (wikidoc.org)

Male or female patients with an androgen producing tumor (ovaries, adrenal cortex, testes) show increased values. (researchd.com)
Therefore, the combined use of antibiotics may eTD by intramuscular primarily by the testes and in lesser amounts by the adrenal cortex and (in women) by the ovaries. (dancetracksdigital.com)

Estradiol is produced especially within the follicles of the ovaries , but also in other tissues including the testicles , the adrenal glands , fat, liver , the breasts, and the brain. (wikipedia.org)

An adrenal cortex tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the adrenal cortex. (latrobevets.com)

An adrenal adenoma will cause symptoms if it is making an excess of hormones like aldosterone, which can cause high blood pressure. (oncolink.org)
Imaging will also help to identify the presence of an adrenal adenoma, as opposed to hyperplasia of the glands. (renalandurologynews.com)
Differential diagnosis between bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) and aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) in aldosteronism remains challenging in many cases due to the high prevalence of incidentalomas during imaging techniques, the limited sensitivity of orthostatic testing and the technical difficulties of adrenal vein sampling (AVS).We investigated circadian variation in salivary aldosterone (SA) in patients with APA (n=22) and BAH (n=2. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Chemotherapy, as well as radiotherapy of the head, neck and abdomen area, may interfere temporarily or permanently with the proper functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA). (termedia.pl)
Other indications of pituitary dysfunction, such as previous glucocorticoid exposure (suggesting a suppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) or evidence of other pituitary dysfunction (suggesting hypopituitarism) are helpful. (medscape.com)

is the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. (flashcardmachine.com)

The outer region is called the adrenal cortex. (barnesjewish.org)
The adrenal cortex (the outer portion) makes steroid hormones. (oncolink.org)
These were endocrine cells sitting in the outer layer, or adrenal cortex. (mpg.de)
The outer part is the adrenal cortex . (hopkinsallchildrens.org)

Adrenal Cortex, made from bovine adrenal cortex tissue, supports healthy adrenal function and promotes an energetic feeling. (karimchubin.com)
Adrenal Cortex supports healthy adrenal function by promoting a balanced stress response. (amritavitamin.com)
Formulated with a unique extract from adrenal cortex tissue, which plays a valuable role in supporting healthy adrenal function. (amritavitamin.com)

Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia may be discovered in the work-up of a patient who exhibits features of Cushing's syndrome in the absence of exogenous steroid administration. (renalandurologynews.com)
Adrenal hyperplasia can also cause Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism), which is considered in further detail elsewhere. (renalandurologynews.com)
Diagnostic Confirmation: Are you sure your patient has adrenal hyperplasia? (renalandurologynews.com)
The diagnosis of adrenal hyperplasia is often made with imaging, either computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to identify the character and size of the adrenal glands. (renalandurologynews.com)
Patients with adrenal hyperplasia present with Cushing's syndrome. (renalandurologynews.com)
C. History Part 3: Competing diagnoses that can mimic adrenal hyperplasia. (renalandurologynews.com)
In the most common cases, adrenal hyperplasia also involves a deficiency in aldosterone , which results in mild to severe loss of body sodium. (colostate.edu)
Mutations in at least five different genes can result in adrenal hyperplasia, all of which are transmitted as autosomal recessive traits. (colostate.edu)

Sex hormones , largely steroids, are secreted from gonads and adrenal cortex. (wikibooks.org)

The inner zone of the adrenal cortex, zona reticular is, secretes mostly ______, the sex hormones dominant in men. (flashcardmachine.com)

Nuclear p21 immunoreactivity was also produced in adrenal tissue fragments incubated at 37°C in vitro. (uthscsa.edu)
The adrenal glands are covered by a layer of connective tissue and a layer of fat. (oncolink.org)

A malignant tumor of the adrenal cortex. (logicalimages.com)

The recognition of the relatively high prevalence of subclinical Cushing syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (some reports suggest a prevalence as high as 5-8%) that may otherwise appear hormonally silent informs the policy of some experts to perform more in-depth testing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with identified adrenal masses. (medscape.com)
Alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones has been associated with a range of chronic metabolic and cardiovascular health conditions. (cdc.gov)
While the long term or chronic stress responses are regulated via the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) pathway. (bartleby.com)
The Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex (HPA) axis has been a cornerstone in understanding mental health. (aspirace.com)
Dexamethasone is also used in a diagnostic context, namely in its property to suppress the natural pituitary-adrenal axis . (bionity.com)
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is what can be considered the head master of your adrenals. (health-matrix.net)
Parallel to well-known "monoamine," "cytokine," and "stress-induced" (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress theories) depression models, the phenomena of altered brain neural plasticity and neurogenesis and circadian rhythm desynchronosis (the chronobiological model) have been proposed to explain the onset of depression. (frontiersin.org)
Human and animal studies suggest that benzodiazepines suppress the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

The adrenal glands are part of your endocrine system, which uses hormones to control body functions. (amritavitamin.com)

There are many types of steroid hormones made by the adrenal glands. (oncolink.org)

Adrenal Cortex by Seeking Health provides 50 mg of bovine adrenal cortex per capsule. (seekinghealth.com)

The hormones produced in the adrenal cortex are necessary for proper glucose metabolism, immune function, and normal blood pressure. (amritavitamin.com)
The hormones produced in the adrenal core are called catecholamines, and they are classified as hormones and neurotransmitters, and these hormones are released mainly in response to stress. (healthmeth.com)

The evaluation of adrenal masses must also include screening for possible pheochromocytoma , including, at a minimum, a 24-hour urinary estimation of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) and metabolites (particularly metanephrines and normetanephrines). (medscape.com)

I am suffering with adrenal burnout and a lot of body aches and painful inflamation, I'm 37 years old but feel 90 because of my chronic fatigue, any helpful suggestions to help ease the joint pain? (earthclinic.com)
I was diagnosed with adrenal fatigue, plus other ailments(fatty liver, weak pumping heart, kidney problems, blood crystals, blood clots, pH imbalance, poor digestion and no peristalsis) which all developed over the past 2 months due to buying food which was excessively alkaline. (earthclinic.com)
Have you read about adrenal fatigue? (cassiopaea.org)
Hi, I've been reading about adrenal fatigue and recognize some of the symptoms in me (salt craving, an excessive thirst urination, sleep disturbances, muscle weakness, indigestion) and the main thing, the attacks of palpitations, can last up to hours. (cassiopaea.org)
My question is whether this state of adrenal fatigue is reversible. (cassiopaea.org)
Factors such as emotional stress and nutritional imbalances can trigger adrenal fatigue and disrupt the production of the adrenal hormones. (drclarkstore.com)
Adrenal fatigue can affect anyone who experiences frequent, persistent, or severe mental, emotional or physical stress. (health-matrix.net)
Despite its prevalence in our modern world, adrenal fatigue is for the most part ignored and misunderstood by the medical community. (health-matrix.net)
Even though mainstream medicine denies its existence, adrenal fatigue has been called hypoadrenia, neurasthenia, non-Addison's hypoadrenia, subclinical hypoadrenia, adrenal neurasthenia and so forth. (health-matrix.net)

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Germany and the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel made use of new scientific technology to investigate the so-called stress axis that runs from the brain down to the adrenal glands. (mpg.de)
As in treatment response, it seemed that different versions of the gene play a role in the range of coping abilities of the adrenal glands for dealing with stress signals coming down the axis. (mpg.de)
Moreover, we present diagnostic guidelines for the evaluation of the function of the adrenal axis and we report available protocols for the management of its disturbances. (termedia.pl)
For instance, your adrenals and your HPA axis might be overstressed or dysfunctional. (health-matrix.net)
The HPA axis, as the head master overseeing your adrenals, has an effect in your reactions to stress. (health-matrix.net)

It is synthesized in the testis, the ovary, and the adrenal cortex. (neogen.com)

Even the use of stimulating substances like caffeine can contribute to adrenal stress. (drclarkstore.com)

Adrenal carcinomas may be found incidentally on imaging or may be identified after a patient shows signs of endocrine dysfunction, such as hypercortisolism or virilization. (logicalimages.com)

Hull B, Wedrychowicz A. The function of adrenal glands in children and adolescents during and after oncological treatment. (termedia.pl)

The adrenal glands produce hormones. (oncolink.org)
During periods of stress (exercise, starvation, fear) the adrenal glands produce and release a number of hormones that optimize the body to best manage the stressors. (michigansurgery.com)

A large adrenal tumor can cause symptoms such as pain or a feeling of fullness since the tumor may press against other organs due to its size. (oncolink.org)
In both cases, an adrenal cortex tumor can cause Cushing's disease in dogs. (latrobevets.com)

Glycyrrhizin, its main constituent, has been shown to stimulate the adrenal cortex and reduce alanine transminase and aspartate transminase values in the serum. (acuatlanta.net)

In collaboration with researchers in university-based hospitals in the UK, Germany, Switzerland and the US, the scientists obtained adrenal glands that had been removed from patients to relieve the symptoms of Cushing's disease. (mpg.de)
If you have symptoms of adrenal crisis, give yourself an emergency injection of your prescribed medicine. (adam.com)
The adrenal cortex overproduces hormones, which causes all of these symptoms. (fromtheheartvet.com)

Anatomy36

Organisms6

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs40

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Nuclear bodies are usual constituents in tissues of hibernating dormice. (1/1201)

Natural killer cell activity in the peripheral blood of patients with Cushing's syndrome. (2/1201)

Lipid requirement of membrane-bound 3-oxosteroid delta4-delta5-isomerase. Studies on beef adrenocortical microsomes. (3/1201)

Local renin-angiotensin system is involved in K+-induced aldosterone secretion from human adrenocortical NCI-H295 cells. (4/1201)

Comparison of expression and regulation of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI and the low-density lipoprotein receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells. (5/1201)

The expression of inhibin/activin subunits in the human adrenal cortex and its tumours. (6/1201)

Influences of long-term administration of 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 derivative, in rats. (7/1201)

Calcium and reactive oxygen species as messengers in endotoxin action on adrenocortical cells. (8/1201)

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms

Adrenal Medulla

Zona Reticularis

Adrenal Cortex Diseases

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms

Adrenal Gland Diseases

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Zona Fasciculata

Cerebral Cortex

Adrenal Insufficiency

Prefrontal Cortex

Visual Cortex

Zona Glomerulosa

Steroid 11-beta-Hydroxylase

Motor Cortex

Adrenocortical Adenoma

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Adrenocortical Carcinoma

Auditory Cortex

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital

Somatosensory Cortex

Cosyntropin

Aldosterone

Adrenalectomy

Adrenodoxin

Hydrocortisone

Corticosterone

Aldosterone Synthase

Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme

Steroidogenic Factor 1

Cattle

Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Cushing Syndrome

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

Addison Disease

Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase

Entorhinal Cortex

Adosterol

Pregnenolone

Kidney Cortex

Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids

Brain Mapping

Hyperaldosteronism

Pituitary-Adrenal System

Steroids

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

Chromaffin Cells

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Catecholamines

Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2

Cerebellar Cortex

Pheochromocytoma

Adenoma

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

Hypophysectomy

RNA, Messenger

Mitochondria

Adrenarche

Aminoglutethimide

Progesterone Reductase

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

Brain

Neurons

Glucocorticoids

Metyrapone

Rats, Inbred Strains

Immunohistochemistry

Steroid Hydroxylases

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

Frontal Lobe

Rats, Wistar

Photic Stimulation

Neural Pathways

Angiotensin II