Adnexa Uteri
Uterus
Adnexal Diseases
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Mixed Tumor, Mullerian
Broad Ligament
Apocrine Glands
Psittacosis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Salpingitis
Abscess
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Oophoritis
Three dimensional ultrasound and power doppler in assessment of uterine and ovarian angiogenesis: a prospective study. (1/57)
AIM: To determine whether three-dimensional power Doppler can improve the recognition of pelvic tumor morphology and angiogenesis. METHODS: Using this technique we analyzed 180 adnexal masses and 110 uterine lesions. Tumor volume, morphology, and vascularity were evaluated in each patient. Irregular and randomly dispersed vessels with complex branching depicted by comprehensive three dimensional display were suggestive of pelvic malignancy, while linear-like vascular morphology, single vessel arrangement and regular branching were typical for benign structures. RESULTS: Addition of qualitative analysis of vascular architecture of adnexal tumor to morphological parameters reached 96.15% sensitivity and 98.73% specificity. When endometrial lesions were prospectively analyzed, sensitivity and specificity were 91.67% and 98.49%, respectively. Because the lowest positive predictive value of 16.67% was obtained for myometrial lesions, this method should not be advised for their eva luation. CONCLUSION: Good results achieved by three dimensional ultrasound can be explained by improved recognition of the pelvic lesion anatomy, characterization of the surface features, detection of the tumor infiltration, and precise depiction of the size and volume. Three dimensional power Doppler imaging can detect structural abnormalities of the malignant tumor vessels, such as arteriovenous shunts, microaneurysms, tumoral lakes, disproportional calibration, coiling, and dichotomous branching. Therefore it enhances and facilitates the morphologic and functional evaluation of both benign and malignant pelvic tumors. (+info)The prognostic role of salpingoscopy in laparoscopic tubal surgery. (2/57)
The present study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value of salpingoscopy in patients undergoing tubal laparoscopic surgery for infertility due to periadnexal adhesion or distal tubal occlusion. In addition, the clinical value of salpingoscopy was compared with a current classification system of adnexal adhesions and distal tubal occlusion. A total of 51 patients with either adnexal adhesions (24 patients) or hydrosalpinx (27 patients) were prospectively evaluated. Salpingoscopy was performed concomitantly with salpingo-ovariolysis or salpingoneostomy at the time of operative laparoscopy. There was no significant correlation between salpingoscopic classes and the classification system used for both the salpingo-ovariolysis and the salpingoneostomy groups of patients. The patients had a mean follow-up of 33 months. Patients with a normal tubal mucosa (salpingoscopic classes I and II) had a 71% cumulative term pregnancy rate in the salpingo-ovariolysis group and a 64% cumulative term pregnancy rate in the salpingoneostomy group. No intrauterine pregnancies were obtained in patients with intratubal damage (salpingoscopic classes III to V). There was a statistically significant correlation between the occurrence of a term pregnancy and the salpingoscopic classes, but not with the classification system used. These results suggest that patients with tubal infertility should be offered operative laparoscopy with salpingoscopy as the first step of treatment. (+info)What do contrast media add to three-dimensional power Doppler evaluation of adnexal masses? (3/57)
AIM: To investigate the potential usefulness of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler sonography in the differentiation of benign and malignant adnexal lesions. METHODS: Thirty one patients with complex adnexal lesions of uncertain malignancy at transvaginal B-mode and/or color Doppler sonography were prospectively evaluated with three-dimensional power Doppler sonography before and after injection of a contrast agent. Presence of a penetrating pattern and a mixed penetrating and/or peripheral pattern suggested adnexal malignancy. The results were compared with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: There were 10 cases of ovarian malignancy and 21 benign adnexal lesions. Of 10 ovarian cancers, 6 showed vascular distribution suggestive of malignancy at nonenhanced 3D power Doppler sonography. After injection of contrast agent, a penetrating vascular pattern and/or mixed penetrating and peripheral pattern were detected in all cases of ovarian malignancy as well as in 2 benign lesions (fibroma and cystadenofibroma), which were misdiagnosed as malignant. The use of contrast agent with three-dimensional power Doppler sonography showed diagnostic efficiency of 96.7%, superior to that of nonenhanced 3D power Doppler sonography (93.5%). CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced 3D power Doppler sonography provides better visualization of tumor vascularity in complex adnexal masses. If used together with 3D morphological ultrasound assessment, enhanced 3D power Doppler imaging may precisely discriminate benign from malignant adnexal lesions. (+info)Transvaginal color Doppler assessment of venous flow in adnexal masses. (4/57)
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the usefulness of transvaginal color Doppler assessment of venous flow in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-one consecutive patients (mean age: 46.6 years, range: 16-81 years) diagnosed as having an adnexal mass were evaluated by transvaginal color Doppler sonography prior to surgery. Color Doppler was used to detect and analyze the flow velocity waveform from arterial and venous blood flow within the tumor. For arterial signals the resistance index and peak systolic velocity, and for veins the maximum venous flow velocity, were calculated. Receiver operator characteristic curves were plotted to determine the best venous flow velocity cut-off. According to our previous study using arterial Doppler, a tumor was considered as malignant when flow was detected and the lowest resistance index was < or = 0.45. Using venous Doppler a mass was considered as malignant when flow was detected and the venous flow velocity was > or = the best cut-off found on the receiver operator characteristic curve. Definitive histopathological diagnosis was obtained in all cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for B-mode morphology (evaluation performed according to Sassone's scoring system), arterial Doppler, venous Doppler, and a combination of both arterial and venous Doppler were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-five masses (27.5%) were malignant and 66 (72.5%) benign. Arterial and venous flow was found more frequently in malignant than in benign masses (92% vs. 41% (P < 0.001) and 72% vs. 21% (P < 0.001), respectively). The resistance index was significantly lower in malignant tumors (0.42 vs. 0.60, P = 0.0003). No differences were found in peak systolic velocity. Venous flow velocity was significantly higher in malignant masses (18.1 cm/s vs. 8.9 cm/s, P = 0.0006). The best cut-off of venous flow velocity was 10 cm/s. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for morphology, arterial Doppler, venous Doppler, and the combination of both arterial and venous Doppler were 92%, 71%, 45%, 96%; 76%, 95%, 87%, 91%; 68%, 94%, 81%, 89%; and 88%, 91%, 79%, 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that preoperative evaluation by venous flow assessment of adnexal masses may be useful to discriminate between malignant and benign tumors. (+info)The Filshie clip for laparoscopic adnexal surgery. (5/57)
BACKGROUND: Gynecologic endoscopic procedures are increasingly common and require the ability to control large vascular structures. METHOD: The Filshie clip is a silicone-lined, titanium occlusive device, originally designed and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for surgical contraception. This device also has the potential for occluding vascular structures during laparoscopic surgery. EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS: We describe a salpingectomy, an excision of bilateral hydrosalpinges, and a salpingo-oopherectomy. We performed all procedures laparoscopically using this device as the primary modality for assuring hemostasis. CONCLUSION: The Filshie clip is a useful and economical device for assuring hemostasis during gynecologic endoscopic surgery. (+info)Reduction of post-surgical adhesions with ferric hyaluronate gel: a European study. (6/57)
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a 0.5% ferric hyaluronate gel, in reducing adhesions in patients undergoing peritoneal cavity surgery by laparotomy, with a planned 'second-look' laparoscopy. METHODS: The study was a randomized (by computer-generated schedule), third party blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design conducted at five centres in Europe. Females aged 18-46 years received 300 ml ferric hyaluronate (n = 38) or lactated Ringer's (n = 39) as an intraperitoneal instillate at the completion of surgery. At second-look 6-12 weeks later, the presence of adhesions was evaluated at 24 abdominal sites. RESULTS: Patients treated with ferric hyaluronate had significantly fewer adhesions compared with controls. When adhesions formed, they were significantly less extensive and less severe in the treated group. The American Fertility Society score for adnexal adhesions was reduced by 69% in the treatment group compared with controls. The safety profile of ferric hyaluronate-treated patients was comparable with those treated with lactated Ringer's solution. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ferric hyaluronate was safe and highly efficacious in reducing the number, severity and extent of adhesions throughout the abdomen following peritoneal cavity surgery. (+info)Ovarian and adnexal torsion: spectrum of sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. (7/57)
OBJECTIVE: To determine the spectrum of sonographic findings on gray scale and color Doppler sonography in a series of pathologically proven cases of ovarian and adnexal torsion. METHODS: The study population included 15 patients with surgical confirmation of ovarian or adnexal torsion, or both, who underwent sonographic examination before surgery. All sonograms were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Gray scale abnormalities included the following: complex masses in 11 (73%) of 15 patients, cystic masses in 3 (20%), and a solid mass in 1 (7%). Cul-de-sac fluid was present in 13 (87%) of 15 patients. Adnexal neoplasms were present in 4 (27%) of 15 (1 granulosa cell tumor and 3 dermoid cysts) on pathologic examination. Doppler findings were abnormal in 14 (93%) of 15 patients and normal in 1 (7%). Abnormal Doppler findings included no arterial and no venous flow in 6 (40%) of 15, decreased venous flow with no arterial flow in 5 (33%), decreased venous flow and decreased arterial flow in 2 (13%), and decreased arterial flow with no venous flow in 1 (7%). Small amounts of cul-de-sac fluid were present in 13 (87%) of 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of ovarian and adnexal torsion remains challenging. It cannot be based solely on the absence or presence of flow on color Doppler sonography, because the presence of arterial or venous flow does not exclude the diagnosis of adnexal torsion. Comparison with the morphologic appearance and flow patterns of the contralateral ovary will aid in diagnosis. (+info)Complex pelvic mass as a target of evaluation of vessel distribution by color Doppler sonography for the diagnosis of adnexal malignancies: results of a multicenter European study. (8/57)
OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of gray scale sonography and color Doppler imaging in the differential diagnosis of adnexal malignancies from benign complex pelvic masses in a multicenter prospective study. METHODS: The study was performed as a collaborative work at 3 European university departments of obstetrics and gynecology. A total of 826 complex pelvic masses on which transvaginal sonography and evaluation of cancer antigen 125 plasma concentrations were performed before surgical exploration were included in the study. The scanning procedure was the same in the 3 institutions. An adnexal mass was first studied in gray scale sonography, and a probable histologic type was predicted. Second, solid excrescences or solid portions of the tumor were evaluated for vascular flow with color Doppler sonography (conventional or power). A mass was graded malignant if flow was shown within the excrescences or solid areas and benign if there was no flow. The overall agreement between the test result and the actual outcome was calculated by kappa statistics. RESULTS: Color Doppler evaluation was more accurate in the diagnosis of adnexal malignancies in comparison with gray scale sonography (kappa = 0.82 and 0.65, respectively) because of significantly higher specificity (0.94 versus 0.84; P < .001). The evaluation of the cancer antigen 125 plasma concentration did not seem to increase the accuracy of either method. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of vessel distribution by color Doppler sonography in complex adnexal cysts seems to increase the diagnostic accuracy of gray scale sonography in the detection of adnexal malignancies in a large study population. (+info)Some common types of eye neoplasms include:
1. Uveal melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. It is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
2. Retinoblastoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects children and develops in the retina. It is usually diagnosed before the age of 5 and is highly treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
3. Conjunctival melanoma: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye. It is more common in older adults and can be treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy.
4. Ocular sarcomas: These are rare types of cancer that develop in the eye tissues, including the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. They can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or radiation therapy.
5. Secondary intraocular tumors: These are tumors that metastasize (spread) to the eye from other parts of the body, such as breast cancer or lung cancer.
The symptoms of eye neoplasms can vary depending on their location and type, but may include:
* Blurred vision
* Eye pain or discomfort
* Redness or inflammation in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Flashes of light
* Abnormal pupil size or shape
Early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms are important to preserve vision and prevent complications. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
* Chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells with medication
* Observation and monitoring if the tumor is slow-growing or benign
It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual symptoms in your eye, as early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.
Types of torsion abnormalities include:
1. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition where the ovary twists around its own axis, cutting off blood supply to the ovary. It can cause severe pain and is a medical emergency.
2. Testicular torsion: Similar to ovarian torsion, this is a condition where the testicle twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It can also cause severe pain and is an emergency situation.
3. Intestinal torsion: This is a condition where the intestine twists, leading to bowel obstruction and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Twisting of the spleen or liver: These are rare conditions where the spleen or liver twists, causing various symptoms such as pain and difficulty breathing.
Symptoms of torsion abnormalities can include:
1. Severe pain in the affected area
2. Swelling and redness
3. Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal tenderness
Treatment of torsion abnormalities usually involves surgery to release or repair the twisted structure and restore blood flow. In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to prevent serious complications such as loss of the affected organ or tissue. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.
Some common adnexal diseases include:
1. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and infertility.
2. Adenomyosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, leading to heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and infertility.
3. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause heavy bleeding, pain, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pelvic pain, bloating, and infertility.
5. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs that can cause pelvic pain, fever, and infertility.
6. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
7. Tubal pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops in the fallopian tube, which can cause bleeding, pain, and infertility.
8. Ovarian tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can occur on the ovaries, which can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, and abnormal vaginal bleeding.
9. Peritoneal adhesions: Scar tissue that forms in the abdomen, which can cause infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and bowel obstruction.
10. Uterine anomalies: Congenital or acquired abnormalities of the uterus, such as a bicornuate uterus or a unicornuate uterus, which can affect fertility and pregnancy outcome.
These are just some of the potential causes of infertility in women. It's important to note that many cases of infertility are caused by a combination of factors, rather than a single cause. A healthcare provider will typically perform a series of tests and evaluations to determine the underlying cause of infertility and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Benign conjunctival neoplasms include:
* Conjunctival papillomas: These are small, finger-like growths that are usually benign but can sometimes become inflamed or infected.
* Pinguecula: These are small, yellowish patches that can develop on the conjunctiva and are usually benign but can occasionally become malignant.
* Conjunctival granulomas: These are small, raised bumps that form in response to inflammation or infection and are usually benign.
Malignant conjunctival neoplasms include:
* Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of malignant conjunctival tumor and is often caused by exposure to UV radiation. It can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
* Adenocarcinoma: This type of cancer develops in the glands that line the conjunctiva and is less common than squamous cell carcinoma. It can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
* Melanoma: This is a rare and aggressive form of eye cancer that can occur on the conjunctiva. It is often caused by exposure to UV radiation and can be difficult to treat.
Symptoms of conjunctival neoplasms can include:
* A mass or lesion on the conjunctiva
* Redness, swelling, or discharge in the eye
* Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
* Pain or discomfort in the eye
Diagnosis of conjunctival neoplasms is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the neoplasm, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
Prognosis for conjunctival neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, early detection and treatment improve the chances of a good outcome. However, some types of conjunctival neoplasms can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and may have a lower prognosis.
Prevention of conjunctival neoplasms includes avoiding exposure to UV radiation by wearing protective eyewear (such as sunglasses or hats with UV protection) and seeking regular eye exams to detect any abnormalities early on.
Symptoms of this type of cancer can include swelling of the lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Treatment options for marginal zone B-cell lymphoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may involve a combination of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and/or targeted therapy.
The prognosis for this type of cancer is generally good if it is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. However, in some cases, it can be more aggressive and difficult to treat, and the prognosis may be poorer.
Types of orbital neoplasms include:
1. Benign tumors:
* Meningioma (a tumor that arises from the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord)
* Hemangiopericytic hyperplasia (a benign proliferation of blood vessels)
* Lipoma (a fatty tumor)
* Pleomorphic adenoma (a benign tumor that can grow in the orbit and other parts of the body)
2. Malignant tumors:
* Orbital lymphoma (cancer of the immune system that affects the eye)
* Melanoma (a type of skin cancer that can spread to the eye)
* Osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer that can arise in the orbit)
* Rhabdomyosarcoma (a type of muscle cancer that can occur in the orbit)
Symptoms of orbital neoplasms may include:
1. Protrusion or bulging of the eye
2. Double vision or other vision problems
3. Pain or discomfort in the eye or orbit
4. Swelling or redness in the eye or orbit
5. Difficulty moving the eye
Diagnosis of orbital neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the tumor, but may include:
1. Surgery to remove the tumor
2. Radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells
3. Chemotherapy to treat cancer that has spread to other parts of the body
4. Observation and monitoring to track the progress of the tumor
It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of orbital neoplasms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and help preserve vision and eye function.
There are several types of eyelid neoplasms, including:
1. Basal cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually occurs on the skin around the nose and forehead. It can also occur on the eyelids.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of cancer usually occurs on sun-exposed areas, such as the face, ears, and hands. It can also occur on the eyelids.
3. Melanoma: This is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that can occur on any skin surface, including the eyelids.
4. Lymphoma: This is a type of cancer that affects the immune system, and it can occur in the eyelid tissue.
5. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the oil-producing glands in the eyelids.
6. Hemangiopericytic sarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood vessels in the eyelids.
7. Xanthelasma: This is a benign growth that occurs on the eyelids and is usually associated with high cholesterol levels.
8. Pyogenic granuloma: This is a benign growth that can occur on the eyelids and is usually caused by an infection.
Symptoms of eyelid neoplasms can include:
* A lump or bump on the eyelid
* Redness, swelling, or discharge from the eyelid
* Pain or tenderness in the eyelid
* Difficulty moving the eye or vision problems
If you suspect that you have an eyelid neoplasm, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible for a proper diagnosis and treatment. Your doctor will perform a comprehensive examination of your eyes, including a visual examination of the eyelids, and may also use diagnostic tests such as imaging studies or biopsies to determine the cause of your symptoms. Treatment for eyelid neoplasms depends on the specific type of cancer or other condition that is present, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments.
Some common examples of lacrimal apparatus diseases include:
1. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the lacrimal gland does not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, irritation, and inflammation of the eyes.
2. Dacryostenosis: A blockage of the tear ducts, which can cause tears to build up and lead to infection or inflammation.
3. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction: A blockage of the nasolacrimal duct, which is responsible for draining tears from the eye into the nose.
4. Epiphora: Excessive tearing due to a blockage or irritation of the tear ducts.
5. Lacrimal gland disease: Any condition that affects the lacrimal gland, such as inflammation, infection, or tumors.
6. Cancer of the lacrimal gland: A rare type of cancer that affects the lacrimal gland.
7. Trauma to the lacrimal apparatus: Injury to the lacrimal gland or tear ducts due to an accident or trauma.
8. Congenital lacrimal duct obstruction: A blockage of the lacrimal duct that is present at birth.
9. Lacrimal caruncle inflammation: Inflammation of the lacrimal caruncle, which is a small gland located in the tear ducts that produces tears.
10. Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids, which can cause irritation and obstruction of the tear ducts.
These are some of the common examples of lacrimal apparatus diseases, but there may be others depending on the specific symptoms and causes. It's important to consult an eye specialist or a medical professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of any lacrimal apparatus-related issues.
The term "mixed tumor" refers to a tumor that contains multiple types of cells or tissue, in this case, both epithelial and stromal components. "Müllerian" refers to the embryonic origins of the tumor, which are derived from the müllerian ducts, which eventually develop into the uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes.
Endometrial stromal sarcoma is the most common type of mixed tumor, müllerian. It is a rare and aggressive cancer that arises in the uterus, typically in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). It can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and may require surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.
Other types of mixed tumors, müllerian include:
* Endometrial carcinoma with stromal overgrowth
* Uterine papillary serous carcinoma with stromal components
* Mucinous adenocarcinoma with stromal components
It is important to note that while these tumors are considered "mixed", they are still classified based on the predominant cell type present. For example, a tumor that contains both epithelial and stromal components would be classified as an endometrial stromal sarcoma, rather than an endometrial adenocarcinoma with stromal overgrowth.
There are many different types of eye diseases, including:
1. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens in the eye that can cause blurry vision and blindness.
2. Glaucoma: A group of diseases that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss and blindness.
3. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A condition that causes vision loss in older adults due to damage to the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision.
4. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina and lead to vision loss.
5. Detached retina: A condition where the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, leading to vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small hole in the macula that can cause vision loss.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye is weaker than the other and has reduced vision.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions.
9. Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
10. Dry eye syndrome: A condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears, leading to dryness, itchiness, and irritation.
Eye diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, environmental factors, and certain medical conditions. Some eye diseases are inherited, while others are acquired through lifestyle choices or medical conditions.
Symptoms of eye diseases can include blurry vision, double vision, eye pain, sensitivity to light, and redness or inflammation in the eye. Treatment options for eye diseases depend on the specific condition and can range from medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Regular eye exams are important for detecting and managing eye diseases, as many conditions can be treated more effectively if caught early. If you experience any symptoms of eye disease or have concerns about your vision, it is important to see an eye doctor as soon as possible.
Types of Ovarian Cysts:
1. Functional cysts: These cysts form during the menstrual cycle and are usually small and disappear on their own within a few days or weeks.
2. Follicular cysts: These cysts form when a follicle (a tiny sac containing an egg) does not release an egg and instead fills with fluid.
3. Corpus luteum cysts: These cysts form when the corpus luteum (the sac that holds an egg after it's released from the ovary) does not dissolve after pregnancy or does not produce hormones properly.
4. Endometrioid cysts: These cysts are formed when endometrial tissue (tissue that lines the uterus) grows outside of the uterus and forms a cyst.
5. Cystadenomas: These cysts are benign tumors that grow on the surface of an ovary or inside an ovary. They can be filled with a clear liquid or a thick, sticky substance.
6. Dermoid cysts: These cysts are formed when cells from the skin or other organs grow inside an ovary. They can contain hair follicles, sweat glands, and other tissues.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts:
1. Pelvic pain or cramping
2. Bloating or discomfort in the abdomen
3. Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
4. Pain during sex
5. Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
6. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
Diagnosis and Treatment of Ovarian Cysts:
1. Pelvic examination: A doctor will check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can help identify the presence of a cyst and determine its size, location, and composition.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to check hormone levels and rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
4. Laparoscopy: A laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize the ovaries and remove any cysts.
5. Surgical removal of cysts: Cysts can be removed by surgery, either through laparoscopy or open surgery.
6. Medications: Hormonal medications may be prescribed to shrink the cyst and alleviate symptoms.
It is important to note that not all ovarian cysts cause symptoms, and some may go away on their own without treatment. However, if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above or have concerns about an ovarian cyst, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Psittacosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. It is important to take precautions when handling birds or their droppings to avoid infection. Treatment of psittacosis typically involves antibiotics, and early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
Psittacosis is a rare disease, but it is important for veterinarians, avian specialists, and other professionals who work with birds to be aware of the risk of transmission and take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and others.
There are several types of sebaceous gland neoplasms, including:
1. Sebaceous adenoma: A benign tumor that is usually small and slow-growing. It can be found on the face, neck, or torso.
2. Sebaceous carcinoma: A malignant tumor that is rare but aggressive. It can be found on the eyelids, nose, or forehead.
3. Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that can occur in the sebaceous glands. It usually appears as a small bump or nodule and can be treated with surgery or radiation therapy.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: Another type of skin cancer that can occur in the sebaceous glands. It is more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
The symptoms of sebaceous gland neoplasms can vary depending on the type of tumor and its location. Some common symptoms include:
* A small, painless lump or nodule on the skin
* Redness or inflammation around the tumor
* Discharge of pus or oil from the tumor
* Swelling or bruising in the affected area
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
Sebaceous gland neoplasms are usually diagnosed with a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells. Treatment options can vary depending on the type and stage of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.
Preventative measures to reduce the risk of developing sebaceous gland neoplasms include:
* Protecting the skin from the sun by using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade when the sun is strongest
* Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
* Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
* Avoiding exposure to chemicals and other substances that can damage the skin
Early detection and treatment of sebaceous gland neoplasms are important for successful outcomes. If you notice any changes or abnormalities in your skin, it is important to see a dermatologist as soon as possible.
Symptoms of PID may include:
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Heavy vaginal discharge with a strong odor
* Pain during sex
* Painful urination
PID can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as pelvic exams, ultrasound, or blood tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, and may also involve hospitalization for severe cases. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair any damage caused by the infection.
Preventive measures for PID include:
* Safe sexual practices, such as using condoms and avoiding sexual intercourse during outbreaks of STIs
* Regular gynecological exams and screening for STIs
* Avoiding the use of douches or other products that can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.
Symptoms of salpingitis may include:
* Pain in the lower abdomen
* Fever
* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
* Abdominal tenderness
* Nausea and vomiting
Diagnosis of salpingitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as pelvic ultrasound, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopy. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear up any underlying infections, as well as pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected fallopian tube or tubes.
Salpingitis can have serious complications if left untreated, such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy (when an embryo implants outside of the uterus). Therefore, it is important for women who experience any symptoms of salpingitis to seek medical attention promptly.
There are several types of abscesses, including:
1. Skin abscesses: These occur when a bacterial infection causes pus to accumulate under the skin. They may appear as red, swollen bumps on the surface of the skin.
2. Internal abscesses: These occur when an infection causes pus to accumulate within an internal organ or tissue. Examples include abscesses that form in the liver, lungs, or brain.
3. Perianal abscesses: These occur when an infection causes pus to accumulate near the anus. They may be caused by a variety of factors, including poor hygiene, anal sex, or underlying conditions such as Crohn's disease.
4. Dental abscesses: These occur when an infection causes pus to accumulate within a tooth or the surrounding tissue. They are often caused by poor oral hygiene or dental trauma.
The symptoms of an abscess can vary depending on its location and severity. Common symptoms include:
* Redness, swelling, and warmth around the affected area
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Fever or chills
* Discharge of pus from the affected area
* Bad breath (if the abscess is located in the mouth)
If an abscess is not treated, it can lead to serious complications, including:
* Further spread of the infection to other parts of the body
* Inflammation of surrounding tissues and organs
* Formation of a pocket of pus that can become infected and lead to further complications
* Sepsis, a life-threatening condition caused by the spread of infection through the bloodstream.
Treatment of an abscess usually involves drainage of the pus and antibiotics to clear the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue or repair damaged structures.
It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have an abscess, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.
1. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common symptoms include pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can cause cysts on the ovaries. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and excess hair growth.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries. It is rare, but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding.
5. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This is a condition in which the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and infertility.
6. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition in which the ovary becomes twisted, cutting off blood flow. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Ovarian abscess: This is an infection that forms on the ovaries. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
8. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, bleeding, and fainting.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign or cancerous. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, causing symptoms such as irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.
It's important to note that these are just a few examples of the many possible conditions that can affect the ovaries. If you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in your pelvic area, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.
There are several types of fallopian tube diseases, including:
1. Hydrosalpinx: A condition in which the fallopian tubes become filled with fluid, leading to inflammation and scarring.
2. Salpingitis: An inflammation of the fallopian tubes, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
3. Tubal pregnancy: A rare condition in which a fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
4. Ectopic pregnancy: A condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, often in the fallopian tube.
5. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs in the pelvis, which can cause scarring and damage to the fallopian tubes.
6. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often affecting the fallopian tubes.
7. Adenomyosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, often affecting the fallopian tubes.
8. Fimbrial tumors: Rare growths that can occur in the fallopian tubes, often benign but can be cancerous.
9. Mullerian duct anomalies: Congenital abnormalities of the fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.
10. Oophoritis: Inflammation of the ovaries, which can affect the fallopian tubes.
Fallopian tube diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including hysterosalpingography (HSG), laparoscopy, and ultrasound. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and can include antibiotics for infections, surgery to remove blockages or scar tissue, or assisted reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) if the fallopian tubes are damaged or blocked.
Symptoms of oophoritis may include:
* Pelvic pain or discomfort
* Fever
* Abdominal tenderness
* Vaginal discharge
* Painful urination
* Nausea and vomiting
To diagnose oophoritis, a healthcare provider may perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as a pelvic exam, ultrasound, or blood tests to check for infection markers.
Treatment of oophoritis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain management medication, and other supportive care. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. It's important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated oophoritis can lead to complications such as infertility or chronic pelvic pain.
The symptoms of chlamydia infections can vary depending on the location of the infection. In genital infections, symptoms may include:
* Discharge from the penis or vagina
* Painful urination
* Abnormal bleeding or spotting
* Painful sex
* Testicular pain in men
* Pelvic pain in women
In eye infections, symptoms can include:
* Redness and swelling of the eye
* Discharge from the eye
* Pain or sensitivity to light
In respiratory infections, symptoms may include:
* Cough
* Fever
* Shortness of breath or wheezing
If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. Chlamydia infections can also increase the risk of infertility and other long-term health problems.
Chlamydia infections are typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or a culture test. Treatment for chlamydia infections typically involves antibiotics, which can effectively cure the infection. It is important to note that sexual partners of someone with a chlamydia infection should also be tested and treated, as they may also have the infection.
Prevention methods for chlamydia infections include safe sex practices such as using condoms and dental dams, as well as regular screening and testing for the infection. It is important to note that chlamydia infections can be asymptomatic, so regular testing is crucial for early detection and treatment.
In conclusion, chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can cause serious complications if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing long-term health problems and the spread of the infection. Safe sex practices and regular screening are also important for preventing chlamydia infections.
Friedrich Schauta
Uterine appendages
Edoardo Porro
Uterine sarcoma
List of MeSH codes (A05)
Adnexal mass
Adnexa
Uterine clear-cell carcinoma
Medical ultrasound
Trophoblastic neoplasm
List of ICD-9 codes 140-239: neoplasms
Gynecologic ultrasonography
Adenomatoid tumor
List of ICD-9 codes 800-999: injury and poisoning
Tunica (biology)
Uterine serous carcinoma
Ovarian cancer
Lecture 47: Male and Female Pelvic Cavity-Peritoneum, Urethra, Prostate, Uterus, Adnexa
Recommendations for Providing Quality Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinical Services, 2020 | MMWR
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Mortality Followback Survey, 1986
Complete or partial hysterectomy - Medicover
Ovaries3
- Transvaginal sonography allows detailed visualization of the uterus and adnexa, including the ovaries and thickened fallopian tubes. (medscape.com)
- In case of patients in perimenopause, removal of adnexa uteri (ovaries and fallopian tubes) is considered. (medicover.hu)
- Adnexitis is the soreness of the adnexa (as of the uterus) and ovaries (an important part of the reproductive system of the female body. (asbbio.com)
Cervix4
- The cervix of the uterus extends into the proximal vagina and, thus, forms fornices between the cervix and the vaginal wall. (humangrossanatomy.com)
- Lymphatic drainage of the cervix of the uterus is to internal iliac nodes (follows uterine vessels). (humangrossanatomy.com)
- The inflammation of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that creates a canal from the uterus into the vagina). (bestmadenaturalproducts.com)
- The cervix, uterus and right fornix operative delivery in developing coun- ment of infertility with "vaginal tablets could not be identified. (who.int)
Broad ligament2
- The round ligament of the uterus is adhered to the anterior lamina of the broad ligament. (humangrossanatomy.com)
- A fibromuscular band that attaches to the UTERUS and then passes along the BROAD LIGAMENT, out through the INGUINAL RING, and into the labium majus. (centralx.com)
Ultrasound3
- I have very recently had an abnormal ultrasound of my uterus. (cancer.org)
- To better visualize the adnexa and uterus, endovaginal ultrasound was performed. (cancer.org)
- If the report inadequately documents why one or more of the above criteria is missing, then you should either query the physician regarding an addendum or report the limited obstetrical US code 76815 Ultrasound, pregnant uterus, real time with image documentation, limited (eg, fetal heart beat, placental location, fetal position and/or qualitative amniotic fluid volume), 1 or more fetuses in place of 76801. (midwivesadvantage.com)
Bladder2
- The lower incidence in females is thought to be due to interposition of the uterus and adnexa between the bladder and the colon. (medscape.com)
- After surgical preparation and disinfection, a catheter is inserted into the bladder and then a device to move the uterus is attached. (medicover.hu)
Vagina2
- The uterus is normally anteverted 90 degrees and then anteflexed another 30 degrees and, thus, the cervical canal and uterine body do not have a linear relationship with the vagina. (humangrossanatomy.com)
- The uterus is removed through the vagina and, if necessary, the vulval vestibule is secured to the ligaments that previously held the uterus. (medicover.hu)
Hysteroscopy1
- Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure mainly used to diagnose and treat the causes of abnormal conditions within the uterus. (livinggossip.com)
ROUND LIGAMENT1
- The remnant of the gubernaculum in males is the scrotal ligament, whereas the remnant of the gubernaculum in females forms both the round ligament of the uterus and ovarian ligament. (humangrossanatomy.com)
Fundus1
- Lymphatic drainage of the fundus of the uterus is to upper lumbar nodes (ovarian vessels anastomose along the margin of the fundus). (humangrossanatomy.com)
Tumor1
- Contributions to gynaecology: No. X : I. Fibro-sarcomatous tumor of the uterus : operation-recovery : II. (nih.gov)
Myomata1
- 20. Myomata uteri and infertility. (nih.gov)
Maternal2
- Examination of the maternal uterus and adnexa. (midwivesadvantage.com)
- Examination of maternal adnexa, when visible. (midwivesadvantage.com)
Ovarian2
- 11. [Ovarian follicular system in benign tumors of the uterus and adnexa uteri]. (nih.gov)
- Severe OHSS (see section 4.4) Ovarian torsion, a complication of OHSS Uncommon Ovarian torsion, adnexa uteri pain, premature ovulation, breast pain. (netlify.app)
Hysterectomy2
- Hysterectomy is a major gynaecological operation in which a patient's uterus is partially or completely removed. (medicover.hu)
- In case of abdominal hysterectomy, the uterus is removed by incision. (medicover.hu)
Examination1
- On examination, her temperature was 38.8°C and uterus is mildly tender to palpation. (passmed.uk)
Endometrial1
- But even after evacu- made of endometrial stromal sarcoma tomography and magnetic resonance ation, the uterus appeared enlarged or poorly differentiated granulosa cel imaging [ 2 ]. (who.int)
Left2
- Left adnexa reveals a large well - defined bilocular cystic lesion measuring approximately 85 X 56 X 69 mms (Volume: 174.30 cc) having low level dependent internal echoes. (hompath.com)
- One year after this delivery she went ing in the left adnexa about 30 weeks conization. (who.int)
Conditions1
- Trivial pathologic conditions of the uterus and adnexa considered as causes of severe gastric disturbances. (nih.gov)
Types1
- Le présent article examine les types de constipation, leurs causes et la prise en charge de ce problème de santé chez les personnes âgées. (who.int)
Small3
- The utricle is a small, midline depression of the seminal colliculus that is said to the homolog of the uterus. (humangrossanatomy.com)
- Uterus was small, retroverted, and non-tender. (savvyessaywriters.org)
- Adnexa were small and non-tender. (savvyessaywriters.org)
Disease1
- If the disease only affects the myometrium, the isolated removal of the uterus is possible. (medicover.hu)