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Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue, BrownAdipose Tissue, WhiteSubcutaneous FatAdipocytesAdipocytes, BrownObesityLipolysisIntra-Abdominal FatThermogenesisAdipogenesisLeptinInsulin ResistanceInsulinSubcutaneous Fat, Abdominal3T3-L1 CellsAdipocytes, WhiteMice, ObeseFatty AcidsMitochondrial ProteinsLipid MetabolismBody WeightAdipokinesOmentumLipoprotein LipaseAdiponectinCold TemperatureDietary FatsDiet, High-FatAdiposityFatty Acids, NonesterifiedTriglyceridesRNA, MessengerEnergy MetabolismGlycerolGlucoseBody Temperature RegulationBody CompositionMice, Inbred C57BLLiverIon ChannelsPanniculitisBlood GlucosePPAR gammaEpididymisMuscle, SkeletalGene Expression RegulationLipidsVisceraLipid MobilizationAbdomenPhaeophytaLipogenesisAbdominal FatInflammationBody Fat DistributionSterol EsteraseReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-3EatingLipodystrophyRats, ZuckerButtocksSubcutaneous TissueDietThiazolidinedionesMice, KnockoutGene Expression11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1Cell DifferentiationResistinCarrier ProteinsFatty Acid SynthasesReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRats, Inbred BNOrgan SizeGlucose Transporter Type 4Glucose Tolerance TestLipectomyMitochondriaLipaseRats, WistarNorepinephrineThinnessFatty LiverWeight GainCells, CulturedHormones, EctopicPericardiumAcclimatizationBody Mass IndexOrgan SpecificityAcetyl-CoA CarboxylaseMacrophagesStearoyl-CoA DesaturaseFastingObesity, MorbidNeoplasms, Adipose TissueStarvationWeight LossAnti-Obesity AgentsFood DeprivationGlucose Clamp TechniqueHypoglycemic AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Time FactorsProteinsMetabolic DiseasesCosta RicaMembrane ProteinsAdrenergic beta-AgonistsSwineReceptors, LeptinRats, Sprague-DawleyGlucose IntoleranceGlycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseEpinephrineTissue DistributionMice, TransgenicEnergy IntakeOxygen ConsumptionDioxolesLipomaMicrodialysisRats, Inbred StrainsReceptors, Adrenergic, betaLipomatosisHomeostasisReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionUncoupling AgentsCell SizeAnimal FeedSignal TransductionMetabolic Syndrome XTranscription FactorsReceptors, AdiponectinBody TemperatureMuscles1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-AcyltransferaseSterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1AgingBlotting, WesternHIV-Associated Lipodystrophy SyndromeTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsInterleukin-6TrioleinGlyceridesCattleReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearLactationGene Expression ProfilingBiological MarkersGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase3T3 CellsCaloric RestrictionMalate DehydrogenaseIsoproterenolFatsAngiopoietinsPhenotypeHyperinsulinismLinoleic Acids, ConjugatedSheepIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalIodide PeroxidaseLinoleic AcidStem CellsRandom AllocationNicotinamide PhosphoribosyltransferaseStromal CellsSex CharacteristicsAnimals, NewbornClenbuterolDietary CarbohydratesInflammation MediatorsFatty Acid-Binding ProteinsImmunohistochemistryGuanosine DiphosphateThighGrowth HormoneMolecular Sequence DataPPAR alphaTriiodothyronineHormonesBase SequencePhodopusCholesterolFatty Acid Synthase, Type IGlucosephosphate DehydrogenasePalmitic AcidsLipodystrophy, Congenital GeneralizedAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticBrown Recluse SpiderMesenchymal Stromal CellsAcetatesDexamethasoneUp-RegulationBlotting, NorthernChemokine CCL2
Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Adipose Tissue, Brown: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.Adipose Tissue, White: Fatty tissue composed of WHITE ADIPOCYTES and generally found directly under the skin (SUBCUTANEOUS FAT) and around the internal organs (ABDOMINAL FAT). It has less vascularization and less coloration than the BROWN FAT. White fat provides heat insulation, mechanical cushion, and source of energy.Subcutaneous Fat: Fatty tissue under the SKIN through out the body.Adipocytes: Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.Adipocytes, Brown: Fat cells with dark coloration due to the densely packed MITOCHONDRIA. They contain numerous small lipid droplets or vacuoles. Their stored lipids can be converted directly to energy as heat by the mitochondria.Obesity: A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).Lipolysis: The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.Intra-Abdominal Fat: Fatty tissue inside the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, including visceral fat and retroperitoneal fat. It is the most metabolically active fat in the body and easily accessible for LIPOLYSIS. Increased visceral fat is associated with metabolic complications of OBESITY.Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.Adipogenesis: The differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature ADIPOCYTES.Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal: Fatty tissue under the SKIN in the region of the ABDOMEN.3T3-L1 Cells: A continuous cell line that is a substrain of SWISS 3T3 CELLS developed though clonal isolation. The mouse fibroblast cells undergo an adipose-like conversion as they move to a confluent and contact-inhibited state.Adipocytes, White: Fat cells with light coloration and few MITOCHONDRIA. They contain a scant ring of CYTOPLASM surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.Mice, Obese: Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Mitochondrial Proteins: Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Body Weight: The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.Adipokines: Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-6; and COMPLEMENT FACTOR D (also known as ADIPSIN). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions.Omentum: A double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the STOMACH to other organs in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.Adiponectin: A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.Cold Temperature: An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Diet, High-Fat: Consumption of excessive DIETARY FATS.Adiposity: The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.TriglyceridesRNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.Glucose: A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.Body Temperature Regulation: The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.Mice, Inbred C57BLLiver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.PPAR gamma: A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR ALPHA is important in regulation of GLUCOSE metabolism and CELL GROWTH PROCESSES. It is a target of THIAZOLIDINEDIONES for control of DIABETES MELLITUS.Epididymis: The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.Lipid Mobilization: LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.Phaeophyta: A division of predominantly marine EUKARYOTA, commonly known as brown algae, having CHROMATOPHORES containing carotenoid PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL. ALGINATES and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. They are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity.Lipogenesis: De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subsequent TRIGLYCERIDES in the LIVER and the ADIPOSE TISSUE. Lipogenesis is regulated by numerous factors, including nutritional, hormonal, and genetic elements.Abdominal Fat: Fatty tissue in the region of the ABDOMEN. It includes the ABDOMINAL SUBCUTANEOUS FAT and the INTRA-ABDOMINAL FAT.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Body Fat Distribution: Deposits of ADIPOSE TISSUE throughout the body. The pattern of fat deposits in the body regions is an indicator of health status. Excess ABDOMINAL FAT increases health risks more than excess fat around the hips or thighs, therefore, WAIST-HIP RATIO is often used to determine health risks.Sterol Esterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3: A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.Eating: The consumption of edible substances.Lipodystrophy: A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.Rats, Zucker: Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.Buttocks: Either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or HIP in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal MUSCLES and fat.Subcutaneous Tissue: Loose connective tissue lying under the DERMIS, which binds SKIN loosely to subjacent tissues. It may contain a pad of ADIPOCYTES, which vary in number according to the area of the body and vary in size according to the nutritional state.Diet: Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.Thiazolidinediones: THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: A low-affinity 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase found in a variety of tissues, most notably in LIVER; LUNG; ADIPOSE TISSUE; vascular tissue; OVARY; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The enzyme acts reversibly and can use either NAD or NADP as cofactors.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Resistin: A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin suppresses the ability of INSULIN to stimulate cellular GLUCOSE uptake.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Fatty Acid Synthases: Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Rats, Inbred BNOrgan Size: The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.Glucose Transporter Type 4: A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.Glucose Tolerance Test: A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).Lipectomy: Removal of localized SUBCUTANEOUS FAT deposits by SUCTION CURETTAGE or blunt CANNULATION in the cosmetic correction of OBESITY and other esthetic contour defects.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.Thinness: A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. Depending on age, sex, and genetic background, a BODY MASS INDEX of less than 18.5 is considered as underweight.Fatty Liver: Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.Weight Gain: Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Hormones, Ectopic: Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.Pericardium: A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.Acclimatization: Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase: A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of oleoyl-CoA, A, and water from stearoyl-CoA, AH2, and oxygen where AH2 is an unspecified hydrogen donor.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Obesity, Morbid: The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.Neoplasms, Adipose Tissue: Neoplasms composed of fatty tissue or connective tissue made up of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in adipose tissue.Starvation: Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)Weight Loss: Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.Anti-Obesity Agents: Agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to treat obesity.Food Deprivation: The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.Glucose Clamp Technique: Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.Hypoglycemic Agents: Substances which lower blood glucose levels.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Metabolic Diseases: Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)Costa RicaMembrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Adrenergic beta-Agonists: Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Receptors, Leptin: Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.Glycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseEpinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)DioxolesLipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Receptors, Adrenergic, beta: One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.Lipomatosis: A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.Cell Size: The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.Animal Feed: Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Metabolic Syndrome X: A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Receptors, Adiponectin: Cell surface receptors for ADIPONECTIN, an antidiabetic hormone secreted by ADIPOCYTES. Adiponectin receptors are membrane proteins with multiple cytoplasmic and extracellular regions. They are about 43 kDa and encoded by at least two genes with different affinities for globular and full-length adiponectin.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits.Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1: A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome: Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Monosaccharide Transport Proteins: A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.Interleukin-6: A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.Glycerides: GLYCEROL esterified with FATTY ACIDS.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear: Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.Lactation: The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase: An enzyme that, in the presence of ATP and COENZYME A, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP, and ORTHOPHOSPHATE. This reaction represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.8.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.Caloric Restriction: Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables.Malate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.Fats: The glyceryl esters of a fatty acid, or of a mixture of fatty acids. They are generally odorless, colorless, and tasteless if pure, but they may be flavored according to origin. Fats are insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents. They occur in animal and vegetable tissue and are generally obtained by boiling or by extraction under pressure. They are important in the diet (DIETARY FATS) as a source of energy. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Angiopoietins: A family of structurally-related angiogenic proteins of approximately 70 kDa in size. They have high specificity for members of the TIE RECEPTOR FAMILY.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Hyperinsulinism: A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.Linoleic Acids, Conjugated: A collective term for a group of around nine geometric and positional isomers of LINOLEIC ACID in which the trans/cis double bonds are conjugated, where double bonds alternate with single bonds.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Iodide Peroxidase: A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the NAD coenzyme. It is also known as a growth factor for early B-LYMPHOCYTES, or an ADIPOKINE with insulin-mimetic effects (visfatin).Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.Dietary Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)Inflammation Mediators: The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins: Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.Thigh: The portion of the leg in humans and other animals found between the HIP and KNEE.Growth Hormone: A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.PPAR alpha: A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR GAMMA is important to metabolism of LIPIDS. It is the target of FIBRATES to control HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Phodopus: A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I: Animal form of fatty acid synthase which is encoded by a single gene and consists of seven catalytic domains and is functional as a homodimer. It is overexpressed in some NEOPLASMS and is a target in humans of some ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS and some ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS.Glucosephosphate DehydrogenasePalmitic Acids: A group of 16-carbon fatty acids that contain no double bonds.Lipodystrophy, Congenital Generalized: Congenital disorders, usually autosomal recessive, characterized by severe generalized lack of ADIPOSE TISSUE, extreme INSULIN RESISTANCE, and HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA.Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic: Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.Brown Recluse Spider: A spider of the genus Loxosceles, found in the midwestern and other parts of the United States, which carries a hemolytic venom that produces local necrosis or ulceration.Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.Acetates: Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.Dexamethasone: An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Chemokine CCL2: A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. It is produced by LEUKOCYTES of both monocyte and lymphocyte lineage and by FIBROBLASTS during tissue injury. It has specificity for CCR2 RECEPTORS.

Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (1/1528)

The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion.  (+info)

Differential regulation of uncoupling protein-1, -2 and -3 gene expression by sympathetic innervation in brown adipose tissue of thermoneutral or cold-exposed rats. (2/1528)

The control of uncoupling protein-1, -2 and -3 (UCP-1, UCP-2, UCP-3) mRNA levels by sympathetic innervation in rats was investigated by specific and sensitive RT-PCR assays. In rats reared at thermoneutrality (25 degrees C), unilateral surgical sympathetic denervation of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) markedly reduced the UCP-1 mRNA level (-38%) as compared with the contralateral innervated BAT pad, but was without significant effect on UCP-2 and -3 mRNA levels. Cold exposure (7 days, 4 degrees C) markedly increased UCP-1 (+180%), UCP-2 (+115%) and UCP-3 (+195%) mRNA levels in interscapular BAT. Unilateral sympathetic denervation prevented the cold-induced rise in BAT UCP-1 and UCP-2 mRNAs, but not that in BAT UCP-3 mRNA. Results were confirmed by Northern blot analysis. These data indicate a differential endocrine control of UCP-1, UCP-2 and UCP-3 gene expression in rat BAT both at thermoneutrality and during prolonged cold exposure.  (+info)

Nuclear bodies are usual constituents in tissues of hibernating dormice. (3/1528)

In previous studies we demonstrated in several tissues of the hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius that during hibernation cell nuclei contain particular structural constituents absent in euthermia. In the present study we examine the same tissues in euthermic and hibernating individuals of the edible dormouse Glis glis in order to investigate possible modifications of nuclear structural constituents occurring during hibernation in this species. Edible dormice were captured in the wild and maintained in an external animal house. Samples of liver, pancreas, brown adipose tissue and adrenal cortex were taken from three hibernating and three euthermic animals and processed for resin embedding. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies were carried out on cell nuclei of these tissues. The most evident feature of cell nuclei of hibernating dormice was the presence of several nuclear bodies, namely fibro-granular material, amorphous bodies, coiled bodies, perichromatin granule-like granules and nucleoplasmic fibrils, the distribution of which was peculiar to each tissue. No one of these constituents was detectable during euthermia. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that they contain some splicing factors. Apart from some differences, maybe due to the different characteristics of lethargy, the nuclear bodies found in edible dormice were morphologically and immunocytochemically similar to those previously described in the same tissues of hazel dormice. They therefore seem to be strictly correlated to the hibernating state. If they represent storage and/or assembly sites of splicing factors to be rapidly used upon arousal, they could represent a usual structural feature in cells of hibernating species.  (+info)

ATP can stimulate exocytosis in rat brown adipocytes without apparent increases in cytosolic Ca2+ or G protein activation. (4/1528)

Extracellular ATP activates large increases in cell surface area and membrane turnover in rat brown adipocytes (Pappone, P. A., and Lee, S. C. 1996. J. Gen. Physiol. 108:393-404). We used whole-cell patch clamp membrane capacitance measurements of membrane surface area concurrently with fura-2 ratio imaging of intracellular calcium to test whether these purinergic membrane responses are triggered by cytosolic calcium increases or G protein activation. Increasing cytosolic calcium with adrenergic stimulation, calcium ionophore, or calcium-containing pipette solutions did not cause exocytosis. Extracellular ATP increased membrane capacitance in the absence of extracellular calcium with internal calcium strongly buffered to near resting levels. Purinergic stimulation still activated exocytosis and endocytosis in the complete absence of intracellular and extracellular free calcium, but endocytosis predominated. Modulators of G protein function neither triggered nor inhibited the initial ATP-elicited capacitance changes, but GTPgammaS or cytosolic nucleotide depletion did reduce the cells' capacity to mount multiple purinergic responses. These results suggest that calcium modulates purinergically-stimulated membrane trafficking in brown adipocytes, but that ATP responses are initiated by some other signal that remains to be identified.  (+info)

Metabolism and morphology of brown adipose tissue from Brahman and Angus newborn calves. (5/1528)

The objective of this study was to compare adipocyte morphology and lipogenesis between breed types (Angus vs Brahman) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) from newborn calves. The Brahman calves (n = 7) were born during the fall season, whereas the Angus calves were born in fall (n = 6) or the following spring (n = 4). At parturition, Brahman cows were lighter than fall Angus cows, but were heavier than spring Angus cows (P < .05). Birth weights and perirenal BAT weights were greater in spring-born, but not in fall-born Angus calves, than in Brahman calves (P < .05). Fall-born Angus BAT contained 63% more (P < .05) adipocytes/100 mg tissue and contained a greater proportion (P < .05) of adipocytes with mean diameters of 40 to 50 microm, and fewer adipocytes with diameters of 60 microm or greater, than Brahman BAT. Brahman BAT contained two-to-three times as many beta-receptors as Angus BAT (P < .05), although the dissociation constant (Kd) was not different between breed types. Mitochondria in Brahman BAT were primarily spherical, whereas Angus BAT mitochondria were elongated, and mitochondrial cross-sectional area tended (P = .08) to be greater in Brahman BAT than in Angus BAT. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) mRNA concentration (per 10(6) cells) was greater in Brahman BAT than in BAT from fall-born Angus calves. Lipogenesis from acetate was greater in Angus BAT than in Brahman BAT (P < .05), and glucose and palmitate contributed a greater proportion of carbon to lipogenesis in Brahman BAT than in Angus BAT. These differences in lipogenesis between breed types were not observed in s.c. WAT. The WAT from both breed types contained adipocytes with distinct brown adipocyte morphology, suggesting an involution of BAT to WAT in utero. We conclude that differences in UCP gene expression cannot cause the greater peak thermogenesis of Angus calves; however, differences between breed types in lipid metabolism and(or) mitochondrial morphology may contribute to this phenomenon.  (+info)

Mechanism of adipose tissue iNOS induction in endotoxemia. (6/1528)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of adipose tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in endotoxemia. Systemic administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats for +info)

Effect of calorie restriction on in vivo glucose metabolism by individual tissues in rats. (7/1528)

We evaluated the effects of 8 mo of calorie restriction [CR: 60% of ad libitum (AL) food intake] on glucose uptake by 14 tissues in unanesthetized, adult (12 mo) F344xBN rats. Glucose metabolism was assessed by the 2-[3H]deoxyglucose tracer technique at 1500 or 2100. Despite an approximately 60% decline in insulinemia with CR, plasma 2-[3H]deoxyglucose clearance for CR was greater than for AL at both times. A small, CR-related decrease in glucose metabolic index (R'g) occurred only at 1500 in the spleen and heart, and this decrease was reversed at 2100. In some tissues (cerebellum, lung, kidney, soleus, and diaphragm), R'g was unaffected by diet, regardless of time. In the other tissues (brown fat, 3 white fat pads, epitrochlearis, plantaris, and gastrocnemius), R'g was higher or tended to be higher for CR vs. AL at one or both times. These findings indicate that 8 mo of CR did not cause a continuous reduction in in vivo glucose uptake by any tissue studied, and, in several insulin-sensitive tissues, glucose uptake was at times greater for CR vs. AL rats.  (+info)

RVLM and raphe differentially regulate sympathetic outflows to splanchnic and brown adipose tissue. (8/1528)

To determine whether neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (RPa) specifically control the sympathetic nerve activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT SNA), thereby regulating adipocyte metabolism and BAT thermogenesis, the responses in BAT SNA to disinhibition of RPa neurons and to disinhibition of neurons in the vasomotor region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were compared with those in splanchnic (Spl) SNA, which primarily regulates visceral vasoconstriction. In urethan-chloralose-anesthetized ventilated rats, both acute hypothermia and microinjection of bicuculline into RPa produced significantly larger increases in BAT SNA (542 and 1,949% of control) than in Spl SNA (19 and 24% of control). The enhanced burst discharge in BAT SNA was not coherent with that in Spl SNA or with the arterial pressure (AP) at any frequency except the central respiratory frequency. Microinjections of bicuculline into RVLM evoked increases in Spl SNA (86% of control) and AP (32 mmHg), but reduced BAT SNA to low, normothermic levels. Microinjections of muscimol into RVLM reduced Spl SNA (-82% of control) and AP (-59 mmHg), but did not prevent the increase in BAT SNA after disinhibition of RPa neurons. These results indicate that the neural networks generating BAT SNA in response to disinhibition of RPa neurons are independent of those generating basal Spl SNA and support a model in which sympathetic outflow to tissues involved in thermoregulation and metabolism is regulated by central pathways, including neurons in RPa, that are distinct from those involved in the sympathetic control of the cardiovascular system.  (+info)

Cholinergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate mouse brown adipose tissue metabolism<...Cholinergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate mouse brown adipose tissue metabolism<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Cholinergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate mouse brown adipose tissue metabolism. AU - Jeong, Jae Hoon. AU - Lee, Dong Kun. AU - Blouet, Clemence. AU - Ruiz, Henry H.. AU - Buettner, Christoph. AU - Chua, Jr., Streamson C.. AU - Schwartz, Gary J.. AU - Jo, Young-Hwan. PY - 2015/6/1. Y1 - 2015/6/1. N2 - Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is critical in maintaining body temperature. The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) integrates cutaneous thermosensory signals and regulates adaptive thermogenesis. Here, we study the function and synaptic connectivity of input from DMH cholinergic neurons to sympathetic premotor neurons in the raphe pallidus (Rpa). Methods: In order to selectively manipulate DMH cholinergic neuron activity, we generated transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in cholinergic neurons (choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-Cre::ChR2-YFP) with the Cre-LoxP technique. In addition, we used an adeno-associated ...
Joslin Scientists Advance Understanding of Human Brown Adipose Tissue and Grow CellsJoslin Scientists Advance Understanding of Human Brown Adipose Tissue and Grow Cells
Joslin Scientists Advance Understanding of Human Brown Adipose Tissue and Grow New Cells | Joslin Diabetes Center Findings Open New Possibilities for Research and Testing Treatments to Combat Obesity
The secretome of brown adipose tissueThe secretome of brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue has long been known for its heat-producing capacity, but less is known about its possible effects as a secretory organ. This thesis summarizes information about presently known factors secreted from brown adipose tissue and about their actions. We were able to add factors to the list by the use of a signal-sequence trap method. Results from the signal-sequence trap generated a list of suggested brown adipocyte secreted proteins; gene expression of these proteins was then further studied with microarray technique.. One of the genes further analyzed was the adipokine chemerin. Gene expression of chemerin in brown adipose tissue was decreased in cold acclimation but increased with a high-caloric diet. This indicates that factors other than norepinephrine influence chemerin gene expression. The effects on chemerin gene expression were not be reflected in serum levels; therefore, chemerin secreted from brown adipose tissue is ascribed an autocrine/paracrine role.. Signal-sequence ...
Molecular pathways linking non-shivering thermogenesis and obesity: focusing on brown adipose tissue developmentMolecular pathways linking non-shivering thermogenesis and obesity: focusing on brown adipose tissue development
An increase in energy intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure lead to fat storage, causing overweight and obesity phenotypes. The objective of this review was to analyse, for the first time using a systematic approach, all published evidence from the past 8 years regarding the molecular pathways linking non-shivering thermogenesis and obesity in mammals, focusing on mechanisms involved in brown adipose tissue development. Two major databases were scanned from 2006 to 2013 using brown adipose tissue AND uncoupling protein-1 AND mammalian thermoregulation AND obesity as key words. A total of 61 articles were retrieved using the search criteria. The available research used knockout methodologies, various substances, molecules and agonist treatments, or different temperature and diet conditions, to assess the molecular pathways linking non-shivering thermogenesis and obesity. By integrating the results of the evaluated animal and human studies, our analysis identified specific ...
ScienceScience
to burning extra calories:. "At doses leading to broad activation of the sympathetic nervous system, ephedrine does not stimulate BAT in humans. In contrast, mild cold exposure stimulates BAT energy expenditure with fewer systemic effects." - Aaron Cypess et al., "Cold but not sympathomimetics activates human brown adipose tissue in vivo", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol 109 no 25 (2012).. By 2013, scientists were starting to seriously consider mild cold as a way to treat obesity, and that its not as uncomfortable as one might first think. Heres a quote from scientists in the Netherlands:. "In recent years, it has been shown that humans have active brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots, raising the question of whether activation and recruitment of BAT can be a target to counterbalance the current obesity pandemic. Here, we show that a 10-day cold acclimation protocol in humans increases BAT activity in parallel with an increase in nonshivering thermogenesis (NST). No gender ...
Adenosine and A2A Receptors in Human Brown Adipose Tissue - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govAdenosine and A2A Receptors in Human Brown Adipose Tissue - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside released locally in BAT when noradrenaline and ATP are released from sympathetic nerves. Recently it was found that adenosine activates murine and human brown adipocytes, and recruits beiging of white fat via adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). Furthermore, studies with mice have shown improvements in glucose homeostasis after administration of A2AR agonists.. In this study the investigators use the PET radiotracer [15O]-H2O to quantify perfusion of BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle in three conditions: room temperature, cold exposure and intravenous infusion of adenosine. Another PET radiotracer [11C]TMSX is used to quantify adenosine A2A receptor density of BAT, WAT and muscle in room temperature and during cold exposure. ...
High Incidence of Metabolically Active Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Adult Humans | DiabetesHigh Incidence of Metabolically Active Brown Adipose Tissue in Healthy Adult Humans | Diabetes
FIG. 1. Whole-body FDG-PET images under cold or warm condition. A: A 25-year-old male subject fasted for 12 h and was kept in an air-conditioned room at 19°C with light clothing and put his legs on an ice block intermittently (for ∼4 min at every 5 min). After 1 h under this cold condition, he was given an intravenous injection of 18F-FDG and kept under the same cold condition. One hour after the 18F-FDG injection, whole-body PET/CT scans were performed in a room at 24°C. B: Two weeks after the first examination in the cold condition (A), the same subject underwent FDG-PET/CT examination as previously, but he was kept at 27°C with standard clothing and without leg icing (warm condition) for 2 h before the examination.. ...
Brown adipose tissue derived VEGF-A modulates cold tolerance and energy expenditure<...Brown adipose tissue derived VEGF-A modulates cold tolerance and energy expenditure<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Brown adipose tissue derived VEGF-A modulates cold tolerance and energy expenditure. AU - Sun, Kai. AU - Kusminski, Christine M.. AU - Luby-Phelps, Kate. AU - Spurgin, Stephen B.. AU - An, Yu A.. AU - Wang, Qiong A.. AU - Holland, William L.. AU - Scherer, Philipp E.. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - We recently reported that local overexpression of VEGF-A in white adipose tissue (WAT) protects against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The observation that VEGF-A induces a "brown adipose tissue (BAT)-like" phenotype in WAT prompted us to further explore the direct function of VEGF-A in BAT. We utilized a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible, brown adipocyte-specific VEGF-A transgenic overexpression model to assess direct effects of VEGF-A in BAT invivo. We observed that BAT-specific VEGF-A expression increases vascularization and up-regulates expression of both UCP1 and PGC-1α in BAT. As a result, the transgenic mice show increased thermogenesis during chronic cold exposure. In ...
Complementary roles of estrogen-related receptors in brown adipocyte thermogenic function<...Complementary roles of estrogen-related receptors in brown adipocyte thermogenic function<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Complementary roles of estrogen-related receptors in brown adipocyte thermogenic function. AU - Gantner, Marin L.. AU - Hazen, Bethany C.. AU - Eury, Elodie. AU - Brown, Erin L.. AU - Kralli, Anastasia. PY - 2016/12/1. Y1 - 2016/12/1. N2 - Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on a high abundance of mitochondria and the unique expression of the mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1), which uncouples substrate oxidation from ATP synthesis. Adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes activates UCP1-mediated thermogenesis; it also induces the expression of Ucp1 and other genes important for thermogenesis, thereby endowing adipocytes with higher oxidative and uncoupling capacities. Adipocyte mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity are controlled by multiple transcription factors, including the estrogen-related receptor (ERR)β. Whole-body ERRβ knockout mice show decreased BAT mitochondrial content and oxidative function but normal induction of Ucp1 in response to ...
Determinants of physiologic 18F-FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue in sequential PET/CT examinations<...Determinants of physiologic 18F-FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue in sequential PET/CT examinations<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Determinants of physiologic 18F-FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue in sequential PET/CT examinations. AU - Pace, Leonardo. AU - Nicolai, Emanuele. AU - DAmico, Domenico. AU - Ibello, Francesco. AU - Morte, Anna Maria Della. AU - Salvatore, Barbara. AU - Pizzuti, Laura Micol. AU - Salvatore, Marco. AU - Soricelli, Andrea. PY - 2011/10. Y1 - 2011/10. N2 - Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess independent predictors of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18F]fluoro-Dglucose ( 18F-FDG) uptake in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in patients undergoing repeated positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scans. Procedures: Eight hundred forty-eight (mean age 50.9±16 years) patients in whom PET/CT scan was repeated (mean interval 5±1.5 months) constituted the study group. 18F-FDG uptake in characteristic areas of BAT, with CT density of adipose tissue, greater than background softtissue activity was considered as evidence of BAT uptake. Both distribution and maximum standardized uptake ...
PLOS ONE: Dynamic Regulation of Genes Involved in Mitochondrial DNA Replication and Transcription during Mouse Brown Fat Cell...PLOS ONE: Dynamic Regulation of Genes Involved in Mitochondrial DNA Replication and Transcription during Mouse Brown Fat Cell...
Background Brown adipocytes are specialised in dissipating energy through adaptive thermogenesis, whereas white adipocytes are specialised in energy storage. These essentially opposite functions are possible for two reasons relating to mitochondria, namely expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and a remarkably higher mitochondrial abundance in brown adipocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we report a comprehensive characterisation of gene expression linked to mitochondrial DNA replication, transcription and function during white and brown fat cell differentiation in vitro as well as in white and brown fat, brown adipose tissue fractions and in selected adipose tissues during cold exposure. We find a massive induction of the majority of such genes during brown adipocyte differentiation and recruitment, e.g. of the mitochondrial transcription factors A (Tfam) and B2 (Tfb2m), whereas only a subset of the same genes were induced during white adipose conversion. In addition, PR domain containing
Increased lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue of lactating rats fed a cafeteria diet. The possible involvement of insulin in...Increased lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue of lactating rats fed a cafeteria diet. The possible involvement of insulin in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Increased lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue of lactating rats fed a cafeteria diet. The possible involvement of insulin in brown adipose tissue hypertrophy. AU - Agius, Loranne. AU - Rolls, Barbara J.. AU - Rowe, Edward A.. AU - Williamson, Dermot H.. PY - 1981/1/12. Y1 - 1981/1/12. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0019463374&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0019463374&partnerID=8YFLogxK. U2 - 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80016-6. DO - 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80016-6. M3 - Article. C2 - 7009214. AN - SCOPUS:0019463374. VL - 123. SP - 45. EP - 48. JO - FEBS Letters. JF - FEBS Letters. SN - 0014-5793. IS - 1. ER - ...
Whitening and Impaired Glucose Utilization of Brown Adipose Tissue in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<...Whitening and Impaired Glucose Utilization of Brown Adipose Tissue in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Whitening and Impaired Glucose Utilization of Brown Adipose Tissue in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. AU - Lapa, Constantin. AU - Arias-Loza, Paula. AU - Hayakawa, Nobuyuki. AU - Wakabayashi, Hiroshi. AU - Werner, Rudolf A.. AU - Chen, Xinyu. AU - Shinaji, Tetsuya. AU - Herrmann, Ken. AU - Pelzer, Theo. AU - Higuchi, Takahiro. PY - 2017/12/1. Y1 - 2017/12/1. N2 - Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an attractive therapeutic target to combat diabetes and obesity due to its ability to increase glucose expenditure. In a genetic rat model (ZDF fa/fa) of type-2 diabetes and obesity, we aimed to investigate glucose utilization of BAT by 18F-FDG PET imaging. Male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and Male Zucker lean (ZL) control rats were studied at 13 weeks. Three weeks prior to imaging, ZDF rats were randomized into a no-restriction (ZDF-ND) and a mild calorie restriction (ZDF-CR) group. Dynamic 18F-FDG PET using a dedicated small animal PET system was performed under ...
Mitochondrial biogenesis and increased uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue of mice fed a ketone ester diet. -...Mitochondrial biogenesis and increased uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue of mice fed a ketone ester diet. -...
We measured the effects of a diet in which D-β-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3 butanediol monoester [ketone ester (KE)] replaced equicaloric amounts of carbohydrate on 8-wk-old male C57BL/6J mice. Diets contained equal amounts of fat, protein, and micronutrients. The KE group was fed ad libitum, whereas the control (Ctrl) mice were pair-fed to the KE group. Blood d-β-hydroxybutyrate levels in the KE group were 3-5 times those reported with high-fat ketogenic diets. Voluntary food intake was reduced dose dependently with the KE diet. Feeding the KE diet for up to 1 mo increased the number of mitochondria and doubled the electron transport chain proteins, uncoupling protein 1, and mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating proteins in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). [(18)F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in IBAT of the KE group was twice that in IBAT of the Ctrl group. Plasma leptin levels of the KE group were more than 2-fold those of the Ctrl group and were associated with increased sympathetic nervous
A diurnal rhythm in glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue revealed by in vivo PET-FDG imaging. - Surrey Research Insight Open...A diurnal rhythm in glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue revealed by in vivo PET-FDG imaging. - Surrey Research Insight Open...
Using a micro-PET/CT scanner, we have measured (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in C57Bl/6 mice at intervals across a 24-hour light-dark cycle. Our data reveals a strong 24-hour profile of glucose uptake of iBAT, peaking at approximately 9 hours into the light phase of the 12 hour light, 12 hour dark day. BAT is increasingly gaining attention as being involved in metabolic phenotypes and obesity, where BAT, as observed by PET analysis, negatively correlates with obesity and age. Conversely, animals that show perturbations in circadian clocks, behavior and physiology show metabolic phenotypes. The observation of a 24-hour rhythm in glucose uptake in iBAT makes this tissue a candidate site of interaction between metabolic and circadian systems.. ...
Isoenergetic feeding of low carbohydrate-high fat diets does not increase brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity in ratsIsoenergetic feeding of low carbohydrate-high fat diets does not increase brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity in rats
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC-HF) diets are popular for inducing weight loss in overweighed adults. Adaptive thermogenesis increased by specific effects of macronutrients on energy expenditure has been postulated to induce this weight loss. We studied brown adipose tissue (BAT) morphology and function following exposure to different LC-HF diets. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed a standard control diet ad libitum or pair-fed isoenergetic amounts of three experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets had the following macronutrient composition (% metabolizable energy: carbohydrates, fat, protein): control (64.3/16.7/19), LC-HF-low protein (LC-HF-LP, 1.7/92.8/5.5), LC-HF-normal-protein (LC-HF-NP, 2.2/78.7/19.1), and a high fat diet with carbohydrates ("high fat", 19.4/61.9/18.7). Results: Body weight gain was reduced in all pair-fed experimental groups as compared to rats fed the control diet, with more pronounced effect in rats on LC-HF diets than on the high fat diet with carbohydrates. High fat ...
Brown Adipose Reporting C… - University of Gothenburg, SwedenBrown Adipose Reporting C… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) presence, metabolic activity, and estimated mass are typically measured by imaging [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in response to cold exposure in regions of the body expected to contain BAT, using positron emission tomography combined with X-ray computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Efforts to describe the epidemiology and biology of human BAT are hampered by diverse experimental practices, making it difficult to directly compare results among laboratories. An expert panel was assembled by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases on November 4, 2014 to discuss minimal requirements for conducting FDG-PET/CT experiments of human BAT, data analysis, and publication of results. This resulted in Brown Adipose Reporting Criteria in Imaging STudies (BARCIST 1.0). Since there are no fully validated best practices at this time, panel recommendations are meant to enhance comparability across experiments, but not to constrain experimental ...
The gut microbiota modulates both browning of white adipose tissue and the activity of brown adipose tissue.The gut microbiota modulates both browning of white adipose tissue and the activity of brown adipose tissue.
Given the increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances, novel therapeutic strategies are imperatively required. A plausible manner to increase energy expenditure is the enhancement of thermogenic pathways in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). In the last 15 years, the identification of novel endogenous mechanisms to promote BAT activity or browning of WAT has pointed at gut microbiota as an important modulator of host metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. In this review, we focused on the relationship between gut microbiota composition and adipose tissue thermogenic program (including BAT activity and browning of WAT) in both physiological and stress conditions. Specifically, we reviewed the effects of fasting, caloric restriction, cold stress and metabolic endotoxemia on both browning and gut microbiota shifts. Mechanistically speaking, processes related to bile acid metabolism and the endocannabinoid system seem to play an important role. In summary,
Receptors in brown fat cells could provide avenue for treatmentReceptors in brown fat cells could provide avenue for treatment
Researchers identified two receptors on brown adipose tissue cells, TRPM8 and TRPP3, that could be targeted to increase the amount of brown adipose tissue in people, serving as a possible therapy for obesity and type 2 diabetes, according to a press release from the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.The receptors are involved in the creation of brown adipose tissue and
Systemic serotonin inhibits brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity via a GABA input to the dorsomedial hypothalamus,...Systemic serotonin inhibits brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity via a GABA input to the dorsomedial hypothalamus,...
2+ Abstract Aim Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT), an important neurotransmitter and hormone, modulates many physiological functions including body temperature. We investigated neural mechanisms involved in the inhibition of brown adipose tissue (BAT) sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and BAT thermogenesis evoked by 5‐HT. Methods Electrophysiological recordings, intravenous (iv) injections and nanoinjections in the brains of anesthetized rats. Results Cooling‐evoked increases in BAT SNA were inhibited by the intra‐rostral raphé pallidus (rRPa) and the iv administration of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist, 8‐OH‐DPAT, or 5‐HT. The intra‐rRPa 5‐HT, the intra‐rRPa and the iv 8‐OH‐DPAT, but not the iv 5‐HT‐induced inhibition of BAT SNA were prevented by nanoinjection of a 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist in the rRPa. The increase in BAT SNA evoked by nanoinjection of NMDA in the rRPa was not inhibited by iv 5‐HT, indicating that iv 5‐HT does not inhibit BAT SNA by ...
JCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissueJCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissue
We report the discovery of a low-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulation with unique molecular and metabolic features, coexisting with the classical brown adipocytes in vivo. The results presented here offer critical insight toward our understanding of how brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is regulated at the cellular level. The discovery of the new low-thermogenic subpopulation is of great interest since this population of cells does not have typical brown adipocyte morphology and displays a unique metabolic profile. However, the exact function of this subpopulation is largely unknown. These brown adipocytes have relatively large lipid droplets and low mitochondrial content and an extremely low respiration rate, compared with the high-thermogenic subpopulation. Are these brown adipocytes in a resting status and readily recruitable to convert into high-thermogenic cells? Or do they have critical metabolic functions other than thermogenesis? As the low-thermogenic brown adipocytes have a much ...
JCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissueJCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissue
We report the discovery of a low-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulation with unique molecular and metabolic features, coexisting with the classical brown adipocytes in vivo. The results presented here offer critical insight toward our understanding of how brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is regulated at the cellular level. The discovery of the new low-thermogenic subpopulation is of great interest since this population of cells does not have typical brown adipocyte morphology and displays a unique metabolic profile. However, the exact function of this subpopulation is largely unknown. These brown adipocytes have relatively large lipid droplets and low mitochondrial content and an extremely low respiration rate, compared with the high-thermogenic subpopulation. Are these brown adipocytes in a resting status and readily recruitable to convert into high-thermogenic cells? Or do they have critical metabolic functions other than thermogenesis? As the low-thermogenic brown adipocytes have a much ...
Glucose utilization in vivo and insulin-sensitivity of rat brown adipose tissue in various physiological and pathological...Glucose utilization in vivo and insulin-sensitivity of rat brown adipose tissue in various physiological and pathological...
Brown-adipose-tissue glucose utilization rate and its insulin-sensitivity were measured in vivo in the anaesthetized rat by a 2-deoxy[1-3H]glucose technique. Glucose utilization can be increased 60-fold by insulin, to reach extremely high rates. Glucose utilization and its insulin-sensitivity are modulated in accordance with physiological or pathological conditions. ...
The Impact of Coffee on MetabolismThe Impact of Coffee on Metabolism
Caffeine may reduce the potential for weight gain or obesity and improve insulin sensitivity because it is of the systems that burns brown fat. Studies have looked at the impact of caffeine on brown adipose tissue both in a test tube and in humans. Past studies have demonstrated the activation of brown adipose tissue through nutrients and exposure to cold. Caffeine causes an upregulation of UCP1 in obese mice, however, the direct impact that it has on humans is unknown. Researchers used several tests to analyze their data and then studied nine healthy human volunteers with a normal BMI. The subjects either drank a caffeinated beverage or water and then stayed seated for 30 minutes. The researchers found that those who drank caffeine had an increase in the expression of UCP1. They also analyzed the thermal imaging completed 30 minutes after the subjects drank their beverage against the images taken before. The images showed an increase in the brown adipose tissue temperature in adults after ...
Objective Previous research have shown energetic dark brown adipose tissue (BAT) - Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for...Objective Previous research have shown energetic dark brown adipose tissue (BAT) - Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for...
Objective Previous research have shown energetic dark brown adipose tissue (BAT) exists in adults and could play essential roles in regulating energy homeostasis. topics who underwent checking for either regular medical check-up (MC) or cancers security (CS) in Shanghai. After that we investigated the predictors of active BAT in healthy individuals especially. LEADS TO both combined groupings the prevalence of BAT was higher in females than guys. Using a multivariate logistic Rabbit polyclonal to NF-kappaB p65.NFKB1 (MIM 164011) or NFKB2 (MIM 164012) is bound to REL (MIM 164910), RELA, or RELB (MIM 604758) to form the NFKB complex.The p50 (NFKB1)/p65 (RELA) heterodimer is the most abundant form of NFKB.. analysis we found in the MC group age sex BMI and thyroid tissue metabolism were significant predictors of BAT activity. Similarly in the CS group age sex and BMI were significant predictors of BAT activity but not thyroid metabolism. Conclusions In Chinese adults BAT activity correlates ...
EHMT1 controls brown adipose cell fate and thermogenesis through the PRDM16 complexEHMT1 controls brown adipose cell fate and thermogenesis through the PRDM16 complex
Author(s): Kajimura, Shingo; Ohno, H; Shinoda, K; Ohyama, K; Sharp, LZ | Abstract: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates chemical energy in the form of heat as a defence against hypothermia and obesity. Current evidence indicates that brown adipocytes arise from Myf5 + dermotomal precursors through the action of PR domain containing prot
Uncoupling protein content of brown adipose tissue mitochondria in fasted and refed mice | Biochemical Society TransactionsUncoupling protein content of brown adipose tissue mitochondria in fasted and refed mice | Biochemical Society Transactions
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Study unlocks origin of brown fat cells important in weight maintenance - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comStudy unlocks origin of brown fat cells important in weight maintenance - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Much of the current excitement in the obesity field stems from recent observations highlighting that, even as adults, we have the ability to generate brown fat cells in response to cold exposure. Unlike white fat cells that mostly just store fat, brown adipocytes keep us warm by burning fat at a high rate," said Dr. Philipp Scherer, Director of the Touchstone Center for Diabetes Research at UT Southwestern and senior author of the study available online at Nature Medicine.. While generation of brown fat cells previously was thought to be mostly relevant for rodents and human infants, Dr. Scherer said, current evidence points to the observation that adults also generate these cells when exposed to cold.. Brown fat cells in adults tend to be randomly interspersed in subcutaneous white fat, with a trend toward increased accumulation in the upper chest and neck areas. In general, brown fat tissue makes up just a small percentage of total body fat mass.. The Touchstone Centers staff devotes its ...
ROS and sympathetically mediated mitochondria activation in brown adipose tissue contribute to methamphetamine-induced...ROS and sympathetically mediated mitochondria activation in brown adipose tissue contribute to methamphetamine-induced...
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse has been shown to induce alterations in mitochondrial function in the brain as well as to induce hyperthermia, which contributes to neurotoxicity and Meth-associated mortality. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a thermogenic site known to be important in neonates, has recently regained importance since being identified in significant amounts and in correlation with metabolic balance in human adults. Given the high mitochondrial content of BAT and its role in thermogenesis, we aimed to investigate whether BAT plays any role in the development of Meth-induced hyperthermia. By ablating or denervating BAT, we identified a partial contribution of this organ to Meth-induced hyperthermia. BAT ablation decreased temperature by 0.5°C and reduced the length of hyperthermia by 1 h, compared to sham-operated controls. BAT denervation also affected the development of hyperthermia in correlation with decreased the expression of electron transport chain molecules, and increase on PCG1a ...
Nuclear 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) in brown adipose tissue: receptor occupancy and sources of T3 as determined by in vivo...Nuclear 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) in brown adipose tissue: receptor occupancy and sources of T3 as determined by in vivo...
The amount and sources of T3 associated with high affinity, low capacity cellular nuclear receptors in brown adipose tissue (BAT) have been estimated by in vivo pulse-labeling techniques. Maximal binding capacity was measured by in vivo saturation analysis. Nuclear receptor occupancy at endogenous levels of T3 and T4 in euthyroid rats was estimated from the equilibrium nuclear to serum ratio of tracer T3, and the locally generated nuclear T3 to serum T4 ratio after injecting tracer T3 and T4. These ratios were multiplied, respectively, by the endogenous concentrations of T3 and T4 as measured by RIA. The maximal binding capacity was 0.65 ng T3/mg DNA, and saturation was 71%. Fifty-five percent of the nuclear T3 was generated locally, and 45% was derived from circulating T3. BAT is, hence, comparable to the liver in number of receptors (approximately 5000/cell) and to the pituitary with regard to saturation and relative contributions of locally generated T3 and plasma T3 to nuclear T3. These ...
Articles - IPS TherapeutiqueArticles - IPS Therapeutique
Article: Loss of UCP2 impairs cold-induced non-shivering thermogenesis by promoting a shift toward glucose utilization in brown adipose tissue.. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was discovered in 1997 and classified as an uncoupling protein largely based on its homology of sequence with UCP1. Since its discovery, the uncoupling function of UCP2 has been questioned and there is yet no consensus on the true function of this protein. UCP2 was first proposed to be a reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulator and an insulin secretion modulator. More recently, it was demonstrated as a regulator of the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which prompted us to investigate its role in the metabolic and thermogenic functions of brown adipose tissue. We first investigated the role of UCP2 in affecting the glycolysis capacity by evaluating the extracellular flux in cells lacking UCP2. We thereafter investigated the role of UCP2 in BAT thermogenesis with positron emission tomography using the metabolic tracers ...
Mfn2 deletion in brown adipose tissue protects from insulin resistance and impairs thermogenesis | EMBO ReportsMfn2 deletion in brown adipose tissue protects from insulin resistance and impairs thermogenesis | EMBO Reports
We had previously demonstrated that mitochondrial fragmentation, induced by cold exposure in BAT, might represent an approach to increase fat oxidation [9]. Therefore, selectively inducing mitochondrial fragmentation in BAT could be a strategy mimicking Ucp1 activation and a potential therapy for obesity, which would bypass the need for adrenergic stimulation. However, the role of Mfn2 in obesity‐induced BAT remodeling and the effect of chronically reducing Mfn2 in BAT in vivo have not been explored.. Here we present a perturbation of brown adipocyte mitochondrial dynamics that enhances BAT capacity to negate the metabolic derangements associated with diet‐induced obesity, while impairing thermogenic capacity in response to cold in vivo. Our study identified for the first time a role for Mfn2 in the response of BAT to obesity and in a gender dependent manner. While in obese females deletion of Mfn2 results in increased coupled respiratory efficiency of BAT mitochondria oxidizing fat, Mfn2 ...
Organic Paleo Cultured Brown Butter Ghee, Grass Fed, Casein and Lactose Free (16 oz)Organic Paleo Cultured Brown Butter Ghee, Grass Fed, Casein and Lactose Free (16 oz)
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New Research On Brown Fat Thermogenesis - AnabolicMinds.comNew Research On Brown Fat Thermogenesis - AnabolicMinds.com
Biologists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have identified a signaling pathway that switches on a powerful calorie-burning process in brown fat cells.
JCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissueJCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as the main site of adaptive thermogenesis, exerts beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. BAT has been previously assumed to contain a homogeneous population of brown adipocytes. Utilizing multiple mouse models capable of genetically labeling different cellular populations, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing and 3D tissue profiling, we discovered a brown adipocyte subpopulation with low thermogenic activity coexisting with the classical high-thermogenic brown adipocytes within the BAT. Compared with the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, these low-thermogenic brown adipocytes had substantially lower Ucp1 and Adipoq expression, larger lipid droplets, and lower mitochondrial content. Functional analyses showed that, unlike the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, the low-thermogenic brown adipocytes have markedly lower basal mitochondrial respiration, and they are specialized in fatty acid uptake. Upon changes in environmental temperature, the ...
JCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissueJCI - Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as the main site of adaptive thermogenesis, exerts beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. BAT has been previously assumed to contain a homogeneous population of brown adipocytes. Utilizing multiple mouse models capable of genetically labeling different cellular populations, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing and 3D tissue profiling, we discovered a brown adipocyte subpopulation with low thermogenic activity coexisting with the classical high-thermogenic brown adipocytes within the BAT. Compared with the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, these low-thermogenic brown adipocytes had substantially lower Ucp1 and Adipoq expression, larger lipid droplets, and lower mitochondrial content. Functional analyses showed that, unlike the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, the low-thermogenic brown adipocytes have markedly lower basal mitochondrial respiration, and they are specialized in fatty acid uptake. Upon changes in environmental temperature, the ...
Plus itPlus it
Previous studies reporting the tissue distribution of BSCL2, as assessed by Northern blotting, have reported highest expression in the brain (4) or did not determine adipose tissue expression (11). Quantification of BSCL2 using real-time PCR in a range of mouse tissues demonstrated that expression was highest in subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose depots and interscapular brown adipose tissue (Fig. 1A). Expression in whole brain was ∼20-35% that in adipose tissue, leading us to speculate that BSCL2 mutations may cause lipodystrophy via direct effects in adipose tissue.. To examine the earliest stages of cell commitment to the adipocyte lineage, we investigated the expression of BSCL2 in murine embryonic stem cell embryoid bodies during differentiation to adipocytes. Treatment with adipogenic medium increased BSCL2 expression in these cells within 24 h, and expression continued to rise as the number of adipocytes increased (Fig. 1B). The time course of induction was similar to that of the ...
Mitochondrial ROS regulate thermogenic energy expenditure and sulfenylation of UCP1. | MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitMitochondrial ROS regulate thermogenic energy expenditure and sulfenylation of UCP1. | MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit
Brown and beige adipose tissues can dissipate chemical energy as heat through thermogenic respiration, which requires uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Thermogenesis from these adipocytes can combat obesity and diabetes, encouraging investigation of factors that control UCP1-dependent respiration in vivo. Here we show that acutely activated thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is defined by a substantial increase in levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Remarkably, this process supports in vivo thermogenesis, as pharmacological depletion of mitochondrial ROS results in hypothermia upon cold exposure, and inhibits UCP1-dependent increases in whole-body energy expenditure. We further establish that thermogenic ROS alter the redox status of cysteine thiols in brown adipose tissue to drive increased respiration, and that Cys253 of UCP1 is a key target. UCP1 Cys253 is sulfenylated during thermogenesis, while mutation of this site desensitizes the purine-nucleotide-inhibited state of the ...
Rhein Protects against Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders through Liver X Receptor-Mediated Uncoupling Protein 1...Rhein Protects against Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders through Liver X Receptor-Mediated Uncoupling Protein 1...
1. Ravussin E, Kozak LP. Have we entered the brown adipose tissue renaissance?. Obes.Rev. 2009;10:265-8 2. Spiegelman BM, Flier JS. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell. 2001;104:531-43 3. Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J.Clin.Invest. 2000;106:473-81 4. Berge KE, von BK, Lutjohann D. et al. Heritability of plasma noncholesterol sterols and relationship to DNA sequence polymorphism in ABCG5 and ABCG8. J.Lipid Res. 2002;43:486-94 5. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847-50 6. Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature. 2006;444:847-53 7. Lowell BB, Susulic V, Hamann A. et al. Development of obesity in transgenic mice after genetic ablation of brown adipose tissue. Nature. 1993;366:740-2 8. Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological ...
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Hypothalamic Actions of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Provide the...Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Hypothalamic Actions of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Provide the...
TNF alpha is an important mediator of catabolism in cachexia. Most of its effects have been characterized in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle and fat. However, by acting directly in the hypothalamus, TNF alpha can activate thermogenesis and modulate food intake. Here we show that high concentration TNF alpha in the hypothalamus leads to increased O(2) consumption/CO(2) production, increased body temperature, and reduced caloric intake, resulting in loss of body mass. Most of the thermogenic response is produced by beta 3-adrenergic signaling to the brown adipose tissue (BAT), leading to increased BAT relative mass, reduction in BAT lipid quantity, and increased BAT mitochondria density. The expression of proteins involved in BAT thermogenesis, such as beta 3-adrenergic receptor, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha, and uncoupling protein-1, are increased. In the hypothalamus, TNF alpha produces reductions in neuropeptide Y, agouti gene-related ...
CPR co-hosting conference on brown fat research and anti-obesity strategies - University of CopenhagenCPR co-hosting conference on brown fat research and anti-obesity strategies - University of Copenhagen
CPR researchers are co-hosting the international conference on brown fat research and anti-obesity strategies CPH BAT with prominent researchers and coordinators from Rigshospitalet and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at UCPH.. The conference features an excellent line-up of scientific speakers from this research field https://www.cphbat.com/speakers.. Welcome text from the CPHBAT website:. This spring, we will gather some of the very top scientists in the world within brown fat research and anti-obesity strategies. We are looking forward to groundbreaking discussions and new ideas on future directions in this research field. We also look forward to welcoming you in Copenhagen, a city to which some refer as "the happiest in the world". Following a dark and rainy winter, Copenhagen comes to life. You will be able to enjoy a green city with amazing microbreweries, excellent coffee shops and a wide range of high level restaurants. You will be inspired by the Copenhagen biking and running ...
Alice A. Larson, Ph.D. | Graduate Program in NeuroscienceAlice A. Larson, Ph.D. | Graduate Program in Neuroscience
For a comprehensive list of recent publications, refer to PubMed, a service provided by the National Library of Medicine.). Goudie-DeAngelis EM, Abdelhamid RE, Nunez MG, Kissel CL, Kovács KJ, Portoghese PS, Larson AA. Modulation of musculoskeletal hyperalgesia by brown adipose tissue activity in mice. Pain. 2016 Jul 19;. [Epub ahead of print]. Larson AA, Nunez MG, Kissel CL, Kovács KJ. Intrathecal Urocortin I in the spinal cord as a murine model of stress hormone-induced musculoskeletal and tactile hyperalgesia. Eur J Neurosci. 2015 Aug 31.. Abdelhamid RE, Kovács KJ, Nunez MG, Larson AA. After a cold conditioning swim, UCP2-deficient mice are more able to defend against the cold than wild type mice. Physiol Behav. 2014 Aug;135:168-73.. Larson AA, Pardo JV, Pasley JD. Review of overlap between thermoregulation and pain modulation in fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 2014 Jun;30(6):544-55.. Spencer JH, Larson AA, Drake R, Iaizzo PA. A detailed assessment of the human coronary venous system using ...
Climate Change Linked to Rising Diabetes Prevalence: Study (CME/CE) - Nick A. Gallegoss BlogClimate Change Linked to Rising Diabetes Prevalence: Study (CME/CE) - Nick A. Gallegos's Blog
(MedPage Today) -- Warmer temperatures may reduce brown adipose tissue activity via Climate Change Linked to Rising Diabetes Prevalence: Study (CME/CE) by from Blogger http://ift.tt/2n2UIVBvia https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6RqJb8h-y4xS4g-vzofotQ/videos
ChannelpediaChannelpedia
The presence of two distinct types of adipose tissue, which have opposing functions, has been known for decades. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the main tissue of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat and is required for non-shivering thermoregulation. In the last few years, a third type of adipocyte was identified, termed the brite (brown and white) or beige adipocyte. Their physiological control and role, however, are not fully clarified. Brite/beige adipocytes have a positive impact on systemic metabolism that is generally explained by the thermogenesis of brite/beige adipocytes; although thermogenesis has not been directly measured but is mostly inferred by gene expression data of typical thermogenic genes such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Here we critically review functional evidence for the thermogenic potential of brite/beige adipocytes, leading to the conclusion that direct measurements of brite/beige adipocyte bioenergetics, beyond gene ...
JCI - Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivityJCI - Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to function in the dissipation of chemical energy in response to cold or excess feeding, and also has the capacity to modulate energy balance. To test the hypothesis that BAT is fundamental to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, we transplanted BAT from male donor mice into the visceral cavity of age- and sex-matched recipient mice. By 8-12 weeks following transplantation, recipient mice had improved glucose tolerance, increased insulin sensitivity, lower body weight, decreased fat mass, and a complete reversal of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Increasing the quantity of BAT transplanted into recipient mice further improved the metabolic effects of transplantation. BAT transplantation increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo into endogenous BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT), and heart muscle but, surprisingly, not skeletal muscle. The improved metabolic profile was lost when the BAT used for transplantation was obtained from ...
Researchers Uncover Molecular Process in the Brain that Transforms White Fat into Brown FatResearchers Uncover Molecular Process in the Brain that Transforms White Fat into Brown Fat
Yale scientists uncover how a molecular process in the brain that known to control eating transforms white fat into brown fat, impacting how much energy we burn and how much weight we can lose.. The results are published in the October 9 issue of the journal Cell.. Obesity is a rising global epidemic. Excess fatty tissue is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, neurological disorders, and cancer. People become overweight and obese when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, and excess calories are stored in the adipose tissues. The adipose organ is made up of both white and brown fat. While white fat primarily stores energy as triglycerides, brown fat dissipates chemical energy as heat. The more brown fat you have, the more weight you can lose.. It has previously been shown that energy-storing white fat has the capacity to transform into energy-burning "brown-like" fat. In this new study, researchers from the Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling ...
Turning White Fat Into Energy-Burning Brown Fat: Hope for New Obesity and Diabetes TreatmentsTurning White Fat Into Energy-Burning Brown Fat: Hope for New Obesity and Diabetes Treatments
Posted on 08/06/2012 1:46:58 AM PDT by neverdem. Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers have identified a mechanism that can give energy-storing white fat some of the beneficial characteristics of energy-burning brown fat. The findings, based on studies of mice and of human fat tissue, could lead to new strategies for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. The study was published August 2 in the online edition of the journal Cell. Humans have two types of fat tissue: white fat, which stores excess energy in the form of triglycerides, and brown fat, which is highly efficient at dissipating stored energy as heat. Newborns have a relative abundance of brown fat, as protection against exposure to cold temperatures. In adults, however, almost all excess energy is stored as white fat. Turning white fat into brown fat is an appealing therapeutic approach to staunching the obesity epidemic, but it has been difficult to do so in a safe and effective way, said study leader Domenico Accili, ...
Shingo Kajimura, PhD | Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramShingo Kajimura, PhD | Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program
Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A fundamental concept in understanding obesity is energy balance; obesity develops when energy intake (i.e., feeding) chronically exceeds total energy expenditure.. Adipose tissue serves as a central regulator of energy balance. Two types of adipose tissue, white and brown, are found in mammals: white adipose tissue (WAT) functions exclusively in the storage of excess energy, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to dissipate chemical energy in the form of heat through a process called non-shivering thermogenesis. Due to its remarkable oxidative capacity to dissipate excess chemical energy, brown fat function is tightly linked to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders in rodents and humans. The main focus of our lab is to uncover the molecular circuits that control brown and white fat cell development and their roles in energy metabolism.. Over the last several years, ...
Cellular thermogenic mechanisms : a comparative study of brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle - Open Access RepositoryCellular thermogenic mechanisms : a comparative study of brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle - Open Access Repository
was used as the substrate, suggesting that it may be able to act as an uncoupler. With succinate as the substrate, respiration was maximal despite an inhibition of the rate ...
Oleic acid and understanding the cause of hunger satiation | danielpflood : danielpfloodOleic acid and understanding the cause of hunger satiation | danielpflood : danielpflood
The β-adrenergic receptors are known to positively mediate body fat loss (mice lacking the receptors experience obesity[34]) and activation of the β3-adrenergic receptor encourages a reduction in food intake and fat loss in rodents,[35] in part via activating uncoupling proteins such as UCP1.[36][37]. OEA targets PPARα, and PPARα is known to have increased effects when the β3 receptor is activated[38] which partly mediates the effects of β3 on other lipolytic proteins such as PGC-1α and Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue.[39][40] In accordance with the hypotheses, coadministration of OEA (5mg/kg peripheral injection) and a β3 agonist appear to be additive in reducing food intake and synergistic in reducing fat mass in rats associated with an increase in energy expenditure (with no influence on locomotor activity).[33] At least in rats, the increase in PPARα and UCP1 (thought to reflect the increase in energy expenditure) occurred in both white and brown adipose tissue ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue, BrownAdipose Tissue, WhiteSubcutaneous FatAdipocytesAdipocytes, BrownObesityLipolysisIntra-Abdominal FatThermogenesisAdipogenesisLeptinInsulin ResistanceInsulinSubcutaneous Fat, Abdominal3T3-L1 CellsAdipocytes, WhiteMice, ObeseFatty AcidsMitochondrial ProteinsLipid MetabolismBody WeightAdipokinesOmentumLipoprotein LipaseAdiponectinCold TemperatureDietary FatsDiet, High-FatAdiposityFatty Acids, NonesterifiedTriglyceridesRNA, MessengerEnergy MetabolismGlycerolGlucoseBody Temperature RegulationBody CompositionMice, Inbred C57BLLiverIon ChannelsPanniculitisBlood GlucosePPAR gammaEpididymisMuscle, SkeletalGene Expression RegulationLipidsVisceraLipid MobilizationAbdomenPhaeophytaLipogenesisAbdominal FatInflammationBody Fat DistributionSterol EsteraseReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-3EatingLipodystrophyRats, ZuckerButtocksSubcutaneous TissueDietThiazolidinedionesMice, KnockoutGene Expression11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1Cell DifferentiationResistinCarrier ProteinsFatty Acid SynthasesReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRats, Inbred BNOrgan SizeGlucose Transporter Type 4Glucose Tolerance TestLipectomyMitochondriaLipaseRats, WistarNorepinephrineThinnessFatty LiverWeight GainCells, CulturedHormones, EctopicPericardiumAcclimatizationBody Mass IndexOrgan SpecificityAcetyl-CoA CarboxylaseMacrophagesStearoyl-CoA DesaturaseFastingObesity, MorbidNeoplasms, Adipose TissueStarvationWeight LossAnti-Obesity AgentsFood DeprivationGlucose Clamp TechniqueHypoglycemic AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Time FactorsProteinsMetabolic DiseasesCosta RicaMembrane ProteinsAdrenergic beta-AgonistsSwineReceptors, LeptinRats, Sprague-DawleyGlucose IntoleranceGlycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseEpinephrineTissue DistributionMice, TransgenicEnergy IntakeOxygen ConsumptionDioxolesLipomaMicrodialysisRats, Inbred StrainsReceptors, Adrenergic, betaLipomatosisHomeostasisReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionUncoupling AgentsCell SizeAnimal FeedSignal TransductionMetabolic Syndrome XTranscription FactorsReceptors, AdiponectinBody TemperatureMuscles1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-AcyltransferaseSterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1AgingBlotting, WesternHIV-Associated Lipodystrophy SyndromeTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsInterleukin-6TrioleinGlyceridesCattleReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearLactationGene Expression ProfilingBiological MarkersGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase3T3 CellsCaloric RestrictionMalate DehydrogenaseIsoproterenolFatsAngiopoietinsPhenotypeHyperinsulinismLinoleic Acids, ConjugatedSheepIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalIodide PeroxidaseLinoleic AcidStem CellsRandom AllocationNicotinamide PhosphoribosyltransferaseStromal CellsSex CharacteristicsAnimals, NewbornClenbuterolDietary CarbohydratesInflammation MediatorsFatty Acid-Binding ProteinsImmunohistochemistryGuanosine DiphosphateThighGrowth HormoneMolecular Sequence DataPPAR alphaTriiodothyronineHormonesBase SequencePhodopusCholesterolFatty Acid Synthase, Type IGlucosephosphate DehydrogenasePalmitic AcidsLipodystrophy, Congenital GeneralizedAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticBrown Recluse SpiderMesenchymal Stromal CellsAcetatesDexamethasoneUp-RegulationBlotting, NorthernChemokine CCL2
OrexinOrexin
Obesity in orexin knockout mice is a result of inability of brown preadipocytes to differentiate into brown adipose tissue (BAT ... Obesity in orexin-knockout mice is associated with impaired brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.[13] ... Sellayah D, Bharaj P, Sikder D (October 2011). "Orexin is required for brown adipose tissue development, differentiation, and ...
Leatherback sea turtleLeatherback sea turtle
Goff GP, Stenson GB (1988). "Brown Adipose Tissue in Leatherback Sea Turtles: A Thermogenic Organ in an Endothermic Reptile". ... including an extensive covering of brown adipose tissue,[27] temperature-independent swimming muscles,[28] countercurrent heat ... "Thermal Independence of Muscle Tissue Metabolism in the Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea". Comparative Biochemistry and ...
Iodothyronine deiodinaseIodothyronine deiodinase
Deiodinase 2 also plays a significant role in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In response to sympathetic ... "The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is essential for adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue". J. Clin. Invest. 108 (9 ... conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine is required for the optimal thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue". J. Clin ... In tissues, deiodinases can either activate or inactivate thyroid hormones: Activation occurs by conversion of the prohormone ...
Heat shock proteinHeat shock protein
"Characterization and regulation of cold-induced heat shock protein expression in mouse brown adipose tissue". The American ... It depends a lot on context of tissue whether HSPs will stimulate the immune system or suppress immunity. They can promote Th17 ... and during wound healing or tissue remodeling.[4] Many members of this group perform chaperone function by stabilizing new ...
ThermogenesisThermogenesis
Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) that is present in all eutherians (swine being the only ... Cannon, B.; Nedergaard, J. (2004). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiol. Rev. 84 (1): 277- ... Brown adipose tissue has a unique uncoupling protein (thermogenin, also known as uncoupling protein 1) that allows the ... Hayward, John S.; Lisson, Paul A. (1992). "Evolution of brown fat: its absence in marsupials and monotremes". Canadian Journal ...
Nocturnal bottleneckNocturnal bottleneck
Unique type of brown adipose tissue, allowing mammals to raise heat fast. Mitochondria with five to seven times higher ... Cannon, B. (1 January 2004). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiological Reviews. 84 (1): ...
Specific dynamic actionSpecific dynamic action
Heat production by brown adipose tissue which is activated after consumption of a meal is an additional component of dietary ... Cannon, B.; Nedergaard, J. (2004). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiological Reviews. 84 ( ...
TorporTorpor
Eutherian arousal relies on a heat-producing brown adipose tissue as a mechanism to accelerate rewarming. The mechanism of ... but appears not to rely on brown adipose tissue.[7] ...
IBATIBAT
Interscapular brown adipose tissue, also known as Hibernating gland; Instruction Block Address Translation registers in PowerPC ...
Beta-adrenergic agonistBeta-adrenergic agonist
"Brown adipose tissue, beta 3-adrenergic receptors, and obesity". Annu. Rev. Med. 48. pp. 307-16. "Archived copy". Archived from ... β3 receptors are mainly located in adipose tissue. Activation of the β3 receptors induces the metabolism of lipids. Indications ... and smooth muscle tissue, with epinephrine expressing the highest affinity. The activation of β1, β2 and β3 activates the ... ultimately inducing smooth muscle relaxation and contraction of the cardiac tissue. Activation of β1 receptors induces positive ...
ThermogeninThermogenin
Detection of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein mRNA in adult patients by a human genomic probe. . In: Clin. Sci.. . 75, ... The identification of the component in the inner membrane of brown adipose tissue mitochondria responsible for regulating ... Brown fat UCP1 is specifically expressed in uterine longitudinal smooth muscle cells. . In: J. Biol. Chem.. . 276, Nr. 50, 2002 ...
Nancy RothwellNancy Rothwell
Rothwell, N.; Stock, M. (1979). "A role for brown adipose tissue in diet-induced thermogenesis". Nature. 281 (5726): 31-35. doi ... MacDonald, I. A.; Rothwell, N. J.; Stock, M. J. (1976). "Lipolytic and lipogenic activities of adipose tissue during ... Brown, Matthew (September 2004) "A Society Fellow", in: AUTlook. Association of University Teachers; no. 231, pp. 24-25. "The ...
Human skinHuman skin
It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and ... Melanin: It is brown in color and present in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanoid: It resembles melanin but is present ... The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis and subcutis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis of the cutis. Its ... The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the dermis and by the ...
Joslin Diabetes CenterJoslin Diabetes Center
Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 9;360(15):1509-17. [email protected] ... 2009: Researchers in the lab of C. Ronald Kahn, MD discover that brown fat is present in some adults, providing a new target ...
பழுப்புக் கொழுப்பு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாபழுப்புக் கொழுப்பு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
"The origins of brown adipose tissue". N Engl J Med 360 (19): 2021-2023. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr0809610. பப்மெட் 19420373. http:// ... பழுப்புக் கொழுப்பு (brown fat) என்பது கொழுப்பிழையத்தின் இரு வகை இழையங்களுள் ஒன்றாகும்.கொழுப்பிழையத்தின் மற்றொரு வகை வெள்ளைக் ...
USF1USF1
2016). "USF1 deficiency activates brown adipose tissue and improves cardiometabolic health". Science Translational Medicine. 8 ... A study of mice suggested reduced USF1 levels increases metabolism in brown fat. USF1 (human gene) has been shown to interact ...
Cold and heat adaptations in humansCold and heat adaptations in humans
The second is non-shivering, which occurs in brown adipose tissue. The only mechanism the human body has to cool itself is by ... Brown, Douglas J.A.; Brugger, Hermann; Boyd, Jeff; Paal, Peter (2012-11-15). "Accidental Hypothermia". New England Journal of ...
Mitochondrial carrierMitochondrial carrier
Klingenberg M (March 1990). "Mechanism and evolution of the uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue". Trends in Biochemical ...
SMIM23SMIM23
It functions in the differentiation between white and brown adipose tissue. It can also be a repressor of transforming growth ...
Taiga voleTaiga vole
Also using brown fat adipose tissue to increase their thermogenic capacity. Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. (NatureServe) (2008 ...
VEGFR1VEGFR1
... recently been found to augment the conversion of white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue as well as increase brown adipose ... "Ablation of endothelial VEGFR1 improves metabolic dysfunction by inducing adipose tissue browning". The Journal of Experimental ...
Neural top-down control of physiologyNeural top-down control of physiology
Vagal activation also controls the generation of lipids in brown adipose tissue. Insulin. Vagal innervation of the pancreas ... and brown adipose tissue nonshivering thermogenesis. This regulation occurs through the sympathetic and parasympathetic system ... "Central efferent pathways mediating skin cooling-evoked sympathetic thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue". AJP: Regulatory, ... from the rostral raphe pallidus to the spinal intermediolateral nucleus nonshivering thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue. ...
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorBeta-3 adrenergic receptor
... and in brown adipose tissue. Their role in gallbladder physiology is unknown, but they are thought to play a role in lipolysis ... Thermogenesis in skeletal muscle It is located mainly in adipose tissue and is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and ... Actions of the β3 receptor include Enhancement of lipolysis in adipose tissue. ... adiponectin receptors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressions in adipose tissues of obese diabetic KKAy mice". European ...
Glyoxylate cycleGlyoxylate cycle
"Hibernation activates glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis in black bear brown adipose tissue". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1051 (3 ... While the DNA has been expressed in some tissues, including the liver and small intestine in test animals, the level of ... in some animal tissue has raised questions regarding the evolutionary relationship of enzymes in bacteria and animals and ... some studies show evidence of components of the glyoxylate cycle existing in significant amounts in the liver tissue of ...
TNFRSF12ATNFRSF12A
2006). "Expression of TWEAK and its receptor Fn14 in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Relationship with other inflammatory ... Brown SA, Hanscom HN, Vu H, et al. (2006). "TWEAK binding to the Fn14 cysteine-rich domain depends on charged residues located ... Meighan-Mantha RL, Hsu DK, Guo Y, Brown SA, Feng SL, Peifley KA, Alberts GF, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Richards CM, ...
Connective tissueConnective tissue
... and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[15]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as ... Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.[8] Other kinds ... Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and ... Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushioning" to the body, among ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue, BrownAdipose Tissue, WhiteSubcutaneous FatAdipocytesAdipocytes, BrownObesityLipolysisIntra-Abdominal FatThermogenesisAdipogenesisLeptinInsulin ResistanceInsulinSubcutaneous Fat, Abdominal3T3-L1 CellsAdipocytes, WhiteMice, ObeseFatty AcidsMitochondrial ProteinsLipid MetabolismBody WeightAdipokinesOmentumLipoprotein LipaseAdiponectinCold TemperatureDietary FatsDiet, High-FatAdiposityFatty Acids, NonesterifiedTriglyceridesRNA, MessengerEnergy MetabolismGlycerolGlucoseBody Temperature RegulationBody CompositionMice, Inbred C57BLLiverIon ChannelsPanniculitisBlood GlucosePPAR gammaEpididymisMuscle, SkeletalGene Expression RegulationLipidsVisceraLipid MobilizationAbdomenPhaeophytaLipogenesisAbdominal FatInflammationBody Fat DistributionSterol EsteraseReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-3EatingLipodystrophyRats, ZuckerButtocksSubcutaneous TissueDietThiazolidinedionesMice, KnockoutGene Expression11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1Cell DifferentiationResistinCarrier ProteinsFatty Acid SynthasesReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRats, Inbred BNOrgan SizeGlucose Transporter Type 4Glucose Tolerance TestLipectomyMitochondriaLipaseRats, WistarNorepinephrineThinnessFatty LiverWeight GainCells, CulturedHormones, EctopicPericardiumAcclimatizationBody Mass IndexOrgan SpecificityAcetyl-CoA CarboxylaseMacrophagesStearoyl-CoA DesaturaseFastingObesity, MorbidNeoplasms, Adipose TissueStarvationWeight LossAnti-Obesity AgentsFood DeprivationGlucose Clamp TechniqueHypoglycemic AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Time FactorsProteinsMetabolic DiseasesCosta RicaMembrane ProteinsAdrenergic beta-AgonistsSwineReceptors, LeptinRats, Sprague-DawleyGlucose IntoleranceGlycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseEpinephrineTissue DistributionMice, TransgenicEnergy IntakeOxygen ConsumptionDioxolesLipomaMicrodialysisRats, Inbred StrainsReceptors, Adrenergic, betaLipomatosisHomeostasisReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionUncoupling AgentsCell SizeAnimal FeedSignal TransductionMetabolic Syndrome XTranscription FactorsReceptors, AdiponectinBody TemperatureMuscles1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-AcyltransferaseSterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1AgingBlotting, WesternHIV-Associated Lipodystrophy SyndromeTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsInterleukin-6TrioleinGlyceridesCattleReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearLactationGene Expression ProfilingBiological MarkersGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase3T3 CellsCaloric RestrictionMalate DehydrogenaseIsoproterenolFatsAngiopoietinsPhenotypeHyperinsulinismLinoleic Acids, ConjugatedSheepIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalIodide PeroxidaseLinoleic AcidStem CellsRandom AllocationNicotinamide PhosphoribosyltransferaseStromal CellsSex CharacteristicsAnimals, NewbornClenbuterolDietary CarbohydratesInflammation MediatorsFatty Acid-Binding ProteinsImmunohistochemistryGuanosine DiphosphateThighGrowth HormoneMolecular Sequence DataPPAR alphaTriiodothyronineHormonesBase SequencePhodopusCholesterolFatty Acid Synthase, Type IGlucosephosphate DehydrogenasePalmitic AcidsLipodystrophy, Congenital GeneralizedAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticBrown Recluse SpiderMesenchymal Stromal CellsAcetatesDexamethasoneUp-RegulationBlotting, NorthernChemokine CCL2
Brown adipose tissue definition | Drugs.comBrown adipose tissue definition | Drugs.com
Definition of brown adipose tissue. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and ... Synonym(s): brown fat. Further information. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this ... brown adipose tissue. ...
drugs.com
Brown Adipose Tissue in Morbidly Obese SubjectsBrown Adipose Tissue in Morbidly Obese Subjects
Background Cold-stimulated adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) to increase energy expenditure is suggested as ... Brown adipose tissue Is the Subject Area "Brown adipose tissue" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Adipose tissue Is the Subject Area "Adipose tissue" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
journals.plos.org
JCI - Cellular heterogeneity in brown adipose tissueJCI - Cellular heterogeneity in brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains mitochondria-enriched thermogenic fat cells (brown adipocytes) that play a crucial role in ... Cellular heterogeneity in brown adipose tissue. Yasuo Oguri1,2,3 and Shingo Kajimura1,2,3 1UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco ... The present study provides novel insight into our understanding of cellular heterogeneity in adipose tissues. ... It was presumed that brown adipocytes are composed of a homogeneous cell population. In this issue of the JCI, however, Song ...
jci.org
Experimental Biology 2011- Comparative Physiology of Brown Adipose Tissue | ScienceBlogsExperimental Biology 2011- Comparative Physiology of Brown Adipose Tissue | ScienceBlogs
You may recall the previous post on the seminar that I attended on Comparative Physiology of Brown Adipose Tissue at the ... You may recall the previous post on the seminar that I attended on Comparative Physiology of Brown Adipose Tissue at the ... Figure 2 from the research paper ("Functional Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue", Heart Metab. 2010;48:15-17) is shown below:. ... They hope to use this thermal imaging technique to further characterize the role of brown adipose tissue in children. ...
scienceblogs.com
Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health. - PubMed - NCBIAdipose tissue browning and metabolic health. - PubMed - NCBI
The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), the primary organ for heat production, confers beneficial effects on adiposity, ... Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health.. Bartelt A1, Heeren J2. ... Accumulation of excess white adipose tissue (WAT) has deleterious consequences for metabolic health. ... brown-in-white, or brite adipocytes), which are phenotypically distinct from both white and brown adipocytes. Stimulating the ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. - PubMed - NCBIBrown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. - PubMed - NCBI
Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.. Stanford KI1, Middelbeek RJ, Townsend KL, An D, ... Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to function in the dissipation of chemical energy in response to cold or excess feeding, ... BAT transplantation increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo into endogenous BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT), and ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cold Temperature Can Increase Brown Adipose Tissue in OffspringCold Temperature Can Increase Brown Adipose Tissue in Offspring
Increasing your brown fat, which burns energy and creates heat to help control your body temperature, may also regulate blood ... Increasing your brown fat, which burns energy and creates heat to help control your body temperature, may also regulate blood ...
articles.mercola.com
Brown adipose tissue in h… - Göteborgs universitet Brown adipose tissue in h… - Göteborgs universitet
Evolution has provided humans and other placental mammals with brown adipose tissue (BAT), a tissue that converts chemically ... Brown Adipose Tissue. Alexander Pfeifer, Martin Klingenspor, Stephan Herzig (red.). (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology). ... The aim of this review is to summarize the literature and describe what is actually known about the tissue and its importance ... The thermogenic activity of this tissue is significant for the human infants ability to maintain a sufficiently high core body ...
gu.se
JCI - Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivityJCI - Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to function in the dissipation of chemical energy in response to cold or excess feeding, ... BAT transplantation increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo into endogenous BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT), and ...
jci.org
JCI - Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivityJCI - Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity
However, of the major adipose tissue depots, only brown adipose tissue (BAT) is inversely correlated with BMI in humans (2, 3 ... Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1500-1508.. View this article via: PubMed ... Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1518-1525.. View this article via: PubMed ... Brown adipose tissue: contributions of nature and nurture to the obesity of an obese mutant mouse (ob/ob). Int J Obes. 1986;10( ...
jci.org
Recruiting Brown Adipose Tissue in Human Obesity | DiabetesRecruiting Brown Adipose Tissue in Human Obesity | Diabetes
... associated with a specialized fat tissue-brown adipose tissue (BAT)-is central to the development of obesity. Correspondingly, ... Increased brown adipose tissue oxidative capacity in cold-acclimated humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:E438-E446pmid: ... Activation of human brown adipose tissue by a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Cell Metab 2015;21:33-38pmid:25565203. ... Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1500-1508pmid:19357405. ...
diabetes.diabetesjournals.org
Brown Adipose Tissue Impr… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden Brown Adipose Tissue Impr… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has attracted scientific interest as an antidiabetic tissue owing to its ability to dissipate energy ... Brown Adipose Tissue Improves Whole-Body Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Sensitivity in Humans. Journal article ... and support the notion that BAT may function as an antidiabetic tissue in humans. ...
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PRIME PubMed | Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studiesPRIME PubMed | Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studies
Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: interdisciplinary studies. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... Thyroid hormones, obesity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis].. *Using brown adipose tissue to treat obesity - the central ... Adipose Tissue, BrownAnimalsBody Temperature RegulationEnergy MetabolismGene Expression RegulationLiverMitochondriaModels, ... Himms-Hagen, J. "Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis: Interdisciplinary Studies." FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the ...
unboundmedicine.com
Orexin modulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis : BioMolecular ConceptsOrexin modulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis : BioMolecular Concepts
Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in thermoregulation. In addition, activations ... The brain and brown fat. Cristina Contreras, Francisco Gonzalez, Johan Fernø, Carlos Diéguez, Kamal Rahmouni, Rubén Nogueiras, ... research is focused on the functional organization of the central neural circuits regulating metabolism of adipose tissue, ... Hypothalamus and thermogenesis: Heating the BAT, browning the WAT. Cristina Contreras, Rubén Nogueiras, Carlos Diéguez, Gema ...
degruyter.com
Novel Browning Agents, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentials of Brown Adipose TissueNovel Browning Agents, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentials of Brown Adipose Tissue
... Umesh D. Wankhade,1,2 Michael Shen,3 ... and Therapeutic Potentials of Brown Adipose Tissue," BioMed Research International, vol. 2016, Article ID 2365609, 15 pages, ... Umesh D. Wankhade, Michael Shen, Hariom Yadav, and Keshari M. Thakali, "Novel Browning Agents, Mechanisms, ...
hindawi.com
Brown Adipose Tissue Has Sympathetic-Sensory Feedback Circuits | Journal of NeuroscienceBrown Adipose Tissue Has Sympathetic-Sensory Feedback Circuits | Journal of Neuroscience
Brown Adipose Tissue Has Sympathetic-Sensory Feedback Circuits. Vitaly Ryu, John T. Garretson, Yang Liu, Cheryl H. Vaughan, ... Brown Adipose Tissue Has Sympathetic-Sensory Feedback Circuits. Vitaly Ryu, John T. Garretson, Yang Liu, Cheryl H. Vaughan, ... 2010b) Sympathetic and sensory innervation of brown adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 34:S36-S42, doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.182, ... 2004) Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev 84:277-359, doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003, ...
jneurosci.org
Brown Adipose Tissue Has Beneficial Effects on Metabolism and Glucose ToleranceBrown Adipose Tissue Has Beneficial Effects on Metabolism and Glucose Tolerance
Joslin Diabetes Center scientists have demonstrated that brown adipose tissue (BAT) has beneficial effects on glucose tolerance ... Unlike the more prevalent white adipose tissue (WAT or white fat) which stores fat, BAT (or brown fat) burns fat to produce ... Newswise - BOSTON - December 10, 2012 - Joslin Diabetes Center scientists have demonstrated that brown adipose tissue (BAT) has ...
newswise.com
Novel Browning Agents, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentials of Brown Adipose TissueNovel Browning Agents, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentials of Brown Adipose Tissue
... Umesh D. Wankhade,1,2 Michael Shen,3 ... While browning of adipose tissue implies a state of increased energy expenditure and a high state of energy turnover in tissues ... Thus, adipose trauma as an unexpected driver of selected local and remote adipose tissue browning has important implications ... Mitochondrial Ucp1 and other markers of brown fat are upregulated in both white and brown FLCN-null adipose tissues, explaining ...
hindawi.com
Brown Adipose Tissue and Seasonal Variation in Humans | DiabetesBrown Adipose Tissue and Seasonal Variation in Humans | Diabetes
... of UCP1 demonstrates that metabolically active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue ... Brown Adipose Tissue and Seasonal Variation in Humans. Iain T.H. Au-Yong, Natasha Thorn, Rakesh Ganatra, Alan C. Perkins, ... Brown Adipose Tissue and Seasonal Variation in Humans. Iain T.H. Au-Yong, Natasha Thorn, Rakesh Ganatra, Alan C. Perkins, ... Role of prolactin in lactation-induced changes in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1990;258:R51-R56 ...
diabetes.diabetesjournals.org
Human brown adipose tissue: regulation and anti-obesity potentialHuman brown adipose tissue: regulation and anti-obesity potential
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the site of sympathetically activated adaptive thermognenesis during cold exposure and after ... Human brown adipose tissue: regulation and anti-obesity potential Endocr J. 2014;61(5):409-16. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0527. ... Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the site of sympathetically activated adaptive thermognenesis during cold exposure and after ... recently identified brown-like adipocytes. The inverse relationship between the BAT activity and body fatness suggests that BAT ...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Brown adipose tissue-a ne… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden Brown adipose tissue-a ne… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Brown adipose tissue could potentially represent one such target. Unlike white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue has the ... Whether or not brown adipose tissue will be useful in the battle against obesity remains to be seen. However, this possibility ... In small mammals, the presence of active brown adipose tissue is pivotal for the maintenance of body temperature and possibly ... Animal studies have shown that expansion and/or activation of brown adipose tissue counteracts diet-induced weight gain and ...
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Brown adipose tissue - WikipediaBrown adipose tissue - Wikipedia
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat makes up the adipose organ together with white adipose tissue (or white fat). Brown ... Brown adipose tissue activation may play an important role in bone health and bone density. Brown adipose tissue activation ... several brown adipose tissue depots have been identified. In infants, brown adipose tissue depots include, but are not limited ... all have remarkably high levels of brown adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue activity. Furthermore, in animal species that ...
en.wikipedia.org
Cyclic Nucleotides Converge on Brown Adipose Tissue Differentiation | Science SignalingCyclic Nucleotides Converge on Brown Adipose Tissue Differentiation | Science Signaling
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is rich in mitochondria and can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat as a by-product ... Cyclic Nucleotides Converge on Brown Adipose Tissue Differentiation Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ... cGMP-mediated signaling pathways are required for the differentiation and function of brown adipocytes. ... cGMP-mediated signaling pathways are required for the differentiation and function of brown adipocytes. ...
stke.sciencemag.org
brown adipose tissue | Gutbrown adipose tissue | Gut
Fernando F Anhê, Renato T Nachbar, Thibault V Varin, Jocelyn Trottier, Stéphanie Dudonné, Mélanie Le Barz, Perrine Feutry, Geneviève Pilon, Olivier Barbier, Yves Desjardins, Denis Roy, André Marette ...
gut.bmj.com
Both liver-X receptor (LXR) isoforms control energy expenditure by regulating Brown Adipose Tissue activity | PNASBoth liver-X receptor (LXR) isoforms control energy expenditure by regulating Brown Adipose Tissue activity | PNAS
LXRαβ−/− mice exhibited higher energy expenditure (EE) as well as higher UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared ... Both liver-X receptor (LXR) isoforms control energy expenditure by regulating Brown Adipose Tissue activity. Marion Korach- ... Both liver-X receptor (LXR) isoforms control energy expenditure by regulating Brown Adipose Tissue activity ... Both liver-X receptor (LXR) isoforms control energy expenditure by regulating Brown Adipose Tissue activity ...
pnas.org
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Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue, BrownAdipose Tissue, WhiteSubcutaneous FatAdipocytesAdipocytes, BrownObesityLipolysisIntra-Abdominal FatThermogenesisAdipogenesisLeptinInsulin ResistanceInsulinSubcutaneous Fat, Abdominal3T3-L1 CellsAdipocytes, WhiteMice, ObeseFatty AcidsMitochondrial ProteinsLipid MetabolismBody WeightAdipokinesOmentumLipoprotein LipaseAdiponectinCold TemperatureDietary FatsDiet, High-FatAdiposityFatty Acids, NonesterifiedTriglyceridesRNA, MessengerEnergy MetabolismGlycerolGlucoseBody Temperature RegulationBody CompositionMice, Inbred C57BLLiverIon ChannelsPanniculitisBlood GlucosePPAR gammaEpididymisMuscle, SkeletalGene Expression RegulationLipidsVisceraLipid MobilizationAbdomenPhaeophytaLipogenesisAbdominal FatInflammationBody Fat DistributionSterol EsteraseReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-3EatingLipodystrophyRats, ZuckerButtocksSubcutaneous TissueDietThiazolidinedionesMice, KnockoutGene Expression11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1Cell DifferentiationResistinCarrier ProteinsFatty Acid SynthasesReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRats, Inbred BNOrgan SizeGlucose Transporter Type 4Glucose Tolerance TestLipectomyMitochondriaLipaseRats, WistarNorepinephrineThinnessFatty LiverWeight GainCells, CulturedHormones, EctopicPericardiumAcclimatizationBody Mass IndexOrgan SpecificityAcetyl-CoA CarboxylaseMacrophagesStearoyl-CoA DesaturaseFastingObesity, MorbidNeoplasms, Adipose TissueStarvationWeight LossAnti-Obesity AgentsFood DeprivationGlucose Clamp TechniqueHypoglycemic AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Time FactorsProteinsMetabolic DiseasesCosta RicaMembrane ProteinsAdrenergic beta-AgonistsSwineReceptors, LeptinRats, Sprague-DawleyGlucose IntoleranceGlycerolphosphate DehydrogenaseEpinephrineTissue DistributionMice, TransgenicEnergy IntakeOxygen ConsumptionDioxolesLipomaMicrodialysisRats, Inbred StrainsReceptors, Adrenergic, betaLipomatosisHomeostasisReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionUncoupling AgentsCell SizeAnimal FeedSignal TransductionMetabolic Syndrome XTranscription FactorsReceptors, AdiponectinBody TemperatureMuscles1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-AcyltransferaseSterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1AgingBlotting, WesternHIV-Associated Lipodystrophy SyndromeTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaMonosaccharide Transport ProteinsInterleukin-6TrioleinGlyceridesCattleReceptors, Cytoplasmic and NuclearLactationGene Expression ProfilingBiological MarkersGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase3T3 CellsCaloric RestrictionMalate DehydrogenaseIsoproterenolFatsAngiopoietinsPhenotypeHyperinsulinismLinoleic Acids, ConjugatedSheepIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalIodide PeroxidaseLinoleic AcidStem CellsRandom AllocationNicotinamide PhosphoribosyltransferaseStromal CellsSex CharacteristicsAnimals, NewbornClenbuterolDietary CarbohydratesInflammation MediatorsFatty Acid-Binding ProteinsImmunohistochemistryGuanosine DiphosphateThighGrowth HormoneMolecular Sequence DataPPAR alphaTriiodothyronineHormonesBase SequencePhodopusCholesterolFatty Acid Synthase, Type IGlucosephosphate DehydrogenasePalmitic AcidsLipodystrophy, Congenital GeneralizedAntigens, Differentiation, MyelomonocyticBrown Recluse SpiderMesenchymal Stromal CellsAcetatesDexamethasoneUp-RegulationBlotting, NorthernChemokine CCL2
ObesityThermogenicInterscapularMetabolicMiceHuman brown adiposUcp1HumansDepotsMitochondrialMetabolismExpenditureSkeletalMitochondriaAdipocyteHomeostasisMammalsOxidativeLipidMorphologyVivoTypes of adipose tissueActivatesBriteEpididymal whiteDifferentiationExposureGenesTriglyceridesInsulinLipidsRegulatesRegulationGene expressionSynthesis in brown adiposSympathetic nervouActivationPhenotypeSubcutaneousPerirenalDistinctLiverRatsSupraclavicularEnergyIBATHeterogeneity
Obesity35
Thermogenic19
Interscapular10
Metabolic26
Mice16
Human brown adipos5
Ucp115
Humans20
Depots15
Mitochondrial6
Metabolism14
Expenditure10
Skeletal9
Mitochondria7
Adipocyte12
Homeostasis2
Mammals10
Oxidative1
Lipid8
Morphology3
Vivo6
  • Branca RT, Zhang L, Warren WS, Auerbach E, Khanna A, Degan S, Ugurbil K, Maronpot R (2013) In vivo noninvasive detection of Brown adipose tissue through intermolecular zero-quantum MRI. (springer.com)
  • Here, we show that TAF7L also serves as a molecular switch between brown fat and muscle lineages in vivo and in vitro. (elifesciences.org)
  • Aldosterone is a major regulator of salt balance and blood pressure, exerting its effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).To analyze the regulatory mechanisms controlling tissue-specific expression of the human MR (hMR) in vivo, we have developed transgenic mouse models expressing the SV40 large T antigen (TAg) under the control of each of the two promoters of the hMR gene (P1 or P2). (ovid.com)
  • moreover, tissue modifications due to acclimation at different ambient temperatures are revealed in vivo by MRI, which correlates with histology and ultrastructure. (docme.ru)
  • In vivo studies were performed to evaluate physiological effects on gene expression in brown adipose tissue. (diva-portal.org)
  • A diurnal rhythm in glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue revealed by in vivo PET-FDG imaging. (surrey.ac.uk)
Types of adipose tissue2
Activates1
Brite4
Epididymal white1
  • To uncover BAT-specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), we used RNA-seq to reconstruct de novo transcriptomes of mouse brown, inguinal white, and epididymal white fat and identified ∼1,500 lncRNAs, including 127 BAT-restricted loci induced during differentiation and often targeted by key regulators PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ. (ntu.edu.sg)
Differentiation3
Exposure7
  • Cold acclimation, amounting to exposure to 14-15°C for up to 6 h per day over 10 days, resulted in increased glucose uptake in BAT in 6 of the 10 subjects studied in which the tissue was evident. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In this study the investigators use the PET radiotracer [15O]-H2O to quantify perfusion of BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT) and muscle in three conditions: room temperature, cold exposure and intravenous infusion of adenosine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • 6 , 8 The development of beige cells in WAT (a process known as WAT browning) occurs in response to prolonged cold exposure (or β-adrenergic stimulation), and some hormones (for example, thyroid hormone T3, fibroblast growth factor 21). (nature.com)
  • NIR SRS parameters [tissue saturation index and concentrations of total haemoglobin, oxy-haemoglobin, and deoxy-haemoglobin] were continuously measured in the supraclavicular and forearm regions, in both warm and cold (2 h of personalised cold exposure) conditions. (springer.com)
  • The most well studied models whereby brown adipocytes appear in white fat are upon cold exposure or after stimulation of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • 4. The findings are relevant to signals that drive early events in mitochondriogenesis and cell proliferation in brown adipose tissue on exposure to cold. (portlandpress.com)
  • Additionally, exposure to PM 2.5 decreased expression of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue as measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes6
Triglycerides3
Insulin3
Lipids1
Regulates1
Regulation7
Gene expression6
Synthesis in brown adipos1
Sympathetic nervou2
  • Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important source of thermogenesis which is nearly exclusively dependent on its sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervation. (jneurosci.org)
  • BAT is activated by the cold, a function mediated by the sympathetic nervous system ( 2 ), and is capable of producing up to 300 times more heat per unit mass compared with all other tissues ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Activation5
Phenotype1
Subcutaneous3
Perirenal4
Distinct3
Liver3
Rats4
  • Bao J, Cui X, Cai S, Zhong J, Cai C, Chen Z (2013) Brown adipose tissue mapping in rats with combined intermolecular double-quantum coherence and Dixon water-fat MRI. (springer.com)
  • High-fat diet induces emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Consistent with the molecular changes, in HFD but not in ND rats, histological and immunohistochemistry-based analyses of WAT demonstrated the presence of small multilocular cells staining positively for uncoupling protein 1, indicating the emergence of brown-like adipocytes in WAT. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Although estimated glucose utilization in IBAT (nmol/min/g) isolated from cold-exposed rats was significantly greater than that in brown fat isolated from non-cold-exposed animals, there was no main effect of age or gender. (elsevier.com)
Supraclavicular3
Energy9
IBAT1
  • Furthermore, with intra-IBAT injection of an anterograde transneuronal viral tract tracer, the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), we identified the central SS circuits from this tissue ( Vaughan and Bartness, 2012 ). (jneurosci.org)
Heterogeneity2