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Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-LifeAdministration, IntravenousDrug InteractionsArea Under CurveInjections, IntraventricularMice, Inbred BALB CRats, Inbred StrainsAdministration, CutaneousTissue DistributionDogsDouble-Blind MethodCross-Over StudiesTreatment OutcomeBlood PressureAdministration, SublingualBrainAdministration, InhalationKidneyInfusions, ParenteralBody WeightRandom AllocationBehavior, AnimalDrug ToleranceMorphineRecombinant ProteinsPlant ExtractsInjectionsAnalysis of VarianceInjections, SpinalOrgan SizeMetabolic Clearance RateChromatography, High Pressure LiquidRNA, MessengerRabbitsMice, Inbred ICRLungRats, Inbred F344Analgesics, OpioidSelf AdministrationEthanolHeart RatePregnancyEstradiolMotor ActivityAntineoplastic AgentsDrug CombinationsMice, KnockoutHemodynamicsMice, Inbred StrainsDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalAnalgesicsDrug Therapy, CombinationEnzyme InhibitorsInjections, Intra-ArterialAdministration, BuccalSpleenPiperidinesProdrugsAntibodies, MonoclonalIntestinal AbsorptionBlood GlucoseDrug ApprovalAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDrug SynergismCocaineNaloxoneEatingUnited StatesDopamineGenetic TherapyNitric OxideCytokinesHydrocortisoneAbsorptionCells, CulturedLipopolysaccharidesImmunohistochemistryDelayed-Action PreparationsInsulinPain MeasurementPainBiotransformationTestosteroneAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAnti-Bacterial AgentsMicrodialysisDexamethasoneProgesteroneGenetic VectorsGrowth HormoneAdministration, IntravaginalInflammationTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAnimals, NewbornAntioxidantsBody TemperatureModels, AnimalDrug Delivery SystemsNarcotic AntagonistsKineticsBileUnited States Department of Veterans AffairsGonadotropin-Releasing HormonePhytotherapyDrugs, Chinese HerbalVasodilator AgentsPyridinesLuteinizing HormoneDiabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalPiperazinesNeoplasms, ExperimentalProspective StudiesMice, NudeDevice ApprovalMice, TransgenicNeoplasm TransplantationApoptosisInfusion PumpsPyrazolesGlucocorticoidsRegional Blood FlowMethamphetamineSerotoninNorepinephrineAdjuvants, ImmunologicNeoplasmsDiazepamCorticosteroneSwineAnesthesiaChemistry, PharmaceuticalAdrenocorticotropic HormoneDrug CarriersCentral Nervous System StimulantsOvariectomyHyperalgesiaNeuroprotective AgentsMice, Inbred C3HLeukocyte CountHypnotics and SedativesGene ExpressionAnalgesics, Non-NarcoticIntestinesHaloperidolDrug-Induced Liver InjuryImidazolesAnti-Anxiety AgentsIndomethacinBrain ChemistryPlacebosSuppositoriesHypothalamusGene Expression RegulationSubstance Withdrawal SyndromeAdenoviridaeIodine RadioisotopesEdemaSignal TransductionNeuronsNitric Oxide SynthaseInfusion Pumps, ImplantableChorionic GonadotropinFecesBlotting, WesternNarcoticsOxidative StressClinical Trials as TopicErythropoietinAcute DiseaseHypoglycemic AgentsRats, Inbred LewEndotoxinsSheepImmunoglobulin GMyocardiumNicotineSulfonamidesAmphetamineInjections, IntradermalCorpus StriatumIntestinal Mucosa
Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Drug Administration Schedule: Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.Injections, Intravenous: Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.United States Food and Drug Administration: An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.Drug Administration Routes: The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Administration, Intranasal: Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Injections, Intraperitoneal: Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Injections, Subcutaneous: Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.Administration, Rectal: The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Mice, Inbred C57BLBiological Availability: The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.Injections, Intramuscular: Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.Administration, Topical: The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.Infusions, Intravenous: The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.Administration, Intravenous: Delivery of substances through VENIPUNCTURE into the VEINS.Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.Area Under Curve: A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)Injections, Intraventricular: Injections into the cerebral ventricles.Mice, Inbred BALB CRats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Administration, Cutaneous: The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Cross-Over Studies: Studies comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects or patients, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are switched to another. In the case of two treatments, A and B, half the subjects are randomly allocated to receive these in the order A, B and half to receive them in the order B, A. A criticism of this design is that effects of the first treatment may carry over into the period when the second is given. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Administration, Sublingual: Administration of a soluble dosage form by placement under the tongue.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Administration, Inhalation: The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Infusions, Parenteral: The administration of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through some other route than the alimentary canal, usually over minutes or hours, either by gravity flow or often by infusion pumping.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from DRUG RESISTANCE wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE and NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Injections: Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Injections, Spinal: Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.Organ Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Metabolic Clearance Rate: Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Mice, Inbred ICRLung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.Rats, Inbred F344Analgesics, Opioid: Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Estradiol: The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Drug Combinations: Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Injections, Intra-Arterial: Delivery of drugs into an artery.Administration, Buccal: Administration of a soluble dosage form between the cheek and gingiva. It may involve direct application of a drug onto the buccal mucosa, as by painting or spraying.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.Prodrugs: A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Intestinal Absorption: Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Drug Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal: Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.United StatesDopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Genetic Therapy: Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.Absorption: The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Delayed-Action Preparations: Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.Testosterone: A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Dexamethasone: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.Administration, Intravaginal: The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Models, Animal: Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.Drug Delivery Systems: Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.Narcotic Antagonists: Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.United States Department of Veterans Affairs: A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to VETERANS. It was established March 15, 1989 as a Cabinet-level position.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.Phytotherapy: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.Drugs, Chinese Herbal: Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.Vasodilator Agents: Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.Pyridines: Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.Luteinizing Hormone: A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental: Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.PiperazinesNeoplasms, Experimental: Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Device Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. It is not restricted to FDA.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Neoplasm Transplantation: Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Infusion Pumps: Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS is also available), and other disorders.Pyrazoles: Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.Glucocorticoids: A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.Regional Blood Flow: The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Adjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.Corticosterone: An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.Chemistry, Pharmaceutical: Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).Drug Carriers: Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.Central Nervous System Stimulants: A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.Hyperalgesia: An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Mice, Inbred C3HLeukocyte Count: The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.Hypnotics and Sedatives: Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Analgesics, Non-Narcotic: A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.Imidazoles: Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Brain Chemistry: Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.Suppositories: Medicated dosage forms that are designed to be inserted into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body for absorption. Generally, the active ingredients are packaged in dosage forms containing fatty bases such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated oil, or glycerogelatin that are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature.Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.Adenoviridae: A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.Iodine Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.Edema: Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Nitric Oxide Synthase: An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.Infusion Pumps, Implantable: Implanted fluid propulsion systems with self-contained power source for providing long-term controlled-rate delivery of drugs such as chemotherapeutic agents or analgesics. Delivery rate may be externally controlled or osmotically or peristatically controlled with the aid of transcutaneous monitoring.Chorionic Gonadotropin: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Narcotics: Agents that induce NARCOSIS. Narcotics include agents that cause somnolence or induced sleep (STUPOR); natural or synthetic derivatives of OPIUM or MORPHINE or any substance that has such effects. They are potent inducers of ANALGESIA and OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Clinical Trials as Topic: Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course.Hypoglycemic Agents: Substances which lower blood glucose levels.Rats, Inbred LewEndotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.Sulfonamides: A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.Injections, Intradermal: The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Intestinal Mucosa: Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
(1/29) Mucosal delivery of human papillomavirus pseudovirus-encapsidated plasmids improves the potency of DNA vaccination.

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(2/29) Assessment of route of administration and dose escalation for an adenovirus-based influenza A Virus (H5N1) vaccine in chickens.

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(3/29) Development and characterization of mucoadhesive in situ nasal gel of midazolam prepared with Ficus carica mucilage.

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(4/29) Intragastric self-infusion of ethanol in high- and low-drinking mouse genotypes after passive ethanol exposure.

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(5/29) LT-IIc, a new member of the type II heat-labile enterotoxin family, exhibits potent immunomodulatory properties that are different from those induced by LT-IIa or LT-IIb.

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(6/29) Immunization with a ZmpB-based protein vaccine could protect against pneumococcal diseases in mice.

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(7/29) A mucosal vaccination approach for herpes simplex virus type 2.

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(8/29) Characterization and evaluation of the Moraxella catarrhalis oligopeptide permease A as a mucosal vaccine antigen.

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AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth Care
Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-LifeAdministration, IntravenousDrug InteractionsArea Under CurveInjections, IntraventricularMice, Inbred BALB CCandidiasis, OralPhthalic AcidsVaccines, DNAEncyclopedias as TopicTomatineImmune ToleranceOsteonecrosisColitis, Ulcerative
*  Interleukin 33
... by IL-33 in vivo is believed to induce the severe pathological changes observed in mucosal organs following administration of ...
*  Cry1Ac
"Intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis induces systemic and mucosal ... Cry1Ac is a mucosal adjuvant (an immune-response enhancer). It has been used in research to develop a vaccine against the ... CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Pabst R (2015). "Mucosal vaccination by the intranasal route. Nose-associated lymphoid ...
*  Gas vesicle
Potential vaccines using gas vesicle as an antigen display can be given via the mucosal route as an alternative administration ...
*  Oral candidiasis
Other physical mucosal alterations are sometimes associated with candida overgrowth, such as Fissured tongue (rarely), or ... depending on the route of administration. Topically administered corticosteroids in the mouth may take the form of mouthwashes ... Endocrine disorders, e.g., diabetes (when poorly controlled). Presence of certain other mucosal lesions, especially those that ... dissolving lozenges or mucosal gels; sometimes being used to treat various forms of stomatitis. Systemic corticosteroids may ...
*  Diethyl phthalate
... phthalate and ethanol after oral administration in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract or in the intestinal mucosal cells. ... In rats, for instance, repeated administration of DEP results in loss of germ cell populations in the testis. However, diethyl ...
*  DNA vaccination
... and topical administration of pDNA to the eye and vaginal mucosa. Mucosal surface delivery has also been achieved using ... It can also be accomplished by the co-administration of plasmid DNA encoding immune regulatory molecules, i.e. cytokines, ... This concept was applied in topical administration of pDNA encoding IL-10. Plasmid encoding B7-1 (a ligand on APCs) ... The advantages of genetic adjuvants are their low cost and simple administration, as well as avoidance of unstable recombinant ...
*  Mucoadhesion
This route of administration is used for the therapy of bladder cancer and interstitial cystitis. The retention of dosage forms ... Some mucoadhesive materials are able to stick to mucosal lining in the bladder, resist urine wash out effects and provide a ... Consequently, direct administration through the fibrous tunic is common. This is made difficult due to the numerous defense ... With a 0.1-0.7 mm thick mucus layer, the oral cavity serves as an important route of administration for mucoadhesive dosages. ...
*  Tomatine
The oral administration of tomatine in doses of 15-30 mg/kg or the intramuscular administration in the dose range of 1-10 mg/kg ... In vitro studies showed that tomatine increased the permeability of the small intestinal mucosal cell, resulting in inhibition ... Oral administration of tomatine to frogs induces a cationic effect on cardiac contraction, producing symptoms of tachycardia. ... In a research on frogs, oral administration of low-concentration tomatine has a cationic effect on cardiac contractions. It is ...
*  Cetalkonium chloride
Distribution of cyclosporine A in ocular tissues after topical administration of cyclosporine A cationic emulsions to pigmented ... Mucosal delivery of biopharmaceuticals, Springer Science New York 2014 Daull P, Lallemand F, Philips B, Lambert G, Buggage R, ...
*  Sawdust
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for wood dust ... Breathing airborne wood dust may cause allergic respiratory symptoms, mucosal and non-allergic respiratory symptoms, and cancer ... the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH ... United Startes Department of Labor: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Wood Dust. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/wooddust ...
*  Troxipide
The increment in mucosal blood flow with troxipide is more pronounced in the gastric antrum than in the gastric corpus. ... Troxipide administration caused a marked reduction in clinical (abdominal pain, bloating, belching, nausea, vomiting, loss of ... Troxipide enhances mucosal blood flow, which is the secondary defense barrier of gastric mucosa that supplies nutrients and ... Matsui H, Murata Y, Kobayashi F, Shiba R, Momo K, Kondo Y, Nakahara A, Muto H (2001). "Diclofenac-induced gastric mucosal ...
*  Immune tolerance
... allowing extension of mucosal immunity. The same probably occurs for cells mediating mucosal immune tolerance. Oral tolerance ... Repeated administration of the allergen in slowly increasing doses, subcutaneously or sublingually appears to be effective for ... Peripheral mucosal immune tolerance, in particular mediated by iTreg cells and tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, is thought ... Repeated administration of antibiotics, which can form haptens to cause allergic reactions, can also reduce antibiotic ...
*  Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw
In response to the growing base of literature on this association, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a ... Patients with removable prostheses should be examined for areas of mucosal irritation. Procedures which are likely to cause ... the risk for BRONJ is high even after stopping the administration of the medication for several years. Dentoalveolar surgery is ... Jaw pain and neuropathy Loose teeth Mucosal swelling Erythema Suppuration Soft tissue ulceration persisting for more than 8 ...
*  Influenza treatment
On October 23, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization for Peramivir (now expired), ... April 2006). "Type I IFN as a vaccine adjuvant for both systemic and mucosal vaccination against influenza virus". Vaccine. 24 ... CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) - see also "Systemic effects of interferons after oral administration in animals ... July 2008). "Effect of sublingual administration of interferon-alpha on the immune response to influenza vaccination in ...
*  Edible algae vaccine
IgA antibodies commonly reside in mucosal linings which coincides with the site of vaccine delivery. However, a significant ... Food and Drug Administration (2002) GRAS Notification for Spirulina Microalgae Specht, Elizabeth A.; Mayfield, Stephen P. " ... the completion of a market ready edible algae vaccine would have a profound impact in the administration and distribution of ... of a foot-and-mouth disease antigen complexed with the cholera toxin subunit B which delivered the antigen to digestion mucosal ...
*  Ulcerative colitis
The theory of sulfur as an etiological factor is related to the gut microbiota and mucosal sulfide detoxification in addition ... The goal is to induce remission initially with medications, followed by the administration of maintenance medications to ... Mahadeva U, Martin JP, Patel NK, Price AB (July 2002). "Granulomatous ulcerative colitis: a re-appraisal of the mucosal ... Physicians first direct treatment to inducing remission, which involves relief of symptoms and mucosal healing of the colon's ...
*  Ursula Wiedermann
A theme of Wiedermann's allergy research has been the treatment of allergies via mucosal tolerance induction with recombinant ... "Perinatal maternal administration of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 prevents allergic inflammation in a mouse model of birch ... After returning to the Medical University of Vienna Wiedermann researched mucosal vaccination against allergic diseases and ... Wiedermann U. (October 1, 2005). "Prophylaxis and therapy of allergy by mucosal tolerance induction with recombinant allergens ...
*  Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
The mucosal surface is usually intact except for areas of ulceration, which are generally present in 50% of GISTs. Ulcerations ... 5 cm), heterogeneous enhancement after contrast administration and ulcerations. Also, overtly malignant behavior (in ... Mucosal ulcerations may also be present. In contrast enhanced CT images, large GISTs appear as heterogeneous masses due to ... are high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and enhance after administration of gadolinium. Signal-intensity voids are ...
*  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Such damage occurs irrespective of the route of administration of the NSAID (e.g., oral, rectal, or parenteral) and can occur ... Recent studies show that over 50% of patients who take NSAIDs have sustained some mucosal damage to their small intestine. ... United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2017-03-08. "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Valdecoxib ( ... route of administration, and tolerability profile. Regarding adverse effects, selective COX-2 inhibitors have lower risk of ...
*  Peppermint
Medicinal uses of peppermint have not been approved as effective or safe by the US Food and Drug Administration. With caution ... High oral doses of peppermint oil (500 mg) can cause mucosal irritation and mimic heartburn. As an aroma, peppermint may have ... Menthol activates cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in the skin and mucosal tissues, and is the primary source of the cooling ...
*  Management of ulcerative colitis
If there is an abnormally large drop in white blood cell count, or any blood cell count, administration of the drug should be ... Physicians first direct treatment to inducing a remission which involves relief of symptoms and mucosal healing of the lining ... Frequent blood cell counts are also recommended during administration of mercaptopurine. The drug may be toxic to bone marrow, ... The goal is to induce remission initially with medications, followed by the administration of maintenance medications to ...
*  Interleukin
On the other hand, administration of recombinant IL-12 may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with pathological ... These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of ...
*  2015 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
... and to university leadership and administration. Finn Axel Pratt PSM - For distinguished service to public administration, to ... academic and researcher in the area of mucosal immunisation. Bulent Hass Dellal OAM, Vic - For distinguished service to the ... Sarah Jane Halton PSM - For distinguished service to public administration, particularly to the health and aged care sectors, ... Ross David Milbourne - For distinguished service to higher education, to academic leadership and administration, to the ...
*  Interleukin 7
Administration of IL-7 to mice results in an increase in recent thymic emigrants, increases in B and T cells, and increased ... 1995). "Interleukin 7 is produced by human intestinal epithelial cells and regulates the proliferation of intestinal mucosal ... A human study of IL-7 in patients with cancer demonstrated that administration of this cytokine can transiently disrupt the ... 2014). "Decreases in Colonic and Systemic Inflammation in Chronic HIV Infection after IL-7 Administration". PLoS Pathogens. 10 ...
*  Lugol's iodine
Preoperative administration of Lugol's solution decreases intraoperative blood loss during thyroidectomy in patients with ... June 2005). "Acute toxic gastric mucosal damage induced by Lugol's iodine spray during chromoendoscopy". Gut. 54 (6): 886-887. ... It was historically used as a first line treatment for hyperthyroidism, as the administration of pharmacologic amounts of ... Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER); December, ...
*  Norovirus
Immunity Against Mucosal Pathogens. Springer. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4020-8412-6. Robert Matthews. "I've lost my appetite.." New ... polymerase chain reaction are being employed by governmental laboratories such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-Life
Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration | RTI  Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration | RTI
Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration: Critical factors in manufacture and delivery. In Mucosal Vaccines Modern ... Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration Critical factors in manufacture and delivery. ...
more infohttps://www.rti.org/publication/dry-powder-vaccines-mucosal-administration-0
Immunization of Avians by Mucosal Administration of Non-Replicating Vectored Vaccines*  Immunization of Avians by Mucosal Administration of Non-Replicating Vectored Vaccines*
More specifically, the invention relates to mucosal adm ... Immunization of Avians by Mucosal Administration of Non- ... Immunization of Avians by Mucosal Administration of Non-Replicating Vectored Vaccines*. Posted by Kelsye on Friday, 20 June ... More specifically, the invention relates to mucosal administration via aerosol spray to avians of immunogenic and vaccine ... The invention also provides methods and apparatus for use in such administration. ...
more infohttps://gallusimmunotech.com/years/entry/immunization-of-avians-by-mucosal-administration-of-non-replicating-vectored-vaccines.html
Mucosal or Parenteral Administration of Microsphere-Associated Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Protects against Anthrax...  Mucosal or Parenteral Administration of Microsphere-Associated Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Protects against Anthrax...
Mucosal or Parenteral Administration of Microsphere-Associated Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Protects against Anthrax ... Mucosal or Parenteral Administration of Microsphere-Associated Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Protects against Anthrax ... Mucosal or Parenteral Administration of Microsphere-Associated Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Protects against Anthrax ... Mucosal or Parenteral Administration of Microsphere-Associated Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Protects against Anthrax ...
more infohttps://iai.asm.org/content/70/4/2022?ijkey=d158e397b3cd0337b7bd951776026c56157888af&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Is the mucosal route of administration essential for probiotic function? Subcutaneous administration is associated with...  Is the mucosal route of administration essential for probiotic function? Subcutaneous administration is associated with...
Is the mucosal route of administration essential for probiotic function? Subcutaneous administration is associated with ... Is the mucosal route of administration essential for probiotic function? Subcutaneous administration is associated with ... magnitude to that previously reported by us using the oral route of administration.9 Dosing and frequency of administration ... Borruel N, Carol M, Casellas F, et al. Increased mucosal TNFα production in Crohn's disease can be downregulated ex vivo by ...
more infohttp://gut.bmj.com/content/53/5/694
Anti-inflammatory capacity of lactobacilli peptidoglycan: mucosal and systemic routes of administration promote similar effects...  Anti-inflammatory capacity of lactobacilli peptidoglycan: mucosal and systemic routes of administration promote similar effects...
Anti-inflammatory capacity of lactobacilli peptidoglycan: mucosal and systemic routes of administration promote similar effects ... Anti-inflammatory capacity of lactobacilli peptidoglycan: mucosal and systemic routes of administration promote similar effects ... Lactic Acid Bacteria and Mucosal Immunity, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019-CNRS UMR 8204, ... We totally agree, however, that the relevant way of probiotic administration for clinical application is indeed the oral route ...
more infohttp://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/12/02/gutjnl-2011-301194
北京大学医学部机构知识库(IR@PKUHSC): Mucosal administration of an altered CII263-272 peptide inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by...  北京大学医学部机构知识库([email protected]): Mucosal administration of an altered CII263-272 peptide inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by...
Mucosal administration of an altered CII263-272 peptide inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by suppression of Th1/Th17 cells ... Mucosal administration of an altered CII263-272 peptide inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by suppression of Th1/Th17 cells ... Mucosal administration of altered CII263-272 peptide could effectively inhibit the progression of CIA. Altered CII263-272 ... We performed this study to evaluate the effect of mucosal administration and to explore the mechanism of the inhibitory effect ...
more infohttp://ir.bjmu.edu.cn/handle/400002259/56417
Mucosal Atomization Devices Market - Delivering a Revolutionary Solution to Intranasal Drug Administration  Mucosal Atomization Devices Market - Delivering a Revolutionary Solution to Intranasal Drug Administration
The mucosal atomization devices market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~7% during the forecast period 2019-2029. North America ... Europe are likely to hold a collective revenue share of ~60% in the global market for mucosal atomization devices, through the ... The global mucosal atomization devices market was valued at ~US$ 400 Mn in the year 2018. ... Mucosal Atomization Devices Market - Delivering a Revolutionary Solution to Intranasal Drug Administration. Pharmaceutical ...
more infohttps://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/mucosal-atomization-devices-market
Oral administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 alleviates rotavirus gastroenteritis through regulation of intestinal...  Oral administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1 alleviates rotavirus gastroenteritis through regulation of intestinal...
... that oral administration of BBG9-1 palliated diarrhea partly through protection against RV-induced lesions by inducing mucosal ... As well as prophylactic oral administration of BBG9-1 from 2 days before RV infection, therapeutic oral administration of BBG9- ... Oral administration of BBG9-1 is thought to be an efficient method for management of an RV epidemic for both prophylactic and ... Therapeutic administration of BBG9-1 reduced various types of damage in the small intestine, such as epithelial vacuolization ...
more infohttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0173979
Sanchez-Covarrubias L[author] AND Transporters at CNS barrier sites: o - PubMed - NCBI  Sanchez-Covarrubias L[author] AND Transporters at CNS barrier sites: o - PubMed - NCBI
Mucosal administration, and specifically nasal route, constitutes an alternative and promising strategy for drug and vaccine ... imaging and administration devices. A notable increase in the number of approved drugs for nasal administration is envisaged. ... Head of Mucosal Immunology Project, Vaccine Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 6162, Havana ... After systemic administration, lipid vesicles are covered by plasma proteins forming a biomolecular coating, referred to as the ...
more infohttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title%20Word&term=Sanchez-Covarrubias%20L%5Bauthor%5D%20AND%20Transporters%20at%20CNS%20barrier%20sites:%20obstacles%20or%20opportunities%20for%20drug%20delivery
Materials | Free Full-Text | Use of Biopolymers in Mucosally-Administered Vaccinations for Respiratory Disease  Materials | Free Full-Text | Use of Biopolymers in Mucosally-Administered Vaccinations for Respiratory Disease
Intranasal formulations provide systemic and mucosal immune protection, but they have the potential for more serious side ... they do not confer the mucosal immunity needed for more thorough prevention of the spread of respiratory disease. ... mucosal administration; immunomodulation; nanovaccines polymeric vaccines; respiratory infections; mucosal administration; ... Intranasal formulations provide systemic and mucosal immune protection, but they have the potential for more serious side ...
more infohttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/15/2445
Frontiers | Bacterium-Like Particles for Efficient Immune Stimulation of Existing Vaccines and New Subunit Vaccines in Mucosal...  Frontiers | Bacterium-Like Particles for Efficient Immune Stimulation of Existing Vaccines and New Subunit Vaccines in Mucosal...
This review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle derived from bacteria in mucosal ... This review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle derived from bacteria in mucosal ... The successful development of a mucosal vaccine critically depends on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or ... The successful development of a mucosal vaccine critically depends on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or ...
more infohttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00282/full
Patent US4136145 - Medicament carriers in the form of film having active substance incorporated ... - Google Patents  Patent US4136145 - Medicament carriers in the form of film having active substance incorporated ... - Google Patents
Pharmaceutical composition unit dosage forms adapted for enteral or topical administration are described, comprising a safe and ... Film bandage for mucosal administration of actives. US20070190157 *. 19 Jan 2007. 16 Aug 2007. Monosoirx, Llc.. Film lined ... Compositions and methods for mucosal delivery. US6660292. 19 Jun 2001. 9 Dec 2003. Hf Flavoring Technology Llp. Rapidly ... Manufacture process of fast-desintegrating film-formed administration forms. EP0481968A3 *. 24 Oct 1986. 2 Sep 1992. Biotrack, ...
more infohttp://www.google.ca/patents/US4136145
Patent US4529601 - Local anesthetic mixture for topical application and method for obtaining ... - Google Patents  Patent US4529601 - Local anesthetic mixture for topical application and method for obtaining ... - Google Patents
Film bandage for mucosal administration of actives. US20070190157 *. Jan 19, 2007. Aug 16, 2007. Monosoirx, Llc.. Film lined ... Transdermal administration of tamsulosin. US8795635. May 12, 2010. Aug 5, 2014. Foamix Ltd.. Substantially non-aqueous foamable ... Transdermal administration of tamsulosin. US9622947. Jan 8, 2009. Apr 18, 2017. Foamix Pharmaceuticals Ltd.. Foamable ... Method for Directed Intranasal Administration of a Composition. US20110015229 *. Jan 5, 2010. Jan 20, 2011. Jie Zhang. Method ...
more infohttp://www.google.com/patents/US4529601?dq=%22edwin+asa+markham%22
Frontiers | Facilitated Peptide Transport via the Mucosal Epithelium: Impact on Tolerance Induction | Immunology  Frontiers | Facilitated Peptide Transport via the Mucosal Epithelium: Impact on Tolerance Induction | Immunology
Coupling of antigens to a transmucosal carrier therefore is a promising tool to improve the efficacy of vaccination via mucosal ... Coupling of antigens to a transmucosal carrier therefore is a promising tool to improve the efficacy of vaccination via mucosal ... In this study we report improved efficacy of oral tolerance induction by coupling antigen with the newly identified mucosal ... demonstrating a moderate tolerogenic effect of mucosal treatment with 13C coupled antigen. ...
more infohttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00216/full
Patente US5468728 - Use of orally absorbable motilin preparations to enhance motility of ... - Google Patentes  Patente US5468728 - Use of orally absorbable motilin preparations to enhance motility of ... - Google Patentes
... saponin and a polyethylene glycol higher-alcohol ether for nasal administration purposes and is a peptide lytic enzyme ... Trans-mucosal drug preparations and trans-mucosal administration. * Citada por examinador. Otras citas ... For oral administration they may be used in the form of tablets, capsules, buccals or troches, and for nasal administration ... Intravenous Administration 100 0 115 5(2.0 μg/kg/hr)Nasal Administration(100 μg/kg/hr)Control (Injection) No activity found ≦ ...
more infohttp://www.google.es/patents/US5468728?hl=es&dq=flatulence
Hormone Therapy No Longer Recommended  Hormone Therapy No Longer Recommended
That is why I STRONGLY recommend trans mucosal administration. Please listen to my interview at the top of the article with Dr ...
more infohttps://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/06/03/hormone-therapy-not-recommended.aspx?e_cid=20120603_SNL_Art_1
Hormone Therapy No Longer Recommended  Hormone Therapy No Longer Recommended
That is why I STRONGLY recommend trans mucosal administration. Please listen to my interview at the top of the article with Dr ...
more infohttps://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/06/03/hormone-therapy-not-recommended.aspx
Human Swine Flu (H1N1) and Novel Influenza Pandemics | The New York Academy of Sciences  Human Swine Flu (H1N1) and Novel Influenza Pandemics | The New York Academy of Sciences
... and highly attenuated Newcastle Disease virus for mucosal administration.. DNA vaccines are also promising, in that they could ... Novartis has submitted data on the adjuvant to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for evaluation, with a view toward ... A live-attenuated vaccine induces serum and mucosal antibody responses as well as T-cell responses, and could induce broader ... Food and Drug Administration about containment," Shaw explained.. Because diagnostic kits are expensive, soon after it was ...
more infohttps://www.nyas.org/ebriefings/human-swine-flu-h1n1-and-novel-influenza-pandemics/
Routes of administration  Routes of administration
The United States Food and Drug Administration recognizes 111 distinct routes of administration. The development of alternative ... The route of administration is defined as the path by which a drug or other substance enters the body. The pharmacokinetic ... of a drug are critically influenced by the route of administration. ... Nasal mucosal administration is rapid and relatively painless. Vasopressin and corticosteroids were among the first drugs to be ...
more infohttp://www.wellness.com/reference/calculators/routes-of-administration
Plus it  Plus it
Mucosal administration of UTP (Mason et al., 1991), and to a lesser extent UDP (Lazarowski et al., 1997c), results in Ca2+- ... Effect of mucosal addition of 100 μM UTP or 100 μM UDP onIsc in jejunum and gallbladder, respectively, from wild-type and CF ... Mucosal UTP also increases ciliary beat frequency and mucin release (Davis et al., 1992; Lethem et al., 1993). These ... CFTR is the prevalent mucosal Cl− channel expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. Although CFTR is a cyclic AMP-activated Cl− ...
more infohttp://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/297/1/43
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
Administration, OralDrug Administration ScheduleInjections, IntravenousUnited States Food and Drug AdministrationDrug Administration RoutesDose-Response Relationship, DrugRats, Sprague-DawleyTime FactorsAdministration, IntranasalRats, WistarInjections, IntraperitonealDisease Models, AnimalInjections, SubcutaneousAdministration, RectalLiverMice, Inbred C57BLBiological AvailabilityInjections, IntramuscularAdministration, TopicalInfusions, IntravenousHalf-LifeAdministration, IntravenousDrug InteractionsArea Under CurveInjections, Intraventricular
VaccinesSystemic and mucosalParenteralImmunizationImmunityPeptideAdjuvantsRoutes of administratAntigenImmune responseNasal administrationSurfacesMiceProbiotic administrationSignificantlyEase of administrationEnteralRoute of administratFactorsDevicesFoodSystemsDrug administrationMethods
Vaccines6search
Systemic and mucosal1search
Parenteral8search
Immunization1search
  • Last, but not least, mucosal immunization would significantly decrease the risk of unwanted spread of infectious agents via contaminated syringes ( 9 , 17 ), especially in areas with a high incidence of viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infections. (asm.org)
Immunity2search
Peptide3search
Adjuvants1search
  • Cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) are the strongest mucosal adjuvants known so far ( 26 ). (asm.org)
Routes of administrat1search
Antigen1search
  • In a model of delayed-type hypersensitivity, especially intrarectal tolerization treatment resulted in reduced footpad swelling, demonstrating a moderate tolerogenic effect of mucosal treatment with 13C coupled antigen. (frontiersin.org)
Immune response2search
Nasal administration1search
Surfaces2search
  • Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to the external environment and are main entry sites for pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
  • Most of the pathogens invade their human hosts at the level of the mucosal surfaces, which represent the very first antimicrobial barrier through nonspecific (anatomical) and specific (immune) defense mechanisms. (asm.org)
Mice1search
Probiotic administration1search
Significantly2search
  • 1) Subcutaneous administration of L salivarius 118 significantly attenuated colitis in the IL-10 KO model and suppressed collagen induced arthritis, suggesting that the oral route may not be essential for probiotic anti-inflammatory effects and that responses are not disease specific. (bmj.com)
  • The healthcare sector has significantly benefitted from the onset of reliable, efficient, cost-effective, and novel technologies for several years and mucosal atomization devices (MAD) presents a prime example of the same. (futuremarketinsights.com)
Ease of administration1search
  • The growing adoption of mucosal atomization devices is primarily attributed to factors such as, non-invasive nature, faster delivery of medication to the bloodstream, ease of administration, and no first-pass metabolism among others. (futuremarketinsights.com)
Enteral2search
  • Pharmaceutical composition unit dosage forms adapted for enteral or topical administration are described, comprising a safe and effective amount of a pharmaceutically active medicament compound dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a flexible, water-soluble film carrier therefor. (google.ca)
  • This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form comprising a pharmaceutically active medicament compound and a flexible, water-soluble film carrier therefor adapted for enteral or topical administration. (google.ca)
Route of administrat2search
Factors1search
  • In recent years, mucosal atomization devices have emerged as an ideal alternative for the delivery of therapeutics via the nasal route owing to multiple key factors. (futuremarketinsights.com)
Devices3search
  • In addition, the surge in the number of chronic diseases such as rhino sinusitis is also expected to increase the adoption of mucosal atomization devices especially worldwide. (futuremarketinsights.com)
  • The shortcomings of needle-based injections along with fear among patients has led to the onset of novel needleless intranasal drug delivery technologies such as mucosal atomization devices. (futuremarketinsights.com)
  • The demand for mucosal atomization devices is expected to surge in North America and Europe in the coming years owing to the presence of large number of hospitals and efficient healthcare infrastructure. (futuremarketinsights.com)
Food1search
Systems1search
  • The mucosal adjuvanticity of these mutants has now been tested in various systems with viral, bacterial, and parasitic models. (asm.org)
Drug administration1search
Methods1search