Adipocytes brown. Medical search

Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.

Fat cells with light coloration and few MITOCHONDRIA. They contain a scant ring of CYTOPLASM surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.

A continuous cell line that is a substrain of SWISS 3T3 CELLS developed though clonal isolation. The mouse fibroblast cells undergo an adipose-like conversion as they move to a confluent and contact-inhibited state.

Fat cells with dark coloration due to the densely packed MITOCHONDRIA. They contain numerous small lipid droplets or vacuoles. Their stored lipids can be converted directly to energy as heat by the mitochondria.

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.

The differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature ADIPOCYTES.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

Fatty tissue composed of WHITE ADIPOCYTES and generally found directly under the skin (SUBCUTANEOUS FAT) and around the internal organs (ABDOMINAL FAT). It has less vascularization and less coloration than the BROWN FAT. White fat provides heat insulation, mechanical cushion, and source of energy.

The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A division of predominantly marine EUKARYOTA, commonly known as brown algae, having CHROMATOPHORES containing carotenoid PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL. ALGINATES and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. They are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR ALPHA is important in regulation of GLUCOSE metabolism and CELL GROWTH PROCESSES. It is a target of THIAZOLIDINEDIONES for control of DIABETES MELLITUS.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.

2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share in common an N-terminal PHOSPHOLIPID-binding domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN-containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling.

The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.

A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN.

THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).

A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

Substances which lower blood glucose levels.

LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.

N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.

A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; ADIPOSE TISSUE; INTESTINES; LUNG; ADRENAL GLANDS; PLACENTA; OVARY and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR). Experiments with knock-out mice have demonstrated that CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-alpha is essential for the functioning and differentiation of HEPATOCYTES and ADIPOCYTES.

Fatty tissue under the SKIN through out the body.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-6; and COMPLEMENT FACTOR D (also known as ADIPSIN). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.

Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of insulin.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. EC 3.4.11.3.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A spider of the genus Loxosceles, found in the midwestern and other parts of the United States, which carries a hemolytic venom that produces local necrosis or ulceration.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.

Various fish of the family SALMONIDAE, usually smaller than salmon. They are mostly restricted to cool clear freshwater. Some are anadromous. They are highly regarded for their handsome colors, rich well-flavored flesh, and gameness as an angling fish. The genera Salvelinus, Salmo, and ONCORHYNCHUS have been introduced virtually throughout the world.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.

A double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the STOMACH to other organs in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin suppresses the ability of INSULIN to stimulate cellular GLUCOSE uptake.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is inhibited by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme and through phosphorylation by regulatory kinases such as PROTEIN KINASE A and PROTEIN KINASE B. The two members of this family are referred to as type 3A, and type 3B, and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Consumption of excessive DIETARY FATS.

One of the largest genera of BROWN ALGAE, comprised of more than 150 species found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of both hemispheres. Some species are attached (benthic) but most float in the open sea (pelagic). Sargassum provides a critical habitat for hundreds of species of FISHES; TURTLES; and INVERTEBRATES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

Multicellular marine macroalgae including some members of red (RHODOPHYTA), green (CHLOROPHYTA), and brown (PHAEOPHYTA) algae. They are widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating (planktonic) or anchored to the substratum (benthic). They lack a specialized vascular system but take up fluids, nutrients, and gases directly from the water. They contain CHLOROPHYLL and are photosynthetic, but some also contain other light-absorbing pigments. Many are of economic importance as FOOD, fertilizer, AGAR, potash, or source of IODINE.

A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Fucaceae. It is found in temperate, marine intertidal areas along rocky coasts and is a source of ALGINATES. Some species of Fucus are referred to as KELP.

The genus Lepus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Hares are born above ground, fully furred, and with their eyes and ears open. In contrast with RABBITS, hares have 24 chromosome pairs.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Fatty tissue inside the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, including visceral fat and retroperitoneal fat. It is the most metabolically active fat in the body and easily accessible for LIPOLYSIS. Increased visceral fat is associated with metabolic complications of OBESITY.

A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subsequent TRIGLYCERIDES in the LIVER and the ADIPOSE TISSUE. Lipogenesis is regulated by numerous factors, including nutritional, hormonal, and genetic elements.

The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions.

A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; INTESTINES; LUNG and ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is an important mediator of INTERLEUKIN-6 signaling.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Laminariaceae. Dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, serving as osmotic dilators.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the NAD coenzyme. It is also known as a growth factor for early B-LYMPHOCYTES, or an ADIPOKINE with insulin-mimetic effects (visfatin).

An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE to INOSINE with the elimination of AMMONIA.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

Glucose in blood.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in recycling of proteins such as cell surface receptors from early endosomes to the cell surface. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The consumption of edible substances.

A naturally occurring phenomenon where terminally differentiated cells dedifferentiate to the point where they can switch CELL LINEAGES. The cells then differentiate into other cell types.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Color of the iris.

Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.

Fatty tissue under the SKIN in the region of the ABDOMEN.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.

Expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-signaling factors in brown adipocytes is influenced specifically by 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone. (1/125)

Control of mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), as part of the thermogenesis program, is a complex process that requires the integration of multiple transcription factors to orchestrate mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression. Despite the knowledge of the role of sex hormones on BAT physiology, little is known about the effect of these hormones on the mitochondrial biogenic program. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, and progesterone on the expression of nuclear factors involved in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenic function such as ppargamma, pgc1alpha, nrf1, gabpa, and tfam, and also an inhibitor of PI3K-Akt pathway, recently found to be involved in the control of mitochondrial recruitment (pten). For this purpose, an in vitro assay using cell-cultured brown adipocytes was used to address the role of steroid hormones, progesterone, testosterone, and 17beta-estradiol on the mRNA expression of these factors by real-time PCR. Thus 17beta-estradiol seemed to exert a dual effect, activating the PI3K-Akt pathway by inhibiting pten mRNA expression and also inhibiting nrf1 and tfam mRNA expression. Progesterone seemed to positively stimulate mitochondriogenesis and BAT differentiation by increasing the mRNA expression of the gabpa-tfam axis and ppargamma, respectively, but also exerted a negative output by increasing pten mRNA levels. Finally, testosterone inhibited the transcription of pgc1alpha, the master factor involved in UCP1 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, our results support the idea that sex hormones have direct effects on different mediators of the mitochondriogenesis program. (+info)

Bidirectional Ca2+ coupling of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of multimodal Ca2+ entries in rat brown adipocytes. (2/125)

How the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria communicate with each other and how they regulate plasmalemmal Ca(2+) entry were studied in cultured rat brown adipocytes. Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by fluorometry. The sustained component of rises in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) produced by thapsigargin was abolished by removing extracellular Ca(2+), depressed by depleting extracellular Na(+), and enhanced by raising extracellular pH. FCCP, dinitrophenol, and rotenone caused bi- or triphasic rises in [Ca(2+)](i), in which the first phase was accompanied by mitochondrial depolarization. The FCCP-induced first phase was partially inhibited by oligomycin but not by ruthenium red, cyclosporine A, U-73122, a Ca(2+)-free EGTA solution, and an Na(+)-free solution. The FCCP-induced second phase paralleling mitochondrial repolarization was partially blocked by removing extracellular Ca(2+) and fully blocked by oligomycin but not by thapsigargin or an Na(+)-deficient solution, was accompanied by a rise in cytoplasmic Mg(2+) concentration, and was summated with a high pH-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i), whereas the extracellular Ca(2+)-independent component was blocked by U-73122 and cyclopiazonic acid. The FCCP-induced third phase was blocked by removing Ca(2+) but not by thapsigargin, depressed by decreasing Na(+), and enhanced by raising pH. Cyclopiazonic acid-evoked rises in [Ca(2+)](i) in a Ca(2+)-free solution were depressed after FCCP actions. Thus mitochondrial uncoupling causes Ca(2+) release, activating Ca(2+) release from the ER and store-operated Ca(2+) entry, and directly elicits a novel plasmalemmal Ca(2+) entry, whereas Ca(2+) release from the ER activates Ca(2+) accumulation in, or release from, mitochondria, indicating bidirectional mitochondria-ER couplings in rat brown adipocytes. (+info)

Hypoxic adipocytes pattern early heterotopic bone formation. (3/125)

The factors contributing to heterotopic ossification, the formation of bone in abnormal soft-tissue locations, are beginning to emerge, but little is known about microenvironmental conditions promoting this often devastating disease. Using a murine model in which endochondral bone formation is triggered in muscle by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), we studied changes near the site of injection of BMP2-expressing cells. As early as 24 hours later, brown adipocytes began accumulating in the lesional area. These cells stained positively for pimonidazole and therefore generated hypoxic stress within the target tissue, a prerequisite for the differentiation of stem cells to chondrocytes and subsequent heterotopic bone formation. We propose that aberrant expression of BMPs in soft tissue stimulates production of brown adipocytes, which drive the early steps of heterotopic endochondral ossification by lowering oxygen tension in adjacent tissue, creating the correct environment for chondrogenesis. Results in misty gray lean mutant mice not producing brown fat suggest that white adipocytes convert into fat-oxidizing cells when brown adipocytes are unavailable, providing a compensatory mechanism for generation of a hypoxic microenvironment. Manipulation of the transcriptional control of adipocyte fate in local soft-tissue environments may offer a means to prevent or treat development of bone in extraskeletal sites. (+info)

Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. (4/125)

Brown fat cells are specialized to dissipate energy and can counteract obesity; however, the transcriptional basis of their determination is largely unknown. We show here that the zinc-finger protein PRDM16 is highly enriched in brown fat cells compared to white fat cells. When expressed in white fat cell progenitors, PRDM16 activates a robust brown fat phenotype including induction of PGC-1alpha, UCP1, and type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) expression and a remarkable increase in uncoupled respiration. Transgenic expression of PRDM16 at physiological levels in white fat depots stimulates the formation of brown fat cells. Depletion of PRDM16 through shRNA expression in brown fat cells causes a near total loss of the brown characteristics. PRDM16 activates brown fat cell identity at least in part by simultaneously activating PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta through direct protein binding. These data indicate that PRDM16 can control the determination of brown fat fate. (+info)

Ca(2+) -independent effects of BAPTA and EGTA on single-channel Cl(-) currents in brown adipocytes. (5/125)

The Cl(-) channels of brown adipocytes electrophysiologically resemble outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channels (ORCC). To study tentative Ca(2+) regulation of these channels, we attempted to control Ca(2+) levels at the cytoplasmic side of the inside-out membrane patches with Ca(2+)-chelating agents. However, we found that the commonly used Ca(2+)-chelators EGTA and BAPTA by themselves influenced the Cl(-) channel currents, unrelated to their calcium chelating effects. Consequently, in this report we delineate effects of Ca(2+)-chelators (acting from the cytoplasmic side) on the single Cl(-) channel currents in patch-clamp experiments. Using fixed (1-2 mM) concentrations of chelators, two types of Cl(-) channels were identified, as discriminated by their reaction to the Ca(2+)-chelators and by their conductance: true-blockage channels (31 pS) and quasi-blockage channels (52 pS). In true-blockage channels, EGTA and BAPTA inhibited channel activity in a classical flickery type manner. In quasi-blockage channels, chelators significantly shortened the duration of individual openings, as in a flickering block, but the overall channel activity tended to increase. This dual effect of mean open time decrease accompanied by a tendency of open probability to increase we termed a quasi-blockage. Despite the complications due to the chelators as such, we could detect a moderate inhibitory effect of Ca(2+). The anionic classical Cl(-) channel blockers DIDS and SITS could mimic the true/quasi blockage of EGTA and BAPTA. It was concluded that at least in this experimental system, standard techniques for Ca(2+) level control in themselves could fundamentally affect the behaviour of Cl(-) channels. (+info)

Insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in myocytes and brown adipocytes. (6/125)

Insulin resistance is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and obesity is a risk factor for its development, in part because adipose tissue secretes proteins, called adipokines, that may influence insulin sensitivity. Among these molecules, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been proposed as a link between obesity and insulin resistance because TNF-alpha is overexpressed in adipose tissues of obese animals and humans, and obese mice lacking either TNF-alpha or its receptor show protection against developing insulin resistance. Direct exposure to TNF-alpha induces a state of insulin resistance in terms of glucose uptake in myocytes and brown adipocytes because of the activation of proinflammatory pathways that impair insulin signaling at the level of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. In this regard, the Ser(307) residue in IRS-1 has been identified as a site for the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha in myotubes, with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and inhibitor kB kinase being involved in the phosphorylation of this residue. Conversely, Ser phosphorylation of IRS-2 mediated by TNF-alpha activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was the mechanism found in brown adipocytes. Protein-Tyr phosphatase (PTP)1B acts as a physiological, negative regulator of insulin signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphotyrosine residues of the insulin receptor and IRS-1, and PTP1B expression is increased in muscle and white adipose tissue of obese and diabetic humans and rodents. Moreover, up-regulation of PTP1B expression was recently found in cells treated with TNF-alpha Accordingly, myocytes and primary brown adipocytes deficient in PTP1B are protected against insulin resistance induced by this cytokine. Furthermore, down-regulation of PTP1B activity is possible by the use of pharmacological agonists of nuclear receptors that restore insulin sensitivity in the presence of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, the lack of PTP1B in muscle and brown adipocytes increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake and could confer protection against insulin resistance induced by adipokines. (+info)

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of uncoupling protein gene expression in rat adipocytes. (7/125)

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the expression of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1, -2, and -3 mRNA and protein was investigated in primary cultured adipocytes of rats. The UCP-1, -2, -3 mRNA and protein induction in the adipocytes reached maximal levels at 4 h in the presence of glucose with or without insulin. Moreover, the UCP induction was accelerated by triiodothyronine (T3) or epinephrine, and reached a maximum at 2 h. It appeared that the induction of UCP mRNA and protein was rapid. UCP-1 mRNA expression was stimulated by the presence of T3 or epinephrine in the culture medium. UCP-2 mRNA expression was more markedly increased by glucose, unsaturated fatty acids, insulin and T3 than UCP-1 or -3 mRNA expression. UCP-3 expression was more markedly increased by epinephrine than by T3. The protein expression of the UCPs was induced by glucose and the hormones nearly parallel to the UCP mRNA expression. Thus, UCP-2 expression appears to be stimulated by energy sources such as glucose and fat, and by regulators of thermogenesis and basal metabolic rate such as T3 and insulin, in contrast to UCP-1 and -3 expression. (+info)

Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 in adipose tissue regulates energy storage and expenditure. (8/125)

OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue serves as an integrator of various physiological pathways, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. Forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily (FoxO) 1 mediates insulin action at the transcriptional level. However, physiological roles of FoxO1 in adipose tissue remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the present study, we generated adipose tissue-specific FoxO1 transgenic mice (adipocyte protein 2 [aP(2)]-FLAG-Delta 256) using an aP(2) promoter/enhancer and a mutant FoxO1 (FLAG Delta 256) in which the carboxyl terminal transactivation domain was deleted. Using these mice, we analyzed the effects of the overexpression of FLAG Delta 256 on glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. RESULTS: The aP(2)-FLAG-Delta 256 mice showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity accompanied with smaller-sized adipocytes and increased adiponectin (adipoq) and Glut 4 (Slc2a4) and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (Ccr2) gene expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT) under a high-fat diet. Furthermore, the aP(2)-FLAG-Delta 256 mice had increased oxygen consumption accompanied with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha protein and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 (Ucp1), UCP-2 (Ucp2), and beta 3-AR (Adrb3) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Overexpression of FLAG Delta 256 in T37i cells, which are derived from the hibernoma of SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice, increased expression of PGC-1 alpha protein and Ucp1. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous FoxO1 in T37i cells increased Pgc1 alpha (Ppargc1a), Pgc1 beta (Ppargc1b), Ucp1, and Adrb3 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that FoxO1 modulates energy homeostasis in WAT and BAT through regulation of adipocyte size and adipose tissue-specific gene expression in response to excessive calorie intake. (+info)

Wu J, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM (February 2013). "Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: is beige the new brown?". Genes & ... Bone marrow adipocytes secrete factors that promote HSC renewal in most bones. Hematopoietic cells (also known as blood cells) ... The marrow adipocytes originate from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts, among other ... MAT, by its "specific marrow location, and its adipocyte origin from at least LepR+ marrow MSC is separated from non-bone fat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrow_adipose_tissue

"FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10): 895-907. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Kellis

Aug 2015). "FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10): 895-907 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRX3

McInnes KJ, Brown KA, Hunger NI, Simpson ER (July 2012). "Regulation of LKB1 expression by sex hormones in adipocytes". ... Brown KA, McInnes KJ, Takagi K, Ono K, Hunger NI, Wang L, et al. (November 2011). "LKB1 expression is inhibited by estradiol-17 ... Testosterone and DHT treatment of murine 3T3-L1 or human SGBS adipocytes for 24 h significantly decreased the mRNA expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STK11

"ADD1/SREBP1c activates the PGC1-alpha promoter in brown adipocytes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell ... Yokoyama C, Wang X, Briggs MR, Admon A, Wu J, Hua X, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Oct 1993). "SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix- ... Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1997). "The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound ... Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Sep 1999). "A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein

... in brown adipocytes". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 218 (2): 444-9. doi:10.1002/jcp.21621. PMID 18937285. S2CID 5238162. Hu Z ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-455_microRNA_precursor_family

PLIN4 is a member of the perilipin family, a group of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes, the adipose tissue cells ... Soenen S, Mariman EC, Vogels N, Bouwman FG, den Hoed M, Brown L, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (March 2009). "Relationship between ... PLIN4 coats lipid droplets in adipocytes to protect them from lipases. The PLIN4 gene may be associated with insulin resistance ... It is highly expressed in white adipose tissue, with lower expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilipin-4

Yabe D, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Oct 2002). "Insig-2, a second endoplasmic reticulum protein that binds SCAP and blocks export ... Li J, Takaishi K, Cook W, McCorkle SK, Unger RH (Aug 2003). "Insig-1 "brakes" lipogenesis in adipocytes and inhibits ... Yang T, Espenshade PJ, Wright ME, Yabe D, Gong Y, Aebersold R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Aug 2002). "Crucial step in cholesterol ... Yang T, Espenshade PJ, Wright ME, Yabe D, Gong Y, Aebersold R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Aug 2002). "Crucial step in cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-induced_gene_1_protein

"ERRγ enhances UCP1 expression and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipocytes". Obesity. 21 (3): 516-24. doi:10.1002/oby.20067. ... brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, placenta, macrophages, and demonstrated additional roles in diabetes and cancer. ... "Histone deacetylase 3 prepares brown adipose tissue for acute thermogenic challenge". Nature. 546 (7659): 544-548. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor

2014). "White-to-brown metabolic conversion of human adipocytes by JAK inhibition". Nature Cell Biology. 17 (1): 57-67. doi: ... A 2014 study showed that tofacitinib treatment was able to convert white fat tissues into more metabolically active brown fat, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofacitinib

April 2014). "Prdm16 is required for the maintenance of brown adipocyte identity and function in adult mice". Cell Metabolism. ... "Browning of human adipocytes requires KLF11 and reprogramming of PPARγ superenhancers". Genes & Development. 29 (1): 7-22. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-enhancer

September 2015). "FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10 ... "FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10): 895-907. doi: ... this single nucleotide alteration promoted a shift from energy-dissipating beige adipocytes to energy-storing white adipocytes ... and that there is a pathway for adipocyte thermoregulation which involves the proteine ARID5B, the single-nucleotide variant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTO_gene

... these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes. The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige ... a phenotype distinguishing brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue". The Journal of ... Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. Beige ... Lo KA, Sun L (September 2013). "Turning WAT into BAT: a review on regulators controlling the browning of white adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue

"Arotinolol is a weak partial agonist on beta 3-adrenergic receptors in brown adipocytes". Canadian Journal of Physiology and ... markedly increase regional blood flow in the brown adipose tissue in anesthetized rats". Japanese Circulation Journal. 56 (9): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotinolol

"Class I and II Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Differentially Regulate Thermogenic Gene Expression in Brown Adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders

"Myogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes originate from distinct cell lineages". ... Firstly, it is expressed in brown adipose precursors. However, its expression is limited to brown and not white adipose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYF5

"Beta 3-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis and oxygen consumption in brown adipocytes from cynomolgus monkeys". J. Clin. ... Lowell, B.B.; Flier, J.S. (1997). "Brown adipose tissue, beta 3-adrenergic receptors, and obesity". Annu. Rev. Med. 48. pp. 307 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist

... is produced primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue. It also is produced by brown adipose tissue, placenta ( ... Adipocytes interact with other cells through producing and secreting a variety of signalling molecules, including the cell ... which in turn diminishes fat storage in adipocytes. Leptin acts on cell receptors in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, as ... "Melatonin enhances leptin expression by rat adipocytes in the presence of insulin". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288 (4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin

"Mechanisms for LEPR-mediated regulation of leptin expression in brown and white adipocytes in rat pups". Physiol Genomics. 4: ... Chua, SC Jr; Brown, AW; Kim, J; Hennessey, KL; Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J (1991). "Food deprivation and hypothalamic neuropeptide ... Edens, NK; Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J (1990). "Mechanism of free fatty acid re-esterification in human adipocytes in vitro". J Lipid ... Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J; Berry, EM; Gruen, RK (1985). "Alterations in adipocyte free fatty acid re-esterification associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Leibel

Melanin: It is brown in colour and present in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanoid: It resembles melanin but is present ... The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as ... Liu J, Kim D, Brown L, Madsen T, Bouchard GF. "Comparison of Human, Porcine and Rodent Wound Healing With New Miniature Swine ... Human skin shows high skin colour variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white hues. Human skin shows higher ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin

"Functional studies of the first selective β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes". Mol. Pharmacol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_59230A

"Functional studies of the first selective β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes". Mol. Pharmacol ... Their role in gallbladder physiology is unknown, but they are thought to play a role in lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown ... relationship with the atypical receptor of adipocytes". EMBO J. 10 (12): 3721-7. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04940.x. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor

... a phenotype distinguishing brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue". The Journal of ... Brown fat[edit]. Main article: Brown adipose tissue. Brown fat or brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized form of adipose ... these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes. The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige ... Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. Beige ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose

A. M. Lands; A. Arnold; J. P. McAuliff; F. P. Luduena; T. G. Brown (1967). "Differentiation of receptor systems activated by ... Johan Zaagsma; Stefan R. Nahorski (1990). "Is the adipocyte β-adrenoceptor a prototype of the recently cloned β3-adrenoceptor ... above all in adipocytes. After premonitions for example in the work of the Portuguese pharmacologist Serafim Guimarães, α- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_catecholamine_research

"Functional studies of the first selective beta 3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes". Molecular ... Zhao TJ, Sakata I, Li RL, Liang G, Richardson JA, Brown MS, et al. (Sep 2010). "Ghrelin secretion stimulated by {beta}1- ... 1997). "Human beta-2 adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte beta-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor

This is a primary reason why animals store up food in the winter.[citation needed] Brown adipocytes are also capable of ... 4th ed). Boston: Little Brown Guyton & Hall (2006), pp.891-892 Wilmore, Jack H., & Costill, David L. (1999). Physiology of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation_in_humans

... stavudine and zidovudine involves multiple cellular targets in white and brown adipocytes". Antivir. Ther. (Lond.). 12 (6): 919 ... Fujita T, Brown C, Carlson EJ, et al. (2005). "Functional analysis of polymorphisms in the organic anion transporter, SLC22A6 ( ... in white fat cells but not brown fat cells. Since stavudine and zidovudine are OAT1 substrates, they may have similar effects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_anion_transporter_1

2010). "Transcriptional regulation of a brown adipocyte-specific gene, UCP1, by KLF11 and KLF15". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ... "Overexpression of KLF15 in adipocytes of mice results in down-regulation of SCD1 expression in adipocytes and consequent ... Wade HE, Kobayashi S, Eaton ML, Jansen MS, Lobenhofer EK, Lupien M, Geistlinger TR, Zhu W, Nevins JR, Brown M, Otteson DC, ... The expression of the KLF15 gene is markedly up-regulated during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF15

Other colors, e.g. yellow and brown, can be present in the sample; they are caused by intrinsic pigments such as melanin. Basal ... Hydrophobic structures also tend to remain clear; these are usually rich in fats, e.g. adipocytes, myelin around neuron axons, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H&E_stain

The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes. ... and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[15]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_connective_tissue

Doliana R, Bot S, Mungiguerra G, et al. (2001). "Isolation and characterization of EMILIN-2, a new component of the growing EMILINs family and a member of the EMI domain-containing superfamily". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (15): 12003-11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011591200. PMID 11278945 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMILIN1

A type of loose connective tissue made of mostly adipocytes and found in human and animal tissue, where it is colloquially ... A dark green to yellowish-brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, which aids the digestion of lipids in the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

Jansen LA, Backstein RM, Brown MH (2014). "Breast size and breast cancer: a systematic review". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. ... "Diverse and Active Roles for Adipocytes During Mammary Gland Growth and Function". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Other colors, e.g. yellow and brown, can be present in the sample; they are caused by intrinsic pigments such as melanin. Some ... Hydrophobic structures also tend to remain clear; these are usually rich in fats, e.g. adipocytes, myelin around neuron axons, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/H&E_stain

"ADD1/SREBP1c activates the PGC1-alpha promoter in brown adipocytes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1801 (4): 421-9. doi: ... Yokoyama C, Wang X, Briggs MR, Admon A, Wu J, Hua X, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Oct 1993). "SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix- ... Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Sep 1999). "A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood" ... Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1997). "The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SREBP

Brown HA, 편집. (2007). 》Lipodomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis》. Methods in Enzymology 423. ... Brasaemle DL (December 2007). "Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet ... Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Byrne MO, Xiang Y, Brown HA (2007). "Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ... "Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis". 》Nature》 444 (7121): 847-53. doi:10.1038/nature05483. PMC ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/지질_

Roberto Kretschmer, M.D., Burhan Say, M.D., David Brown, M.D., ja Fred S. Rosen, M.D., Congenital Aplasia of the Thymus Gland ( ... Origin of Thymic Adipocytes in Aging: Incidental to Thymopoiesis or Instigator of Immunosenescence?, The Journal of Immunology ... Renata Mazzucchelli, Julie A. Hixon, Rosanne Spolski, Xin Chen, Wen Qing Li, Veronica L. Hall, Jami Willette-Brown, Development ... Renata Mazzucchelli, Julie A. Hixon, Rosanne Spolski, Xin Chen, Wen Qing Li, Veronica L. Hall, Jami Willette-Brown, Development ...

https://et.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tüümus

Marrow adipocytes, are unilocular like white fat cells, however both brown and white fat cells are derived from mesenchymal ... Brown fat cellsEdit. Brown fat cells are polyhedral in shape. Unlike white fat cells, these cells have considerable cytoplasm, ... The brown color comes from the large quantity of mitochondria. Brown fat, also known as "baby fat," is used to generate heat. ... Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated fibroblasts that can be stimulated to form adipocytes. Studies have shed light into ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte

... brown, black, white, yellow).[10] The diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic ... The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell.[5] The structure of this tissue is composed of septal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_conditions

... " is a term introduced by Oscar Hertwig in 1881.[3] In order to differentiate the use of the word mesenchyme in invertebrate zoology (an ecto- or entomesodermal middle layer of some invertebrates) and the use in vertebrate embryology (that is, undifferentiated tissue found in embryonic true mesoderm - entomesoderm - from which all connective tissues like blood vessels, blood cells, the lymphatic system, and the heart are derived.), some authors prefer to use the term mesoglea (in wider sense) in lieu of mesenchyme when referring to the middle layers of sponges and diploblasts, reserving the term mesenchyme for the embryological sense. However, Brusca & Brusca discourage this usage, using mesoglea in its strict sense (noncellular mesenchyme), and preferring to maintain both the embryological and zoological senses for the term mesenchyme.[4] Finally, some similar terms used in botany generally are differentiated by the suffix "a": mesenchyma (a tissue between xylem and phloem in roots), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchyme

... s (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix[1] of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan. Elastic tissue is classified as "connective tissue proper".[2] The elastic fiber is formed from the elastic microfibril (consisting of numerous proteins such as microfibrillar-associated glycoproteins, fibrillin, fibullin, and the elastin receptor) and amorphous elastin. The microfibril scaffolds and organizes the deposition of amorphous elastin. Amorphous elastin forms from monomers of soluble tropoelastin which is insolubilized and crosslinked into amorphous elastin by lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase reacts with specific lysine residues and by oxidative deamination generates reactive aldehydes and allysine. These reactive aldehydes and allysines can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_fiber

Sage C, Huang M, Vollrath MA, Brown MC, Hinds PW, Corey DP, Vetter DE, Chen ZY (2006). "Essential role of retinoblastoma ... "The retinoblastoma-histone deacetylase 3 complex inhibits PPARgamma and adipocyte differentiation". Dev. Cell. 3 (6): 903-10. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein

"The brown adipocyte differentiation pathway in birds: An evolutionary road not taken". BMC Biology. 6 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/1741 ... In mammals, UCP1 functions within brown adipose tissue to protect newborns against hypothermia. In modern birds, skeletal ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_birds

Brown, Dave D (2003). USMLE Step 1 Secrets. p. 63.. *^ King, Michael W (2005). Lange Q&A USMLE Step 1 (6th ed.). New York: ... Leptin, a hormone produced from the ob gene and adipocytes[20] Its physiological role is to regulate hunger by alerting the ... Brown AE, Walker M (August 2016). "Genetics of Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome". Current Cardiology Reports. 18 ( ... "Human resistin is a systemic immune-derived proinflammatory cytokine targeting both leukocytes and adipocytes". PLOS ONE. 1 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_resistance

Brown HA, ed. (2007). Lipodomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis. Methods in Enzymology. 423. ... Brasaemle DL (December 2007). "Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet ... Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Byrne MO, Xiang Y, Brown HA (2007). "Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ... The adipocyte, or fat cell, is designed for continuous synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides in animals, with breakdown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid

Activin A promotes the proliferation of adipocyte progenitor cells, while inhibiting their differentiation into adipocytes.[20] ... Brown MA, Kaplan FS (May 2006). "A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibin

Brown fat activation[edit]. Obesity in orexin knockout mice is a result of inability of brown preadipocytes to differentiate ... lipid accumulation and adiponectin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and isolated primary rat adipocytes". Diabetologia. 54 (7 ... OXA stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and that increased energy uptake is stored as lipids (triacylglycerol). OXA ... Obesity in orexin-knockout mice is associated with impaired brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.[13] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orexin

Djenkol beans are 3.0 to 3.5 cm in diameter and 1.5 to 2.0 cm thick and have a reddish-brown color. These beans are prepared by ... "Selected Herbal Extracts Improve Diabetes Associated Factors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 91 ... The seed coat of a young seed shows a yellow-green colour and turns into dark brown during ripening. Then the ripe fruit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_pauciflorum

Michel G, Tonon T, Scornet D, Cock JM, Kloareg B (October 2010). "The cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of the brown alga ... Hadjipanayi E, Mudera V, Brown RA (February 2009). "Close dependence of fibroblast proliferation on collagen scaffold matrix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix

Brown HA (编). Lipodomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis, Volume 432 (Methods in Enzymology). ... Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid ... Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Brown HA; 等. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. Journal of Lipid Research. 2005, 46 (5): ... Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Byrne MO, Xiang Y, Brown HA. Glycerophospholipid identification and quantitation by electrospray ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/脂类

... adipocytes). In an obese individual some adipocytes burst and undergo necrotic death, which causes the residential M2 ... Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer ... "Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans". Journal of Lipid ... "Expression of macrophage-selective markers in human and rodent adipocytes". FEBS Letters. 579 (25): 5631-4. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophages

Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA, et al. (2001). "The hormone ... and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_obesity

The coat is generally brown but can range from black to nearly white.[17] Leese reported piebald dromedaries in Kordofan and ... new data on adipocyte size and plasma leptin". In Faye, B.; Esenov, P. Desertification Combat and Food Safety: the Added Value ... The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, 20 cm (7.9 in) tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous tissue ... The meat is bright red to a dark brown or maroon, while the fat is white. It has the taste and texture of beef.[120] A study of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/🐪

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects the connective tissues of bodily systems such as the eyes, cardiovascular system, skeletal system, skin, pulmonary system and the dura. MFS affects approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals.[13] MFS is not an easily diagnosed pathology with a scoring system called the Ghent nosology table used, rather than a single molecule test.[14] To diagnose MFS individuals that have no previous family history, two criteria must be met. Firstly, two different major organ systems must be affected, and secondly, a third organ system must be involved.[15] MFS usually occurs from ''De Novo''mutations and results in the individual phenotypically displaying long and thin limbs and extremities, curved spines usually resulting in thoracic scoliosis, hyperflexible joints, pectus excavatum, retinal detachment and sunken chests.[13] ''De Novo'' mutations resulting in severe MFS have high expected mortality rates for neonates.[14] Classical MFS symptoms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBN1

Brown HA, red. (2007). Lipodomics and Bioactive Lipids: Mass Spectrometry Based Lipid Analysis. Methods in Enzymology. 423. ... 2007). "Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid

brown fat cell differentiation. • positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. • positive regulation of ... Adiponectin was first characterised in 1995 in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes (Scherer PE et al.).[25] In 1996 it was ... Díez JJ, Iglesias P (March 2003). "The role of the novel adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin in human disease". European ... Hara K, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T (April 2005). "Adiponectin: an adipokine linking adipocytes and type 2 diabetes in humans". ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiponectin

Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines Asrar Ali Khan, Jenny ... The secretome of white and brown primary murine adipocytes, with and without stimulation with norepinephrine (NE), has been ... The results reported reveal a comprehensive catalogue of novel adipokines secreted from white and brown adipocytes and ... this study provides an archive of potential brown adipokines and biomarkers for activated brown fat. ...

https://www.mcponline.org/keyword/brown-adipocytes

Identification of human brown adipocyte markers. (a) Venn diagram of the overlapping genes enriched in human brown adipocytes, ... mouse classical brown adipocytes, and mouse beige adipocytes versus white adipocytes of the respective species by two-fold or ... P , 0.001, brown versus white adipocyte lines; *P , 0.05, **P , 0.01, ***P , 0.001, brown or white (as indicated) versus basal ... Isolation of clonal brown adipocytes from adult human BAT. (a) Representative Oil-Red-O staining of differentiated brown ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25774848?dopt=Abstract

... Author(s). Claussnitzer, Melina; Dankel, Simon N.; Kim, Kyoung- ... FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans ." N Engl J Med 373, no. 10 (September 3, 2015): 895-907. © 2015 ... adipocytes to energy-storing white adipocytes, with a reduction in mitochondrial thermogenesis by a factor of 5, as well as an ... Repair of the ARID5B motif by CRISPR-Cas9 editing of rs1421085 in primary adipocytes from a patient with the risk allele ...

https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/102270

... classical brown adipocytes and beige (also referred to as brite) adipocytes. While classical brown adipocytes are located ... In rodents, interscapular BAT and perirenal BAT are composed of classical brown adipocytes. Beige adipocytes are largely found ... Brown and beige fat in humans: thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis. ... Brown and beige fat in humans: thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/78362/figure/1

... classical brown adipocytes and beige adipocytes (also known as brite adipocytes). As summarized in Figure 1, classical brown ... classical brown adipocytes and beige (also referred to as brite) adipocytes. While classical brown adipocytes are located ... Developmental origins of brown and beige adipocytes. (A) Classical brown adipocytes originate from a subset of dermomyotomes ... Developmental origins and plasticity of brown and beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes share many biochemical ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/78362

... browning) and activation of existing brown adipocytes are currently being investigated as a me ... Recruitment of the brown-like phenotype in white adipocytes ( ... browning) and activation of existing brown adipocytes are ... on induction of browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CBD enhanced expression of a core set of brown fat-specific marker genes (Ucp1, ... Increased expression of UCP1 and other brown fat-specific markers contributed to the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes possibly via ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11010-016-2702-5?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a5b31a76-68a3-459e-86da-23bfabc61113

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes. *View ORCID ProfileZhangsen ... Three-dimensional high-resolution imaging in brown adipocytes from cold-challenged mice revealed that defective ERAD led to the ... Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes. By Zhangsen Zhou, Mauricio ... Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes. By Zhangsen Zhou, Mauricio ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6486/54

... adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, cancer, lung diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and obesity. ... Signalling in the Initiation of UCP1 Gene Expression in HIB1B Brown Adipocytes. H. Y. Chen, Q. Liu, A. M. Salter, and M. A. ... Signalling in the Initiation of UCP1 Gene Expression in HIB1B Brown Adipocytes," PPAR Research, vol. 2013, Article ID 476049, 8 ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ppar/2013/476049/cta/

Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines. Asrar Ali Khan, Jenny ... Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines ... Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines ... Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines ...

https://www.mcponline.org/content/17/12/2358/tab-e-letters

The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix.. Barneda D1 ... The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix ... The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix ... The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26609809?dopt=Abstract

... ... Differentiated HIB1B brown adipocytes treated with serotonin had reduced levels of the thermogenic markers uncoupling protein 1 ... In parallel, serotonin led to 3-6-fold reduction in the gene expression of brown adipocyte differentiation markers, that is, ... Non-differentiated HIB1B cells and differentiated HIB1B brown adipocytes were treated with serotonin and their metabolism and ...

https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?PMID=29081505

Resveratrol induces brown-like adipocyte formation in iWAT via AMPKα1 activation and suggest that its beneficial antiobesity ... Resveratrol significantly increased mRNA and/or protein expression of brown adipocyte markers, including uncoupling protein 1 ( ... on brown-like adipocyte formation in inguinal WAT (iWAT). CD1 female mice (5-month old) were fed a high-fat diet with/without ... suggesting that resveratrol induced brown-like adipocyte formation in vitro. Concomitantly, resveratrol markedly enhanced AMPK ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ijo201523?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c9bbcdb8-81e4-4aab-9808-c547aed25f41

Here we review the data supporting this phenomenon and put into perspective the promise of conversion of white fat to a brown ... Here we review the data supporting this phenomenon and put into perspective the promise of conversion of white fat to a brown ... described an important role played by the TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling pathway in modulating the appearance of brown adipocytes in ... described an important role played by the TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling pathway in modulating the appearance of brown adipocytes in ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2012.00035/full

Abscisic acid enhances glucose disposal and induces brown fat activity in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo.. [Laura Sturla, ... ABA stimulates glucose uptake by myocytes and pre-adipocytes in vitro and oral ABA improves glycemic control in rats and in ... Here we investigated the role of the ABA/LANCL2 system in the regulation of glucose uptake and metabolism in adipocytes. ... As compared with insulin, ABA treatment of adipocytes induced lower triglyceride accumulation, CO ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/27871880

We have previously shown that the transition from brown preadipocytes to mature adipocytes is mediated in part by insulin ... Brown adipose tissue plays an important role in obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. ... Insulin/IGF-I regulation of necdin and brown adipocyte differentiation via CREB- and FoxO1-associated pathways Endocrinology. ... We have previously shown that the transition from brown preadipocytes to mature adipocytes is mediated in part by insulin ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21862615/

A high-throughput, image-based screen to identify kinases involved in brown adipocyte development ... A high-throughput, image-based screen to identify kinases involved in brown adipocyte development ... A high-throughput, image-based screen to identify kinases involved in brown adipocyte development ... A high-throughput, image-based screen to identify kinases involved in brown adipocyte development ...

http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/10/466/eaaf5357.full

... induced emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). We ... In this study, we present evidence for high-fat diet (HFD)-induced emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue ( ... indicating the emergence of brown-like adipocytes in WAT. Our results suggest that SHR may have the capacity to increase energy ... expenditure in response to a chronic HFD that may be linked to the emergence of brown-like adipocytes in WAT. Thus, the SHR may ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/High-fat-diet-induces-emergence/22129518.html

We suggest that obesity-linked hypoxia may lead to similar alterations in brown adipocytes as in white fat cells - particularly ... We suggest that obesity-linked hypoxia may lead to similar alterations in brown adipocytes as in white fat cells - particularly ... Whether hypoxia also occurs in brown adipose tissue depots in obesity has been little considered. However, a recent study has ... Whether hypoxia also occurs in brown adipose tissue depots in obesity has been little considered. However, a recent study has ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2015.00019/full

To investigate the browning effect of r-irisin on adipocytes, we used both 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes and primary rat adipocytes ... Irisin stimulates adipocyte browning via p38/ERK pathways. Primary rat adipocytes and 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes were treated ... White adipocytes store energy (e.g., triglycerides), whereas brown adipocytes consume energy (5,6). Many studies have shown ... Browning effect of r-irisin on rat primary adipocytes. Primary rat adipocytes were treated with r-irisin at indicated ...

http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/63/2/514.full

In white fat, enrichment induced the upregulation of the brown fat cell fate determining gene Prdm16, brown fat-specific ... White to brown fat phenotypic switch induced by genetic and environmental activation of a hypothalamic-adipocyte axis Cell ... In white fat, enrichment induced the upregulation of the brown fat cell fate determining gene Prdm16, brown fat-specific ... Moreover, pockets of cells with prototypical brown fat morphology and high UCP1 levels were observed in the white fat of ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21907139/?dopt=Abstract

Avhandling: Mitochondrial form and function in pancreatic β-cells and brown adipocytes. ... Mitochondrial form and function in pancreatic β-cells and brown adipocytes. Detta är en avhandling från The Wenner-Gren ... Nyckelord: MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES; mitochondria; beta cells; brown adipose tissue; diabetes; ... Sammanfattning: This thesis is focused on the role of mitochondria in pancreatic β-cells and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Two ...

https://www.avhandlingar.se/avhandling/70e1baf38d/

To more precisely define the specific role of IRS-1 in adipocyte biology, we established brown adipocyte cell lines from wild- ... Essential Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 in Differentiation of Brown Adipocytes. Mathias Fasshauer, Johannes Klein, ... Thus, IRS-1 appears to be an important mediator of brown adipocyte maturation. Furthermore, this signaling molecule appears to ... Essential Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 in Differentiation of Brown Adipocytes ...

https://mcb.asm.org/content/21/1/319.abstract

PubMedScopusNorepinephrine-induced Na+ influx in brown adipocytes is cyclic AMP-mediated. Personposter BETA Nånberg, Eewa Søk i ... Norepinephrine-induced Na+ influx in brown adipocytes is cyclic AMP-mediated. Connolly, Eamonn The Wenner-Gren Institute, ... a method is described for measuring Na+ influx into isolated brown adipocytes, using short (30 s) incubations with 22Na+, ... The possibility that this beta-mediated norepinephrine-stimulated Na+ influx plays an important physiological role in brown ...

http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1386349&c=3&searchType=SIMPLE&language=no&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22journalId%22%3A%221670%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all

... subcutaneous adipose tissues in terms of macromolecular content and investigate transdifferentiation between white and brown ... FTIR imaging of structural changes in visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and brown to white adipocyte transdifferentiation ... FTIR imaging of structural changes in visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and brown to white adipocyte transdifferentiation F. ... with a decrease of UCP1 protein content which might be due to the transdifferentiation of brown adipocytes to white adipocytes ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/an/c4an02008a

Capsaicin Activates the Trpv1-camkii-ampk-sirt-1-dependent Mechanism to Trigger Brown Remodeling of White Adipocytes to ... Capsaicin Activates the Trpv1-camkii-ampk-sirt-1-dependent Mechanism to Trigger Brown Remodeling of White Adipocytes to ... Capsaicin Activates the Trpv1-camkii-ampk-sirt-1-dependent Mechanism to Trigger Brown Remodeling of White Adipocytes to ... Capsaicin Activates the Trpv1-camkii-ampk-sirt-1-dependent Mechanism to Trigger Brown Remodeling of White Adipocytes to ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/35/Suppl_1/A52

... in white adipocytes, while in brown adipocytes, these measures increased by 10-35% primarily at the high dose (Fig. 6C and D). ... while increasing these measures in brown adipocytes. Our data establish 3-HIB as a novel adipocyte-derived regulator of ... 4C), brown adipocytes showed considerably higher mRNA expression levels of key BCAA catabolic enzymes, with two- to fivefold ... 5A and B), decreased lipid accumulation by 25-40% in both white and brown adipocytes (Fig. 5C), concomitant with 45-50% reduced ...

https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/69/9/1903

Thus, loss of TAK1 in adipocytes reduces the total number of adipocytes, increases browning of white adipose tissue, and may be ... Mice with adipocyte-specific TAK1 deficiency have reduced adipocyte numbers and are resistant to obesity induced by a high-fat ... in adipocytes results in an increased rate of apoptotic adipocyte death and increased numbers of M2 macrophages in white ... In addition, adipocyte-specific TAK1-deficient mice under a high-fat diet showed increased energy expenditure, which was ...

https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/81175/pdf

... the roles of PRR activation in brown adipocytes and brown adipose tissue (BAT) have not been studied. In addition, in vitro and ... The results suggest that PRR-mediated inflammation in brown adipocytes may be a potential target for regulating BAT development ... Understanding of the regulation of brown and beige adipocytes will provide novel strategies to reach the goal. Pattern ... activation of PRRs reduces adipogenesis and suppresses expression of brown-specific genes in both classic brown adipocytes and ...

https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3541/

CRISPR-engineered human brown-like adipocytes prevent diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice ... CRISPR-engineered human brown-like adipocytes prevent diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice ... CRISPR-engineered human brown-like adipocytes prevent diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice ... CRISPR-engineered human brown-like adipocytes prevent diet-induced obesity and ameliorate metabolic syndrome in mice ...

https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/12/558/eaaz8664.full

Moreover, phytanic acid activates brown adipocyte differentiation: long-term exposure of brown preadipocytes to phytanic acid ... of the brown adipocyte morphology and caused a co-ordinate induction of the mRNAs for gene markers of brown adipocyte ... Phytanic acid, a novel activator of uncoupling protein-1 gene transcription and brown adipocyte differentiation Agatha SCHLÜTER ... In conclusion, phytanic acid is a natural product of phytol metabolism that activates brown adipocyte thermogenic function. It ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/362/1/61/39304/Phytanic-acid-a-novel-activator-of-uncoupling

Results Our data indicate that the FTO allele associated with obesity represses mitochondrial thermogenesis in adipocyte precursor cells in a tissue-autonomous manner. (mit.edu)
This results in a cell-autonomous developmental shift from energy-dissipating beige (brite) adipocytes to energy-storing white adipocytes, with a reduction in mitochondrial thermogenesis by a factor of 5, as well as an increase in lipid storage. (mit.edu)
Knockdown of IRX3 or IRX5 in primary adipocytes from participants with the risk allele restored thermogenesis, increasing it by a factor of 7, and overexpression of these genes had the opposite effect in adipocytes from nonrisk-allele carriers. (mit.edu)
Repair of the ARID5B motif by CRISPR-Cas9 editing of rs1421085 in primary adipocytes from a patient with the risk allele restored IRX3 and IRX5 repression, activated browning expression programs, and restored thermogenesis, increasing it by a factor of 7. (mit.edu)
Conclusions Our results point to a pathway for adipocyte thermogenesis regulation involving ARID5B, rs1421085, IRX3, and IRX5, which, when manipulated, had pronounced pro-obesity and anti-obesity effects. (mit.edu)
These data suggest possible roles for CBD in browning of white adipocytes, augmentation of lipolysis, thermogenesis, and reduction of lipogenesis. (springer.com)
We recently described an important role played by the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway in modulating the appearance of brown adipocytes in traditional white fat, and its implications to thermogenesis, mitochondrial energetics, energy expenditure, and protection from diabetes and obesity. (frontiersin.org)
In white fat, enrichment induced the upregulation of the brown fat cell fate determining gene Prdm16, brown fat-specific markers, and genes involved in thermogenesis and β-adrenergic signaling. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, it was recently demonstrated that cold exposure increases BCAA transport into mitochondria of brown adipocytes, augmenting thermogenesis concomitant with decreased circulating BCAA levels and improved whole-body energy homeostasis ( 13 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
β-Lapachone Regulates Obesity through Modulating Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes: Role of AMPK Signaling Pathway. (stembook.org)
These phenotypes were caused by the promotion of lipolysis in Prip -KO brown adipocytes, which is triggered by up-regulation of phosphorylation of the lipolysis-related proteins hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin, followed by activation of UCP1 and/or up-regulation of thermogenesis-related genes ( e.g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The results indicate that PRIP negatively regulates UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
β-adrenergic receptor activation promotes brown adipose tissue (BAT) β-oxidation and thermogenesis by burning fatty acids during uncoupling respiration. (biologists.org)
We report that TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide repressed white adipocyte browning in response to β3-adrenergic receptor activation and caused ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, while genetic deletion of TLR4 protected mitochondrial function and thermogenesis. (springer.com)
The effect of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on browning was mediated by IL-1β signaling, as blocking IL-1 receptor in adipocytes protected thermogenesis. (springer.com)
We also report that IL-1β interferes with thermogenesis via oxidative stress stimulation and mitochondrial dysfunction as we observed a statistically significant increase in ROS production, decrease in SOD enzyme activity, and increase in mitochondrial depolarization in adipocytes treated with IL-1β. (springer.com)
Adrenoceptors play an important role in adipose tissue biology and physiology that includes regulating the synthesis and storage of triglycerides (lipogenesis), the breakdown of stored triglycerides (lipolysis), thermogenesis (heat production), glucose metabolism, and the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones that can control whole-body energy homeostasis. (diva-portal.org)
β3-Adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) are the predominant regulators of rodent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. (jci.org)
Herein, using primary human adipocytes from supraclavicular neck fat and immortalized brown/beige adipocytes from deep neck fat from 2 subjects, we demonstrate that the β3-AR plays a critical role in regulating lipolysis, glycolysis, and thermogenesis. (jci.org)
Brown adipocytes in mammals are distinguished from the more common white fat adipocytes by having numerous small lipid droplets rather than a single large one, elevated numbers of mitochondria, and mitochondrial expression of the nuclear gene UCP1, the uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
White adipocytes (WAs) generate metabolically useful energy, while brown adipocytes (BAs) dissipate energy in the form of heat and are responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
While an alternative non-shivering thermogenesis pathway has been proposed recently for mammalian brown adipocytes [ 2 ], in canonical non-shivering thermogenesis heat production depends entirely on UCP1, which facilitates proton leakage and short-circuits oxidative phosphorylation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis relies on a high abundance of mitochondria and the unique expression of the mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1), which uncouples substrate oxidation from ATP synthesis. (elsevier.com)
it also induces the expression of Ucp1 and other genes important for thermogenesis, thereby endowing adipocytes with higher oxidative and uncoupling capacities. (elsevier.com)
Type 2 cytokine signalling and alternative macrophage activation play a crucial part in regulating both brown fat thermogenesis and beige fat biogenesis. (nature.com)
A new study , led by Dr. John Speakman from the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (China), has found that the gut microbiota affects thermogenesis in brown and beige adipocytes in mice . (gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com)
However, this was not the case, given that daily energy expenditure and UCP1-dependent thermogenesis were also blunted in germ-free mice treated with the highly selective beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316243 (a selective activator of brown and beige adipocytes). (gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com)
As a result, the absence of the gut microbiota impaired both the browning of WAT and capacity for UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. (gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has the unique ability to dramatically increase mitochondrial uncoupled fuel oxidation for thermogenesis in response to adrenergic stimulation. (bio-protocol.org)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) , which releases energy in the form of heat by uncoupling the respiratory chain (UCP1), so that body temperature may be maintained through non-shivering thermogenesis . (gatech.edu)
11 Food intake was not affected, and adipocyte Abca1 deficiency only slightly increased energy expenditure, presumably because of a modest increase in thermogenesis, whereas brown adipose tissue function was unchanged. (ahajournals.org)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as the main site of adaptive thermogenesis, exerts beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. (jci.org)
Interestingly, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) also has the ability to differentiate into brown-like adipocytes and may potentially contribute to increased thermogenesis. (tdl.org)
We demonstrate that this novel adipocyte subtype functions as a paracrine cell regulating the activity of brown adipocytes through acetate-mediated regulation of thermogenesis. (rxivist.org)
Brown adipose tissue is the primary site for thermogenesis and can consume, in addition to free fatty acids, a very high amount of glucose from the blood, which can both acutely and chronically affect glucose homeostasis. (rupress.org)
In addition to heat produced by shivering muscle, brown adipose tissue produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
While brown adipose tissue is crucial for maintaining core body temperature and energy balance, brown fat adaptive thermogenesis can be detrimental to the hypermetabolic response to heat. (wikipedia.org)

We used RNA sequencing followed by unbiased genome-wide expression analyses and found that a population of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-positive human adipocytes possessed molecular signatures resembling those of a recruitable form of thermogenic adipocytes (that is, beige adipocytes). (nih.gov)
In addition, we identified molecular markers that were highly enriched in UCP1-positive human adipocytes, a set that included potassium channel K3 (KCNK3) and mitochondrial tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1). (nih.gov)
b ) Expression of UCP1 (top) and PPARGC1A (bottom) in the differentiated clonal brown adipocyte cultures 1-3 and white adipocyte cultures 1-3 treated with forskolin (cAMP) or vehicle (basal). (nih.gov)
BAT is composed of a specialized form of adipocytes that contain numerous lipid droplets (multilocular lipids) and large mitochondria with the BAT-specific protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). (jci.org)
Increased expression of UCP1 and other brown fat-specific markers contributed to the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes possibly via activation of PPARγ and PI3K. (springer.com)
Differentiated HIB1B brown adipocytes treated with serotonin had reduced levels of the thermogenic markers uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and increased levels of UCP2. (ovid.com)
Resveratrol significantly increased mRNA and/or protein expression of brown adipocyte markers, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PR domain-containing 16, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A, elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, cytochrome c and pyruvate dehydrogenase, in differentiated iWAT stromal vascular cells (SVCs), suggesting that resveratrol induced brown-like adipocyte formation in vitro . (nature.com)
Resveratrol also induced beige adipogenesis in vivo along with the appearance of multiocular adipocytes, increased UCP1 expression and enhanced fatty acid oxidation. (nature.com)
Brown adipocytes are uniquely characterized by the expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1). (frontiersin.org)
Hypoxia-induced augmentation of lactate production may also stimulate the "browning" of white fat depots through recruitment of UCP1 and the development of brite adipocytes. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, pockets of cells with prototypical brown fat morphology and high UCP1 levels were observed in the white fat of enriched mice associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity. (nih.gov)
The results indicated a remarkable increase in the lipid/protein ratio, accompanied with a decrease of UCP1 protein content which might be due to the transdifferentiation of brown adipocytes to white adipocytes in obese groups. (rsc.org)
In addition, adipocyte-specific TAK1-deficient mice under a high-fat diet showed increased energy expenditure, which was accompanied by enhanced expression of the uncoupling protein UCP1. (jci.org)
Phytanic acid increased uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) mRNA expression in brown adipocytes differentiated in culture. (portlandpress.com)
Moreover, phytanic acid activates brown adipocyte differentiation: long-term exposure of brown preadipocytes to phytanic acid promoted the acquisition of the brown adipocyte morphology and caused a co-ordinate induction of the mRNAs for gene markers of brown adipocyte differentiation, such as UCP1, adipocyte lipid-binding protein aP2, lipoprotein lipase, the glucose transporter GLUT4 or subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase. (portlandpress.com)
As cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) and β-AR agonists are similarly potent at stimulating lipolysis in human adipocytes, we investigated whether NPs could induce human and mouse adipocytes to acquire brown adipocyte features, including a capacity for thermogenic energy expenditure mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). (ovid.com)
In human adipocytes, atrial NP (ANP) and ventricular NP (BNP) activated PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and UCP1 expression, induced mitochondriogenesis, and increased uncoupled and total respiration. (ovid.com)
Gene and protein expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a thermogenic protein, was up-regulated in Prip -KO brown adipocytes in thermoneutral or cold environments. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Regarding eWAT, CL316243 and OEA treatment elevated levels of the thermogenic factors PPARα and UCP1, reduced p38-MAPK phosphorylation, and promoted brown-like features in the white adipocytes: the mitochondrial ( Cox4i1 , Cox4i2 ) and BAT ( Fgf21 , Prdm16 ) genes were overexpressed in eWAT. (biologists.org)
In addition, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages attenuated UCP1 induction and mitochondrial respiration in cultures of primary adipocytes, while the absence of NLRP3 protected UCP1 in adipocytes. (springer.com)
C ) Protein expression of FABP4, adiponectin, and UCP1 at P10 and P15 in pre- and mature adipocytes. (jci.org)
G ) UCP1 protein levels in transfected adipocytes after 48 hours and 72 hours of transfection. (jci.org)
H ) Immunofluorescence of siRNA-Ctrl and siRNA- ADRB3 adipocytes stained with MitoTracker (red), LipidTOX (green), anti-UCP1 (white), and DAPI (blue). (jci.org)
I ) Quantification of UCP1-positive adipocytes in siRNA-Ctrl and siRNA- ADRB3 adipocytes from 5 sections. (jci.org)
These findings strongly suggest that the brown fat differentiation pathway evolved in a common ancestor of birds and mammals and its thermogenicity was lost in the avian lineage, with the degradation of UCP1, after it separated from the mammalian lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
Since this event occurred no later than the saurian ancestor of birds and lizards, an implication of this is that dinosaurs had neither UCP1 nor canonically thermogenic brown fat. (biomedcentral.com)
A transit expression of classical brown markers such as UCP1 and PPARγ peaked and declined at day 28 post-differentiation initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Beige adipocytes are uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-expressing and thermogenically competent adipocytes that form in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots in response to various stimuli, including cold exposure or β3-adrenergic agonists. (nature.com)
Specific knockdown of PKM2 in mature brown adipocytes demonstrates that silencing of PKM2 does not lead to a decrease in PK activity, but causes a robust upregulation of thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) gene expression. (ku.dk)
Browning is the phenomenon referred as the white-to-brown metabolic conversion in human adipocytes, in which white adipocytes are conferred brown-like metabolic activity: elevated UCP1 expression and increased mitochondrial activity, therefore being a huge therapeutic target to treat metabolic disorders. (gatech.edu)
A screening platform for adipocyte browning was set to identify the induction of UCP1 activation, using a human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived adipocyte model. (gatech.edu)
As a browning index, UCP1 expression was monitored by UCP1 mRNA capture plates followed by branched DNA ( bDNA ) amplification, and expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 ( FABP4 ), an adipocyte-specific gene served as an internal control to eliminate anti- and pro-adipogenic compounds not specific to UCP1 . (gatech.edu)
x axis: UCP1 mRNA level as an indicator of adipocyte browning, y axis: FABP4 mRNA as an indicator of general adipogenesis. (gatech.edu)
d) Validation of browning hits by bDNA analysis showing that JAK3 inhibitors, SYK inhibitors and THRB agonists scored as the best UCP1/FABP4 inducers. (gatech.edu)
and R406 increase UCP1 expression in human primary adipocytes. (gatech.edu)
cAMP-dependent protein kinase induction of PPAR (gamma) coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression is an essential step in the commitment of preadipocytes to the brown adipose tissue (BAT) lineage. (elsevier.com)
These low thermogenic brown adipocytes had significantly lower Ucp1 and Adipoq expression, larger lipid droplets, and lower mitochondrial content. (jci.org)

HFD vs. ND rats also showed higher expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis and brown fat adipogenesis, as well as augmented mitochondrial mass in WAT but not in the liver or skeletal muscle. (biomedsearch.com)
However, a recent study has reported low pO 2 in brown fat of obese mice, this involving mitochondrial loss and dysfunction. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, 3-HIB treatment decreases mitochondrial oxygen consumption and generation of reactive oxygen species in white adipocytes, while increasing these measures in brown adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
At low concentrations, ANP and β-AR agonists additively enhanced expression of brown fat and mitochondrial markers in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. (ovid.com)
Collectively, we demonstrated that inflammatory response to obesity, such as TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation as well as IL-1β secretion, attenuates β3-adrenoreceptor-induced beige adipocyte formation via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. (springer.com)
Mitochondrial toxicity of indinavir, stavudine and zidovudine involves multiple cellular targets in white and brown adipocytes. (inserm.fr)
RESULTS: In both cell types, all the treatments induced a severe defect of adipogenesis (low lipid content and decreased markers of adipogenic maturation: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]gamma2 and aP2 but also uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipocytes) as well as altered mitochondrial function (decreased respiration rate and increased mitochondrial mass). (inserm.fr)
With all the treatments, white adipocytes showed a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial and nuclear-DNA-encoded respiratory chain subunits (cytochrome c oxidase [CytOx]2 and CytOx4), whereas brown adipocytes maintained normal expression in accordance with their increase of the transcriptional factors of mitochondrial biogenesis nuclear respiratory factor 1 and PPARgamma coactivator (PGC)1-related cofactor PRC, but not PGC1alpha. (inserm.fr)
While ABALCs are therefore not functional brown adipocytes, they are generated by a developmental pathway virtually identical to brown fat differentiation in mammals: both the common adipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and a coactivator of that factor specific to brown fat differentiation in mammals, PGC1α, are elevated in expression, as are mitochondrial volume and DNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Adipocyte mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity are controlled by multiple transcription factors, including the estrogen-related receptor (ERR)β. (elsevier.com)
To gain insights into the roles of all 3 ERRs, we assessed mitochondrial function and adrenergic responses in primary brown adipocytes lacking combinations of ERRs. (elsevier.com)
We show that adipocytes lacking just ERRβ, the most abundant ERR, show only mild mitochondrial defects. (elsevier.com)
In contrast, adipocytes lacking all 3 ERRs have severe reductions in mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity. (elsevier.com)
Na+-dependent, alpha-adrenergic mobilization of intracellular (mitochondrial) Ca2+ in brown adipocytes. (diva-portal.org)
Hormone‐induced mitochondrial fission is utilized by brown adipocytes as an amplification pathway for energy expenditure. (bio-protocol.org)
A key parameter in assessing brown adipocyte thermogenic capacity is mitochondrial uncoupling as determined by respiration. (bio-protocol.org)
Brown adipocytes express thermogenin (UCP-1), which catalyzes the re-entry of protons into the matrix, uncoupling the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and consequently reducing the ATP synthesis and generating heat. (gatech.edu)
Short-chain fatty acid acetate stimulates adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis via GPR43 in brown adipocytes. (openrepository.com)
Functional analyses showed that the low thermogenic brown adipocytes have significant lower basal mitochondrial respiration, and they are specialized in fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
Ultrastructural examination revealed hyperinsulinaemia-induced enhancement in the lipofuscin production, accompanied by an increase of mitochondrial damage in brown adipocytes. (ac.rs)
In conclusion, our results suggest that increased lipofuscinogenesis in the brown adipocytes of hyperinsulinaemic rats is a consequence of lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage and iron accumulation. (ac.rs)

Given the beneficial effects of brown fat activation on systemic metabolism and its endocrine function, this study provides an archive of potential brown adipokines and biomarkers for activated brown fat. (mcponline.org)
In conclusion, the current data suggest that CBD plays dual modulatory roles in the form of inducing the brown-like phenotype as well as promoting lipid metabolism. (springer.com)
However, the direct effect of serotonin on brown adipose tissue differentiation and metabolism is limited. (ovid.com)
Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of serotonin on brown adipocyte metabolism and differentiation. (ovid.com)
Non-differentiated HIB1B cells and differentiated HIB1B brown adipocytes were treated with serotonin and their metabolism and differentiation examined. (ovid.com)
Serotonin leads to whitening of brown adipocytes, shifting their metabolism to fat accumulation rather than oxidation. (ovid.com)
WAT mainly stores energy in the form of lipids (triglycerides) in unilocular white adipocytes and secretes a number of adipokines and other factors, such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6, to regulate energy metabolism and immune function. (nature.com)
Here we investigated the role of the ABA/LANCL2 system in the regulation of glucose uptake and metabolism in adipocytes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In conclusion, phytanic acid is a natural product of phytol metabolism that activates brown adipocyte thermogenic function. (portlandpress.com)
The possibility that brown adipose tissue can secrete factors to affect overall metabolism is a subject that attracts attention. (diva-portal.org)
In conclusion, we report substantial differences between the secretomes of brown and white human adipocytes and identify novel candidate batokines that can be important regulators of human metabolism. (regionh.dk)
Bogner-Strauß, JG & Pelzmann, HJ 2013, N-Acetyltransferase 8-like regulates lipid metabolism in brown adipocytes . (elsevier.com)
We examined the role of acetate, a short-chain fatty acid formed by fermentation in the gut, in the regulation of brown adipocyte metabolism. (openrepository.com)
Additionally, adipocytes directly transfer lipids to melanoma cells, which alters tumor cell metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) acts in mammals as a natural defense system against hypothermia, and its activation to a state of increased energy expenditure is believed to protect against the development of obesity. (nih.gov)
Recent studies indicate the existence of beige adipocytes in adult humans, making this cell type an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes. (jci.org)
Recruitment of the brown-like phenotype in white adipocytes (browning) and activation of existing brown adipocytes are currently being investigated as a means to combat obesity. (springer.com)
Development of brown-like/beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) helps to reduce obesity. (nature.com)
Thus we investigated the effects of resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol capable of preventing obesity and related complications in humans and animal models, on brown-like adipocyte formation in inguinal WAT (iWAT). (nature.com)
Here we review the data supporting this phenomenon and put into perspective the promise of conversion of white fat to a brown fat state as a potential therapeutic option for obesity and diabetes. (frontiersin.org)
Brown adipose tissue plays an important role in obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. (nih.gov)
Whether hypoxia also occurs in brown adipose tissue depots in obesity has been little considered. (frontiersin.org)
We suggest that obesity-linked hypoxia may lead to similar alterations in brown adipocytes as in white fat cells - particularly changes in adipokine production, increased glucose uptake and lactate release, and insulin resistance. (frontiersin.org)
White adipose tissue (WAT) is one site where hypoxia has been demonstrated and this occurs with the expansion of adipocyte size and total adipose mass in obesity ( 5 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
We speculate on the effects that reduced O 2 tension might have on the function of brown adipocytes and the possible implications for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. (frontiersin.org)
In summary, our data suggest that irisin can potentially prevent obesity and associated type 2 diabetes by stimulating expression of WAT browning-specific genes via the p38 MAPK and ERK pathways. (diabetesjournals.org)
In several rodent models, browning of WAT depots appears to be protective against diet-induced metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes ( 10 , 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
It has been widely reported that brown adipose tissue has a strong effect on fatty acid and glucose homeostasis and it could provide an opportunity for the therapy of obesity. (rsc.org)
The results also revealed that subcutaneous adipose tissue was more prone to obesity-induced structural changes than visceral adipose tissue, which could originate from it possessing a lower amount of brown adipose tissue. (rsc.org)
Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that capsaicin (CAP), a TRPV1 agonist, inhibited high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by inducing browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). (ahajournals.org)
Collectively, our data unambiguously suggest that CAP prevents HFD- induced obesity by stimulating browning of WAT through TRPV1 activation and uncover a novel role of TRPV1-stimulated intracellular Ca2+-dependent CaMKII-AMPK-SiRT-1 signaling cascade in the browning of WAT. (ahajournals.org)
Our data establish 3-HIB as a novel adipocyte-derived regulator of adipocyte subtype-specific functions strongly linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Mice with adipocyte-specific TAK1 deficiency have reduced adipocyte numbers and are resistant to obesity induced by a high-fat diet or leptin deficiency. (jci.org)
Thus, loss of TAK1 in adipocytes reduces the total number of adipocytes, increases browning of white adipose tissue, and may be an attractive strategy to treat obesity, obesity-dependent diabetes, and other associated complications. (jci.org)
Recent findings of brown adipocytes and brown-like or beige adipocytes, capable of dissipating energy as heat, in adult humans have promised new hope for obesity treatment and prevention. (tennessee.edu)
The results suggest that PRR-mediated inflammation in brown adipocytes may be a potential target for regulating BAT development and function for obesity treatment and prevention. (tennessee.edu)
One aspect of the invention discloses methods and compositions for modifying brown adipose tissue to treat obesity by altering at least one brown adipocyte by expressing a vector capable of modulating uncoupling protein activity, where modulating the uncoupling protein signaling alters adipocyte activation. (justia.com)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) protects against obesity by promoting energy expenditure via uncoupled respiration. (ntu.edu.sg)
Browning of white adipose tissue has been proven to be a potential target to fight against obesity and its metabolic commodities, making the exploration of molecules involved in browning process important. (bioscientifica.com)
Among those browning agents reported recently, FGF21 play as a quite promising candidate for treating obesity for its obvious enhancement of thermogenic capacity in adipocyte and significant improvement of metabolic disorders in both mice and human. (bioscientifica.com)
The authors sought to explore the impact of gut microbiota on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging , as both are potential targets for therapy for obesity and related metabolic conditions. (gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com)
In addition to being of fundamental interest, improving our knowledge of the properties and behavior of adipocytes is essential for tackling the increasing prevalence of obesity in the developed world. (elifesciences.org)
We hypothesize that adipocyte-derived angiotensin II mediates obesity-induced increases in systolic blood pressure in male high fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. (ahajournals.org)
Adipocyte angiotensinogen deficiency had no effect on diet-induced obesity. (ahajournals.org)
2 During obesity, free cholesterol accumulation in adipocytes can increase ≤≈50% of the total body free cholesterol pool. (ahajournals.org)
3 - 6 In obesity, adipocyte inflammation promotes macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, amplifying inflammatory responses and leading to insulin resistance. (ahajournals.org)
3 , 6 Deletion of Abca1 in adipocytes of aP2-CreAbca1 fl/fl mice enhances diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. (ahajournals.org)
Using the adipocyte-specific adiponectin-Cre model, in this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Cuffe et al 11 elegantly show that adipocyte Abca1 impairs diet-induced obesity. (ahajournals.org)
Surprisingly, adipocyte Abca1 deficiency prevented weight gain in a diet-induced obesity model and decreased fat pad weight. (ahajournals.org)
Model of impaired diet-induced obesity in adipocyte Abca1 deficiency. (ahajournals.org)
This study presents a new model for research into the induction of beige adipocytes from aWAT in vivo, which, when combined with models where beige adipocytes are induced from sWAT, provides insight into therapeutic approaches for combating obesity-related diseases in humans. (sciencemag.org)
In obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy and proinflammatory responses are closely associated with the development of insulin resistance in adipose tissue. (asm.org)
Together, our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that adipocyte hypertrophy alone may be crucial in causing insulin resistance in obesity. (asm.org)
In obesity, adipose tissue expands as a result of increases in adipocyte size (hypertrophy) and adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and actively modulates the population of immune cells ( 3 , 4 ). (asm.org)
Since adult humans possess significant amounts of active brown fat depots and their mass inversely correlates with adiposity, brown fat might play an important role in human obesity and energy homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, adult human brown adipocyte appears to be mainly composed of beige-like adipocytes, making this cell type an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related diseases. (hindawi.com)
Utilizing these parameters, from this perspective, the treatment of DM2 and obesity could be through the modulation of the physiology of the adipocyte precursors. (hindawi.com)
Since biochemical changes in adipocytes constitute an important component in obesity investigations, this study shows the potential use of FTIR imaging to compare relative biochemical changes associated with dietary interventions. (syr.edu)
Attainment of a brown adipocyte cell phenotype in white adipocytes, with their abundant mitochondria and increased energy expenditure potential, is a legitimate strategy for combating obesity. (elsevier.com)
In addition, we identified a number of developmental genes that are differentially expressed between brown and white preadipocytes and that have recently been implicated in human obesity. (elsevier.com)
On the other hand, the therapeutic targetting of brown fat for the treatment of human obesity is an active research field reviewed by Samuelson and Vidal-Puig in 2020. (wikipedia.org)

Markers of brown-like (beige) adipogenesis were measured and the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1 was assessed using conditional knockout. (nature.com)
4) chronic activation of PRRs reduces adipogenesis and suppresses expression of brown-specific genes in both classic brown adipocytes and multipotent stem cells. (tennessee.edu)
We show that lnc-BATE1 binds heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U and that both are required for brown adipogenesis. (ntu.edu.sg)
The formation of adipocytes, a process known as adipogenesis, has been extensively studied, but there remain major gaps in our knowledge: for example, the identities of many of the transcriptional regulators that are responsible for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes remain a mystery. (elifesciences.org)
Using a combination of cellular, biochemical, genetic and genomic techniques, they show that TAF7L interacts with PPARγ, an important adipocyte transcriptional regulator at enhancer sites on the genome to increase the transcription of genes that are involved in adipogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
Given that CETP inhibitors are lipid soluble, accumulate in adipose tissue, and have binding sites for proteins involved in adipogenesis, and that adipocytes are a source of aldosterone, we questioned whether CETP inhibitors (torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, and anacetrapib) influence aldosterone production by adipocytes. (aspetjournals.org)
Our results show that acetate up-regulates adipocyte protein 2, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, and uncoupling protein-1 expression and affects the morphological changes of brown adipocytes during adipogenesis. (openrepository.com)
[1] Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes through adipogenesis . (wikipedia.org)
These data suggest that GBR exhibits an anti-adipogenic effect through the suppression of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (elsevier.com)
The unique transcriptional regulators of the primary brown adipocyte phenotype are unknown, limiting our ability to promote brown adipogenesis over white. (elsevier.com)

The secretome of white and brown primary murine adipocytes, with and without stimulation with norepinephrine (NE), has been determined by using mass spectrometry combined with AHA labeling and pulsed SILAC. (mcponline.org)
The results reported reveal a comprehensive catalogue of novel adipokines secreted from white and brown adipocytes and responsive to NE. (mcponline.org)
a ) Representative Oil-Red-O staining of differentiated brown adipocyte cultures 1-3 and white adipocyte culture 1 at low magnification (top) and at high magnification (bottom). (nih.gov)
While classical brown adipocytes are located mainly in dedicated BAT depots of rodents and infants, beige adipocytes sporadically reside with white adipocytes and emerge in response to certain environmental cues, such as chronic cold exposure, a process often referred to as "browning" of white adipose tissue. (jci.org)
Thus, a wide variety of dietary agents that contribute to browning of white adipocytes have been identified. (springer.com)
Mammals have two morphologically and functionally distinct types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), both of which are involved in energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
In addition, there is accumulating evidence to support the concept of an alteration in energy balance through acquisition of brown fat features in traditional white fat depots. (frontiersin.org)
In conditions of energy excess, the white adipose tissue accumulates fat in the form of triglycerides, whilst brown adipose tissue has the potential stimulate energy expenditure by dissipation of fat to produce heat and maintain body temperature. (frontiersin.org)
White fat comprises of large unilocular lipid-containing adipocytes with few mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
The most well studied models whereby brown adipocytes appear in white fat are upon cold exposure or after stimulation of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor pathways. (frontiersin.org)
High-fat diet induces emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats. (biomedsearch.com)
In this study, we present evidence for high-fat diet (HFD)-induced emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). (biomedsearch.com)
Relative hypoxia has been shown to develop in white adipose tissue depots of different types of obese mouse (genetic, dietary), and this leads to substantial changes in white adipocyte function. (frontiersin.org)
In this article, we provide a perspective on the effects of hypoxia on the function of white adipocytes and consider, in particular, whether hypoxia also occurs in brown adipose tissue (BAT). (frontiersin.org)
It has been argued, of course, that collectively white and brown fat constitute a single adipose organ ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
White adipocytes, the signature cell of WAT, are major secretory cells, releasing a multiplicity of lipid and protein moieties additional to the fatty acids mobilized by lipolysis ( 8 , 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
Several pleiotropic protein hormones are synthesized and secreted by white adipocytes, the most prominent being leptin and adiponectin ( 11 , 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
In some conditions, certain white adipose tissue (WAT) depots are readily convertible to a ''brown-like'' state, which is associated with weight loss. (diabetesjournals.org)
Two different types of adipose tissue including white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) have been widely studied. (diabetesjournals.org)
White adipocytes store energy (e.g., triglycerides), whereas brown adipocytes consume energy ( 5 , 6 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Our genetic and pharmacologic data suggest a mechanism whereby induction of hypothalamic BDNF expression in response to environmental stimuli leads to selective sympathoneural modulation of white fat to induce "browning" and increased energy dissipation. (nih.gov)
The current study aims to characterize and compare visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in terms of macromolecular content and investigate transdifferentiation between white and brown adipocytes. (rsc.org)
Furthermore, CAP increased the expression of sirtuin-1 (SiRT-1 deacetylase) and PR domain protein 16 (PRDM-16-gene responsible for the molecular switch of white to brown fat) in WAT. (ahajournals.org)
During differentiation, both white and brown adipocytes upregulate BCAA utilization and release increasing amounts of 3-HIB. (diabetesjournals.org)
Conversely, addition of 3-HIB to white and brown adipocyte cultures increases fatty acid uptake and modulated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in a time-dependent manner. (diabetesjournals.org)
These data underscore the importance of BCAA catabolism in both white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), with implications for type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully understood. (diabetesjournals.org)
We here show that acute loss of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in adipocytes results in an increased rate of apoptotic adipocyte death and increased numbers of M2 macrophages in white adipose tissue. (jci.org)
It has been shown that PRR activation induces inflammation, leading to insulin resistance in white adipocytes and white adipose tissue (WAT). (tennessee.edu)
The ability of mammals to resist body fat accumulation is linked to their ability to expand the number and activity of "brown adipocytes" within white fat depots. (ovid.com)
Mice exposed to cold temperatures had increased levels of circulating NPs as well as higher expression of NP signaling receptor and lower expression of the NP clearance receptor (Nprc) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). (ovid.com)
These results suggest that NPs promote "browning" of white adipocytes to increase energy expenditure, defining the heart as a central regulator of adipose tissue biology. (ovid.com)
In mammals, adipose tissue exists as mainly as two different types: white adipose tissue (WAT) 3 and brown adipose tissue (BAT). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Here, we investigated the effect of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) activation in macrophages, especially the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Nod-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), on white adipocyte browning. (springer.com)
In this review, we have highlighted the role of adrenoceptor subtypes in white, brown, and brite adipocytes in both rodents and humans and have included detailed analysis of adrenoceptor expression in human adipose tissue and clonally derived adipocytes. (diva-portal.org)
METHODS: 3T3-F442A white and T37i brown adipocytes were exposed to stavudine (10 microM), zidovudine (1 microM) and indinavir (10 microM), alone or in combination. (inserm.fr)
Brown adipocytes appeared more affected than white adipocytes (lower respiration rate and decreased ATP production). (inserm.fr)
Most mammalian species have two types of adipose tissue, white and brown fat, both of which contain adipocytes that store lipids for the production of energy. (biomedcentral.com)
White and brown fat differ in morphology as well as function. (biomedcentral.com)
To uncover BAT-specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), we used RNA-seq to reconstruct de novo transcriptomes of mouse brown, inguinal white, and epididymal white fat and identified ∼1,500 lncRNAs, including 127 BAT-restricted loci induced during differentiation and often targeted by key regulators PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ. (ntu.edu.sg)
lnc-BATE1 inhibition impairs concurrent activation of brown fat and repression of white fat genes and is partially rescued by exogenous lnc-BATE1 with mutated siRNA-targeting sites, demonstrating a function in trans. (ntu.edu.sg)
Molecular characterization of human brown and white adipocytes, using a myriad of techniques including high-throughput RNA sequencing and functional assays, showed that PAZ6 and SW872 cells exhibit classical molecular and phenotypic markers of brown and white adipocytes, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Our studies have unveiled a new phenotype of human adipocytes, providing a tool to identify molecular gene expression patterns and pathways involved in the conversion between white and brown adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Promoting BAT-like features in white adipocytes, known as "browning", leads to the remodeling of WAT as energy storage into an energy dissipation site. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been suggested that this "transdifferentiation" could be an inherent property of white adipocytes and may not be due to a distinct cell type with this predisposition [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the identification of brown-in-white/brite/beige adipocytes has led to the assumption that a small proportion of inducible adipocytes is naturally present in some classical WAT depots [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This study shows that adipose-derived FGF9 play as an inhibitory role in the browning of white adipocytes. (bioscientifica.com)
Adipokines secreted from white adipose tissue play a role in metabolic crosstalk and homeostasis, whereas the brown adipose secretome is less explored. (regionh.dk)
We performed high-sensitivity mass-spectrometry-based proteomics on the cell media of human adipocytes derived from the supraclavicular brown adipose and from the subcutaneous white adipose depots of adult humans. (regionh.dk)
We identified 471 potentially secreted proteins covering interesting categories such as hormones, growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and proteins of the complement system, which were differentially regulated between brown and white adipocytes. (regionh.dk)
Brown adipocytes develop in discrete and relatively homogenous depots of brown adipose tissue, whereas beige adipocytes are induced to develop in white adipose tissue in response to certain stimuli - notably, exposure to cold. (nature.com)
Beige adipocytes can arise from adipogenic precursor cells in WAT through de novo differentiation or through the direct conversion of mature unilocular white-like adipocytes. (nature.com)
ZFP423 acts in white adipocytes to suppress EBF2 and maintain white fat fate. (nature.com)
Here we report that TAF7L, a paralogue of TFIID subunit TAF7, is enriched in adipocytes and white fat tissue (WAT) in mouse. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we report that PKM2 is enriched in brown adipose compared with white adipose tissue. (ku.dk)
Brown adipose tissue contains lots of tiny lipid (fat) droplets, compared to white adipose tissue, which contains a single drop of lipid. (gatech.edu)
We have studied tyrosine phosphorylated effectors and interactors in the EGF pathway ( 5 , 6 ) and others have used MS to study tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin pathway in white adipocytes ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
Felipe Henriques has led a project on the cellular basis of white adipose "beiging" in response to adipocyte fatty acid synthase depletion. (umassmed.edu)
Beige adipocytes can be induced from white adipocytes and precursors upon stimulation by cold temperatures and act like brown adipocytes to increase energy expenditure. (sciencemag.org)
Brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT, respectively) have different physiological roles in mammals and can be distinguished by their appearance and metabolic features ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
white adipocytes not only store fat, but they also produce hormones that regulate energy homeostasis, food intake, and tissue regeneration. (promocell.com)
white, beige and brown adipocytes look different and mirror their different tasks in the highly plastic adipose tissue. (promocell.com)
In humans, three types of adipose depots exist, mainly found under the skin and inside the abdomen: white, brown, and beige or brite adipose tissue. (promocell.com)
White adipocytes are quite large spherical cells with few mitochondria and a single lipid droplet. (promocell.com)
White adipocyte tissue also has endocrine functions and releases hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, fatty acids, and TNF-α that regulate nutrient homeostasis, food intake, inflammation, cardiovascular activity, and tissue regeneration ( Medina-Gómez, 2016 ). (promocell.com)
Until the past decade, researchers thought brown adipose tissue was only active in infants and young children, and that it later transformed into white adipocyte tissue with aging. (promocell.com)
Brown adipocytes are smaller than white ones, contain many mitochondria and several small lipid droplets. (promocell.com)
In the resting phase, they resemble white adipocytes, but upon cold stimulation, they acquire a phenotype similar to that of brown adipocytes along with the thermogenic capacities of such cells ( Sidossis and Kajimura, 2015 ). (promocell.com)
white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue are made of adipocytes, connective tissue, immune cells and stem cells. (promocell.com)
Comparison of triacylglycerol synthesis in rat brown and white adipocytes. (portlandpress.com)
There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
Marrow adipocytes, are unilocular like white fat cells, however both brown and white fat cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells . (wikipedia.org)
The classical white adipose tissue builds up energy in the form of triglycerides and is useful for preventing fatigue during periods of low caloric intake and the brown adipose tissue instead of inducing fat accumulation can produce energy as heat. (hindawi.com)
Beige adipocyte has recently attracted special interest because of its ability to dissipate energy and the possible ability to differentiate itself from white adipocytes. (hindawi.com)
This study shows relative changes in brown and white adipose tissues of mice due to consumption of high-fat diet. (syr.edu)
In particular, we report cryo-sectioning of adipose tissues, image acquisition, and different image analysis methods to evaluate dietary induced changes in lipids stored in brown and white adipocytes. (syr.edu)
Using cell-type-specific profiling in vivo, we uncover a unique paradigm of temperature-dependent epigenomic plasticity of beige, but not brown, adipocytes, with conversion from a brown to a white chromatin state. (evanrosenlab.com)
Adipose tissue usually is classified as either white, brown or beige/brite, based on whether it functions as an energy storage or thermogenic organ. (rxivist.org)
In the present work, we used microarray analysis strategies to study primary preadipocytes, and we made the striking discovery that brown preadipocytes demonstrate a myogenic transcriptional signature, whereas both brown and white primary preadipocytes demonstrate signatures distinct from those found in immortalized adipogenic models. (elsevier.com)
In contrast to brown preadipocytes or skeletal muscle cells, white preadipocytes express Tcf21, a transcription factor that has been shown to suppress myogenesis and nuclear receptor activity. (elsevier.com)
The interlinkage between the myocyte and the brown preadipocyte confirms the distinct origin for brown versus white adipose tissue and also represents a plausible explanation as to why brown adipocytes ultimately specialize in lipid catabolism rather than storage, much like oxidative skeletal muscle tissue. (elsevier.com)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat makes up the adipose organ together with white adipose tissue (or white fat). (wikipedia.org)
The second develops from white adipocytes that are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to white adipocytes, which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a much higher number of (iron-containing) mitochondria, which gives the tissue its color. (wikipedia.org)
Brown fat also contains more capillaries than white fat. (wikipedia.org)
It has greater variability in lipid droplet size and a greater proportion of lipid droplets to mitochondria than white fat, giving it a light brown appearance. (wikipedia.org)
Progenitors of traditional white fat cells and adrenergically induced brown fat do not have the capacity to activate the Myf5 promoter. (wikipedia.org)
Both adipocytes and brown adipocyte may be derived from pericytes, the cells which surround the blood vessels that run through white fat tissue. (wikipedia.org)
MAT has qualities of both white and brown fat. (wikipedia.org)

In contrast, brown fat comprises of small multilocular cells with abundant mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
The thermogenic capability of brown fat is mainly mediated by the presence of a mitochondria uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), which uncouples the electron transport chain from energy production and results in the release of potential energy obtained from food as heat. (diabetesjournals.org)
This thesis is focused on the role of mitochondria in pancreatic β-cells and brown adipose tissue (BAT). (avhandlingar.se)
These mitochondria store iron, thereby making BAT appear brown. (gatech.edu)
The brown color comes from the large quantity of mitochondria . (wikipedia.org)
The brown adipose tissue (BAT) is more energetically active, with a greater number of mitochondria and energy production in the form of heat, which controls homeostasis during periods of low temperature and hibernation [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Both share the presence of small lipid droplets and numerous iron-rich mitochondria, giving the brown appearance. (wikipedia.org)

Regardless of adipocyte inflammation, hypertrophic adipocytes with large and unilocular lipid droplets exhibited impaired insulin-dependent glucose uptake, associated with defects in GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane. (asm.org)

Transgenic mice were produced containing the adipocyte-specific regulatory region from the adipocyte P2 (aP2) gene linked to the simian virus 40 transforming genes. (semanticscholar.org)
E and F ) The mRNA expression profiles of β-ARs ( E ) and thermogenic related genes ( F ) in transfected siRNA-control (siRNA-Ctrl) and siRNA- ADRB3 adipocytes after 48 hours of transfection. (jci.org)
J - M ) Expression levels of mtDNA-encoded gene ( J ), fatty acid oxidation genes ( K ), fatty acid synthesis genes ( L ), and creatinine kinase genes ( M ) in transfected siRNA-Ctrl and siRNA- ADRB3 adipocytes. (jci.org)
Furthermore, FGF9 treatment inhibited thermogenic genes in the process of beige adipocytes differentiation from stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in a dose-dependent manner. (bioscientifica.com)
Consistently, knockdown of FGF9 in SVF cells by using lentiviral shRNA increased thermogenic genes in differentiated beige adipocytes. (bioscientifica.com)
Genome-wide mRNA-seq expression profiling and ChIP-seq binding studies confirmed that TAF7L is required for activating adipocyte-specific genes via a dual mechanism wherein it interacts with PPARγ at enhancers and TBP/Pol II at core promoters. (elifesciences.org)
13 Abca1 deficiency thus decreases adipocyte size and triglyceride accumulation by suppression of SREBP-1c and PPARγ expression and their target genes ( Figure ). (ahajournals.org)
In addition, we identified molecular markers that were highly enriched in beige adipocytes and conserved between bat aWAT and mouse sWAT, a set that included the genes Uqcrc1 and Letm1 . (sciencemag.org)
We discovered that PRDM16 also represses type I Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in brown and beige adipocytes. (datamed.org)
Despite this profound shift in cellular identity, warm whitened beige adipocytes retain an epigenomic memory of prior cold exposure defined by an array of poised enhancers that prime thermogenic genes for rapid response during a second bout of cold exposure. (evanrosenlab.com)
Moreover, the addition of FPP up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of PPARγ target genes during adipocyte differentiation induction. (biochemj.org)
The mRNA levels of adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPα), proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and adipogenic genes, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), were significantly down-regulated by treatment with GBR when compared to that of untreated control cells. (elsevier.com)

This physiological process is essential in adipocyte differentiation as well as serving to facilitate the tight coupling of lipolysis and lipogenesis in activated brown fat. (nih.gov)
AML induces adipocyte lipolysis of triglyceride to free fatty acids and subsequent transport by FABP4. (bloodjournal.org)
We show that AML blasts alter metabolic processes in adipocytes to induce phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and consequently activate lipolysis, which then enables the transfer of fatty acids from adipocytes to AML blasts. (bloodjournal.org)
11 Although triglyceride lipolysis in adipocytes was unaffected, triglyceride synthesis was decreased, and this was accompanied by decreased expression of the active (cleaved) form of SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c). (ahajournals.org)

Two types of thermogenic adipocytes with distinct developmental and anatomical features exist in rodents and humans: classical brown adipocytes and beige (also referred to as brite) adipocytes. (jci.org)
Scientists are investigating how beige/brite adipocytes develop and how they interact with other fat cells. (promocell.com)

We have previously shown that the transition from brown preadipocytes to mature adipocytes is mediated in part by insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the cell cycle regulator protein necdin. (nih.gov)
Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expressions were attenuated by GBR in mature adipocytes. (elsevier.com)
a Left, tumour cells cocultivated with or without mature adipocytes were stained with red oil. (biomedcentral.com)

B ) Oil Red O staining of differentiated human primary adipocytes at passage number 10 (P10) and 15 (P15). (jci.org)
and R406 induce brown-like lipid morphology (arrows) in human primary adipocytes more prominently than BMP7. (gatech.edu)

Strikingly, non-differentiated HIB1B preadipocytes incubated with serotonin failed to differentiate into brown adipocytes. (ovid.com)
Moreover, although BMP6-treated myoblasts can readily differentiate into brown adipocytes, serotonin interfered with this process. (ovid.com)
We have identified in vitro inductive conditions in which mesenchymal cells isolated from the embryonic chicken limb bud differentiate into avian brown adipocyte-like cells (ABALCs) with the morphological and many of the biochemical properties of terminally differentiated brown adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Note: Isolate primary pre adipocytes from brown adipose tissue, then differentiate them in an XF-24 well cell culture microplate for 7 days. (bio-protocol.org)
After complete incorporation of the heavy or light SILAC amino acids in brown preadipocytes, cells were allowed to differentiate into brown adipocytes as described in ref. 9 ( Fig. 1 ) and stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 5 min. (pnas.org)
Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue , muscle or bone . (wikipedia.org)

Our results suggest that SHR may have the capacity to increase energy expenditure in response to a chronic HFD that may be linked to the emergence of brown-like adipocytes in WAT. (biomedsearch.com)
Although regulators of the energy expenditure are not entirely clear, adipocytes appear to play a central role in modulating energy balance and nutrient flux in vertebrates. (diabetesjournals.org)
Generally, the methods and therapeutics can increase activation of brown adipose tissue to increase energy expenditure and induce weight loss. (justia.com)
Functional brown adipose tissue (BAT), involved in energy expenditure, has recently been detected in substantial amounts in adults. (biomedcentral.com)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in energy expenditure through its specialized thermogenic function. (tdl.org)

Activation of mTORC1 is essential for β-adrenergic stimulation of adipose browning. (semanticscholar.org)
Moreover, adipocytes lacking all 3 ERRs have defects in the transcriptionalandmetabolic response to adrenergic stimulation, suggesting a wider role of ERRs in BAT function than previously appreciated. (elsevier.com)
In order to investigate the ionic requirements for inositol trisphosphate production, brown adipocytes were prelabelled with myo-[3H]inositol and the formation of inositol trisphosphates and inositol bisphosphates as a consequence of alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation was monitored. (diva-portal.org)
Here, we quantitatively assess temporal dynamics of tyrosine phosphorylation events upon insulin stimulation in differentiated brown adipocytes. (pnas.org)
This recruitment of high thermogenic brown adipocytes by cold stimulation is not affected by high fat diet feeding, but significantly declined with age. (jci.org)

Bartelt A, Heeren J (2014) Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health. (springer.com)
Thus stimulating the development of beige adipocytes in WAT, so called 'browning', might reduce adverse effects of WAT and could help to improve metabolic health. (nature.com)
This would be expected to compromise thermogenic activity and the role of brown fat in glucose homeostasis and triglyceride clearance, underpinning the development of the metabolic syndrome. (frontiersin.org)
This study highlights that β3-ARs in human brown/beige adipocytes are required to maintain multiple components of the lipolytic and thermogenic cellular machinery and that β3-AR agonists could be used to achieve metabolic benefit in humans. (jci.org)
Methods and therapeutics are provided for treating metabolic disorders by increasing activation of brown adipose tissue. (justia.com)
The present invention generally provides methods and compositions for treating metabolic disorders involving activation of brown adipose tissue. (justia.com)
Recent studies have shown that when the protective function of brown adipose tissue against metabolic diseases is disrupted, diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and adipositas can result. (promocell.com)
Research into metabolic profiles and changes is enabling insight into browning, substrate and nutrient utilization, and inflammation. (agilent.com)
Browning induction or transplantation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown/beige adipocytes derived from progenitor or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can represent a powerful strategy to treat metabolic diseases. (elsevier.com)
Breast cancer cells undergo metabolic adaptation in the presence of adipocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Visceral abdominal fat (VAT) is a distinct type of WAT that is "proportionally associated with negative metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity", regenerates cortisol, and recently has been tied to decreased bone formation Both types of WAT substantially differ from brown adipose tissue (BAT) as by a group of proteins that help BAT's thermogenic role. (wikipedia.org)

A ) In rodents, interscapular BAT and perirenal BAT are composed of classical brown adipocytes. (jci.org)
RNA sequencing followed by whole genome-wide expression analysis shows that beige adipocytes induced from bat aWAT, rather than sWAT, have molecular signatures resembling those of mouse sWAT-induced beige adipocytes and exhibit dynamic profiles similar to those of classical brown adipocytes. (sciencemag.org)
New evidence suggests two types of thermogenic adipocytes with distinct developmental and anatomical features: classical brown adipocytes and beige adipocytes. (hindawi.com)

Resveratrol induces brown-like adipocyte formation in iWAT via AMPKα1 activation and suggest that its beneficial antiobesity effects may be partly due to the browning of WAT and, as a consequence, increased oxygen consumption. (nature.com)
Abscisic acid enhances glucose disposal and induces brown fat activity in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. (sigmaaldrich.com)

This can be accomplished by inducing proliferation of adipocytes in vivo or expanding adipocytes ex vivo, transplanting adipocytes into brown adipose tissue depots or elsewhere and inducing differentiation of adipocyte progenitor cells, such as MSCs, adipocyte progenitor cells, pre-adipocytes and adipocyte precursor cells. (justia.com)
Brown adipocytes develop in distinctive developmental depots of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and have a relatively stable thermogenic phenotype. (nature.com)
Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number in most depots. (wikipedia.org)

To understand the nature of adult human brown adipocytes at single cell resolution, we isolated clonally derived adipocytes from stromal vascular fractions of adult human BAT from two individuals and globally analyzed their molecular signatures. (nih.gov)
These data demonstrate that stromal adipocytes can drive melanoma progression through FATP lipid transporters and represent a new target aimed at interrupting adipocyte-melanoma cross-talk. (aacrjournals.org)
We demonstrate that stromal adipocytes are donors of lipids that mediate melanoma progression. (aacrjournals.org)
We provide a mechanism for how stromal adipocytes drive tumor progression and demonstrate a novel microenvironmental therapeutic target. (aacrjournals.org)

abstract = "The aim of this study was to examine the anti-adipogenic effect of germinated brown rice methanol extract (GBR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (elsevier.com)

Meanwhile, the repopulation of gut microbiota and the gavage of butyrate in antibiotic-treated mice led to a partial reverse in the thermogenic capacity of BAT and WAT browning . (gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com)

Based on these results, we propose that insulin/IGF-I act through IRS-1 phosphorylation to stimulate differentiation of brown preadipocytes via two complementary pathways: 1) the Ras-ERK1/2 pathway to activate CREB and 2) the phosphoinositide 3 kinase-Akt pathway to deactivate FoxO1. (nih.gov)
To understand the full spectrum of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade, we have defined the tyrosine-phosphoproteome of the insulin signaling pathway, using high resolution mass spectrometry in combination with phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in differentiated brown adipocytes. (pnas.org)
SILAC Quantification Reveals 40 Insulin-Induced Effectors in Differentiated Brown Adipocytes. (pnas.org)
To characterize specific signaling events downstream of the insulin/IGF-1 receptors, we stimulated differentiated brown adipocytes with insulin and quantitatively analyzed the tyrosine phosphoproteome by MS compared with unstimulated control samples. (pnas.org)
However, it is largely unknown whether adipocyte hypertrophy per se might be sufficient to provoke insulin resistance in obese adipose tissue. (asm.org)
Here, we demonstrate that lipid-overloaded hypertrophic adipocytes are insulin resistant independent of adipocyte inflammation. (asm.org)
Confocal microscopy showed lipofuscin autofluorescence emission in brown adipose tissue (BAT) after excitation at 488 nm and 633 nm, particularly in the insulin-treated groups. (ac.rs)
The presence and distribution of lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), in brown adipocytes was assessed by immunohistochemical examination revealing its higher content after treatment with insulin. (ac.rs)

In parallel, serotonin led to 3-6-fold reduction in the gene expression of brown adipocyte differentiation markers, that is, Prdm16 (positive regulatory domain 16), Bmp7 (bone morphogenic protein 7) and Pparγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ). (ovid.com)
There are many transcriptional regulators, including PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC1α), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and PPARγ, as well as various secreted mediators, such as bone morphogenetic protein 7, Irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, that can induce the formation of brown-like adipocytes. (nature.com)
CAP increased the expression of the brown fat-specific thermogenes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator 1 alpha, uncoupling protein-1 and bone morphogenetic protein b8 in the subcutaneous and brown fat pads of WT mice in vivo. (ahajournals.org)
CAP-triggered deacetylation of PPARγ and PRDM-16 by activating SiRT-1 to facilitate the PPARγ-PRDM-16 interaction and initiate browning of WAT. (ahajournals.org)
Brown and beige fat cells express certain transcription factors, such as early B-cell factor 2 (EBF2), PR domain zinc finger protein 16 (PRDM16), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and zinc finger protein 516 (ZFP516), that cooperate with the general adipogenic factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) to drive brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic gene programming. (nature.com)
These findings suggest that TAF7L plays an integral role in adipocyte gene expression by targeting enhancers as a cofactor for PPARγ and promoters as a component of the core transcriptional machinery. (elifesciences.org)
This includes PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor γ) 11 that stimulates adipocyte differentiation. (ahajournals.org)
In the meantime, curcumin decreases the expression of FAS, down-regulates the mRNA level of PPARγ and CD36 during adipocyte differentiation. (deepdyve.com)
In the present study, we examine whether mevalonate metabolites activate PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ), a ligand-dependent transcription factor playing a central role in adipocyte differentiation. (biochemj.org)
These findings indicated that FPP might function as an endogenous PPARγ agonist and regulate gene expression in adipocytes. (biochemj.org)

CIDEA is a lipid droplet (LD)-protein enriched in brown adipocytes promoting the enlargement of LDs, which are dynamic, ubiquitous organelles specialized for storing neutral lipids. (nih.gov)
A ) Live imaging of the LD dynamics during the differentiation of a brown pre-adipocyte, showing the characteristic CIDE-triggered LD enlargement, characterized by the progressive transference of lipids from a donor to an acceptor LD until it is completely absorbed. (nih.gov)
When the amount of brown adipose tissue was decreased, lower unsaturation/saturation ratio, qualitatively longer hydrocarbon acyl chain length of lipids and higher amount of triglycerides were obtained in both adipose tissues of mice lines. (rsc.org)
Adipocyte-derived lipids are transferred to melanoma cells through the FATP/SLC27A family of lipid transporters expressed on the tumor cell surface. (aacrjournals.org)
Adipocyte-derived lipids are taken up by FATP proteins that are aberrantly expressed in melanoma. (aacrjournals.org)

Ectopic expression of TAF7L in myoblasts reprograms these muscle precursors into adipocytes upon induction. (elifesciences.org)
Overall design: Immortalized adipocyte precursors derived from Prdm16 KO brown adipose were infected with control or PRDM16 expressing plasmids. (datamed.org)
ChIP-seq was performed for PRDM16 and H3K27Ac to determine PRDM16 binding in adipocyte precursors. (datamed.org)

We investigated HT (1 and 10 μmol/L) effects on gene expression (mRNA and microRNA) related to inflammation induced by 10 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes. (mdpi.com)
7 Increased plasma HDL cholesterol levels suppress inflammation and macrophage recruitment in a diet-induced obese mouse model, which was attributed to enhanced cholesterol efflux from adipocytes 5 and macrophages. (ahajournals.org)

Consistent with the molecular changes, in HFD but not in ND rats, histological and immunohistochemistry-based analyses of WAT demonstrated the presence of small multilocular cells staining positively for uncoupling protein 1, indicating the emergence of brown-like adipocytes in WAT. (biomedsearch.com)
Can we identify and modulate molecular mechanisms that switch adipocytes from storing triglyceride to cells that oxidize fat, expend energy and secrete beneficial factors? (umassmed.edu)
To better understand the development of beige adipocytes from mammalian WATs, especially aWAT, we induced beige adipocytes from bat aWAT and mouse sWAT by exposure to cold temperatures and analyzed their molecular signatures. (sciencemag.org)
Studies have shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear. (wikipedia.org)

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychotropic phytocannabinoid of Cannabis sativa, on induction of browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (springer.com)
Interestingly, acute induction of adipocyte-specific TAK1 deficiency in mice already under a high-fat diet was able to stop further weight gain and improved glucose tolerance. (jci.org)
malignant fat) develops into beige adipocytes remains obscure, largely because there is a lack of a good animal model for the induction of beige adipocytes from aWAT. (sciencemag.org)

In this study, curcumin is found to be an effective inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS), and its effects on adipocytes are further evaluated. (deepdyve.com)

The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix. (nih.gov)
Hibernoma formation in transgenic mice and isolation of a brown adipocyte cell line expressing the uncoupling protein gene. (semanticscholar.org)
In one embodiment, a method for increasing activation of brown adipose tissue includes modifying brown adipocytes to express a gene that activates brown adipocytes, such as uncoupling protein 1. (justia.com)
A total of 101 proteins were exclusively quantified in brown adipocytes, and among these was ependymin-related protein 1 (EPDR1). (regionh.dk)
In addition, we report that fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) messenger RNA is upregulated in adipocytes and AML when in coculture. (bloodjournal.org)

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin e.g. which regulates energy intake and appetite was reportedly found at elevated levels in the bloodstream of obese subjects and is positively correlated with BMI [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell-autonomous light sensitivity via Opsin3 regulates fuel utilization in brown adipocytes. (natureindex.com)

There has been a suggestion that different adenylate cyclases are responsible for regulating gene expression in brown adipocytes. (diva-portal.org)

Remarkably, adipocyte Abca1 deficiency resulted in smaller adipocytes with decreased triglyceride accumulation, and increased cholesterol content, particularly in the plasma membrane. (ahajournals.org)

Hypothalamic overexpression of BDNF reproduced the enrichment-associated activation of the brown fat gene program and lean phenotype. (nih.gov)
However, the roles of PRR activation in brown adipocytes and brown adipose tissue (BAT) have not been studied. (tennessee.edu)
This dissertation further demonstrates that naringenin, a flavanone mainly found in citrus fruits, enhances thermogenic activation in isoproterenol-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes through PKA/p38 MAPK pathways. (tennessee.edu)
Activation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) can induce a functional "brown-like" adipocyte phenotype. (ovid.com)
However, little is known regarding the role of pro-inflammatory adipose tissue remodeling in the thermogenic activation of brown/beige fat. (springer.com)
In another embodiment, a method for increasing brown adipose tissue activation includes increasing the number of brown adipocytes. (justia.com)
Activation of hypoxia signaling at early stage of adipose browning process may contribute to this anti-thermogenic effect of FGF9. (bioscientifica.com)
Taken together, our results indicate that acetate may have important physiological roles in brown adipocytes through the activation of GPR43. (openrepository.com)
Transcriptional Pathways in cPGI2-Induced Adipocyte Progenitor Activation for Browning. (cngb.org)
However, our poor understanding of the mechanisms that govern the differentiation and activation of brown adipocytes limits the development of such therapy. (elsevier.com)

RNA sequencing analysis revealed a significant increment of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway in the early stage of beige adipocytes differentiation under FGF9 treatment, which was validated by real-time PCR. (bioscientifica.com)
ABCA1 represents a major cholesterol efflux pathway in adipocytes. (ahajournals.org)
These findings could explain, why human brown adipose tissue is substantially less active than mouse tissue and targeting this pathway in humans might be utilized to restore thermogenic activity of this tissue. (rxivist.org)
We show that β 3 -adrenoceptors stimulate glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue via a signaling pathway that is comprised of two different parts: one part dependent on cAMP-mediated increases in GLUT1 transcription and de novo synthesis of GLUT1 and another part dependent on mTOR complex 2-stimulated translocation of newly synthesized GLUT1 to the plasma membrane, leading to increased glucose uptake. (rupress.org)

Anatomical locations of thermogenic adipocytes in mice and humans. (jci.org)
Most of the transgenic mice developed brown fat tumors (hibernomas) in their interscapular brown adipose tissue. (semanticscholar.org)
Systolic blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry during week 16 of low-fat or high-fat feeding in Agt fl/fl and adipocyte angiotensinogen-deficient mice ( Agt aP2 ). (ahajournals.org)
Here we used single nucleus analysis in mice and men to deconvolute adipocyte heterogeneity. (rxivist.org)
We are able to identify a novel subpopulation of adipocytes whose abundance is low in mice (2~8%) and which is increased under higher ambient temperatures. (rxivist.org)

The number and activity of brown adipocytes are linked to the ability of mammals to resist body fat accumulation. (diabetesjournals.org)

Depletion of TAF7L reduced adipocyte-specific gene expression, compromised adipocyte differentiation, and WAT development as well. (elifesciences.org)

2009 ) provided the formal proof that brown fat is related to skeletal muscle and further showed that the transcription factor PRDM16 determines the fate of Myf5 + -precursor cells toward brown fat lineage. (frontiersin.org)

Beige adipocytes are largely found in subcutaneous WAT (anterior and inguinal WAT) and are highly recruitable (a process referred to as "browning" of WAT) by certain external cues. (jci.org)
Though subcutaneous tissues are largely composed of adipocytes, the mechanisms by which adipocytes influence melanoma are poorly understood. (aacrjournals.org)

ABA stimulates glucose uptake by myocytes and pre-adipocytes in vitro and oral ABA improves glycemic control in rats and in healthy subjects. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Researchers have developed a number of in vitro cell culture models to elucidate the details of differential gene regulation, and this approach has been used to characterize adipocytes-cells that store energy in the form of fat-for close to two decades. (elifesciences.org)
Using in vivo and in vitro models of AML, we show that bone marrow adipocytes from the tumor microenvironment support the survival and proliferation of malignant cells from patients with AML. (bloodjournal.org)
Using in vitro and in vivo models, we find that adipocytes increase proliferation and invasion of adjacent melanoma cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Various genetic factors controlling the differentiation of brown adipocytes have been identified, although most studies have been performed using in vitro cultured pre-adipocytes. (elsevier.com)

Further, we functionally characterized these two markers using a loss-of-function approach and found that KCNK3 and MTUS1 were required for beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic function. (nih.gov)

BCAAs provide carbon for de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes ( 19 , 20 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Lipogenesis in rat brown adipocytes. (portlandpress.com)

A mouse model of rhabdomyosarcoma originating from the adipocyte lineage. (semanticscholar.org)
Fate-mapping analyses have identified progenitor populations that give rise to brown and beige fat cells, and have revealed unanticipated cell-lineage relationships between vascular smooth muscle cells and beige adipocytes, and between skeletal muscle cells and brown fat. (nature.com)
Thus, it is thought that MAT results from preferential MSC differentiation into the adipocyte, rather than osteoblast, lineage in the setting of osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
MAT is thought to result from preferential MSC differentiation into an adipocyte, rather than osteoblast lineage in osteoporosis based on the inverse relationship between bone and MAT in bone-fragile osteoporotic states. (wikipedia.org)

Recent identification of active brown fat reserves in adult humans has re-stimulated interest in the role of brown adipocytes in energy homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
Copious amount of brown fat exists in rodents and human infants and it was considered to be non-existent in adult humans. (frontiersin.org)
Because adipocytes have been shown to promote breast and prostate cancer proliferation, and because the bone marrow adipose tissue accounts for up to 70% of bone marrow volume in adult humans, we examined the adipocyte-leukemia cell interactions to determine if they are essential for the growth and survival of AML. (bloodjournal.org)
Sidossis, L & Kajimura, S 2015, ' Brown and beige fat in humans: Thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis ', Journal of Clinical Investigation , vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 478-486. (utmb.edu)
The presence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans was discovered in 2003 during FDG-PET scans to detect metastatic cancers. (wikipedia.org)
Brown fat in humans in the scientific and popular literature refers to two cell populations defined by both anatomical location and cellular morphology. (wikipedia.org)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a specialized fat that dissipates energy to produce heat, plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance. (jci.org)
To evaluate chemerin and Col3a1 gene expression regulation, primary brown adipocyte cultures were stimulated with norepinephrine at different stages of differentiation. (diva-portal.org)

A ) Representative microscopic pictures of the morphology of undifferentiated and differentiated adipocytes. (jci.org)

PRDM16 is an important transcriptional regulator of brown and beige adipocyte gene programs. (datamed.org)
Additionally, muscle cells that were cultured with the transcription factor PRDM16 were converted into brown fat cells, and brown fat cells without PRDM16 were converted into muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)

Bone marrow adipocytes support AML survival. (bloodjournal.org)
Here, we present a reliable and straightforward two-dimensional (2D) coculture system for studying the interaction between tumor cells and bone marrow adipocytes, which reveals a dual effect of melanoma cell-derived factors on the bone marrow adipocytes differentiation and also poses a classic method for the mechanistic study of bone metastasis. (jove.com)
Bone marrow adipocytes secrete factors that promote HSC renewal in most bones. (wikipedia.org)
Hematopoietic cells (also known as blood cells) reside in the bone marrow along with marrow adipocytes. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy24

Organisms20

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs96

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes41

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-signaling factors in brown adipocytes is influenced specifically by 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone. (1/125)

Bidirectional Ca2+ coupling of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of multimodal Ca2+ entries in rat brown adipocytes. (2/125)

Hypoxic adipocytes pattern early heterotopic bone formation. (3/125)

Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. (4/125)

Ca(2+) -independent effects of BAPTA and EGTA on single-channel Cl(-) currents in brown adipocytes. (5/125)

Insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in myocytes and brown adipocytes. (6/125)

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of uncoupling protein gene expression in rat adipocytes. (7/125)

Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 in adipose tissue regulates energy storage and expenditure. (8/125)

Adipocytes

Adipose Tissue, Brown

Adipocytes, White

3T3-L1 Cells

Adipocytes, Brown

Adipose Tissue

Lipolysis

Insulin

Glucose Transporter Type 4

Adipogenesis

3T3 Cells

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Adipose Tissue, White

Thermogenesis

Glucose

Phaeophyta

Cell Differentiation

Mitochondrial Proteins

PPAR gamma

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3

Deoxyglucose

Rats, Inbred BN

Cells, Cultured

Leptin

Obesity

RNA, Messenger

Muscle Proteins

Receptor, Insulin

Adiponectin

Ion Channels

Lipid Metabolism

Cold Temperature

Mice, Obese

Gene Expression Regulation

Sterol Esterase

Insulin Resistance

Carrier Proteins

Biological Transport

Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins

Epididymis

Glucose Transporter Type 1

Thiazolidinediones

3-O-Methylglucose

Lipoprotein Lipase

Fatty Acids

Rats, Inbred Strains

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Isoproterenol

Signal Transduction

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

Hypoglycemic Agents

Lipid Mobilization

Phenylisopropyladenosine

Dioxoles

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha

Subcutaneous Fat

Body Temperature Regulation

Methylglucosides

Adipokines

Glycerol

Phosphorylation

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Phosphoproteins

Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins

Norepinephrine

Cell Membrane

Insulin Antagonists

Membrane Proteins

Cystinyl Aminopeptidase

Energy Metabolism

Gene Expression

Triglycerides

Brown Recluse Spider

Kinetics

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Lipids

Rats, Zucker

Trout

Mitochondria