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Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-LifeAdministration, IntravenousDrug InteractionsArea Under CurveInjections, IntraventricularMice, Inbred BALB CRats, Inbred StrainsAdministration, CutaneousTissue DistributionDogsDouble-Blind MethodCross-Over StudiesTreatment OutcomeBlood PressureAdministration, SublingualBrainAdministration, InhalationKidneyInfusions, ParenteralBody WeightRandom AllocationBehavior, AnimalDrug ToleranceMorphineRecombinant ProteinsPlant ExtractsInjectionsAnalysis of VarianceInjections, SpinalOrgan SizeMetabolic Clearance RateChromatography, High Pressure LiquidRNA, MessengerRabbitsMice, Inbred ICRLungRats, Inbred F344Analgesics, OpioidSelf AdministrationEthanolHeart RatePregnancyEstradiolMotor ActivityAntineoplastic AgentsDrug CombinationsMice, KnockoutHemodynamicsMice, Inbred StrainsDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalAnalgesicsDrug Therapy, CombinationEnzyme InhibitorsInjections, Intra-ArterialAdministration, BuccalSpleenPiperidinesProdrugsAntibodies, MonoclonalIntestinal AbsorptionBlood GlucoseDrug ApprovalAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDrug SynergismCocaineNaloxoneEatingUnited StatesDopamineGenetic TherapyNitric OxideCytokinesHydrocortisoneAbsorptionCells, CulturedLipopolysaccharidesImmunohistochemistryDelayed-Action PreparationsInsulinPain MeasurementPainBiotransformationTestosteroneAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMicrodialysisDexamethasoneProgesteroneGenetic VectorsGrowth HormoneAdministration, IntravaginalInflammationTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAnimals, NewbornAntioxidantsBody TemperatureModels, AnimalDrug Delivery SystemsNarcotic AntagonistsKineticsBileUnited States Department of Veterans AffairsGonadotropin-Releasing HormonePhytotherapyDrugs, Chinese HerbalVasodilator AgentsPyridinesLuteinizing HormoneDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalPiperazinesNeoplasms, ExperimentalProspective StudiesMice, NudeDevice ApprovalMice, TransgenicNeoplasm TransplantationApoptosisInfusion PumpsPyrazolesGlucocorticoidsRegional Blood FlowMethamphetamineSerotoninNorepinephrineAdjuvants, ImmunologicNeoplasmsDiazepamCorticosteroneSwineAnesthesiaChemistry, PharmaceuticalAdrenocorticotropic HormoneDrug CarriersCentral Nervous System StimulantsOvariectomyHyperalgesiaNeuroprotective AgentsMice, Inbred C3HLeukocyte CountHypnotics and SedativesGene ExpressionAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticIntestinesHaloperidolDrug-Induced Liver InjuryImidazolesAnti-Anxiety AgentsIndomethacinBrain ChemistryPlacebosSuppositoriesHypothalamusGene Expression RegulationSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAdenoviridaeIodine RadioisotopesEdemaSignal TransductionNeuronsNitric Oxide SynthaseInfusion Pumps, ImplantableChorionic GonadotropinFecesBlotting, WesternNarcoticsOxidative StressClinical Trials as TopicErythropoietinAcute DiseaseHypoglycemic AgentsRats, Inbred LewEndotoxinsSheepImmunoglobulin GMyocardiumNicotineSulfonamidesAmphetamineInjections, IntradermalCorpus StriatumIntestinal Mucosa
Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Drug Administration Schedule: Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.Injections, Intravenous: Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.United States Food and Drug Administration: An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.Drug Administration Routes: The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Administration, Intranasal: Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Injections, Intraperitoneal: Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Injections, Subcutaneous: Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.Administration, Rectal: The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Mice, Inbred C57BLBiological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.Injections, Intramuscular: Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.Administration, Topical: The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.Infusions, Intravenous: The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.Administration, Intravenous: Delivery of substances through VENIPUNCTURE into the VEINS.Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.Area Under Curve: A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)Injections, Intraventricular: Injections into the cerebral ventricles.Mice, Inbred BALB CRats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Administration, Cutaneous: The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Administration, Sublingual: Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Administration, Inhalation: The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Infusions, Parenteral: The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Injections: Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Injections, Spinal: Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Metabolic Clearance Rate: Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Mice, Inbred ICRLung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.Rats, Inbred F344Analgesics, Opioid: Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Injections, Intra-Arterial: Delivery of drugs into an artery.Administration, Buccal: Administration of a soluble dosage form between the cheek and gingiva. It may involve direct application of a drug onto the buccal mucosa, as by painting or spraying.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.Prodrugs: A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Intestinal Absorption: Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Drug Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.United StatesDopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Genetic Therapy: Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.Absorption: The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Delayed-Action Preparations: Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Dexamethasone: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.Administration, Intravaginal: The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Models, Animal: Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.Narcotic Antagonists: Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.United States Department of Veterans Affairs: A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to VETERANS. It was established March 15, 1989 as a Cabinet-level position.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Phytotherapy: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.Drugs, Chinese Herbal: Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.Pyridines: Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.Luteinizing Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental: Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.PiperazinesNeoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Device Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. It is not restricted to FDA.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Neoplasm Transplantation: Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Infusion Pumps: Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.Pyrazoles: Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.Glucocorticoids: A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Adjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.Chemistry, Pharmaceutical: Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).Drug Carriers: Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.Central Nervous System Stimulants: A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.Hyperalgesia: An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Mice, Inbred C3HLeukocyte Count: The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Analgesics, Non-Narcotic: A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.Imidazoles: Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.Suppositories: Medicated dosage forms that are designed to be inserted into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body for absorption. Generally, the active ingredients are packaged in dosage forms containing fatty bases such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated oil, or glycerogelatin that are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Adenoviridae: A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.Iodine Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.Edema: Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Nitric Oxide Synthase: An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.Infusion Pumps, Implantable: Implanted fluid propulsion systems with self-contained power source for providing long-term controlled-rate delivery of drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents or analgesics. Delivery rate may be externally controlled or osmotically or peristatically controlled with the aid of transcutaneous monitoring.Chorionic Gonadotropin: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Narcotics: Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Clinical Trials as Topic: Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Hypoglycemic Agents: Substances which lower blood glucose levels.Rats, Inbred LewEndotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.Sulfonamides: A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.Injections, Intradermal: The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Intestinal Mucosa: Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Lack of absorption of didanosine after rectal administration in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. (1/279)

The feasibility of rectal administration of didanosine (DDI) was studied in six human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. After oral intake of a DDI solution (100 mg/m2 of body surface area) combined with an antacid (Maalox), pharmacokinetic parametric values were in accordance with previously published data; the mean +/- standard deviation for terminal half-life was 59.5 +/- 15.0 min, that for peak concentration was 5.2 +/- 3.9 mumol/liter, and that for the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC) was 494 +/- 412 min.mumol/liter. After rectal administration of a similarly prepared DDI solution (100 mg/m2 of body surface area), plasma DDI levels were below the detection limit (0.1 mumol/liter) at all time points in five of the six patients, and in the remaining patient the AUC after rectal application was only 5% of that after oral administration. We conclude that oral administration of DDI cannot be easily replaced by rectal application.  (+info)

Mucosal vaccination strategies for women. (2/279)

Women were immunized orally, rectally, or vaginally with a recombinant cholera toxin B-containing vaccine to determine which of these mucosal immunization routes generate the greatest levels of antibody in the female genital tract and rectum. ELISA was used to measure concentrations of cholera toxin B-specific IgA and IgG antibody in serum and secretions before and after three immunizations. Each immunization route similarly increased specific IgG in serum and specific IgA in saliva. Only the vaginal route increased IgA antibodies in genital tract secretions and could be shown to induce a local IgG response. However, vaginal immunization failed to produce antibody in the rectum. In a similar fashion, rectal immunization elicited highest concentrations of locally derived IgA and IgG antibody in the rectum but was ineffective for generating antibody in the genital tract. The data suggest that local immunization may induce the greatest immune responses in the female genital tract and rectum of humans.  (+info)

Trefoil peptide TFF2 (spasmolytic polypeptide) potently accelerates healing and reduces inflammation in a rat model of colitis. (3/279)

BACKGROUND: The trefoil peptides are major secretory products of mucus cells of the gastrointestinal tract and show increased expression after inflammatory or ulcerative damage. Recombinant human TFF2 (spasmolytic polypeptide) has been shown to be cytoprotective, and enhances repair in models of gastric injury. AIMS: To test the healing effects of recombinant human (h)TFF2 in a rat model of chronic colitis. METHODS: Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in ethanol. Mucosal repair was quantified macroscopically, microscopically by image analysis of tissue histology, and by measuring myeloperoxidase activity. RESULTS: Initial validation studies showed that maximal injury and inflammation occurred at the end of the first week after colitis induction (active phase), and that spontaneous healing was complete by eight weeks. Once daily intrarectal application of hTFF2 (2.5 mg/kg; approximately 0.5 mg/rat) for five days after maximal damage had been sustained, reduced both microscopic and macroscopic injury by 80% and inflammatory index by 50% compared with vehicle controls. In addition, endogenous concentrations of rat TFF2 and TFF3 (intestinal trefoil factor) were increased in the active phase of colitis and were reduced to basal levels by hTFF2 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that hTFF2 enhances the rate of colonic epithelial repair, and reduces local inflammation in a rat model of colitis, and suggests that luminal application of trefoil peptides may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.  (+info)

Efficient gene delivery to the inflamed colon by local administration of recombinant adenoviruses with normal or modified fibre structure. (4/279)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Replication deficient recombinant adenoviruses represent an efficient means of transferring genes in vivo into a wide variety of dividing and quiescent cells from many different organs. Although the gastrointestinal tract is a potentially attractive target for gene therapy approaches, only a few studies on the use of viral gene transfer vehicles in the gut have been reported. The prospects of using recombinant adenoviruses for gene delivery into epithelial and subepithelial cells of the normal and inflamed colon are here analysed. METHODS: An E1/E3 deleted recombinant adenovirus (denoted AdCMVbetaGal) and an adenovirus with modified fibre structure (denoted AdZ.F(pk7)) both expressing the bacterial lacZ gene under the control of a human cytomegalovirus promoter were used for reporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo. beta-Galactosidase activity was determined by specific chemiluminescent reporter gene assay. RESULTS: Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of AdCMVbetaGal into healthy Balb/c mice caused strong reporter gene expression in the liver and spleen but not in the colon. In contrast, local administration of AdCMVbetaGal resulted in high reporter gene expression in colonic epithelial cells and lamina propria mononuclear cells. A local route of adenovirus administration in mice with experimental colitis induced by the hapten reagent trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid was next evaluated. Interestingly, rectal administration of AdCMVbetaGal caused a higher beta-galactosidase activity in isolated lamina propria cells from infected mice with experimental colitis than in those from controls. Furthermore, isolated lamina propria cells from mice with colitis infected in vitro showed a significant increase in reporter gene activity compared with controls. Finally, AdZ.F(pk7) adenoviruses with modified fibre structure produced 10- to 40-fold higher reporter gene activity in spleen T cells and lamina propria mononuclear cells of colitic mice compared with standard AdCMVbetaGal vectors. CONCLUSIONS: Local administration of recombinant adenoviruses with normal or modified fibre structure could provide a new reliable method for targeted gene expression in the inflamed colon. Such gene delivery could be used to specifically express signal transduction proteins with therapeutic potential in inflamed colonic tissue. In particular, adenoviruses with modified fibre structure may be useful in T cell directed therapies in intestinal inflammation.  (+info)

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rectally administered paracetamol in preterm neonates. (5/279)

AIM: To investigate the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and dose-response relation of a single rectal dose of paracetamol in preterm infants in two different age groups. METHODS: Preterm infants stratified by gestational age groups 28-32 weeks (group 1) and 32-36 weeks (group 2) undergoing painful procedures were included in this study. Pain was assessed using a modified facies pain score. RESULTS: Twenty one infants in group 1 and seven in group 2 were given a single rectal dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Therapeutic concentrations were reached in 16/21 and 1/7 infants in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Peak serum concentrations were significantly higher in group 1. Median time to reach peak concentrations was similar in the two groups. As serum concentration was still in the therapeutic range for some infants in group 1, elimination half life (T1/2) could not be determined in all infants: T1/2 was 11.0 +/- 5.7 in 11 infants in group 1 and 4.8 +/- 1.2 hours in group 2. Urinary excretion was mainly as paracetamol sulphate. The glucuronide:sulphate ratio was 0.12 +/- 0.09 (group 1) and 0.28 +/- 0.35 (group 2). The pain score did not correlate with therapeutic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: A 20 mg/kg single dose of paracetamol can be safely given to preterm infants in whom sulphation is the major pathway of excretion. Multiple doses in 28-32 week old neonates would require an interval of more than 8 hours to prevent progressively increasing serum concentrations.  (+info)

Anatomic segmentation of the intestinal immune response in nonhuman primates: differential distribution of B cells after oral and rectal immunizations to sites defined by their source of vascularization. (6/279)

We show that the distribution of specific antibodies and antibody-secreting cells in the intestine after oral and rectal immunizations corresponds to the vascularization and lymph drainage patterns of the gut. Oral immunizations induce antibody responses along the parts of the intestine connected to the superior mesenteric vessels and lymph ducts, whereas rectal immunizations induce antibody responses along the parts of the intestine associated with the inferior mesenteric vessels and ducts.  (+info)

Rectally administered dimenhydrinate reduces postoperative vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. (7/279)

We have investigated the effectiveness of rectally administered dimenhydrinate on postoperative vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery, in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. In one group, dimenhydrinate 50 mg was administered rectally 30 min before starting anaesthesia, whereas in the control group, placebo suppositories were given. Children who received dimenhydrinate showed a significantly (P < 0.001) lower incidence of vomiting (15%) than those in the control group (75%). We conclude that rectal administration of dimenhydrinate is an effective means of reducing postoperative vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery.  (+info)

Investigation of diazepam lipospheres based on Witepsol and lecithin intended for oral or rectal delivery. (8/279)

Diazepam was incorporated in lipospheres prepared by high pressure homogenization of melted Witepsol (10%) dispersed in aqueous lecithin (2.4%). Diazepam content was 0.4% and more than 98% of the dose was found to be encapsulated in the lipospheres. Although the initial mean particle size was 0.3 micron, the liposhperes agglomerated during storage and this phenomenon was not eliminated by increasing lecithin concentration to 4% or incorporation of oleic acid (0.1%) and co-surfactants, polysorbate 80 (0.5%) or poloxamer (up to 6%). The formulation was not able to mask effectively bitter taste of diazepam, even when lipids of higher melting temperature, namely glyceryl tripalmitate or stearic acid, were introduced.  (+info)

Rectal Administration Summary Report | CureHunterRectal Administration Summary Report | CureHunter
Rectal Administration: The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.
FOR ORAL OR RECTAL ADMINISTRATION FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PORTAL-SYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY - PDFFOR ORAL OR RECTAL ADMINISTRATION FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PORTAL-SYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY - PDF
FORM NO VC3074 Rev.2/08 LACTULOSE SOLUTION, USP 10 g/15 ml FOR ORAL OR RECTAL ADMINISTRATION FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PORTAL-SYSTEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY Rx Only DESCRIPTION Lactulose is a
IRMA - Rectal Microbicide Advocacy: IRMA-ALC Promotes Rectal Microbicides in Lima with Humor and Tia IrmaIRMA - Rectal Microbicide Advocacy: IRMA-ALC Promotes Rectal Microbicides in Lima with Humor and Tia Irma
IRMA ALC participated with Epicentro in our stand.. We had a roulette wheel with sexual health questions and categories, and one of the categories was "Pregúntale a la tia Irma" or ask aunt Irma… And basically it was 5 simple questions about rectal microbicides to better understand what people know about them ...
IRMA - Rectal Microbicide Advocacy: Meet Suwat Chariyalertsak - A Friendly Rectal Microbicide Advocate from ThailandIRMA - Rectal Microbicide Advocacy: Meet Suwat Chariyalertsak - A Friendly Rectal Microbicide Advocate from Thailand
Check out this interesting min-bio of Suwat Chariyalertsak, the latest in IRMAs "Meet a Friendly Rectal Microbicide Advocate" series on the IRMA website here. Suwat is one of six new bios just posted today, including individuals from Kenya, India, the UK, the US and Argentina. Each will be featured on the blog, and you can read about all of them here right now ...
Anticholinergics And Antispasmodics (Oral Route, Parenteral Route, Rectal Route, Transdermal Route) Description and Brand Names...Anticholinergics And Antispasmodics (Oral Route, Parenteral Route, Rectal Route, Transdermal Route) Description and Brand Names...
These medicines may make you sweat less, causing your body temperature to increase. Use extra care not to become overheated during exercise or hot weather while you are taking this medicine, since overheating may result in heat stroke. Also, hot baths or saunas may make you dizzy or faint while you are taking this medicine.. Check with your doctor before you stop using this medicine. Your doctor may want you to reduce gradually the amount you are using before stopping completely. Stopping this medicine may cause withdrawal side effects such as vomiting, sweating, and dizziness.. Anticholinergics and antispasmodics may cause some people to have blurred vision. Make sure your vision is clear before you drive or do anything else that could be dangerous if you are not able to see well. These medicines may also cause your eyes to become more sensitive to light than they are normally. Wearing sunglasses may help lessen the discomfort from bright light.. These medicines, especially in high doses, may ...
Antihistamine (Oral Route, Parenteral Route, Rectal Route) Proper Use - Mayo ClinicAntihistamine (Oral Route, Parenteral Route, Rectal Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic
The dose medicines in this class will be different for different patients. Follow your doctors orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of these medicines. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.. The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.. For use as an antihistamine: ...
The Toxoplasma Blog: May 2012The Toxoplasma Blog: May 2012
During this study, cats were immunized by the intranasal and rectal routes with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii admixed with Quil-A. Twenty-five domestic short hair cats divided into five groups (n=5) were used during this evaluation: G1 and G3 cats received 200μg of the rhoptry proteins with Quil-A (20μg) by the intranasal and rectal routes, respectively; G2 and G4 cats received bovine serum albumin (BSA, 200μg/dose) with Quil-A (20μg); and G5 animals served as unvaccinated controls. All treatments were performed at days 0, 21, 42, and 63. The challenge was done with 800 cysts of the ME49 of T. gondii strain at day 70 (challenge day). The serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and fecal IgA antibody levels were evaluated by using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Some animals produced antibody levels beyond cut-off; however, two animals from G1 (OD(mean)=0.308, OD(cut-off)=0.200) and three from G3 (OD(mean)=0.254) demonstrated IgG levels on being challenged, with similar ...
Global Campaign for Microbicides : Rectal MicrobicidesGlobal Campaign for Microbicides : Rectal Microbicides
The Global Campaign for Microbicides advocates worldwide for user-controlled HIV and STD prevention tools; microbicides, female condoms and cervical barriers. We work to promote their development, assure access and protect users needs and interests.
Diazepam (rectal)Diazepam (rectal)
DESCRIPTION Diastat rectal delivery system is a non-sterile diazepam gel provided in a prefilled, unit-dose, rectal delivery system. Diastat contains 5 mg/ml diazepam, propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol (10%), hydroxypropyl methylcellu...
Patent US4425337 - Adjuvants for rectal delivery of drug - Google PatentsPatent US4425337 - Adjuvants for rectal delivery of drug - Google Patents
A method and drug form enhancing the rate of absorption of a rectally administered drug from the rectal compartment into the blood stream of a warm blooded animal. The method includes the steps of preparing a drug form capable of being rectally administered. The drug form comprises a therapeutically effective unit dosage amount of a selected drug of the type which is capable of being absorbed into the blood stream from the rectal compartment and phenothiazines or salts thereof being present in the drug form in a sufficient amount to be effective in enhancing the drug absorption rate, when rectally administering the drug form to warm blooded animals.
The Paramedics Diary: August 2007The Paramedic's Diary: August 2007
She had suddenly collapsed and started fitting with brief pauses and seizures in repeating cycles; never a good thing. I had already established from her friend that she was epileptic and that she had been drinking so when the crew arrived I prepared to give her diazepam. Trains were still coming into the platform and people were running and shuffling all around us. Even with the help of the staff there was little we could do, short of closing down the entire platform. We dragged her further away from the edge because every time she fitted she moved perilously near to it. It was too dangerous to lift and move her just yet, so I tried to gain IV access for the drug I was going to administer but her vein was thin and useless. I tried again elsewhere but with no better luck, so I was left with the only option open - rectal administration. In such a public place its not a choice I make initially but I had run out of immediate options and something had to be done about her condition. She had oxygen ...
Question what are the different routes of administration of drugs?Question what are the different routes of administration of drugs?
Oral route,. Transdermal route,. Parenteral route (SC, IV, IM, Intraspinal, Intradermal),. Rectal route,. Ophthalmic route,. Vaginal route,. Nasal route.. ...
Citizen News Service - CNS: Reduced glycerin formulation of a rectal microbicide gives hopeCitizen News Service - CNS: Reduced glycerin formulation of a rectal microbicide gives hope
This reduced glycerin formulation of tenofovir gel was very well tolerated, people had minimal side effects and people seemed to be happy using the product. We also looked at the effect of this gel on the rectal mucosa, although generally it looked very safe, however, upon closer lab studies when we studied change in any of the genes, we found that tenofovir gel changed the expression of about 600 different genes (out of 44,000). This change in gene expression upon closer evaluation might have caused an immune response and also a change in mitochondrial activity. Whether it will be a problem clinically, we have no idea as the gel is so well tolerated by study participants, but we have to look at this in future studies" said Dr Ian McGowan ...
Researchers launch first-ever phase II safety study of rectal microbicide to prevent HIVResearchers launch first-ever phase II safety study of rectal microbicide to prevent HIV
Taking an important step toward the development of a product to prevent HIV infections associated with unprotected anal sex, researchers today announced the launch of a global Phase II clinical trial of a potential rectal ...
rectum - IRMArectum - IRMA
Earlier today at the International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2012), IRMA co-hosted a well-attended satellite session on rectal microbicides with their partners Microbicide Trials Network (MTN) and AVAC. Ian McGowan from the MTN and Jim Pickett from IRMA presented on the science and advocacy (respectively) and were then joined by panelists from the United States, Kenya, and South Africa (Damon Humes, Rig Rush, Mitchell Read More >>. ...
LifeLube: HIV Vaccine Discovery: Antibodies discovered that block HIV strainsLifeLube: HIV Vaccine Discovery: Antibodies discovered that block HIV strains
Pickett added, "We need more prevention options beyond male and female condoms. In fact, our relative lack of options for the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV significantly hampers our efforts to halt this epidemic. An expanded prevention toolbox would include vaccines, oral prevention (pre-exposure prophylaxis also known as PrEP), and lubes, gels, films or enemas that would have anti-HIV properties - known as vaginal and rectal microbicides. All of these things are being developed. To date none have been proven safe and effective ...
View all posts by Silvia MendoncaView all posts by Silvia Mendonca
In our recent paper we studied how pre-diagnosis experience affects subsequent care experience in cancer patients (1). Our findings suggest that patients who experienced more pre-referral consultations in primary care are more likely to be less satisfied with their care. As perhaps could have been expected, the associations found were stronger for questions involving primary care …read more. ...
A Study of Male Rectal Samples in Preparation for Future Rectal Microbicide Trials - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govA Study of Male Rectal Samples in Preparation for Future Rectal Microbicide Trials - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Rectal microbicides to prevent HIV transmission are currently being developed in the hope that someday they will be widely used to prevent sexually transmitted HIV. This study will examine variables in male rectal tissue; this information may be useful for future rectal microbicide safety and efficacy studies. The study will evaluate the differences in rectal tissue from HIV infected or uninfected males who either engage in anal-receptive sex (men who sleep with men, or MSM) or do not have anal-receptive sex.. The study will last approximately 7 months, with 6 weeks of follow-up. There are four groups in this study. Groups 1 and 2 will enroll HIV uninfected men; Groups 3 and 4 will enroll HIV infected men. Groups 1, 3, and 4 will comprise MSM who engage in anal-receptive sex; Group 2 will comprise men who do not. Patients will provide medical and medication history, undergo a complete physical exam, and receive HIV counseling at screening. An anoscopy (examination of the anus, anal canal, and ...
A Study of Male Rectal Samples in Preparation for Future Rectal Microbicide Trials - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govA Study of Male Rectal Samples in Preparation for Future Rectal Microbicide Trials - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Rectal microbicides to prevent HIV transmission are currently being developed in the hope that someday they will be widely used to prevent sexually transmitted HIV. This study will examine variables in male rectal tissue; this information may be useful for future rectal microbicide safety and efficacy studies. The study will evaluate the differences in rectal tissue from HIV infected or uninfected males who either engage in anal-receptive sex (men who sleep with men, or MSM) or do not have anal-receptive sex.. The study will last approximately 7 months, with 6 weeks of follow-up. There are four groups in this study. Groups 1 and 2 will enroll HIV uninfected men; Groups 3 and 4 will enroll HIV infected men. Groups 1, 3, and 4 will comprise MSM who engage in anal-receptive sex; Group 2 will comprise men who do not. Patients will provide medical and medication history, undergo a complete physical exam, and receive HIV counseling at screening. An anoscopy (examination of the anus, anal canal, and ...
Salicylate (Oral route, rectal route)Salicylate (Oral route, rectal route)
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Influence of the dissolution medium on the release of dehydroepiandrosterone from lipophilic suppositories : Current Issues in...Influence of the dissolution medium on the release of dehydroepiandrosterone from lipophilic suppositories : Current Issues in...
Abstract Suppositories with cocoa butter containing dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) without and with the addition of Span 80 and Tween 80 as surfactants with low and high HLB values were prepared. The physical properties and the drug content of all prepared suppositories were in accordance with the pharmacopoeial requirements. The release study tests in three dissolution media such as water, lactic acid solution at pH 4.2 and phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 were carried out. In acidic and alkalic media only about 10% and 27% of DHEA were released, respectively. The addition of Span 80 to the suppository mass did not improve the release process, but the addition of Tween 80 caused the increase in the amount of DHEA released in the acidic medium to about 35%. The data showed that rectal administration of suppositories with DHEA based on cocoa butter caused about 30% availability and after vaginal administration, only topical activity can be expected. By the addition of Tween 80 to the suppository mass
Thiethylperazine (Oral route, intramuscular route, rectal route)Thiethylperazine (Oral route, intramuscular route, rectal route)
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Results 550 cases (322 men) were performed. Mean age was 56 years (16-94 years). 189 cases were done under general anaesthesia, 361 cases done under conscious sedation. 372 cases were performed via the oral route, 175 were performed via the rectal route while three cases were performed via an ileostomy. Calculated mean depth of insertion was 270±80 cm and 190±75 cm for oral and rectal routes, respectively. Mean time taken to complete procedures was 74±20 min. Carbon dioxide was used as the insufflating gas in 344 cases while air was used in the remaining 206 cases. DBE was preceded by capsule endoscopy (CE) in 403 cases. Concordance of diagnoses at CE and DBE was 66% and the overall diagnostic yield for DBE was 61%. The indications and therapies applied at DBE are shown (Abstract 025). Significant lesions missed by CE but diagnosed by DBE included large vascular lesions, polyps and other small bowel tumours. Endoscopic therapy at DBE was applied in 38% of procedures. There were three reported ...
Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics - AbstractDrug Discoveries & Therapeutics - Abstract
ABSTRACT: The development of peptide therapeutics owing to the advances in biotechnology has overcome some unmet medical needs; however, the route of administration is still limited to injections. Systemic delivery of insulin via an enteral route remains a great challenge due to its instability and low mucosal permeability. In this study, we investigated the effect of drug condensation in a suppository on the efficacy of insulin after rectal administration. Suppositories with dimples are prepared by a mold method using a hard fat (Suppocire® AM). Insulin or fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (molecular weight: 3,000-5,000) (FD4) as a model of a hydrophilic macromolecule was loaded in the dimples, and sealed with other lipids with different melting points. The in vitro release test showed that the time to 50% drug release depends on the melting point of the lipid for sealing but not on the number of dimples. The suppositories with one-, or three-dimple containing insulin and caprylocaproyl ...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | ACG PatientsInflammatory Bowel Disease | ACG Patients
Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis generally focuses on two separate goals: the induction of remission (making a sick person well) and the maintenance of remission (keeping a well person from getting sick again). Surgery is also a treatment option for UC and will be discussed separately. Medication choices can be grouped into four general categories: aminosalicylates, steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics.. Aminosalicylates are a group of anti-inflammatory medications (sulfasalazine, mesalamine, olsalazine, and balsalazide) used for both the induction and maintenance of remission in mild to moderate UC. These medications are available in both oral and rectal formulations and work on the lining of the colon to decrease inflammation. They are generally well tolerated. The most common side effects include nausea and rash. Rectal formulations of mesalamine (enemas and suppositories) are generally used for those patients with disease at the end of their colon.. Steroids (prednisone) are an ...
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Oxymorphone, sold under the brand names Numorphan among others, is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic (painkiller) developed in Germany in 1914. Pain relief after injection begins after about 5-10 minutes and 15-30 minutes after rectal administration, and lasts about 3-4 hours for immediate-release tablets and 12 hours for extended-release tablets. It is highly addictive and in June 2017 the FDA asked the manufacturer to remove its product from the US market. This was in part due to the opioid epidemic in the US, and the fact that the 2012 reformulation lead to a shift in the route of abuse from nasal to injection. It was the first time in the history of the agency, that the FDA had made a request for removal regarding a product currently on the market. In response, by July 2017, Endo International voluntarily removed Opana ER from the market. Generic versions of extended release Oxymorphone are still available for prescription use in the US. Oxymorphone is indicated for the relief of ...
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This medicine is for rectal use only. Do not take by mouth. Wash your hands before and after use. Take off the foil wrapping. Wet the tip of the suppository with cold tap water to make it easier to use. Lie on your side with your lower leg straightened out and your upper leg bent forward toward your stomach. Lift upper buttock to expose the rectal area. Apply gentle pressure to insert the suppository completely into the rectum, pointed end first. Hold buttocks together for a few seconds. Remain lying down for about 15 minutes to avoid having the suppository come out. Do not use more often than directed.. Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for children as young as 3 months of age for selected conditions, precautions do apply.. ...
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This medicine is for rectal use only. Do not take by mouth. Wash your hands before and after use. Take off the foil wrapping. Wet the tip of the suppository with cold tap water to make it easier to use. Lie on your side with your lower leg straightened out and your upper leg bent forward toward your stomach. Lift upper buttock to expose the rectal area. Apply gentle pressure to insert the suppository completely into the rectum, pointed end first. Hold buttocks together for a few seconds. Remain lying down for about 15 minutes to avoid having the suppository come out. Do not use more often than directed.. Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for children as young as 3 months of age for selected conditions, precautions do apply.. ...
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猴免疫缺陷病毒（英语：Simian immunodeficiency virus，简称SIV），也称为非洲绿猴病毒（英语：African Green Monkey virus），是一种可影响至少33种非洲灵长目的逆转录病毒。[1][2]在对比奥科岛（于大约11000年前因海平面上升而从大陆隔离出来的一座岛屿）的四种猴中所发现的病毒株进行分析后，科学家们得出结论，称SIV在猴和猿中至少已存在了32000年，且实际存在时间可能比这长得多。[3][4] 这些灵长目动物中的两个物种中存在的病毒株，即白顶白眉猴（英语：sooty mangabey）体内的SIVsmm和黑猩猩体内的SIVcpz，被认为已跨越了种间屏障而进入人体，并最终成为了HIV的两个亚型，即HIV-2和HIV-1。HIV-1转移到人体最可能的路径之一是人类与黑猩猩（在非洲常作为"丛林肉"的来源而被捕猎）血液的接触。[3] ...
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The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is a global not-for-profit organization whose mission is to ensure the development of safe, effective, accessible, preventive HIV vaccines for use throughout the world.
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How long after I stop taking progesterone suppositories will my period return - Doctors answer your questionsHow long after I stop taking progesterone suppositories will my period return - Doctors answer your questions
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Despite common concerns about pregnancy and suppositories such as a fear of endangering a pregnancy by using suppositories, most...
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What are the Pros and Cons of Suppositories for Children?What are the Pros and Cons of Suppositories for Children?
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Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised...Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised...
BACKGROUND Rectal diazepam and buccal midazolam are used for emergency treatment of acute febrile and afebrile (epileptic) seizures in children. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of these drugs. METHODS A multicentre, randomised controlled trial was undertaken to compare buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam for emergency-room treatment of children aged 6 months and older presenting to hospital with active seizures and without intravenous access. The dose varied according to age from 2.5 to 10 mg. The primary endpoint was therapeutic success: cessation of seizures within 10 min and for at least 1 hour, without respiratory depression requiring intervention. Analysis was per protocol. FINDINGS Consent was obtained for 219 separate episodes involving 177 patients, who had a median age of 3 years (IQR 1-5) at initial episode. Therapeutic success was 56% (61 of 109) for buccal midazolam and 27% (30 of 110) for rectal diazepam (percentage difference 29%, 95% CI 16-41). Analysing only initial
ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
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Epilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Buccal Midazolam and Rectal Diazepam - Full Day | Epilepsy ActiveEpilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Buccal Midazolam and Rectal Diazepam - Full Day | Epilepsy Active
Duration: This eight hour course will enable delegates to recognise and have confidence to support people experiencing different seizure types safely with dignity, and recognise the emergency situation and act as appropriate. This training will equip delegates with an understanding of the theory & practice of administering buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam safely according to the individual care plan.. This training facilitates safe, dignified and appropriate administration of this medication providing all the necessary guidelines, policies and procedures are in place and followed.. Assessment of learning is carried out during the course through supervised demonstrations, and questions and answers. It is recommended that following this course employer organisations provide work based assessment and initial supervision of practice.. This course is delivered in line with the current Joint Epilepsy Council Guidelines.. Due to the practical component, places are restricted to 10.. Delegates: This ...
Rectal indomethacin should be used routinely in all patients for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis<...Rectal indomethacin should be used routinely in all patients for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Rectal indomethacin should be used routinely in all patients for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. AU - Barkin, Jodie A.. AU - Souto, Enrico. AU - Barkin, Jamie S. PY - 2017/3/1. Y1 - 2017/3/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85013192591&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85013192591&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/j.gie.2016.10.023. DO - 10.1016/j.gie.2016.10.023. M3 - Letter. C2 - 28215777. AN - SCOPUS:85013192591. VL - 85. SP - 687. EP - 688. JO - Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. JF - Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. SN - 0016-5107. IS - 3. ER - ...
Pharmaceutics | Free Full-Text | Ascorbyl Palmitate Hydrogel for Local, Intestinal Delivery of MacromoleculesPharmaceutics | Free Full-Text | Ascorbyl Palmitate Hydrogel for Local, Intestinal Delivery of Macromolecules
Biologics have changed the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but there are concerns with unexpected systemic toxicity and loss of therapeutic response following administration by injection. Rectal administration of biologics offers potentially reduced therapy costs, as well as safer and more effective local delivery to inflammation sites. Hydrogels are potentially useful carriers of biologics for improved delivery to the inflamed intestinal mucosa. Here, we prepared a hydrogel system based on ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and incorporated a model macromolecular drug (fluorescently-labelled dextran) into the system. Characterization of gel properties included rheology, drug loading and release, cytotoxicity, and drug delivery in an in vitro intestinal model. We report that this hydrogel can be formed under a moderate environment that is amenable to incorporation of some biologics. The system showed a shear-thinning behavior. AP hydrogel released approximately 60% of the drug within 5 h and showed
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Indomethacin and diclofenac in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective...Indomethacin and diclofenac in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective...
Our meta-analysis of 4741 patients from 17 trials showed that diclofenac or indomethacin significantly decreased the risk ratio (RR) of PEP to 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 - 0.78; P = 0.0001), number needed to treat (NNT) was 20, and the reduction of RR of moderate to severe PEP was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.43 - 0.97; P = 0.0339). The efficacy of indomethacin compared with diclofenac was similar (P = 0.98). The efficacy of indomethacin or diclofenac did not differ according to timing (P = 0.99) nor between patients with average-risk and high-risk for PEP (P = 0.6923). The effect of non-rectal administration of indomethacin or diclofenac was not significant (P = 0.1507), but rectal route was very effective (P = 0.0005) with a NNT of 19. The administration of indomethacin or diclofenac was avoided in patients with renal failure. Substantial adverse events were not detected ...
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VIDEO: Rectal indomethacin cut odds of post-ERCP pancreatitis in real-world study | European Federation of Internal MedicineVIDEO: Rectal indomethacin cut odds of post-ERCP pancreatitis in real-world study | European Federation of Internal Medicine
A single, 100-mg rectal dose of indomethacin cut the odds of moderate to severe pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERC... More »
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This medicine is for rectal use only. Do not take by mouth. Wash your hands before and after use. Take off the foil wrapping. Wet the tip of the suppository with cold tap water to make it easier to use. Lie on your side with your lower leg straightened out and your upper leg bent forward toward your stomach. Lift upper buttock to expose the rectal area. Apply gentle pressure to insert the suppository completely into the rectum, pointed end first. Hold buttocks together for a few seconds. Remain lying down for about 15 minutes to avoid having the suppository come out. Do not use more often than directed.. Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.. ...
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The selection of the optimal suppository composition and the technological process of their pouring out was carried out according to the Greco-Roman second-order scheme [7], The effect of five factors on the quality of the finished product was studied (Table I): X, -the manner of introducing korglikon into the suppository base (~ -as suspension by triturating the preparation with potassium chloride in a 1:100 ratio; 8 -by trituratlon of the preparation with glucose in a 1:100 ratio; 7 --emulsion type in a solution form with the preparation concentration in dimexide 1:100); Xz -as a surface-active material PAV (l--emulsifler T-2; II -fabrlc-80; III -emulsifier No.l); Xs -temperature of the suppository mass molding (a -41• 2aC;b--51 •176 c -60•176 X~ -as an oil base (A--cocoa 5utter, E--cotton-
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HEMORRHOIDAL SUPPOSITORY - RECTAL (Calmol-4, Tucks) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.HEMORRHOIDAL SUPPOSITORY - RECTAL (Calmol-4, Tucks) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
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Adults and the elderly: moisten the tip of the suppository with water and insert into the rectum. Children: not to be used.. ...
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Glycerin sweetens cough syrups, makes hand lotions more effective and keeps commercial baked goods tender. When taken as a suppository, the non-toxic and...
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Hydrocortisone acetate is a corticosteroid designed chemically as pregn-4-ene 3, 20-dione, 21-(acetyloxy)-11, 17-dihydroxy--(11 β) with the following structural formula: Each rectal suppository contains hydrocortisone acetate, USP 25 mg in a specially blended hydrogenated cocoglyceride base
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Children taking prescribed medication must be well enough to attend • Only prescribed medication is administered. It must be in-date and • Childrens prescribed medicines are stored in their original containers, are clearly labelled and are inaccessible to the children, where appropriate. • Parents give prior written permission for the administration of medication. The staff receiving the medication must ask the parent to sign a consent form stating the following information. No medication may be given without how the medication should be stored and the expiry date; any possible side-effects that may be expected should be noted; and signature, printed name of parent and date. • All medication is stored safely in a locked cupboard or refrigerated. • If the administration of prescribed medication requires medical knowledge, individual training is provided for the relevant member of staff by a health • If rectal diazepam is given two members of staff must be present. Children who have ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth CareGeographicals
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MethohexitalMethohexital
administration. Intravenous, rectal. ATC code. *N01AF01 (WHO) N05CA15 (WHO). Legal status. Legal status. *AU: S4 (Prescription ...
MesalazineMesalazine
It is sold in an oral form to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease,[3] and as a rectal suppository[4][6 ... administration. oral, rectal. ATC code. *A07EC02 (WHO) Legal status. Legal status. *US: ℞-only ...
MesalazineMesalazine
"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 8 April 2019.. *^ "NADAC as of 2019-02-27". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ... administration. By mouth, rectal. ATC code. *A07EC02 (WHO) Legal status. Legal status. *UK: POM (Prescription only) ...
Barium sulfateBarium sulfate
In regards to occupational exposures, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration set a permissible exposure limit at 15 ...
ChlorphentermineChlorphentermine
administration. Oral, Insufflated, Rectal. ATC code. *A08AA (WHO) Legal status. Legal status. *CA: Schedule IV ...
TheophyllineTheophylline
administration. By mouth, IV, rectal. ATC code. *R03DA04 (WHO) Legal status. Legal status. *AU: S4 (Prescription only) ...
3,4-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone
administration. oral, insufflation, Vaporization, IV, rectal, sublingual. Legal status. Legal status. *DE: Anlage I (Authorized ... "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.. ... Acquisition of self-administration and fixed ratio dose-response curves in rats". Neuropharmacology. doi:
Sodium thiopentalSodium thiopental
administration. Intravenous (most common), oral or rectal. ATC code. *N01AF03 (WHO) N05CA19 (WHO) ... Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary edema in rats. This pulmonary edema was not ... Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. A coma is first induced by intravenous ... Intravenous administration of sodium thiopental is followed instantly by an odor and/or taste sensation, sometimes described as ...
PhenytoinPhenytoin
70-100% oral, 24.4% for rectal administration. Protein binding. 95%[2]. Metabolism. liver. ... It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1953 for use in seizures. ... Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notes on the phenytoin drug label that since strong evidence exists linking HLA-B*1502 with ...
ParaldehydeParaldehyde
Rectal. It may be mixed 1 part paraldehyde with 9 parts saline or, alternatively, with an equal mixture of peanut or olive oil ... Intravenous administration can lead to pulmonary edema, circulatory collapse and other complications. Oral. Paraldehyde has a ... rubber and plastic which limits the time it may safely be kept in contact with some syringes or tubing before administration. ...
AspirinAspirin
administration. by mouth, rectal, lysine acetylsalicylate may be given intravenously or intramuscularly. ... Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little of it is ionized in the stomach after oral administration. Acetylsalicylic ... "U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.. ... Roberge S, Villa P, Nicolaides K, Giguère Y, Vainio M, Bakthi A, Ebrashy A, Bujold E (2012). "Early administration of low-dose ...
End-of-life careEnd-of-life care
"Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of phenobarbital and its sodium ... is a specialized catheter designed to provide comfortable and discreet administration of ongoing medications via the rectal ... "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations". Clin Pharmacokinetics. 7 (4): 285-311. doi:10.2165/ ... The catheter was developed to make rectal access more practical and provide a way to deliver and retain liquid formulations in ...
EnemaEnema
Improper administration of an enema can cause electrolyte imbalance (with repeated enemas) or ruptures to the bowel or rectal ... An enema might be used to clean the colon of feces first to help increase the rate of absorption in rectal administration of ... Enemas have also been used for ritual rectal drug administration such as balché, alcohol, tobacco, peyote, and other ... 201 de Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD (1982). "Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic ...
HydrocortisoneHydrocortisone
UK: POM; OTC for topical administration;. *US: OTC for topical administration; Rx-only for tablets by mouth, rectal use and ... administration. By mouth (tablets), intravenous, topical, rectal. ATC code. *A01AC03 (WHO) A07EA02 (WHO) C05AA01 (WHO) D07AA02 ... Hydrocortisone is the pharmaceutical term for cortisol used in oral administration, intravenous injection, or topical ...
NicomorphineNicomorphine
Pharmacokinetics via the rectal route differ, and change metabolism. Eight minutes after administration, morphine appeared ... Koopman-Kimenai PM, Vree TB, Booij LH, Dirksen R (Dec 2, 1994). "Rectal administration of nicomorphine in patients improves ... "Pharmacokinetics of nicomorphine and its metabolites in man after epidural administration. (Dutch)". Pharmaceutish Weekblad. ...
PhenylephrinePhenylephrine
The Food and Drug Administration has stood by its 1976 approval of phenylephrine for nasal congestion as the debate continues. ... Hemorrhoids are caused by swollen veins in the rectal area. Phenylephrine can be used topically to prevent symptoms of ... A common side effect during IV administration is reflex bradycardia. The low concentration eye drops do not cause blood ... Hemorrhoids - Mayo Clinic "phenylephrine rectal". webmd.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015. Layout 1 Kanfer, I; Dowse, R; Vuma, V ( ...
DiazepamDiazepam
The bioavailability after oral administration is 100%, and 90% after rectal administration. The half-life of diazepam in ... Dhillon, S; Oxley, J; Richens, A (1 March 1982). "Bioavailability of diazepam after intravenous, oral and rectal administration ... The onset of action is one to five minutes for IV administration and 15-30 minutes for IM administration. The duration of ... after rectal administration, peak plasma levels occur after 10 to 45 minutes. Diazepam is highly protein-bound, with 96 to 99% ...
PapaverinePapaverine
The hydrochloride salt is available for intramuscular, intravenous, rectal and oral administration. The teprosylate is ...
ErgotamineErgotamine
Ibraheem JJ, Paalzow L, Tfelt-Hansen P. Low bioavailability of ergotamine tartrate after oral and rectal administration in ... "Pharmacokinetics of ergotamine in healthy volunteers following oral and rectal dosing". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 30 (3): 331-4. ...
Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Cochrane/Cochrane Review List/Musculoskeletal, Oral, Skin and SensoryWikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Cochrane/Cochrane Review List/Musculoskeletal, Oral, Skin and Sensory
Sumatriptan (rectal route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults PMID 22336868 https://doi.org/10.1002/ ... Systemic administration of local anesthetic agents to relieve neuropathic pain PMID 16235318 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. ... As required versus fixed schedule analgesic administration for postoperative pain in children PMID 25719451 https://doi.org/ ... Sumatriptan (intranasal route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults PMID 22336867 https://doi.org/10.1002/ ...
Route of administrationRoute of administration
Enteral/enteric administration usually includes oral[6] (through the mouth) and rectal (into the rectum)[6] administration, in ... A suppository is a solid dosage form that fits for rectal administration. In hospice care, a specialized rectal catheter, ... The rectal route is an effective route of administration for many medications, especially those used at the end of life.[7][8][ ... "Biophamacutics of rectal administration of drugs in man IX. Comparative biopharmaceutics of diazepam after single rectal, oral ...
HiccupHiccup
Persistent digital rectal massage has also been proven effective in terminating intractable hiccups. The administration of ... The Food and Drug Administration approved the vagus nerve stimulator in 1997 as a way to control seizures in some patients with ... Odeh M, Bassan H, Oliven A (February 1990). "Termination of intractable hiccups with digital rectal massage". Journal of ... "食用酢の点鼻による吃逆の治療 Hiccup treated by administration of intranasal vinegar". No to Hattatsu. Brain and Development (in Japanese). 39 ...
Medical fetishismMedical fetishism
... such as rectal examination, gynecological examination, urological examination, andrological examination, rectal temperature- ... This may be a prelude to masturbation or administration of an enema. Before examination, the patient can be placed in physical ... While rectal temperature taking is more prominent, there is also an interest in oral temperature taking. Anesthesia fetishism ... Temperature taking fetish is a sexual fetish for oral thermometers and rectal thermometers. This may include the sexual ...
VinylbitalVinylbital
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Senna glycosideSenna glycoside
Rectal suppositories act within two hours. According to Commission E, the German equivalent of the U.S. Food and Drug ... Administration, senna is contraindicated in cases of intestinal obstruction, acute intestinal inflammation (e.g., Crohn's ... It may also be used to aid in the evacuation of the bowel prior to surgery or invasive rectal or colonic examinations. It ... and rectal suppositories. Senna products are manufactured by multiple generic drug makers as various brand names. Ex-Lax ...
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... begins with the contraction of the muscles attached to the rib cage; this causes an expansion in the chest cavity. Then takes place the onset of contraction of the diaphragm, which results in expansion of the intrapleural space and an increase in negative pressure according to Boyle's law. This negative pressure generates airflow because of the pressure difference between the atmosphere and alveolus. Air enters, inflating the lung through either the nose or the mouth into the pharynx (throat) and trachea before entering the alveoli.[citation needed] Other muscles that can be involved in inhalation include:[2] ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth CareGeographicals
Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-LifeAdministration, IntravenousDrug InteractionsArea Under CurveInjections, IntraventricularMice, Inbred BALB CRats, Inbred StrainsAdministration, CutaneousTissue DistributionDogsDouble-Blind MethodCross-Over StudiesTreatment OutcomeBlood PressureAdministration, SublingualBrainAdministration, InhalationKidneyInfusions, ParenteralBody WeightRandom AllocationBehavior, AnimalDrug ToleranceMorphineRecombinant ProteinsPlant ExtractsInjectionsAnalysis of VarianceInjections, SpinalOrgan SizeMetabolic Clearance RateChromatography, High Pressure LiquidRNA, MessengerRabbitsMice, Inbred ICRLungRats, Inbred F344Analgesics, OpioidSelf AdministrationEthanolHeart RatePregnancyEstradiolMotor ActivityAntineoplastic AgentsDrug CombinationsMice, KnockoutHemodynamicsMice, Inbred StrainsDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalAnalgesicsDrug Therapy, CombinationEnzyme InhibitorsInjections, Intra-ArterialAdministration, BuccalSpleenPiperidinesProdrugsAntibodies, MonoclonalIntestinal AbsorptionBlood GlucoseDrug ApprovalAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDrug SynergismCocaineNaloxoneEatingUnited StatesDopamineGenetic TherapyNitric OxideCytokinesHydrocortisoneAbsorptionCells, CulturedLipopolysaccharidesImmunohistochemistryDelayed-Action PreparationsInsulinPain MeasurementPainBiotransformationTestosteroneAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMicrodialysisDexamethasoneProgesteroneGenetic VectorsGrowth HormoneAdministration, IntravaginalInflammationTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAnimals, NewbornAntioxidantsBody TemperatureModels, AnimalDrug Delivery SystemsNarcotic AntagonistsKineticsBileUnited States Department of Veterans AffairsGonadotropin-Releasing HormonePhytotherapyDrugs, Chinese HerbalVasodilator AgentsPyridinesLuteinizing HormoneDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalPiperazinesNeoplasms, ExperimentalProspective StudiesMice, NudeDevice ApprovalMice, TransgenicNeoplasm TransplantationApoptosisInfusion PumpsPyrazolesGlucocorticoidsRegional Blood FlowMethamphetamineSerotoninNorepinephrineAdjuvants, ImmunologicNeoplasmsDiazepamCorticosteroneSwineAnesthesiaChemistry, PharmaceuticalAdrenocorticotropic HormoneDrug CarriersCentral Nervous System StimulantsOvariectomyHyperalgesiaNeuroprotective AgentsMice, Inbred C3HLeukocyte CountHypnotics and SedativesGene ExpressionAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticIntestinesHaloperidolDrug-Induced Liver InjuryImidazolesAnti-Anxiety AgentsIndomethacinBrain ChemistryPlacebosSuppositoriesHypothalamusGene Expression RegulationSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAdenoviridaeIodine RadioisotopesEdemaSignal TransductionNeuronsNitric Oxide SynthaseInfusion Pumps, ImplantableChorionic GonadotropinFecesBlotting, WesternNarcoticsOxidative StressClinical Trials as TopicErythropoietinAcute DiseaseHypoglycemic AgentsRats, Inbred LewEndotoxinsSheepImmunoglobulin GMyocardiumNicotineSulfonamidesAmphetamineInjections, IntradermalCorpus StriatumIntestinal Mucosa
ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
Read more about the prescription drug ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES. ... RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES , includes side effects, drug interactions, recommended dosages, and storage information. ... Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs ... antibiotic/anesthetic/steroid-rectal suppositories. GENERIC NAME: ANTIBIOTIC/ANESTHETIC/STEROID - RECTAL SUPPOSITORIES. ...
medicinenet.com
Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man | SpringerLinkBiopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man | SpringerLink
Rectal absorption of acetylsalicylic acid and its calcium salt was studied in man and compared with oral absorption. Plasma ... The rectal dosage forms included fatty suppositories and aqueous solutions.. Compared with oral administration rectal ... Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. Absorption rate and bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid and its ... Moolenaar, F., A. G. G. Stuurman-Bieze, J. Visser andT. Huizinga (1978) Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in ...
link.springer.com
Rectal administration - WikipediaRectal administration - Wikipedia
Rectal administration uses the rectum as a route of administration for medication and other fluids, which are absorbed by the ... Finally, rectal administration can allow patients to remain in the home setting when the oral route is compromised. Unlike ... The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as dysphagia, ileus, ... Rectal administration of medication may be performed with any of the following: A suppository, a drug delivery system inserted ...
en.wikipedia.org
Rectal and Stomal Administration of Analgesic SuppositoriesRectal and Stomal Administration of Analgesic Suppositories
... via the rectal and stomal routes of administration, to hospice patients unable to take oral medications. ... Abstract: This brief piece provides hints on administering analgesics, via the rectal and stomal routes of administration, to ...
ijpc.com
Rectal Administration Summary Report | CureHunterRectal Administration Summary Report | CureHunter
Rectal Administration: The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, ... Drug Administrations, Rectal; Instillations, Rectal; Rectal Administrations; Rectal Drug Administrations; Rectal Instillation; ... Administration, Rectal; Drug Administration, Anal; Administration, Anal Drug; Administration, Rectal Drug; Administrations, ... Rectal Instillations; Anal Drug Administration; Drug Administration, Rectal; Instillation, Rectal; Rectal Drug Administration ...
curehunter.com
Administration, rectal | definition of Administration, rectal by Medical dictionaryAdministration, rectal | definition of Administration, rectal by Medical dictionary
What is Administration, rectal? Meaning of Administration, rectal medical term. What does Administration, rectal mean? ... rectal in the Medical Dictionary? Administration, rectal explanation free. ... Administration, rectal , definition of Administration, rectal by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary. ... redirected from Administration, rectal). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. suppository. [sŭ-poz´ĭ-tor″e] an ...
medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com
Plasma concentration profiles after pre-operative rectal administration of a solution of paracetamol in children | SpringerLinkPlasma concentration profiles after pre-operative rectal administration of a solution of paracetamol in children | SpringerLink
An exploratory study in paediatric surgical patients was performed to describe the behaviour of a rectal solution of ... Rectal administration of paracetamol: a comparison of a solution and suppositories in adult volunteers. Pharm World Sci 1996;18 ... Plasma concentration profiles after pre-operative rectal administration of a solution of paracetamol in children. *W. J. ... Kollöffel, W.J., Driessen, F.G.W.H.M. & Goldhoorn, P.B. Plasma concentration profiles after pre-operative rectal administration ...
link.springer.com
Outpatient Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis by the Rectal Administration of Gentamicin | Saving Lives at BirthOutpatient Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis by the Rectal Administration of Gentamicin | Saving Lives at Birth
Outpatient Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis by the Rectal Administration of Gentamicin. Home › Innovators › 2016 › ... propose to investigate the feasibility of a needle-free method of administration for the antibiotic gentamicin via the rectal ... Under this project we would conduct laboratory release studies, preclinical rectal bioavailability studies and stakeholder ...
savinglivesatbirth.net
Systemic Administration of Antiretrovirals Prior to Exposure Prevents Rectal and Intravenous HIV-1 Transmission in Humanized...Systemic Administration of Antiretrovirals Prior to Exposure Prevents Rectal and Intravenous HIV-1 Transmission in Humanized...
Our results indicate that antiretroviral PrEP has the potential to be broadly effective at preventing new rectal or intravenous ... Therefore, we designed our in vivo preclinical study to systematically investigate whether rectal and intravenous HIV-1 ... Specifically, systemic antiretroviral PrEP with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate prevented both rectal (Chi ... rectal and intravenous. Our results show that BLT mice given systemic antiretroviral PrEP are efficiently protected from HIV-1 ...
journals.plos.org
Clearance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in calves by rectal administration of bovine lactoferrinClearance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in calves by rectal administration of bovine lactoferrin
... Evelien Kieckens ( ... "Clearance of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infection in Calves by Rectal Administration of Bovine Lactoferrin." Applied and ... "Clearance of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infection in Calves by Rectal Administration of Bovine Lactoferrin." APPLIED AND ... H7 infection in calves by rectal administration of bovine lactoferrin. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 81(5), 1644-1651 ...
biblio.ugent.be
When IV route not available consider a rectal catheter for rapid medication and fluid administrationWhen IV route not available consider a rectal catheter for rapid medication and fluid administration
... 0 ... cost effective device that allows for discreet and painless rectal administration of fluids and medications when the oral route ... A rectal catheter for rapid medication and fluid administration. Expert Review of Medical Devices. May 30th. . ... The rectum is an underutilized administration point that can be accessed with speed and relative ease" Macygin et al (2018).. ...
ivteam.com
Analpram-hc Rectal Cream 1% And 2.5% Information from Drugs.comAnalpram-hc Rectal Cream 1% And 2.5% Information from Drugs.com
... includes Analpram-hc Rectal Cream 1% And 2.5% side effects, interactions, indications ... Analpram-hc Rectal Cream 1% And 2.5% information from Drugs.com, ... Administration of topical corticosteroids to children should be ... Dosage and Administration. Topical corticosteroids are generally applied to the affected area as a thin film three to four ... See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION .). Once absorbed through the skin, topical corticosteroids are handled through pharmacokinetic ...
drugs.com
Hydrocortisone Acetate topical Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.comHydrocortisone Acetate topical Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com
Rectal Administration. Administer rectally as a retention enema, suppository, or aerosol foam.a ... See Administration with Occlusive Dressing under Dosage and Administration.)b. Response may vary from one topical ... Administration. Topical Administration. For dermatologic use only; avoid contact with eyes.d e ... Hydrocortisone acetate rectal suppositories or suspension (foam), may be effective as adjunctive treatment of rectal ulcerative ...
drugs.com
Opium Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.comOpium Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com
Following rectal administration, analgesia occurs in 15-30 minutes.a. Duration. Following rectal administration, analgesia is ... Rectal Administration. Opium is administered rectally as a suppository in combination with belladonna extract.a d ... Belladonna & opium rectal suppositories prescribing information. Minneapolis, MN; Undated.. e. Food and Drug Administration. ... Moisten finger and rectal suppository containing belladonna and opium with water prior to rectal insertion.a d ...
drugs.com
Amantadine rectal administration - Men & Women Drug !.Amantadine rectal administration - Men & Women Drug !.
Amantadine rectal administration - ED Drugs Without a Prescription. Free delivery Worldwide. Over the Counter. Delivery to All ... Amantadine rectal administration Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock hill, they are now is a new paper published for older. Eim, lungs but ... Mcp-1 and frequency or uncle amantadine rectal administration the dot target to all patients, john p. 10.4, is a prolonged ... Amantadine rectal administration Tucson. Topical delivery of the onset of children are used during pregnancy says. Rothblat, ...
ass-fingering-teens.info
Cheetah Suspension Dosage Guide - Drugs.comCheetah Suspension Dosage Guide - Drugs.com
Detailed dosage guidelines and administration information for Cheetah Suspension (barium sulfate). Includes dose adjustments, ... Rectal/Colon Administration. Rectally administered Cheetah should be at room temperature to body temperature. Transfer the ... desired quantity of ready-to-use Cheetah into an enema administration unit, such as Empty Enema Kit. Close the slide clamp. ...
drugs.com
PRAMOXINE/HYDROCORTISONE CREAM, OINTMENT - RECTAL (Analpram) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.PRAMOXINE/HYDROCORTISONE CREAM, OINTMENT - RECTAL (Analpram) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
Read more about the prescription drug PRAMOXINE/HYDROCORTISONE CREAM, OINTMENT - RECTAL. ... RECTAL (Analpram), includes side effects, drug interactions, recommended dosages, and storage information. ... Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs ... pramoxine/hydrocortisone cream, ointment - rectal, Analpram. GENERIC NAME: PRAMOXINE/HYDROCORTISONE CREAM, OINTMENT - RECTAL ( ...
medicinenet.com
SENNA - RECTAL (Senokot) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.SENNA - RECTAL (Senokot) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
Read more about the prescription drug SENNA - RECTAL. ... Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration. You are ... RECTAL (Senokot), includes side effects, drug interactions, recommended dosages, and storage information. ... GENERIC NAME: SENNA - RECTAL (SEN-uh). BRAND NAME(S): Senokot. Medication Uses , How To Use , Side Effects , Precautions , Drug ... SIDE EFFECTS: This medication may cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rectal irritation, stomach cramps or bloating. If these ...
medicinenet.com
HEMORRHOIDAL SUPPOSITORY - RECTAL (Calmol-4, Tucks) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.HEMORRHOIDAL SUPPOSITORY - RECTAL (Calmol-4, Tucks) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
Read more about the prescription drug HEMORRHOIDAL SUPPOSITORY - RECTAL. ... RECTAL (Calmol-4, Tucks), includes side effects, drug interactions, recommended dosages, and storage information. ... Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs ... GENERIC NAME: HEMORRHOIDAL SUPPOSITORY - RECTAL BRAND NAME(S): Calmol-4, Tucks. Medication Uses , How To Use , Side Effects , ...
medicinenet.com
Mesalamine Rectal Suspension - FDA prescribing information, side effects and usesMesalamine Rectal Suspension - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses
Mesalamine Rectal Suspension official prescribing information for healthcare professionals. Includes: indications, dosage, ... How is Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Supplied. Mesalamine Rectal Suspension, USP Enema for rectal administration is an off-white ... Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Dosage and Administration. The usual dosage of Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Enema in 60 mL units ... Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Enema is for rectal use only.. Patients should be instructed to shake the bottle well to make sure ...
drugs.com
meatslayer - Celiac.com Celiac Disease & Gluten-Free Diet Forummeatslayer - Celiac.com Celiac Disease & Gluten-Free Diet Forum
Rectal Administration Of Vitamines? meatslayer replied to Seraphim_Gabes topic in Celiac Disease - Coping With ...
celiac.com
Publications of Faculty of Medicine:Abstract of PROPHYLACTIC RECTAL DICLOFENAC AND INTRAVENOUS TENOXICAM ADMINISTRATION REDUCE...Publications of Faculty of Medicine:Abstract of PROPHYLACTIC RECTAL DICLOFENAC AND INTRAVENOUS TENOXICAM ADMINISTRATION REDUCE...
PROPHYLACTIC RECTAL DICLOFENAC AND INTRAVENOUS TENOXICAM ADMINISTRATION REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF INTRATHECAL MORPHINE INDUCED ... PROPHYLACTIC RECTAL DICLOFENAC AND INTRAVENOUS TENOXICAM ADMINISTRATION REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF INTRATHECAL MORPHINE INDUCED ... Publications of Faculty of Medicine:PROPHYLACTIC RECTAL DICLOFENAC AND INTRAVENOUS TENOXICAM ADMINISTRATION REDUCE THE ... Group A,received 2ml saline I.V. as placebo, group B. received lOOmg rec tal diclofenac and group C , received 20 mg I.V. ...
bu.edu.eg
Epilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Rectal Diazepam - Full Day | Epilepsy ActiveEpilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Rectal Diazepam - Full Day | Epilepsy Active
Rectal Diazepam Administration Refresher - Half Day * Epilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Buccal Midazolam and Rectal ... Rectal Diazepam Administration Refresher - Half Day * Epilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Buccal Midazolam and Rectal ... Epilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Rectal Diazepam - Full Day. Duration: This six hour course will enable delegates ... Epilepsy Awareness and the Administration of Rectal Diazepam - Full Day * ...
epilepsyactive.co.uk
Methohexital - WikipediaMethohexital - Wikipedia
administration. Intravenous, rectal. ATC code. *N01AF01 (WHO) N05CA15 (WHO). Legal status. Legal status. *AU: S4 (Prescription ...
en.wikipedia.org
Mesalazine - WikipediaMesalazine - Wikipedia
It is sold in an oral form to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease,[3] and as a rectal suppository[4][6 ... administration. oral, rectal. ATC code. *A07EC02 (WHO) Legal status. Legal status. *US: ℞-only ...
en.wikipedia.org
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth CareGeographicals
Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-LifeAdministration, IntravenousDrug InteractionsArea Under CurveInjections, IntraventricularMice, Inbred BALB CRats, Inbred StrainsAdministration, CutaneousTissue DistributionDogsDouble-Blind MethodCross-Over StudiesTreatment OutcomeBlood PressureAdministration, SublingualBrainAdministration, InhalationKidneyInfusions, ParenteralBody WeightRandom AllocationBehavior, AnimalDrug ToleranceMorphineRecombinant ProteinsPlant ExtractsInjectionsAnalysis of VarianceInjections, SpinalOrgan SizeMetabolic Clearance RateChromatography, High Pressure LiquidRNA, MessengerRabbitsMice, Inbred ICRLungRats, Inbred F344Analgesics, OpioidSelf AdministrationEthanolHeart RatePregnancyEstradiolMotor ActivityAntineoplastic AgentsDrug CombinationsMice, KnockoutHemodynamicsMice, Inbred StrainsDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalAnalgesicsDrug Therapy, CombinationEnzyme InhibitorsInjections, Intra-ArterialAdministration, BuccalSpleenPiperidinesProdrugsAntibodies, MonoclonalIntestinal AbsorptionBlood GlucoseDrug ApprovalAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDrug SynergismCocaineNaloxoneEatingUnited StatesDopamineGenetic TherapyNitric OxideCytokinesHydrocortisoneAbsorptionCells, CulturedLipopolysaccharidesImmunohistochemistryDelayed-Action PreparationsInsulinPain MeasurementPainBiotransformationTestosteroneAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMicrodialysisDexamethasoneProgesteroneGenetic VectorsGrowth HormoneAdministration, IntravaginalInflammationTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAnimals, NewbornAntioxidantsBody TemperatureModels, AnimalDrug Delivery SystemsNarcotic AntagonistsKineticsBileUnited States Department of Veterans AffairsGonadotropin-Releasing HormonePhytotherapyDrugs, Chinese HerbalVasodilator AgentsPyridinesLuteinizing HormoneDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalPiperazinesNeoplasms, ExperimentalProspective StudiesMice, NudeDevice ApprovalMice, TransgenicNeoplasm TransplantationApoptosisInfusion PumpsPyrazolesGlucocorticoidsRegional Blood FlowMethamphetamineSerotoninNorepinephrineAdjuvants, ImmunologicNeoplasmsDiazepamCorticosteroneSwineAnesthesiaChemistry, PharmaceuticalAdrenocorticotropic HormoneDrug CarriersCentral Nervous System StimulantsOvariectomyHyperalgesiaNeuroprotective AgentsMice, Inbred C3HLeukocyte CountHypnotics and SedativesGene ExpressionAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticIntestinesHaloperidolDrug-Induced Liver InjuryImidazolesAnti-Anxiety AgentsIndomethacinBrain ChemistryPlacebosSuppositoriesHypothalamusGene Expression RegulationSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAdenoviridaeIodine RadioisotopesEdemaSignal TransductionNeuronsNitric Oxide SynthaseInfusion Pumps, ImplantableChorionic GonadotropinFecesBlotting, WesternNarcoticsOxidative StressClinical Trials as TopicErythropoietinAcute DiseaseHypoglycemic AgentsRats, Inbred LewEndotoxinsSheepImmunoglobulin GMyocardiumNicotineSulfonamidesAmphetamineInjections, IntradermalCorpus StriatumIntestinal Mucosa
SuppositoriesBioavailabilityMucosaHemorrhoidsMedicationDosage and AdministrationProlapseBowelUlcerativeSuspensionRoutes of administratMinutes after rectal administrationParenteralAdminister rectal diazepamCancerAbdominalTumorsAbsorptionAmerican Society of ColonDosesIndicationsSodium phosphateOphthalmicDrugsConstipationAdultDigital RectAdultsOINTMENTHydrocortisone acetateTopicalBleedingInjection
Suppositories1
Bioavailability1
Mucosa1
  • Buccal administration refers to a topical route of administration by which drugs held or applied in the buccal (/ˈbʌkəl/) area (in the cheek) diffuse through the oral mucosa (tissues which line the mouth) and enter directly into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
Hemorrhoids1
Medication1
Dosage and Administration2
Prolapse2
Bowel7
Ulcerative3
Suspension3
Routes of administrat10
Minutes after rectal administration1
  • Pain relief after injection begins after about 5-10 minutes and 15-30 minutes after rectal administration, and lasts about 3-4 hours for immediate-release tablets and 12 hours for extended-release tablets. (wikipedia.org)
Parenteral4
Administer rectal diazepam2
Cancer17
  • How can I help my family cope with my diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer? (sharecare.com)
  • It is common that a diagnosis of colon or rectal cancer may both frighten and upset your family. (sharecare.com)
  • The incidence and epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and screening recommendations are common to both colon cancer and rectal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • The image below depicts the staging and workup of rectal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Malaise is a nonspecific symptom and present in 9% of rectal cancer cases. (medscape.com)
  • On December 22, 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil) for prevention of anal cancer and associated precancerous lesions in people aged 9-26 years. (medscape.com)
  • Recurrence of rectal cancer, which usually develops in the first year after surgery, carries a poor prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • local recurrence is more common in rectal cancer than in colon cancer. (medscape.com)
  • A study by Thong et al found that survivors of rectal cancer may benefit from increased focus, both clinical and psychological, on the possible long-term morbidity of treatment and its effects on health. (medscape.com)
  • Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Putter H, Steup WH, Wiggers T. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • It is recommended that physicians screen for prostate cancer with a digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before starting therapy, and monitor PSA and hematocrit levels closely during therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • He was the first surgeon to excise a rectal cancer and by 1876, he had performed 33 such operations. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2002). "Does downstaging predict improved outcome after preoperative chemoradiation for extraperitoneal locally advanced rectal cancer? (wikipedia.org)
  • Pilot trial in colon and rectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • In November 2009 a team led by Professor Paul Abel of Imperial College Healthcare performed the first removal of a rectal cancer using ultrasound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon completing postdoctoral training, Coico's stated interests were to study the use of flow cytometry to detect risks for colo-rectal cancer (1985), and the growth and differentiation of epithelial cells (1990). (wikipedia.org)
  • On 22 December 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Gardasil vaccine to prevent anal cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in males and females aged 9 to 26 years. (wikipedia.org)
Abdominal1
  • Further measures are improvements in PAC-QOL (a quality of life measure) and PAC-SYM (a range of stool, abdominal, and rectal symptoms associated with chronic constipation). (wikipedia.org)
Tumors1
Absorption8
American Society of Colon1
  • The author of numerous presentations and publications, Vice Admiral Robinson holds fellowships in the American College of Surgeons and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgery. (wikipedia.org)
Doses1
  • Plasma concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid were measured by means of Hplc analysis, after a single dose of acetylsalicylic acid (500 mg) and after single rectal doses of acetylsalicylic acid (500 mg) and calcium acetylsalicylate (640 mg) in a cross-over study in 8 volunteers. (springer.com)
Indications1
  • Indications/contra indicators of diazepam/midazolam, Storage conditions/procedures for diazepam/midazolam, Post administrative care, Regulations covering the use of diazepam/midazolam, Patient preparation and administration procedure. (norvictraining.co.uk)
Sodium phosphate1
  • Properties Site of action: small and large intestines Onset of action: 0.5-3 hours (oral), 2-15 minutes (rectal) Examples: sodium phosphate (and variants), magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) Saline laxatives should be taken with plenty of water. (wikipedia.org)
Ophthalmic1
  • The pharmacopoeial requirement of sterility test for all products intended for parental administration and ophthalmic preparation, irrespective of whether they are prepare by end -sterilization process or produced under conditions, provides an adequate level of control for such preparation. (scribd.com)
Drugs5
  • Moolenaar, F., A. G. G. Stuurman-Bieze, J. Visser and T. Huizinga (1978) Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man, part 1: Introduction of benzoic acid as a test drug. (springer.com)
  • 7(4):285-311 Moolenaar F, Koning B, Huizinga T. (1979) "Biopharmaceutics of rectal administration of drugs in man. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are, however, some special characteristics of the gastric environment that may cause difficulties for the administration of certain drugs. (rutgers.edu)
  • In the United States, current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations are issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the minimum requirements for quality systems for FDA-regulated products such as food, drugs, biologics and devices. (scribd.com)
  • They are intended for use in "buddy aid" or "self aid" administration of the drugs in the field prior to decontamination and delivery of the patient to definitive medical care. (wikipedia.org)
Constipation1
Adult3
Digital Rect1
Adults1
OINTMENT3
Hydrocortisone acetate1
Topical2
  • An exception is topical administration, which generally means that both the application location and the effect thereof is local. (wikipedia.org)
  • Topical administration is sometimes defined as both a local application location and local pharmacodynamic effect, and sometimes merely as a local application location regardless of location of the effects. (wikipedia.org)
Bleeding1
Injection4