Adipocytes brown. Medical search

Cells in the body that store FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. WHITE ADIPOCYTES are the predominant type and found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. BROWN ADIPOCYTES are thermogenic cells that can be found in newborns of some species and hibernating mammals.

A thermogenic form of adipose tissue composed of BROWN ADIPOCYTES. It is found in newborns of many species including humans, and in hibernating mammals. Brown fat is richly vascularized, innervated, and densely packed with MITOCHONDRIA which can generate heat directly from the stored lipids.

Fat cells with light coloration and few MITOCHONDRIA. They contain a scant ring of CYTOPLASM surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.

A continuous cell line that is a substrain of SWISS 3T3 CELLS developed though clonal isolation. The mouse fibroblast cells undergo an adipose-like conversion as they move to a confluent and contact-inhibited state.

Fat cells with dark coloration due to the densely packed MITOCHONDRIA. They contain numerous small lipid droplets or vacuoles. Their stored lipids can be converted directly to energy as heat by the mitochondria.

Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

A glucose transport protein found in mature MUSCLE CELLS and ADIPOCYTES. It promotes transport of glucose from the BLOOD into target TISSUES. The inactive form of the protein is localized in CYTOPLASMIC VESICLES. In response to INSULIN, it is translocated to the PLASMA MEMBRANE where it facilitates glucose uptake.

The differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature ADIPOCYTES.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A large group of membrane transport proteins that shuttle MONOSACCHARIDES across CELL MEMBRANES.

Fatty tissue composed of WHITE ADIPOCYTES and generally found directly under the skin (SUBCUTANEOUS FAT) and around the internal organs (ABDOMINAL FAT). It has less vascularization and less coloration than the BROWN FAT. White fat provides heat insulation, mechanical cushion, and source of energy.

The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

A division of predominantly marine EUKARYOTA, commonly known as brown algae, having CHROMATOPHORES containing carotenoid PIGMENTS, BIOLOGICAL. ALGINATES and phlorotannins occur widely in all major orders. They are considered the most highly evolved algae because of their well-developed multicellular organization and structural complexity.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

A nuclear transcription factor. Heterodimerization with RETINOID X RECEPTOR ALPHA is important in regulation of GLUCOSE metabolism and CELL GROWTH PROCESSES. It is a target of THIAZOLIDINEDIONES for control of DIABETES MELLITUS.

A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The beta-3 adrenergic receptors are the predominant beta-adrenergic receptor type expressed in white and brown ADIPOCYTES and are involved in modulating ENERGY METABOLISM and THERMOGENESIS.

2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The receptor contains an intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE domain that is located within the beta subunit. Activation of the receptor by INSULIN results in numerous metabolic changes including increased uptake of GLUCOSE into the liver, muscle, and ADIPOSE TISSUE.

A 30-kDa COMPLEMENT C1Q-related protein, the most abundant gene product secreted by FAT CELLS of the white ADIPOSE TISSUE. Adiponectin modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of GLUCOSE and FATTY ACIDS, and immune responses. Decreased plasma adiponectin levels are associated with INSULIN RESISTANCE; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A structurally-related group of signaling proteins that are phosphorylated by the INSULIN RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. The proteins share in common an N-terminal PHOSPHOLIPID-binding domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain that interacts with the phosphorylated INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal TYROSINE-rich domain. Upon tyrosine phosphorylation insulin receptor substrate proteins interact with specific SH2 DOMAIN-containing proteins that are involved in insulin receptor signaling.

The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.

A ubiquitously expressed glucose transporter that is important for constitutive, basal GLUCOSE transport. It is predominately expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and ERYTHROCYTES at the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and is responsible for GLUCOSE entry into the BRAIN.

THIAZOLES with two keto oxygens. Members are insulin-sensitizing agents which overcome INSULIN RESISTANCE by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).

A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504)

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.

Substances which lower blood glucose levels.

LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.

N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-adenosine. Antilipemic agent. Synonym: TH 162.

A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; ADIPOSE TISSUE; INTESTINES; LUNG; ADRENAL GLANDS; PLACENTA; OVARY and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR). Experiments with knock-out mice have demonstrated that CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-alpha is essential for the functioning and differentiation of HEPATOCYTES and ADIPOCYTES.

Fatty tissue under the SKIN through out the body.

The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.

Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-6; and COMPLEMENT FACTOR D (also known as ADIPSIN). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

Compounds that bind to and activate ADRENERGIC BETA-3 RECEPTORS.

Intracellular proteins that reversibly bind hydrophobic ligands including: saturated and unsaturated FATTY ACIDS; EICOSANOIDS; and RETINOIDS. They are considered a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of proteins that may play a role in the metabolism of LIPIDS.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of insulin.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. EC 3.4.11.3.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A spider of the genus Loxosceles, found in the midwestern and other parts of the United States, which carries a hemolytic venom that produces local necrosis or ulceration.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.

Various fish of the family SALMONIDAE, usually smaller than salmon. They are mostly restricted to cool clear freshwater. Some are anadromous. They are highly regarded for their handsome colors, rich well-flavored flesh, and gameness as an angling fish. The genera Salvelinus, Salmo, and ONCORHYNCHUS have been introduced virtually throughout the world.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Hormones released from neoplasms or from other cells that are not the usual sources of hormones.

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.

A double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the STOMACH to other organs in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A 12-kDa cysteine-rich polypeptide hormone secreted by FAT CELLS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is the founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family. Resistin suppresses the ability of INSULIN to stimulate cellular GLUCOSE uptake.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is inhibited by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme and through phosphorylation by regulatory kinases such as PROTEIN KINASE A and PROTEIN KINASE B. The two members of this family are referred to as type 3A, and type 3B, and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Consumption of excessive DIETARY FATS.

One of the largest genera of BROWN ALGAE, comprised of more than 150 species found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones of both hemispheres. Some species are attached (benthic) but most float in the open sea (pelagic). Sargassum provides a critical habitat for hundreds of species of FISHES; TURTLES; and INVERTEBRATES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.

Multicellular marine macroalgae including some members of red (RHODOPHYTA), green (CHLOROPHYTA), and brown (PHAEOPHYTA) algae. They are widely distributed in the ocean, occurring from the tide level to considerable depths, free-floating (planktonic) or anchored to the substratum (benthic). They lack a specialized vascular system but take up fluids, nutrients, and gases directly from the water. They contain CHLOROPHYLL and are photosynthetic, but some also contain other light-absorbing pigments. Many are of economic importance as FOOD, fertilizer, AGAR, potash, or source of IODINE.

A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Fucaceae. It is found in temperate, marine intertidal areas along rocky coasts and is a source of ALGINATES. Some species of Fucus are referred to as KELP.

The genus Lepus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Hares are born above ground, fully furred, and with their eyes and ears open. In contrast with RABBITS, hares have 24 chromosome pairs.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Bone-marrow-derived, non-hematopoietic cells that support HEMATOPOETIC STEM CELLS. They have also been isolated from other organs and tissues such as UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD, umbilical vein subendothelium, and WHARTON JELLY. These cells are considered to be a source of multipotent stem cells because they include subpopulations of mesenchymal stem cells.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Fatty tissue inside the ABDOMINAL CAVITY, including visceral fat and retroperitoneal fat. It is the most metabolically active fat in the body and easily accessible for LIPOLYSIS. Increased visceral fat is associated with metabolic complications of OBESITY.

A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

De novo fat synthesis in the body. This includes the synthetic processes of FATTY ACIDS and subsequent TRIGLYCERIDES in the LIVER and the ADIPOSE TISSUE. Lipogenesis is regulated by numerous factors, including nutritional, hormonal, and genetic elements.

The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

A sterol regulatory element binding protein that regulates expression of GENES involved in FATTY ACIDS metabolism and LIPOGENESIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Benzopyrans saturated in the 2 and 3 positions.

A CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein found in LIVER; INTESTINES; LUNG and ADIPOSE TISSUE. It is an important mediator of INTERLEUKIN-6 signaling.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

A genus of BROWN ALGAE in the family Laminariaceae. Dried pencil-like pieces may be inserted in the cervix where they swell as they absorb moisture, serving as osmotic dilators.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the NAD coenzyme. It is also known as a growth factor for early B-LYMPHOCYTES, or an ADIPOKINE with insulin-mimetic effects (visfatin).

An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. This enzyme has alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subunits.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of CYCLIC AMP to form adenosine 5'-phosphate. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissue and control the level of intracellular cyclic AMP. Many specific enzymes classified under this heading demonstrate additional spcificity for 3',5'-cyclic IMP and CYCLIC GMP.

The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.

Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE to INOSINE with the elimination of AMMONIA.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A carboxylating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, acetyl-CoA, and HCO3- to ADP, orthophosphate, and malonyl-CoA. It is a biotinyl-protein that also catalyzes transcarboxylation. The plant enzyme also carboxylates propanoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.4.1.2.

Glucose in blood.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A genetically related subfamily of RAB GTP-BINDING PROTEINS involved in recycling of proteins such as cell surface receptors from early endosomes to the cell surface. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The consumption of edible substances.

A naturally occurring phenomenon where terminally differentiated cells dedifferentiate to the point where they can switch CELL LINEAGES. The cells then differentiate into other cell types.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Endocytic/exocytic CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURES rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in ENDOCYTOSIS (potocytosis), transcytosis, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of CAVEOLINS.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A tyrosine phosphoprotein that plays an essential role in CAVEOLAE formation. It binds CHOLESTEROL and is involved in LIPIDS transport, membrane traffic, and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Color of the iris.

Salts and esters of the 16-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--palmitic acid.

Fatty tissue under the SKIN in the region of the ABDOMEN.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

A broad category of membrane transport proteins that specifically transport FREE FATTY ACIDS across cellular membranes. They play an important role in LIPID METABOLISM in CELLS that utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.

Expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-signaling factors in brown adipocytes is influenced specifically by 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone. (1/125)

Control of mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), as part of the thermogenesis program, is a complex process that requires the integration of multiple transcription factors to orchestrate mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression. Despite the knowledge of the role of sex hormones on BAT physiology, little is known about the effect of these hormones on the mitochondrial biogenic program. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of testosterone, 17beta-estradiol, and progesterone on the expression of nuclear factors involved in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenic function such as ppargamma, pgc1alpha, nrf1, gabpa, and tfam, and also an inhibitor of PI3K-Akt pathway, recently found to be involved in the control of mitochondrial recruitment (pten). For this purpose, an in vitro assay using cell-cultured brown adipocytes was used to address the role of steroid hormones, progesterone, testosterone, and 17beta-estradiol on the mRNA expression of these factors by real-time PCR. Thus 17beta-estradiol seemed to exert a dual effect, activating the PI3K-Akt pathway by inhibiting pten mRNA expression and also inhibiting nrf1 and tfam mRNA expression. Progesterone seemed to positively stimulate mitochondriogenesis and BAT differentiation by increasing the mRNA expression of the gabpa-tfam axis and ppargamma, respectively, but also exerted a negative output by increasing pten mRNA levels. Finally, testosterone inhibited the transcription of pgc1alpha, the master factor involved in UCP1 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, our results support the idea that sex hormones have direct effects on different mediators of the mitochondriogenesis program. (+info)

Bidirectional Ca2+ coupling of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of multimodal Ca2+ entries in rat brown adipocytes. (2/125)

How the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria communicate with each other and how they regulate plasmalemmal Ca(2+) entry were studied in cultured rat brown adipocytes. Cytoplasmic Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by fluorometry. The sustained component of rises in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) produced by thapsigargin was abolished by removing extracellular Ca(2+), depressed by depleting extracellular Na(+), and enhanced by raising extracellular pH. FCCP, dinitrophenol, and rotenone caused bi- or triphasic rises in [Ca(2+)](i), in which the first phase was accompanied by mitochondrial depolarization. The FCCP-induced first phase was partially inhibited by oligomycin but not by ruthenium red, cyclosporine A, U-73122, a Ca(2+)-free EGTA solution, and an Na(+)-free solution. The FCCP-induced second phase paralleling mitochondrial repolarization was partially blocked by removing extracellular Ca(2+) and fully blocked by oligomycin but not by thapsigargin or an Na(+)-deficient solution, was accompanied by a rise in cytoplasmic Mg(2+) concentration, and was summated with a high pH-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i), whereas the extracellular Ca(2+)-independent component was blocked by U-73122 and cyclopiazonic acid. The FCCP-induced third phase was blocked by removing Ca(2+) but not by thapsigargin, depressed by decreasing Na(+), and enhanced by raising pH. Cyclopiazonic acid-evoked rises in [Ca(2+)](i) in a Ca(2+)-free solution were depressed after FCCP actions. Thus mitochondrial uncoupling causes Ca(2+) release, activating Ca(2+) release from the ER and store-operated Ca(2+) entry, and directly elicits a novel plasmalemmal Ca(2+) entry, whereas Ca(2+) release from the ER activates Ca(2+) accumulation in, or release from, mitochondria, indicating bidirectional mitochondria-ER couplings in rat brown adipocytes. (+info)

Hypoxic adipocytes pattern early heterotopic bone formation. (3/125)

The factors contributing to heterotopic ossification, the formation of bone in abnormal soft-tissue locations, are beginning to emerge, but little is known about microenvironmental conditions promoting this often devastating disease. Using a murine model in which endochondral bone formation is triggered in muscle by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), we studied changes near the site of injection of BMP2-expressing cells. As early as 24 hours later, brown adipocytes began accumulating in the lesional area. These cells stained positively for pimonidazole and therefore generated hypoxic stress within the target tissue, a prerequisite for the differentiation of stem cells to chondrocytes and subsequent heterotopic bone formation. We propose that aberrant expression of BMPs in soft tissue stimulates production of brown adipocytes, which drive the early steps of heterotopic endochondral ossification by lowering oxygen tension in adjacent tissue, creating the correct environment for chondrogenesis. Results in misty gray lean mutant mice not producing brown fat suggest that white adipocytes convert into fat-oxidizing cells when brown adipocytes are unavailable, providing a compensatory mechanism for generation of a hypoxic microenvironment. Manipulation of the transcriptional control of adipocyte fate in local soft-tissue environments may offer a means to prevent or treat development of bone in extraskeletal sites. (+info)

Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. (4/125)

Brown fat cells are specialized to dissipate energy and can counteract obesity; however, the transcriptional basis of their determination is largely unknown. We show here that the zinc-finger protein PRDM16 is highly enriched in brown fat cells compared to white fat cells. When expressed in white fat cell progenitors, PRDM16 activates a robust brown fat phenotype including induction of PGC-1alpha, UCP1, and type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) expression and a remarkable increase in uncoupled respiration. Transgenic expression of PRDM16 at physiological levels in white fat depots stimulates the formation of brown fat cells. Depletion of PRDM16 through shRNA expression in brown fat cells causes a near total loss of the brown characteristics. PRDM16 activates brown fat cell identity at least in part by simultaneously activating PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta through direct protein binding. These data indicate that PRDM16 can control the determination of brown fat fate. (+info)

Ca(2+) -independent effects of BAPTA and EGTA on single-channel Cl(-) currents in brown adipocytes. (5/125)

The Cl(-) channels of brown adipocytes electrophysiologically resemble outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channels (ORCC). To study tentative Ca(2+) regulation of these channels, we attempted to control Ca(2+) levels at the cytoplasmic side of the inside-out membrane patches with Ca(2+)-chelating agents. However, we found that the commonly used Ca(2+)-chelators EGTA and BAPTA by themselves influenced the Cl(-) channel currents, unrelated to their calcium chelating effects. Consequently, in this report we delineate effects of Ca(2+)-chelators (acting from the cytoplasmic side) on the single Cl(-) channel currents in patch-clamp experiments. Using fixed (1-2 mM) concentrations of chelators, two types of Cl(-) channels were identified, as discriminated by their reaction to the Ca(2+)-chelators and by their conductance: true-blockage channels (31 pS) and quasi-blockage channels (52 pS). In true-blockage channels, EGTA and BAPTA inhibited channel activity in a classical flickery type manner. In quasi-blockage channels, chelators significantly shortened the duration of individual openings, as in a flickering block, but the overall channel activity tended to increase. This dual effect of mean open time decrease accompanied by a tendency of open probability to increase we termed a quasi-blockage. Despite the complications due to the chelators as such, we could detect a moderate inhibitory effect of Ca(2+). The anionic classical Cl(-) channel blockers DIDS and SITS could mimic the true/quasi blockage of EGTA and BAPTA. It was concluded that at least in this experimental system, standard techniques for Ca(2+) level control in themselves could fundamentally affect the behaviour of Cl(-) channels. (+info)

Insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in myocytes and brown adipocytes. (6/125)

Insulin resistance is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and obesity is a risk factor for its development, in part because adipose tissue secretes proteins, called adipokines, that may influence insulin sensitivity. Among these molecules, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been proposed as a link between obesity and insulin resistance because TNF-alpha is overexpressed in adipose tissues of obese animals and humans, and obese mice lacking either TNF-alpha or its receptor show protection against developing insulin resistance. Direct exposure to TNF-alpha induces a state of insulin resistance in terms of glucose uptake in myocytes and brown adipocytes because of the activation of proinflammatory pathways that impair insulin signaling at the level of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. In this regard, the Ser(307) residue in IRS-1 has been identified as a site for the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha in myotubes, with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and inhibitor kB kinase being involved in the phosphorylation of this residue. Conversely, Ser phosphorylation of IRS-2 mediated by TNF-alpha activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was the mechanism found in brown adipocytes. Protein-Tyr phosphatase (PTP)1B acts as a physiological, negative regulator of insulin signaling by dephosphorylating the phosphotyrosine residues of the insulin receptor and IRS-1, and PTP1B expression is increased in muscle and white adipose tissue of obese and diabetic humans and rodents. Moreover, up-regulation of PTP1B expression was recently found in cells treated with TNF-alpha Accordingly, myocytes and primary brown adipocytes deficient in PTP1B are protected against insulin resistance induced by this cytokine. Furthermore, down-regulation of PTP1B activity is possible by the use of pharmacological agonists of nuclear receptors that restore insulin sensitivity in the presence of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, the lack of PTP1B in muscle and brown adipocytes increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake and could confer protection against insulin resistance induced by adipokines. (+info)

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of uncoupling protein gene expression in rat adipocytes. (7/125)

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of the expression of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1, -2, and -3 mRNA and protein was investigated in primary cultured adipocytes of rats. The UCP-1, -2, -3 mRNA and protein induction in the adipocytes reached maximal levels at 4 h in the presence of glucose with or without insulin. Moreover, the UCP induction was accelerated by triiodothyronine (T3) or epinephrine, and reached a maximum at 2 h. It appeared that the induction of UCP mRNA and protein was rapid. UCP-1 mRNA expression was stimulated by the presence of T3 or epinephrine in the culture medium. UCP-2 mRNA expression was more markedly increased by glucose, unsaturated fatty acids, insulin and T3 than UCP-1 or -3 mRNA expression. UCP-3 expression was more markedly increased by epinephrine than by T3. The protein expression of the UCPs was induced by glucose and the hormones nearly parallel to the UCP mRNA expression. Thus, UCP-2 expression appears to be stimulated by energy sources such as glucose and fat, and by regulators of thermogenesis and basal metabolic rate such as T3 and insulin, in contrast to UCP-1 and -3 expression. (+info)

Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 in adipose tissue regulates energy storage and expenditure. (8/125)

OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue serves as an integrator of various physiological pathways, energy balance, and glucose homeostasis. Forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily (FoxO) 1 mediates insulin action at the transcriptional level. However, physiological roles of FoxO1 in adipose tissue remain unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In the present study, we generated adipose tissue-specific FoxO1 transgenic mice (adipocyte protein 2 [aP(2)]-FLAG-Delta 256) using an aP(2) promoter/enhancer and a mutant FoxO1 (FLAG Delta 256) in which the carboxyl terminal transactivation domain was deleted. Using these mice, we analyzed the effects of the overexpression of FLAG Delta 256 on glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. RESULTS: The aP(2)-FLAG-Delta 256 mice showed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity accompanied with smaller-sized adipocytes and increased adiponectin (adipoq) and Glut 4 (Slc2a4) and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (Ccr2) gene expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT) under a high-fat diet. Furthermore, the aP(2)-FLAG-Delta 256 mice had increased oxygen consumption accompanied with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha protein and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 (Ucp1), UCP-2 (Ucp2), and beta 3-AR (Adrb3) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Overexpression of FLAG Delta 256 in T37i cells, which are derived from the hibernoma of SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice, increased expression of PGC-1 alpha protein and Ucp1. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous FoxO1 in T37i cells increased Pgc1 alpha (Ppargc1a), Pgc1 beta (Ppargc1b), Ucp1, and Adrb3 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that FoxO1 modulates energy homeostasis in WAT and BAT through regulation of adipocyte size and adipose tissue-specific gene expression in response to excessive calorie intake. (+info)

Both adipocytes and brown adipocyte may be derived from pericytes, the cells which surround the blood vessels that run through ... In contrast to white adipocytes, which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a ... Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat makes up the adipose organ together with white adipose tissue (or white fat). Brown ... UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes". J Biol Chem. 285 (10): 7153-64. doi:10.1074/jbc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue

The other kind is brown adipose tissue. White adipose tissue is composed of monolocular adipocytes. In humans, the healthy ... White adipose tissue exists mostly as a single adipocytes in the subcutaneous tissue. In humans, white adipose tissue starts to ... PPARγ is required for both the adipogenesis and maintenance of the adipocytes. White adipose tissue exists in various depots ... A hypothesis is that the precursors for the different types of adipocytes are mesenchymal stem cells which differentiates by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_adipose_tissue

"FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10): 895-907. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Kellis

Aug 2015). "FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10): 895-907 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRX3

Wu J, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM (February 2013). "Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: is beige the new brown?". Genes & ... Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) originate from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts, among ... BMAT, by its "specific marrow location, and its adipocyte origin from at least LepR+ marrow MSC is separated from non-bone fat ... Krings A, Rahman S, Huang S, Lu Y, Czernik PJ, Lecka-Czernik B (February 2012). "Bone marrow fat has brown adipose tissue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow_adipose_tissue

McInnes KJ, Brown KA, Hunger NI, Simpson ER (July 2012). "Regulation of LKB1 expression by sex hormones in adipocytes". ... Brown KA, McInnes KJ, Takagi K, Ono K, Hunger NI, Wang L, et al. (November 2011). "LKB1 expression is inhibited by estradiol-17 ... Testosterone and DHT treatment of murine 3T3-L1 or human SGBS adipocytes for 24 h significantly decreased the mRNA expression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STK11

"ADD1/SREBP1c activates the PGC1-alpha promoter in brown adipocytes". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell ... Yokoyama C, Wang X, Briggs MR, Admon A, Wu J, Hua X, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Oct 1993). "SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix- ... Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1997). "The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound ... Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Sep 1999). "A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein

... in brown adipocytes". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 218 (2): 444-9. doi:10.1002/jcp.21621. PMID 18937285. S2CID 5238162. Hu Z ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-455_microRNA_precursor_family

PLIN4 is a member of the perilipin family, a group of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes, the adipose tissue cells ... Soenen S, Mariman EC, Vogels N, Bouwman FG, den Hoed M, Brown L, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (March 2009). "Relationship between ... PLIN4 coats lipid droplets in adipocytes to protect them from lipases. The PLIN4 gene may be associated with insulin resistance ... It is highly expressed in white adipose tissue, with lower expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilipin-4

Yabe D, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Oct 2002). "Insig-2, a second endoplasmic reticulum protein that binds SCAP and blocks export ... Li J, Takaishi K, Cook W, McCorkle SK, Unger RH (Aug 2003). "Insig-1 "brakes" lipogenesis in adipocytes and inhibits ... Yang T, Espenshade PJ, Wright ME, Yabe D, Gong Y, Aebersold R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Aug 2002). "Crucial step in cholesterol ... Yang T, Espenshade PJ, Wright ME, Yabe D, Gong Y, Aebersold R, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Aug 2002). "Crucial step in cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-induced_gene_1_protein

Rev-erbα also regulates adipogenesis of white and brown adipocytes. Rev-Erbα transcription is induced during the adipogenic ... Researchers have proposed that Rev-erbα's role in adipocyte function may affect the timing of processes such as lipid storage ... gamma target gene and promotes PPARgamma-induced adipocyte differentiation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (39): ... gamma target gene and promotes PPARgamma-induced adipocyte differentiation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (39): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev-ErbA_alpha

Exercise stimulate transdifferentiation of white fat into brown fat (browning phenomena) Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated ... Brown fat, also known as "baby fat," is used to generate heat. Marrow adipocytes, are unilocular like white fat cell. The ... Brown fat cells are polyhedral in shape. Brown fat is derived from dermatomyocyte cells. Unlike white fat cells, these cells ... Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes through adipogenesis. In cell culture, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte

February 2014). "Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK ... August 2016). "Irisin exerts dual effects on browning and adipogenesis of human white adipocytes". American Journal of ... July 2012). "Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human". Cell. 150 (2): 366-76. doi: ... A 2016 in vitro study of white and brown fat cell tissue found dose-related upregulation of a protein called UCP1 that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNDC5

"ERRγ enhances UCP1 expression and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipocytes". Obesity. 21 (3): 516-24. doi:10.1002/oby.20067. ... brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, placenta, macrophages, and demonstrated additional roles in diabetes and cancer. ... "Histone deacetylase 3 prepares brown adipose tissue for acute thermogenic challenge". Nature. 546 (7659): 544-548. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor

2014). "White-to-brown metabolic conversion of human adipocytes by JAK inhibition". Nature Cell Biology. 17 (1): 57-67. doi: ... A 2014 study showed that tofacitinib treatment was able to convert white fat tissues into more metabolically active brown fat, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofacitinib

April 2014). "Prdm16 is required for the maintenance of brown adipocyte identity and function in adult mice". Cell Metabolism. ... "Browning of human adipocytes requires KLF11 and reprogramming of PPARγ superenhancers". Genes & Development. 29 (1): 7-22. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-enhancer

September 2015). "FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10 ... "FTO Obesity Variant Circuitry and Adipocyte Browning in Humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (10): 895-907. doi: ... this single nucleotide alteration promoted a shift from energy-dissipating beige adipocytes to energy-storing white adipocytes ... and that there is a pathway for adipocyte thermoregulation which involves the proteine ARID5B, the single-nucleotide variant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTO_gene

... these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes. The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige ... a phenotype distinguishing brown adipocytes from interscapular brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue". The Journal of ... Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. Beige ... Lo KA, Sun L (September 2013). "Turning WAT into BAT: a review on regulators controlling the browning of white adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue

"Arotinolol is a weak partial agonist on beta 3-adrenergic receptors in brown adipocytes". Canadian Journal of Physiology and ... markedly increase regional blood flow in the brown adipose tissue in anesthetized rats". Japanese Circulation Journal. 56 (9): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotinolol

"Class I and II Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Differentially Regulate Thermogenic Gene Expression in Brown Adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders

"Myogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes originate from distinct cell lineages". ... Firstly, it is expressed in brown adipose precursors. However, its expression is limited to brown and not white adipose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYF5

... mice were crossed with mice to facilitate overexpression of Gpr3 in isolated primary brown and subcutaneous white adipocytes. ... Brown adipose tissue (BAT), in contrast to bona fide white fat, can dissipate significant amounts of chemical energy through ... Mice lacking GPR3 were found to develop late-onset obesity owing to decreased UCP-1 expression in brown adipose tissue and ... October 2015). "Mice lacking GPR3 receptors display late-onset obese phenotype due to impaired thermogenic function in brown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR3

October 2005). "The orphan nuclear receptor SHP regulates PGC-1alpha expression and energy production in brown adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-127

"Beta 3-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis and oxygen consumption in brown adipocytes from cynomolgus monkeys". J. Clin. ... Lowell, B.B.; Flier, J.S. (1997). "Brown adipose tissue, beta 3-adrenergic receptors, and obesity". Annu. Rev. Med. Vol. 48. pp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist

"Integrating Extracellular Flux Measurements and Genome-Scale Modeling Reveals Differences between Brown and White Adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABAT

... is produced primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue. It also is produced by brown adipose tissue, placenta ( ... Adipocytes interact with other cells through producing and secreting a variety of signalling molecules, including the cell ... May 1997). "Dexamethasone stimulates leptin release from human adipocytes: unexpected inhibition by insulin". Journal of ... which in turn diminishes fat storage in adipocytes. Leptin is coded for by the LEP gene. Leptin acts on cell receptors in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin

"Mechanisms for LEPR-mediated regulation of leptin expression in brown and white adipocytes in rat pups". Physiol Genomics. 4 (3 ... Chua, SC Jr; Brown, AW; Kim, J; Hennessey, KL; Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J (1991). "Food deprivation and hypothalamic neuropeptide ... Edens, NK; Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J (1990). "Mechanism of free fatty acid re-esterification in human adipocytes in vitro". J Lipid ... Leibel, RL; Hirsch, J; Berry, EM; Gruen, RK (1985). "Alterations in adipocyte free fatty acid re-esterification associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Leibel

... but do display reduced expression of the marker genes directly involved in brown adipocyte expression. Tbx15 is noteworthy as a ... "An essential role for Tbx15 in the differentiation of brown and "brite" but not white adipocytes". American Journal of ... Gesta S, Bezy O, Mori MA, Macotela Y, Lee KY, Kahn CR (February 2011). "Mesodermal developmental gene Tbx15 impairs adipocyte ... Crucially, Tbx15 is selectively expressed in brown and "brite" adipose tissue. Knockdown organisms show no change in white ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX15

Melanin: It is brown in colour and present in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanoid: It resembles melanin but is present ... The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as ... Liu J, Kim D, Brown L, Madsen T, Bouchard GF. "Comparison of Human, Porcine and Rodent Wound Healing With New Miniature Swine ... Human skin shows high skin colour variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white hues. Human skin shows higher ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin

"Functional studies of the first selective β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A in rat brown adipocytes". Mol. Pharmacol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_59230A

In mice, PM20D1 is highly expressed and secreted into the blood by brown fat. Its expression in adipose tissues is increased ... In human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes, PM20D1 is one of the most highly up-regulated genes by the anti-diabetic ... "Rosiglitazone remodels the lipid droplet and britens human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes ex vivo". Journal of Lipid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM20D1

... s are also expressed in the skin, and in both white and brown adipocytes, and is expressed in greater ... Boston BA (October 1999). "The role of melanocortins in adipocyte function". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 885 (1 ... promotes a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile and stimulates UCP-1 in adipocytes". The Journal of Endocrinology. 196 (3): 465- ... "Characterization of murine melanocortin receptors mediating adipocyte lipolysis and examination of signalling pathways involved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

Kerr MC, Wang JT, Castro NA, Hamilton NA, Town L, Brown DL, et al. (April 2010). "Inhibition of the PtdIns(5) kinase PIKfyve ... "ArPIKfyve-PIKfyve interaction and role in insulin-regulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIKFYVE

Adipocyte numbers increase during development and come to a plateau over time. After the plateau adipocytes become restricted ... Chen JQ, Brown TR, Russo J (Jul 2009). "Regulation of energy metabolism pathways by estrogens and estrogenic chemicals and ... Kanayama T, Kobayashi N, Mamiya S, Nakanishi T, Nishikawa J (March 2005). "Organotin compounds promote adipocyte ... are endocrine disruptors that have been shown to increase triglyceride storage in adipocytes. Although they have been widely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesogen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAMP2

Shingara J, Keiger K, Shelton J, Laosinchai-Wolf W, Powers P, Conrad R, Brown D, Labourier E (September 2005). "An optimized ... Skårn M, Namløs HM, Noordhuis P, Wang MY, Meza-Zepeda LA, Myklebost O (April 2012). "Adipocyte differentiation of human bone ... microRNAs feature in the genomes of most eukaryotic organisms, from the brown algae to the animals. However, the difference in ... miRNAs play crucial roles in the regulation of stem cell progenitors differentiating into adipocytes. Studies to determine what ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

Brown fat is responsible for causing heat in times of stress or cold. For general callus tissue is stimulated by the ... adipocytes) Enzymatic defect or a change in the surface of the cells that could prevent the breakdown of fat Poor lymphatic ... drainage Defective regulation of mitochondria in brown fat. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_multiple_lipomatosis

The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i ... Springer K, Brown M, Stulberg DL (2003). "Common hair loss disorders". Am Fam Physician. 68 (1): 93-102. PMID 12887115. ... brown, black, white, yellow). Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic ... brown recluse spider bite, necrotic cutaneous loxoscelism) Mal morando Millipede burn Mosquito bite Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

Introduction by Gene Brown, talk on December 17, 2008) (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, ... an adipocyte-produced hormone that potently enhances glucose and fatty acid metabolism by muscle, and a family of adiponectin ... and several adipocyte-specific proteins including adiponectin (formerly Acrp30). These have been used to define the structure, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Lodish

Brown JS, Lukashchuk N, Sczaniecka-Clift M, Britton S, le Sage C, Calsou P, Beli P, Galanty Y, Jackson SP (May 2015). " ... PPARγ has a crucial role in adipogenesis and lipid accumulation within adipocytes (fat cells). Activated NEDD8 stabilizes PPARγ ... As reviewed by Brown et al., the best-characterized activated-NEDD8 substrates are the cullins (CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5, and 7 ... Antenos M, Casper RF, Brown TJ (November 2002). "Interaction with Nedd8, a ubiquitin-like protein, enhances the transcriptional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD8

Furthermore, cardiac tissue and central nervous system neurons shows yellow to brown pigment called lipofuscin, some believed ... adipocytes) but also are located as individuals droplets in various cell type especially hepatocytes. These are fluid at body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_(cell)

Valdez AC, Cabaniols JP, Brown MJ, Roche PA (Mar 1999). "Syntaxin 11 is associated with SNAP-23 on late endosomes and the trans ... "Role of SNAP23 in insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mediation of complex formation between syntaxin4 ... Valdez AC, Cabaniols JP, Brown MJ, Roche PA (Mar 1999). "Syntaxin 11 is associated with SNAP-23 on late endosomes and the trans ... "Role of SNAP23 in insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mediation of complex formation between syntaxin4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP23

A seven-to-eight-year-old camel can produce a carcass of 125-400 kg (276-882 lb). The meat is bright red to a dark brown or ... new data on adipocyte size and plasma leptin". In Faye, B.; Esenov, P. (eds.). Desertification Combat and Food Safety: the ... The coat is generally a shade of brown. The hump, 20 cm (7+7⁄8 in) tall or more, is made of fat bound together by fibrous ... The coat is generally brown but can range from black to nearly white. Leese reported piebald dromedaries in Kordofan and Darfur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary

UCP1 is highly expressed in brown adipocytes, UCP2 is variably expressed in many different tissues, and UCP3 is expressed ... Argyropoulos G, Brown AM, Willi SM, Zhu J, He Y, Reitman M, Gevao SM, Spruill I, Garvey WT (October 1998). "Effects of ... "Entrez Gene: UCP3 uncoupling protein 3 (mitochondrial, proton carrier)". Argyropoulos G, Brown AM, Willi SM, Zhu J, He Y, ... "The expression of UCP3 directly correlates to UCP1 abundance in brown adipose tissue". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCP3

... its depletion in adipocytes causes alterations in the structure of both brown and white adipose tissue, along with brown fat ... Brown DJ, Kim TB, Petty EM, Downs CA, Martin DM, Strouse PJ, Moroi SE, Milunsky JM, Lesperance MM (September 2002). "Autosomal ... Brown DJ, Kim TB, Petty EM, Downs CA, Martin DM, Strouse PJ, Moroi SE, Gebarski SS, Lesperance MM (March 2003). " ... A model knocking out Noggin specifically in adipocytes has allowed to elucidate that Noggin also plays a role in adipose tissue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noggin_(protein)

LaLonde DP, Brown MC, Bouverat BP, Turner CE (2005). "Actopaxin interacts with TESK1 to regulate cell spreading on fibronectin ... at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes". Biochem. J. 383 (Pt 2): 237-48. doi:10.1042/BJ20040647. PMC 1134064. PMID ... Clarke DM, Brown MC, LaLonde DP, Turner CE (2004). "Phosphorylation of actopaxin regulates cell spreading and migration". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARVA

Jansen LA, Backstein RM, Brown MH (2014). "Breast size and breast cancer: a systematic review". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. ... Hovey, Russell C.; Aimo, Lucila (2010). "Diverse and Active Roles for Adipocytes During Mammary Gland Growth and Function". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Yanagisawa stayed at Kyoto only for one year, after which Joseph L. Goldstein and Michael Stuart Brown, both 1985 Nobel Prize ... "Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41". Proceedings of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masashi_Yanagisawa

Andres DA, Milatovich A, Ozcelik T, Wenzlau JM, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Francke U (Feb 1994). "cDNA cloning of the two subunits ... Goalstone ML, Draznin B (1996). "Effect of insulin on farnesyltransferase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 271 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNTB

Brown fat targeting to treat obesity. Since brown fat burns lipids to produce heat through the uncoupling of its mitochondria ( ... and genetic control of the thermogenic uncoupling of adipocyte mitochondria, and the therapeutically oriented testing of ... Himms-Hagen, J (March 1, 984). "Impaired thermogenesis and brown fat in obesity". Canadian Journal of Surgery. 27 (2): 125. ... Garrow, J. S. (1983-05-28). "Luxuskonsumption, brown fat, and human obesity". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vidal-Puig

Targeted knockout of Kmt2d in precursors cells of brown adipocytes and myocytes results in decreases in brown adipose tissue ... Juhlin CC, Stenman A, Haglund F, Clark VE, Brown TC, Baranoski J, et al. (September 2015). "Whole-exome sequencing defines the ... "MLL3/MLL4 are required for CBP/p300 binding on enhancers and super-enhancer formation in brown adipogenesis". Nucleic Acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMT2D

DiRenzo J, Shang Y, Phelan M, Sif S, Myers M, Kingston R, Brown M (October 2000). "BRG-1 is recruited to estrogen-responsive ... December 2002). "The retinoblastoma-histone deacetylase 3 complex inhibits PPARgamma and adipocyte differentiation". ... Shang Y, Brown M (March 2002). "Molecular determinants for the tissue specificity of SERMs". Science. 295 (5564): 2465-2468. ... Seol W, Hanstein B, Brown M, Moore DD (October 1998). "Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by the orphan receptor SHP (short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha

About the Journal. As one of the first Open Access journals in its field, Food & Nutrition Research (FNR) offers an important forum for researchers to exchange the latest results from research on human nutrition broadly and food-related nutrition in particular. Learn more about the journals Aims & Scope. FNR is widely indexed by relevant services and databases, including PubMed Central/PubMed, Scopus, Science Citation Index, with an Impact Factor of 3.89 (2020).. ...

https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/7577/13538

BMP8b is secreted by brown/beige adipocytes and enhances energy dissipation. Here we show that adipocyte-secreted BMP8b ... Moreover, BMP8b-induced browning, increased sympathetic innervation and vascularization of AT were maintained at 28 °C, a ... Here the authors show that adipocyte-secreted BMP8b contributes to optimizing the thermogenic response by remodeling of the ... Innervation and vascular remodeling effects required BMP8b signaling through the adipocytes to 1) secrete neuregulin-4 (NRG4), ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07453-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c28fe8b9-e260-4197-af33-1eeb2ee0c81c

C/EBPß Reprograms White 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes to a Brown Adipocyte Pattern of Gene Expression. In: The Journal of Biological ... C/EBPß Reprograms White 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes to a Brown Adipocyte Pattern of Gene Expression. The Journal of Biological ... Dive into the research topics of C/EBPß Reprograms White 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes to a Brown Adipocyte Pattern of Gene Expression ... C/EBPß Reprograms White 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes to a Brown Adipocyte Pattern of Gene Expression. / Karamanlidis, Georgios; ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/cebp%C3%9F-reprograms-white-3t3-l1-preadipocytes-to-a-brown-adipocyte-

We show that mature PPARgamma-null white and brown adipocytes die within a few days and are replaced by newly formed PPARgamma- ... positive adipocytes, demonstrating that PPARgamma is essential for the in vivo survival of mature adipocytes, in addition to ... Therefore we have selectively ablated PPARgamma in adipocytes of adult mice by using the tamoxifen-dependent Cre-ER(T2) ... The analysis of PPARgamma functions in mature adipocytes is precluded by lethality of PPARgamma(-/-) fetuses and tetraploid- ...

https://serval.unil.ch/en/notice/serval:BIB_D69D7518C323

The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix. eLife, 4: ... The brown adipocyte protein CIDEA promotes lipid droplet fusion via a phosphatidic acid-binding amphipathic helix ... CIDEA is a lipid droplet (LD)-protein enriched in brown adipocytes promoting the enlargement of LDs, which are dynamic, ... adipocyte differentiation as well as serving to facilitate the tight coupling of lipolysis and lipogenesis in activated brown ...

http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/37200/

... with altered MAMs in brown adipocytes lacking the Sel1L-Hrd1 protein complex of ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Mice ... with ERAD deficiency in brown adipocytes were cold sensitive and exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction. ERAD deficiency affected ... Overall design: Gene expression was profiled in brown adipocytes isolated from wildtype and adipocyte-specific Sel1L-deficient ... Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes.. Ontology highlight ...

https://www.omicsdi.org/dataset/biostudies/S-EPMC7409365

Brown. M. , et al ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome ... In obese fat, the immature adipocyte:mature adipocyte ratio is increased and immature adipocytes are a major source of ... human adipocyte stem cells (hASC) or mature adipocytes were isolated from human abdominal or breast fat. Adipocytes were ... immature adipocytes, and adipocytes. C, gel electrophoresis of PCR for adipogenesis markers in hASC (1); immature adipocytes ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/76/2/491/613964/Interactions-between-Adipocytes-and-Breast-Cancer

Resistin is a secreted polypeptide that impairs glucose metabolism and, in rodents, is derived exclusively from adipocytes. In ... C/EBPα is critical for adipocyte differentiation (28) and contributes to activation of adipocyte-specific genes such as ... Thematic review series: adipocyte biology. Adipocyte stress: the ER and metabolic disease ... 3T3-L1 adipocytes were transfected by electroporation with Nucleofector II (AMAXA). Briefly, mature adipocytes (day 10 after ...

https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/58/8/1879/15142/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Stress-Regulates-Adipocyte

Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT)-deficient mice were generated by surgical removal of the iBAT depot, after which the ... are major components of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is involved in blood pressure regulation. BAs are derived from ... have the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes; however, their ability to differentiate into BAs remains unexplored. We aim ... S-MSCs were stimulated with a brown adipogenic cocktail comprising insulin, IBMX, dexamethasone, triiodothyronine (T3), and ...

https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-021-02169-0

... a marker for white adipocytes) or UCP-1 (a marker of brown/beige adipocytes). They then used additional adipocyte-specific ... ASC-1 is a cell-surface marker for white adipocytes, while PAT2 and P2RX5 are specific to brown/beige adipocytes.. Much work ... Ussar, S. et al. (2014) ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 are cell surface markers for white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Sci Transl Med ... In the Literature, Microorganisms: Infectious Disease and Ecology adipocytes, BAT, beige fat, brown fat, fat markers, novel fat ...

https://www.promegaconnections.com/novel-cell-surface-markers-identified-that-differentiate-white-beige-and-brown-adipocytes/

MetAP2 inhibition increases energy expenditure through direct action on brown adipocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry ... The mitochondrial protein PGAM5 suppresses energy consumption in brown adipocytes by repressing expression of uncoupling ... Here, we show that HSF1 levels are higher in brown and subcutaneous fat tissues than in those in the visceral depot and that ... Accumulating evidence suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential therapeutic target for managing obesity and ...

https://www.jbc.org/Metabolism?startPage=&KeywordRaw=lipid%20metabolism

During the differentiation of brown adipocytes, upregulated RBM4 enhanced skipping of the MEF2Cγ region which functions as a ... Overexpression of miR-1 independently exerted the same activity as RBM4 and the MEF2Cγ- isoform of upregulating brown adipocyte ... RBM4-MEF2C network constitutes a feed-forward circuit that facilitates the differentiation of brown adipocytes. ... which suggests a potential effect of miR-1 on brown adipocytes. These results indicated that the RBM4-MEF2C-miR-1 network ...

https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/dataset/RBM4_MEF2C_network_constitutes_a_feed_forward_circuit_that_facilitates_the_differentiation_of_brown_adipocytes/1378749/3

... that can differentiate into beige adipocytes rich in mitochondria (brown) or unilocular white adipocytes. SAT adipocytes can ... that can differentiate into beige adipocytes rich in mitochondria (brown) or unilocular white adipocytes. SAT adipocytes can ... adipocytes, which are functionally similar to brown adipocytes in the canonical (constitutive) BAT (Kajimura et al., 2015; Wu ... We then tested whether the PDGFRβ+ lineage could also be recruited to make beige adipocytes. Upon inducing brown (but not white ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/145/1/dev155861/48716/PDGFR-PDGFR-signaling-balance-modulates-progenitor

Genetic and Functional Characterization of Novel Brown-Like Adipocytes Around the Lamprey Brain.TIF ... the lamprey brain periphery contains brown-like adipocytes that maintain the same morphology as human brown adipocytes, ... Image_2_Genetic and Functional Characterization of Novel Brown-Like Adipocytes Around the Lamprey Brain. .TIF (. 1.12 MB. ) ... Molecular mapping by RNA-sequencing showed that inflammation in brown-like adipocytes treated with LPS and 25HC was enhanced ...

https://frontiersin.figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_2_Genetic_and_Functional_Characterization_of_Novel_Brown-Like_Adipocytes_Around_the_Lamprey_Brain_TIF/14890113/1

Role of adipocyte browning in prostate and breast tumor microenvironment. Ku, Hui-Chen; Cheng, Ching-Feng ...

https://journals.lww.com/TCMJ/pages/default.aspx

A characteristic brown color staining indicative of apoptotic nuclei is observed only in cells expressing NTR (arrows in panel ... The adipocyte P2 (aP2) is a very abundant adipocyte-specific member of the large family of intracellular lipid carrier proteins ... Figure 3. Effect of CB1954 in adipocytes stably expressing NTR (clone 10) and parental 3T3L1 cells. Phase-contrast ... confirming the ability of this system to kill differentiated adipocytes. It was demonstrated that the mechanism of adipocyte ...

https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602004000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

The role of adrenoceptor subtypes was studied in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT). The type II 5-deiodinase (5DII) was ... and beta-adrenergic synergism of 5DII activity in rat brown adipocytes.在哪里下载？这篇文献在哪里可以阅读？: ... Pharmacological characterization of alpha1- and beta-adrenergic synergism of 5DII activity in rat brown adipocytes.. Abstract： ... in brown adipocytes. Inhibition of the alpha1- and beta-adrenergic phenylephrine-stimulated 5DII activity was obtained by the ...

https://www.shengsci.com/wenxian/2409666.html

FGF21 mimetic antibody stimulates UCP1-independent brown fat thermogenesis via FGFR1/βKlotho complex in non-adipocytes ... Sustained Brown Fat Stimulation and Insulin Sensitization by a Humanized Bispecific Antibody Agonist for Fibroblast Growth ...

https://www.gene.com/scientists/our-scientists/soren-warming

Adipocyte. types of lipocytes: white fat cell, brown and beige fat cells. comparisons and differences. structure, and anatomy. ...

https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/obesity.html

Adipocytes, Brown. dc.title. Adipocyte-secreted BMP8b mediates adrenergic-induced remodeling of the neuro-vascular network in ... BMP8b is secreted by brown/beige adipocytes and enhances energy dissipation. Here we show that adipocyte-secreted BMP8b ... Adipocyte-secreted BMP8b mediates adrenergic-induced remodeling of the neuro-vascular network in adipose tissue.. Show simple ... Activation of brown adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis is a strategy for tackling obesity and promoting metabolic health. ...

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/287204?show=full

... ZenBio Biological Products and Services ... Intrinsic Properties of Brown and White Adipocytes Have Differential Effects on Macrophage Inflammatory Responses Louisa Dowal ... Omental Adipocytes 6-Well Plate, BMI >30.0. Each. $1,342.00. OA-1012-3. Omental Adipocytes 12-Well Plate, BMI >30.0. Each. $ ... Omental Adipocytes 24-Well Plate, BMI >30.0. Each. $1119.00. OA-1048-3. Omental Adipocytes 48-Well Plate, BMI >30.0. Each. $ ...

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Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes. Science 2020, 368, 54-60. [ ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/10/3468

Glycogen Dynamics Drives Lipid Droplet Biogenesis during Brown Adipocyte Differentiation. * Alicia Mayeuf-Louchart ...

https://www.igbmc.fr/en/igbmc/a-propos-de-ligbmc/directory/stephane-vincent

Ketones improve the mitochondrial coupling efficiency of brown adipocytes. Zahra Moazzami, University of Minnesota ...

https://www.asbmb.org/meetings-events/2022-annual-meeting

Surgical injury induces local and distant adipose tissue browning. Adipocyte. 2016 Apr-Jun; 5(2):163-74. PMID: 27386152. ... Phosphorylation of Beta-3 adrenergic receptor at serine 247 by ERK MAP kinase drives lipolysis in obese adipocytes. Mol Metab. ... Endogenous oils derived from human adipocytes are potent adjuvants that promote IL-1a-dependent inflammation. Diabetes. 2014 ... The relationship of omental and subcutaneous adipocyte size to metabolic disease in severe obesity. PLoS One. 2010 Apr 01; 5(4 ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/profiles/display/Person/40558

The Seale Laboratory studies the pathways controlling the development and function of adipocytes (fat cells) at the University ... UCP1 IHC staining (brown) of beige adipocytes in a white adipose depot. There are three major types of adipose cells (white, ... Conversely, brown ("thermogenic") adipose tissue burns carbohydrates and fats to produce heat. Beige fat cells have ... Lipid droplets (red) in cultured mouse adipocytes stained with Oil Red O. Our research aims to understand the pathways ...

https://www.med.upenn.edu/sealelab/

Will functional brown adipose tissue provide a solution to obesity? ... In addition to their presence in discrete BAT depots, brown adipocytes are also found in WAT depots - variously termed as brown ... to brown-specific binding sites, reprogramming precursor cells to a brown adipocyte fate. ... These cells are distinct from classical brown adipocytes[6] and develop from myogenic factor 5 expressing skeletal muscle ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780611_4

Research results shine a light on how to deal with a major societal problem Thermogenic brown adipocyte tissue (BAT) is a major ... But a new study, partly supported by work done by the EU-funded DIABAT (Recruitment and activation of brown adipocytes as ... Recruitment and activation of brown adipocytes as preventive and curative therapy for type 2 diabetes ... and thus the thermogenic capacity of even small amounts of brown adipocytes has emerged as an attractive target for anti- ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/122254-potential-new-route-for-obesity-treatment

Quantification of fatty acid activation of the uncoupling protein in brown adipocytes and mitochondria from the guinea-pig. Eur ... In certain cell types, such as brown adipocytes, uncoupling proteins use the mitochondrial membrane potential for thermogenesis ... such as brown adipocytes. In addition to generating ATP, intermediate metabolism in the mitochondria produces metabolites for ... Brown DA, et al. Expert consensus document: mitochondrial function as a therapeutic target in heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/120849

Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. Irisin also crosses ... Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. Irisin also crosses ... 2014). Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP ... Myostatin signals through miR-34a to regulate Fndc5 expression and browning of white adipocytes. Int. J. Obes. 41, 137-148. doi ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.649929/full

Activation of brown adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis is a strategy for tackling obesity and promoting metabolic health. (nature.com)
Here we show that adipocyte-secreted BMP8b contributes to adrenergic-induced remodeling of the neuro-vascular network in adipose tissue (AT). (nature.com)
Cold-induced activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) enables energy dissipation in the form of heat through uncoupling of fatty acid oxidation from adenosine triphosphate production 1 . (nature.com)
cAMP-dependent protein kinase induction of PPAR (gamma) coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression is an essential step in the commitment of preadipocytes to the brown adipose tissue (BAT) lineage. (elsevier.com)
We investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is characteristic of obese adipose tissue, regulates resistin expression in cultured mouse adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Brown adipocytes (BAs) are major components of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is involved in blood pressure regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT)-deficient mice were generated by surgical removal of the iBAT depot, after which the animals were allowed to recover for 6 days. (biomedcentral.com)
Brown adipose tissue deficiency aggravates Ang II-induced hypertension and target organ remodeling. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, we now understand that in addition to white adipose tissue, animals and humans also have brown and beige adipose tissue. (promegaconnections.com)
Brown adipose tissue or BAT, and beige adipose, is less common, and in humans and mice, is found in deeper cervical, supraclavical and paraspinal areas. (promegaconnections.com)
The relative abundance of thermogenic beige adipocytes and lipid-storing white adipocytes in adipose tissue underlie its metabolic activity. (biologists.com)
The roles of adipocyte progenitor cells, which express PDGFRα or PDGFRβ, in adipose tissue function have remained unclear. (biologists.com)
Here, by defining the developmental timing of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ expression in mouse subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots, we uncover depot specificity of pre-adipocyte delineation. (biologists.com)
Mammalian brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat through the uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria, acts as a natural defense against hypothermia and inhibits the development of obesity. (figshare.com)
The role of adrenoceptor subtypes was studied in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT). (shengsci.com)
Preadipocytes are isolated from omental, mesenteric, or perirenal adipose tissue and are tested for their ability to differentiate in culture to mature adipocytes. (zen-bio.com)
Brown Adipose Tissue: A New Human Organ? (medscape.com)
There are three major types of adipose cells (white, brown, beige) that have differing effects on energy balance and metabolism. (upenn.edu)
Conversely, brown ("thermogenic") adipose tissue burns carbohydrates and fats to produce heat. (upenn.edu)
Over the past several years, we have identified genes critical for specifying thermogenic adipose fate and have purified the precursor populations from which these adipocytes descend. (upenn.edu)
In their paper, 'Alternatively activated macrophages do not synthesize catecholamines or contribute to adipose tissue adaptive thermogenesis', the scientists conclude relevant amounts of catecholamines are not synthesized and such activation is not likely to have a direct role in adipocyte metabolism or adaptive thermogenesis. (europa.eu)
Irisin contributes to metabolic processes such as glucose homeostasis and browning of white adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
These polyphenols may play beneficial effects on adipose tissue under obese condition by alleviating intracellular oxidative stress, reducing chronic low-grade inflammation, inhibiting adipogenesis and lipogenesis, and suppressing the differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes. (hindawi.com)
Obesity is caused by the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, which promotes the hypertrophy of adipocytes and results in adipose tissue dysfunction [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Adipose tissue is composed of many kinds of cell types, including adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and stem cells. (hindawi.com)
Under normal physiological lean state, when the body takes excessive energy, adipose tissue can be rapidly enlarged by increasing the adipocyte size (hypertrophy) and numbers (hyperplasia), which were accompanied by an increase of blood vessels (angiogenesis) to supply more oxygen (O 2 ) and nutrients to the whole tissue [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. (hindawi.com)
The function of brown adipose tissue is to directly transfer energy from nutrients to heat by uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, which mediates uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis (conferred thermogenesis) [ 8 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Excess levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) might lead to the dysfunction of mitochondria by inhibiting respiration process and result in a reduction on the energy expenditure in adipocytes and conversely enhance the energy storage in adipose tissue [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recent evidence has revealed a novel signaling mechanism through which brown adipose tissue (BAT)-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) influence hepatic gene expression. (usda.gov)
UA treatment increases energy expenditure (EE) by enhancing thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inducing browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). (greenmedinfo.com)
Yang Loureiro Z, Solivan-Rivera J, Corvera S. Adipocyte Heterogeneity Underlying Adipose Tissue Functions. (umassmed.edu)
Adipocyte Heterogeneity Underlying Adipose Tissue Functions. (umassmed.edu)
We recently demonstrated that Ames dwarf mice have hyperactive brown adipose tissue (BAT), and hypothesized that this may in part be due to their increased surface to mass ratio leading to increased heat loss and an increased demand for thermogenesis. (aging-us.com)
Equivalent studies in brown adipose tissue (BAT) are lacking.ObjectiveWe aimed to compare CB1 and CB2 receptor expression during WAT and BAT adipogenesis and to investi. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Finally, supplementation with whey protein sweetened with S. rebaudiana also induced a significant decrease in retroperitoneal adipocyte diameter and an increase in the weight of brown adipose tissue pads in resistance-trained rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Research has shown that supplemental L-BAIBA can increase the conversion of white adipose tissue (WAT) to brown adipose tissue (BAT). (priceplow.com)
More fat in the mid-region, abdominal area (visceral fat) may consist more white adipose cells when compared to brown fat cells found in other regions such as lower trunk area (subcutaneous fat) of the hips and thighs. (nuttygrrl.com)
We previously showed that brown/beige adipocytes are present in white adipose tissue (WAT) of fattening cattle. (bvsalud.org)

This physiological process is essential in adipocyte differentiation as well as serving to facilitate the tight coupling of lipolysis and lipogenesis in activated brown fat. (ntu.ac.uk)
To induce the differentiation of S-MSCs into BAs, S-MSCs were stimulated with a brown adipogenic cocktail comprising insulin, IBMX, dexamethasone, triiodothyronine (T3), and rosiglitazone for the indicated periods. (biomedcentral.com)
During the differentiation of brown adipocytes, upregulated RBM4 enhanced skipping of the MEF2C γ region which functions as a transcriptional repressor. (figshare.com)
Furthermore, we found that brown-like adipocytes in the periphery of lamprey brains responded to thermogenic reagent treatment and cold exposure and that lamprey UCP2 promoted precursor adipocyte differentiation. (figshare.com)
After differentiation, a number of clones stably expressing the nitroreductase enzyme could be efficiently killed by the administration of the prodrug to the culture medium, confirming the ability of this system to kill differentiated adipocytes. (scielo.cl)
1. Cinti S., Between brown and white: novel aspects of adipocyte differentiation. (nuttygrrl.com)

But a new study, partly supported by work done by the EU-funded DIABAT (Recruitment and activation of brown adipocytes as preventive and curative therapy for type 2 diabetes) project, suggests that the main driver of thermogenesis is the sympathetic nervous system. (europa.eu)
In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the activation of brown adipocytes is an effective and efficient way for excess energy metabolism [ 11 - 15 ]. (hindawi.com)

BMP8b is secreted by brown/beige adipocytes and enhances energy dissipation. (nature.com)
These differences between classic brown and beige cells open the opportunity for alternative therapeutic opportunities to increase their thermogenic capacity by specific activators. (nature.com)
In addition, optimal activation and maintenance of BAT and beige adipocytes require the coordinated expansion of ancillary sympathetic nervous and vascular networks. (nature.com)
Beige fat cells are known to come from precursor cells that are distinct from the precursors for brown fat. (promegaconnections.com)
Such markers of white, brown and beige fat currently exist, but generally correspond to either intracellular or secreted proteins, and thus are not useful for in situ identification of primary white, brown or beige fat, nor their precursors. (promegaconnections.com)
The research cited here identified three novel cell surface markers for white and brown fat cells by first interrogating a gene expression database to find surface proteins expressed in conjunction with adiponectin (a marker for white adipocytes) or UCP-1 (a marker of brown/beige adipocytes). (promegaconnections.com)
ASC-1 is a cell-surface marker for white adipocytes, while PAT2 and P2RX5 are specific to brown/beige adipocytes. (promegaconnections.com)
Much work needs to be done with these markers to tease out location and lineage of, as well as potential connections of white, brown and beige adipocytes. (promegaconnections.com)
types of lipocytes: white fat cell, brown and beige fat cells. (123rf.com)
In addition to their presence in discrete BAT depots, brown adipocytes are also found in WAT depots - variously termed as brown-in-white (BRITE) or beige cells. (medscape.com)
Beige fat cells have similarities to brown fat cells but arise within white fat tissue. (upenn.edu)
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis, with restricted expression in brown/beige adipocytes in humans and rodents. (bvsalud.org)
Previous studies using murine brown/beige adipocytes revealed that Ucp1 expression levels are directly increased by forskolin and all-trans retinoic acid (RA). (bvsalud.org)
The transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)/activin pathway negatively regulated Ucp1 expression, whereas activation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway indirectly increases Ucp1 expression through the stimulation of brown/beige adipogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
Rather, LDN-193189 increased Ucp1 mRNA levels without modulating the levels of other brown/beige adipocyte-related genes. (bvsalud.org)
The current results indicate that the regulation of Ucp1 expression in bovine myogenic cells is distinct from that in murine brown/beige adipocytes, which has been more intensely characterized. (bvsalud.org)
Ucp1 expression has been known to be detected predominantly in brown/beige adipocytes. (bvsalud.org)
Consistent with the changes in expression levels of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes, Ucp1 expression tended to be increased by inhibition of endogenous TGF-ß activity. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, inhibition of endogenous BMP significantly increased Ucp1 expression without affecting brown/beige adipocyte-selective gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
The current results indicate that regulatory expression of Ucp1 in bovine myogenic cells is distinct from that in murine brown/beige adipocytes that is more intensely characterized. (bvsalud.org)
Brown/beige adipocytes dissipate energy as heat. (bvsalud.org)
The present study examined the effect of vitamin A restriction on mRNA expression of brown/beige adipocyte-related genes. (bvsalud.org)
Subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) and mesenteric WAT (mesWAT) were collected, and mRNA expression levels of molecules related to the function of brown/beige adipocytes (Ucp1, Cidea, Dio2, Cox7a, and Cox8b) as well as transcriptional regulators related to brown/beige adipogenesis (Zfp516, Nfia, Prdm16, and Pgc-1α) were evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
Previous studies revealed that the bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) pathway was responsible for commitment of mesenchymal stem cells to brown/beige adipocyte-lineage cells. (bvsalud.org)
The interrelationship between gene expression levels indicated that expression levels of Nfia, Prdm16, and Pgc-1α were closely related to those of genes related to the function of brown/beige adipocytes in scWAT. (bvsalud.org)

This disclosure relates to compositions and methods for recruiting brown adipocytes in vitro and in vivo from brown adipocyte progenitor cells found in human skeletal muscle. (justia.com)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be expanded and differentiated into a variety of mesenchymal cell types, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Innervation and vascular remodeling effects required BMP8b signaling through the adipocytes to 1) secrete neuregulin-4 (NRG4), which promotes sympathetic axon growth and branching in vitro, and 2) induce a pro-angiogenic transcriptional and secretory profile that promotes vascular sprouting. (nature.com)
Furthermore, shRNA depletion of pyruvate kinase M2 in white adipocytes promotes the development of a brown-like thermogenic program, and that subcutaneous injection of pyruvate kinase M2-deficient preadipocytes into mice gives rise to ectopic BAT depots. (medscape.com)
IRX3 Promotes the Browning of White Adipocytes and Its Rare Variants are Associated with Human Obesity Risk. (cdc.gov)

Preadipocytes are available cryopreserved or plated and mature adipocytes are available in a variety of plated formats. (zen-bio.com)

Overexpression of miR-1 independently exerted the same activity as RBM4 and the MEF2Cγ- isoform of upregulating brown adipocyte-specific factors in C3H10T1/2 cells, which suggests a potential effect of miR-1 on brown adipocytes. (figshare.com)
Although the order of the alpha1-adrenergic competition seemed to be rather typical for the alpha1B-adrenergic receptors, a molecular analysis on adrenoceptor mRNAs should be made to confirm the exact alpha1-adrenergic subtypes at the level of brown adipocytes, since the possibility of a mixture of different receptor subtypes in brown fat cells and/or tissue may interact with the pharmacological characterization. (shengsci.com)
These cells are distinct from classical brown adipocytes [ 6 ] and develop from myogenic factor 5 expressing skeletal muscle precursors. (medscape.com)
Early B-cell factor 2 expressed in myoblasts and white adipocyte precursor cells was reported to recruit the master transcription factor PPARγ and strongly activate transcription of PRDM16, a key regulator of thermogenic genes [ 7 ] to brown-specific binding sites, reprogramming precursor cells to a brown adipocyte fate. (medscape.com)
Our research aims to understand the pathways controlling the development and function of adipocytes (fat cells). (upenn.edu)
Now researchers at Harvard Medical School and Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston may have found a way to get the body to grow more brown fat cells. (diabeteshealth.com)
The researchers took pre-fat cells, called pre-adipocytes, from samples of brown fat taken from human patients. (diabeteshealth.com)
Although growing the mature brown fat cells took two weeks in the lab, Cypress says that it would probably happen more quickly in the body. (diabeteshealth.com)
The study found that brown fat cells also exist in fat located deeper in the body, sometimes even mixed in among white fat cells-a condition that Cypress calls "marbling at the cellular level. (diabeteshealth.com)
The body fat you hold under your skin is stored in fat cells, or adipocytes. (bodybuildingfocus.com)

These results indicated that the RBM4-MEF2C-miR-1 network constitutes a novel mechanism which programs the gene expression profile toward the development of brown adipocytes. (figshare.com)
Regulation of UCP gene expression in brown adipocytes differentiated in primary culture. (semanticscholar.org)

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation regulates mitochondrial dynamics in brown adipocytes. (omicsdi.org)
Mice with ERAD deficiency in brown adipocytes were cold sensitive and exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction. (omicsdi.org)

To provide the most relevant systems for investigating obesity-related morbidities, ZenBio is offering visceral derived human preadipocytes and cultured adipocytes to the research community. (zen-bio.com)
There are limited quantities of donor matched omental and subcutaneous preadipocytes or cultured adipocytes for studies comparing the two depots. (zen-bio.com)
Specially formulated media are available for use with our omental preadipocytes and adipocytes. (zen-bio.com)

CIDEA is a lipid droplet (LD)-protein enriched in brown adipocytes promoting the enlargement of LDs, which are dynamic, ubiquitous organelles specialized for storing neutral lipids. (ntu.ac.uk)
Similar to human BAT, the lamprey brain periphery contains brown-like adipocytes that maintain the same morphology as human brown adipocytes, containing multilocular lipid droplets and high mitochondrion numbers. (figshare.com)
Research results shine a light on how to deal with a major societal problem Thermogenic brown adipocyte tissue (BAT) is a major site for lipid breakdown and glucose uptake, and thus the thermogenic capacity of even small amounts of brown adipocytes has emerged as an attractive target for anti-diabesity therapies. (europa.eu)

Transgenic ablation of BAT is associated with not only obesity but also systemic hypertension and cardiac fibrosis, as shown in transgenic mice with reduced brown fat [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Human studies showed that activation of brown-like adipocytes is a potential way to counteract obesity [ 12 , 13 , 16 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
Yi-Wei Lin, Sung Wook Park, Yu-Lung Lin, Frank Burton, and Li-Na Wei (2019) Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 protects mice from high fat diet-induced obesity by decreasing adipocyte hypertrophy. (umn.edu)

The project brought together universities, research institutions, a large biotechnological company and 2 SMEs to employ knowledge of the function, dysfunction and physiological regulation of brown adipocytes to develop innovative therapeutic and preventive strategies for type 2 diabetes. (europa.eu)
All of these pathological events will lead to adipocyte dysfunction, cell death, and systemic insulin resistance [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)

Overexpression of bmp8b in AT enhances browning of the subcutaneous depot and maximal thermogenic capacity. (nature.com)

Resistin protein was also substantially downregulated, showing a close correspondence with mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as in the fat pads of obese mice. (diabetesjournals.org)

Adipocyte 2019 11 8 (1): 386-391. (cdc.gov)

BackgroundCannabinoid (CB) receptors are expressed in adipocytes. (endocrine-abstracts.org)

Resistin is a secreted polypeptide that impairs glucose metabolism and, in rodents, is derived exclusively from adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)

brown adipocytes can develop in WAT and intramuscular fat in humans and mice that are exposed to chronic cold or to beta3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. (promegaconnections.com)
Conversely, administration of exogenous tetraiodothyronine (T4) to PTU-treated mice restores UA-induced activation of BAT and browning of white fat and its preventive role on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain. (greenmedinfo.com)

Thus, specific alpha1- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes participate in the regulation of 5'DII activity in the rat brown adipocytes, and therefore, an impaired alpha1- and beta-adrenergic co-work may be involved in a defective BAT function, e.g., in obese Zucker rats, too. (shengsci.com)

Here, we used three-dimensional high-resolution imaging to investigate the formation of pleomorphic "megamitochondria" with altered MAMs in brown adipocytes lacking the Sel1L-Hrd1 protein complex of ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). (omicsdi.org)
The effects of endoplasmic stress inducers on resistin mRNA and secreted protein levels were examined in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, focusing on the expression and genomic binding of transcriptional regulators of resistin. (diabetesjournals.org)
In some embodiments, the brown adipocyte recruiter is a human protein or peptide. (justia.com)
In other embodiments the brown adipocyte recruiter may be a non-human protein or peptide. (justia.com)
FABP4 encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in adipocytes. (genetex.com)

Consistent with this mechanism, UA loses its beneficial effects on activation of BAT, browning of white fat, body weight control, and glucose homeostasis when thyroid hormone (TH) production is blocked by its inhibitor, propylthiouracil (PTU). (greenmedinfo.com)

The experiments we are doing are providing insights into how adipocyte fate and function are modulated during growth and disease. (upenn.edu)

The presence of an overexpressed MEF2Cγ- isoform in turn induced transcriptional activity of the RBM4 promoter, constituting a positive feedback circuit in differentiating brown adipocytes. (figshare.com)

Molecular mapping by RNA-sequencing showed that inflammation in brown-like adipocytes treated with LPS and 25HC was enhanced compared to controls. (figshare.com)

The work, conducted by a team based at Mount Sinai hospital in America, focused on catecholamines, hormones released by the sympathetic nervous system to activate brown fat tissue. (europa.eu)
Brown fat tissue is burned to keep the body warm and the team was interested to find that catecholamines can turn white fat tissue into tissue resembling brown fat. (europa.eu)

For instance, these researchers found relatively high levels of ASC-1 in human deep neck fat deposits, generally considered regions of brown fat, demonstrating the heterogeneity of BAT deposits and the need to further characterize BAT and WAT before considering any potential therapeutic or clinical uses of WAT and BAT or their inducers. (promegaconnections.com)

Sel1L or Hrd1 deficiency in brown adipocytes impairs dynamic interaction between ER and mitochondria, leading to the formation of pleomorphic "megamitochondria" and, in some cases with penetrating ER tubule(s), in response to acute cold challenge. (omicsdi.org)

The "good" fat is brown, and it has been found to assist the body in burning calories, thus helping keep weight down. (diabeteshealth.com)

They then used additional adipocyte-specific criteria to narrow the selection to white or brown adipocyte-specific cell surface markers. (promegaconnections.com)
The feasibility of ablating differentiated adipocytes and the mechanism of cell ablation with a suitable prodrug activating system is described. (scielo.cl)

It was demonstrated that the mechanism of adipocyte killing was apoptosis and a bystander effect, which is presumably mediated by toxic metabolites of CB1954, could be observed. (scielo.cl)

The type II 5'-deiodinase (5'DII) was activated in response to simultaneous stimulation by beta3- and alpha1-adrenergic agonists, BRL 37344 or CGP 12177, and cirazoline, in brown adipocytes. (shengsci.com)

Anatomy24

Organisms20

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs96

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes41

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-signaling factors in brown adipocytes is influenced specifically by 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone. (1/125)

Bidirectional Ca2+ coupling of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum and regulation of multimodal Ca2+ entries in rat brown adipocytes. (2/125)

Hypoxic adipocytes pattern early heterotopic bone formation. (3/125)

Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. (4/125)

Ca(2+) -independent effects of BAPTA and EGTA on single-channel Cl(-) currents in brown adipocytes. (5/125)

Insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in myocytes and brown adipocytes. (6/125)

Nutritional and hormonal regulation of uncoupling protein gene expression in rat adipocytes. (7/125)

Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 in adipose tissue regulates energy storage and expenditure. (8/125)

Adipocytes

Adipose Tissue, Brown

Adipocytes, White

3T3-L1 Cells

Adipocytes, Brown

Adipose Tissue

Lipolysis

Insulin

Glucose Transporter Type 4

Adipogenesis

3T3 Cells

Monosaccharide Transport Proteins

Adipose Tissue, White

Thermogenesis

Glucose

Phaeophyta

Cell Differentiation

Mitochondrial Proteins

PPAR gamma

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3

Deoxyglucose

Rats, Inbred BN

Cells, Cultured

Leptin

Obesity

RNA, Messenger

Muscle Proteins

Receptor, Insulin

Adiponectin

Ion Channels

Lipid Metabolism

Cold Temperature

Mice, Obese

Gene Expression Regulation

Sterol Esterase

Insulin Resistance

Carrier Proteins

Biological Transport

Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins

Epididymis

Glucose Transporter Type 1

Thiazolidinediones

3-O-Methylglucose

Lipoprotein Lipase

Fatty Acids

Rats, Inbred Strains

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Isoproterenol

Signal Transduction

Adrenergic beta-Agonists

Hypoglycemic Agents

Lipid Mobilization

Phenylisopropyladenosine

Dioxoles

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha

Subcutaneous Fat

Body Temperature Regulation

Methylglucosides

Adipokines

Glycerol

Phosphorylation

Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Phosphoproteins

Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists

Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins

Norepinephrine

Cell Membrane

Insulin Antagonists

Membrane Proteins

Cystinyl Aminopeptidase

Energy Metabolism

Gene Expression

Triglycerides

Brown Recluse Spider

Kinetics

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Lipids

Rats, Zucker

Trout

Mitochondria